Name:________________________________________________________________________________________________Period:_____________Date:________________________

Unit 9 - Evolution

Prior Knowledge: ________________________ - life from non-living

Ex: ______________________________________________

________________________ - life from living

What was the purpose of Miller and Urey’s experiment?

Explain the endosymbiotic theory. How did cells change?Early Earth – Place the following items in correct order by numbering 1-9

_______Earth is formed with toxic gases, water vapor, and no oxygen

_______Eukaryotic cells (more complex cells with a nucleus) form through endosymbiosis

_______Earth’s surface cools and water vapor forms oceans as it rains

_______Simple organic molecules such as amino acids and carbohydrates form from the thunderstorms

_______Protocells (non-living groups of molecules) form and contain RNA

_______Photosynthetic prokaryotes form adding oxygen to the atmosphere

_______Ozone (O3) layer forms from atmospheric oxygen to protect Earth

_______Multicellular eukaryotes form

_______Prokaryotic cells form. Prokaryotes are simple cells that include bacteria.

How has life changed (evolved)?What came first?

Circle one of the pairs of terms below Explanation

Prokaryotic or eukaryotic

Autotrophic (make own food – plants) or

Heterotrophic (must obtain food – animals)

Aerobic (used oxygen) or Anaerobic (did not use oxygen)

What chemical process occurred that allowed there to be aerobic organisms? Hint: What reaction produces oxygen??

Darwin – Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

Summarize how Darwin believes the giraffe got its long neck._______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________ - Organisms with useful traits survive, reproduce, and pass those traits to their offspring.

___________________________ - measure of an individual’s ability to survive and reproduce more offspring that can in turn survive and to reproduce.

____________________________________________ - we are changed forms of our ancestors.

Lamarck – Use Disuse Hypothesis or Passing on of Acquired Characteristics

Summarize how Lamark believes the giraffe got its long neck. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

What is wrong with the inheritance of acquired traits hypothesis? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*** ______________ mutate

_________________ are selected

_________________ evolve***

2 Models for evolution:

_________________________ - gradual change over time leads to species formation

___________________ ___________________ – evolution occurs in spurts in which there are periods of rapid change in a species followed by periods of little or no change ( usually do to major environmental changes

Microevolution

small genetic changes in the gene pool of a population

______________ ____________ – all the alleles in a population (look at the # of B’s vs. the # of b’s)

3 types of natural selection that causes changes in gene pool:o ____________________ ___________________ – “it pays

to be different” – individuals with traits at one end are more common than midrange forms Ex: peppered moths

o ___________________ __________________ – “it pays to be average” – eliminates individuals on both ends of the range and favors midrange individuals Ex: birth weights

o ________________________ or _______________ ________________________ – both ends of the range are favored and those in the middle are reduced. Ex: finch beaks

Example of Microevolution (Directional Selection)

Before the Industrial Revolution the trunks of certain trees were

a light color. The lighter peppered moths had an advantage

over the darker moths. The lighter moths were more likely to

________________________________________ so there

were more of them in the population.

Now, with the Industrial Revolution came ___________________.

The trees turned dark. Now the darker moths had the advantage.

Adaptations are dependent upon the ______________________.

Macroevolution - How new species are formed

______________________________ – changes in a species so a new species is formed

__________________________________ can lead to the formation of a new species

Sometimes organisms of the same species

become physically separated. The evolution of

separate species is largely due to genetic drift

(chance). After a long period of time even if the

two groups were to meet back up the organisms

may refuse to mate. At this point they would be

considered separate species. When one species

becomes 2 separate species this is called

______________________ ___________________.

__________________________ - changes

due to chance. Affects small populations more.

Types of Evolution ____________________________ – changes in genetic

composition of one species in response to change in another

Ex: flowers & pollinators

_____________________________________ - the changing

of organisms to fit new environments.

_______________________ - accumulation of differences

between groups which can lead to the formation of new species

__________________________ - organisms that are not

closely related evolve similar traits due to living in similar

environments. These are ________________________

structures.

Evidence for Evolution –

1. ____________________ - show patterns of development

______________________________________ – fossils found deeper down in the strata (rock layers) are older than those found closer to the top.

2. Anatomical structuresa. ____________________ structures - structures that are present in an organism but reduced in

size or have less important function (Ex: wings in flightless birds, hind limbs in whales)

b. ____________________ structures - structures that share a common ancestry (similar structure but different functions) Ex: human arm, bat wing, whales flipper

3. Molecular Evidence (DNA, RNA & Proteins) If species change over time then genes have also changed (DNA fingerprinting)

________________________ _______________ – a species from which 2 or more species

have diverged

Scientists look at _________________ and ___________________. The more similar the DNA

or protein sequence, between 2 different organisms, the more recently they shared a common

ancestor.

______________________ & ______________________ ___________ – show how organisms

are related through evolution

4. ______________________________ development shows common ancestry – similarities in early development show similar genes are at work