Early Civilizations
description
Transcript of Early Civilizations
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Early CivilizationsChapter 2
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Quiz 1. What did the
Greeks call the fertile region between the Tigris and Euphrates?
A. Egypt B. Sumer C. Mesopotamia D. Mediterranean
2. What is the name of Sumerian wedge-shaped form of writing?
A. Cuneiform B. Alphabet C. Hieroglyphics D. Hammurabi
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Quiz Answers 1. C. Mesopotamia 2. A. Cuneiform
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Mesopotamia
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Mesopotamia – 1st known civilization Located in the “fertile crescent”
between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.
(See Map on Page 31) Mesopotamia means “land between
the rivers.”
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Sumer 3000 BC Sumerian civilization develops
in Mesopotamia. Composed of about a dozen
independent city-states fighting for control of each other
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Sumer Developed the cuneiform writing
system and the Base 60 numerical system.
Major occupation – farming, elaborate irrigation system
Dwelled in fortified cities, structures of baked clay bricks, pyramid-like structures called ziggurats.
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Remains of Ancient Ziggurat
Reconstructed model of Ancient Ziggurat
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Neolithic Revolution A transformation in the way people
lived around 10,000 BC. The changed from primarily hunting and gathering to systematic farming.
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Sumer Sargon came to dominance around 2350
BC in the city-state of Kish, established first known empire: the Akkadian empire from Persian Gulf to northern Mesopotamia.
City of Ur later came to prominence and was the leading city of Sumer. Perhaps the city where Abraham was from, perhaps not.
God revealed himself to Abraham in 2100 BC.
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Major contributions of the Sumerian Civilization:
Cuneiform Roman arch Wheel Division of a circle into 360
degrees Division of hours and minutes into
60 units
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Amorite Civilization Amorites invaded Sumer and helped its
decline. Established the “Old Babylonian
Empire,” one of the greatest cities of the ancient world.
The capital city of Babylon was established near the location of the Tower of Babel. (Some of the people stayed and did not scatter.)
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Amorite Civilization Hammurabi rose to
power and united the land of Mesopotamia under his rule (1795-1750BC).
Code of Hammurabi - a set of laws which became the standard of judgment throughout the Amorite Empire.
Examine the inset to compare the law of God as given to Moses with the Code of Hammurabi. Page 32.
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Amorite Civilization Epic of Gilgamesh
and the Flood Other flood
accounts
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The Flood in America?
"...the calamity which their traditions say once befell them, destroying the whole human race, excepting one man, who landed from his canoe on a high mountain in the West. This tradition, however, was not peculiar to the Mandan tribe, for amongst one hundred and twenty different tribes that I have visited in North and South and Central America, not a tribe exists that has not related to me distinct or vague traditions of such a calamity, in which one, or three, or eight persons were saved above the waters..."
Painter and traveler, George Catlin, 1830's
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Amorite Accomplishments:
Hammurabi’s Code of Laws Epic of Gilgamesh – epic poem Trade in gold, silver, tin, and
textiles Algebra & Geometry Astronomy – study of heavenly
bodies, but fell into astrology – interpreting human events by the position of the planets & stars. Remained alienated from God.
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Civilizations build upon other civilizations.
Amorite
Akkadia
Sumer
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Egypt
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Quiz1. What is the main river that runs
through Egypt? 2, 3, 4. What are the 3 main periods of
Egyptian History? 5. What important discovery enabled
Jean Champollion to read Egyptian hieroglyphics?
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Answers1. What is the main river that runs
through Egypt? Nile2, 3, 4. 3 main periods of Egyptian
History:Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, New
Kingdom 5. What important discovery enabled
Jean Champollion to read Egyptian hieroglyphics? Rosetta Stone
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Rosetta Stone at
The British
Museum, London
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Ancient EgyptWhat do you notice about Egypt?
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Egypt Located along Nile River (750 miles long, in some
places less than 12 miles wide) Which way does the river flow? Find Upper Egypt? Why is it called that? Find Lower Egypt? Why is it called that? What is a delta? Why is it called that? Very dry climate. No river = No Egypt. “gift of
the river.” Floods June – August (snow melt), deposits rich,
fertile soil along the river. The river provided easy transportation and
communication so the country was easily unified.
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Egyptian Origins Egyptians were descendants of
Misraim, son of Ham, son of Noah. (See map p. 25)
3000 B.C. Menes united the upper and lower regions of Egypt.
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2700-2200 B.C. - Old Kingdom – The Age of the Pharoahs
Pharoahs were powerful, considered Gods
Great pyramids constructedKhufu or Cheops, most famous pharaoh
who built the Great Pyramid at Giza. Read the inset page 35.
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2100-1641 B.C. – Middle Kingdom – The Age of the People
› Age of peace and construction› Preservation of power through projects
that benefitted more people› Irrigation canals, ponds to store the Nile’s
waters for use in the dry season› The Israelites moved to Egypt during this
period. (Genesis 47:1-6) Stayed from 1876-1446 (430 years). How did the Israelites get to Egypt?
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How did the Israelites get to Egypt?› Joseph sold into slavery in Egypt. › Potiphar › Prison› Dreams› Pharoah’s household› Famine
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Intermediate Period • Hyksos Intermediate Period – a people from
Asia invaded and ruled. • Art of War, horses, chariots, bronze weapons,
perhaps began enslavement of the Hebrew people.
• Could explain a pharaoh who “knew not Joseph.”
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1570-1075 B.C. New Kingdom – Age of the Empire
› Warrior Kings invaders who extended their empire to Palestine, Syria, and lands of the Nile to the south.
› Hatshepsut – first great woman ruler of Egypt. › Thutmose III – conquered Palestine and Syria all the way to
the Euphrates. Called “Napoleon of Egypt” because he was an empire builder.
› Moses lived in Egypt during this period. (Thutmose III – possibly pharaoh whom Moses fled after killing the Egyptian)
› Amenhotep II – possibly the pharaoh who was challenged by Moses to let God’s people go.
› Rameses II (150 years after Israelites left Egypt) came to power. Built mammoth temples & monuments. Egypt went into gradual decline after his death.
› 1350 BC ish – Tutankhamen (King Tut) Read inset p. 37
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Egyptian CultureSocial Structure – like a pyramid.
Pharoah
Priests/Nobles
Merchants
Common People
Foreign Slaves
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Egyptian contributions:
Advances in Medicine Solar Calendar
Hiero-glyphics Papyrus
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Land of Canaan
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See Map of Canaan p. 40
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Hittites Descendants of Heth, son of Canaan,
son of Ham. 2000 B.C. Hittites settle Asia Minor Warriors, expanded empire into Syria,
Babylon, Mesopotamia, Canaan Fights with Egypt led to both their
declines.
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Phoenicians:
› Tyre, a port city, was the leading city› Great merchants, great fleet› Traveled far
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Phoenicians› Two natural resources: purple dye from a
mollusk and cedar and fir trees› Founded the city of Carthage in North
Africa› Developed the Phoenician alphabet,
symbols/letters represent sounds instead of pictures.
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Phoenicians› Pride and Ba’al worship of Phoenicians
helped to corrupt the Hebrews in Israel, God said He would judge them (Ez 26:3-5) Read this on page 42.
› City was attacked by Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, then completely destroyed by Alexander the Great.
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Arameans: Descendants of Aram, son of Shem, also called Syrians. 1000 B.C. established a number of small independent states. Famous land trade as the “crossroads of civilization.” Damascus – one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in
the world. Look at it on the map. Centrally located on land routes of Near East.
Aramaic became the language of commerce in the area as it was common to many. Probably Jesus and his disciples spoke Aramaic.
God used the Arameans to punish his people (2 Kings 13:3), but later destroyed the Aramean civilization (Amos 1:3-5) because of the wickedness of the people of Damascus.
732 B.C. Assyrians crush Damascus and take the people as captives.
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Hebrews
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Hebrew Origins
God called Abraham to
Canaan.Established covenant
Promised descendants
Promised the land of
Canaan
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2166 BC – Abraham born
2091 BC – God calls Abraham to Canaan.
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HebrewsAbraham
Isaac
Jacob
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From Jacob comes…
The 12 tribes of Israel
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Hebrews Joseph to Egypt, then others 1446 B.C. Israelites leave Egypt under
Moses God covenants with Moses at Mount
Sinai (Ex 19-20) Establishes Israel as a theocracy, ruled
by God. Gave his law. Perfect moral standard so men can distinguish right from wrong.
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Hebrews The Israelites enter the promised land,
after 40 years wandering in the desert because of their unbelief.
Joshua is their new leader. They conquer Jericho and other
peoples. Land is divided among the 12 tribes.
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Hebrews Judges Hebrews were to demonstrate to the world
that there is only one God, but they fell into the polytheism of the cultures around them.
Enemies to attack them, turning them back to God.
Under the judge Samuel, the people again sinned and demanded an earthly king, so God gave them Saul. I Samuel 8:4-8
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Hebrews David became king. Jerusalem - the city of David, center of
government. David conquered Israel’s enemies and
established peace. Solomon also ruled with wisdom and built the
magnificent temple to God. However, Solomon began to allow the worship
of false Gods and the nation was divided into Northern Kingdom (10 tribes) and Judah (tribes of Judah and Benjamin).
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Hebrews The division led to internal strife and
wickedness. God sent judgment on the Israelites:› 722 B.C. Assyrians destroy Samaria in the
Northern Kingdom› 586 B.C. Jerusalem is destroyed, and the
people are carried to be captives in Babylon for 70 years.
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The Near East
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Persian
Chaldean/Babylonian
Assyrian
Hebrew
Canaanite
Egyptian
Amorite
Akkadian
Sumer
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Assyrian Empire
Mesopotam
iaM
ilitary Might
Biggest Empire yet 900s B.C. Major city - Nineveh
Iron weapons Siege towers Battering rams War chariots Mass deportation of captives
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Assyrian Empire 722 B.C. Assyrians under Sargon II
captured the 10 northern tribes of Israel.
They also invaded Egypt. Sennacherib (2 Kings 18) attacked
Jerusalem, but God sent an angel to kill 185,000 of Sennacherib’s army.
612 B.C. Chaldean & Median armies destroyed Nineveh and the Assyrian Empire.
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Compare Assyrian Annals with the Bible. (See handout.)
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Persian
Chaldean/
Babylonian
Assyrian
Hebrew
Canaanite
Egyptian
Amorite
Akkadian
Sumer
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Chaldean Empire 612 B.C. Chaldeans
come to prominence with the defeat of Nineveh.
Under Nebuchadnezzar, the “New Babylonian Empire” reached its height (605-562 BC)
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Jeremiah 17: 5-7“I [the Lord God] have made the earth,
the man and the east that are upon the ground, by my great power and by my outstretched arm, and have given it unto whom it seemed meet unto me. And now have I given all these lands into the hand of Nebuchadnezzar the king of Babylon, my servant…And all nations shall serve him.”
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605 BC Nebuchadnezzar defeats Egypt.
586 BC Jerusalem is destroyed, and the Hebrew Diaspora results.
Hanging gardens of Babylon
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Chaldean Contributions Destruction of Jerusalem Hanging gardens Advances in astronomy Instrument of God’s judgment Object of God’s wrath (Fall of Babylon
539 BC) Conquered by the Medes & the
Persians
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Persian
Chaldean/Babylonian
Assyrian
Hebrew
Canaanite
Egyptian
Amorite
Akkadian
Sumer
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Persian Empire
Cyrus the GreatDarius the M
ede
Conquerer – Mesopotamia, Asia Minor Borrowed “coinage” Relatively merciful conqueror The “Lord’s annointed” Freed Israelites from captivity Directed Israel to rebuild the temple
A governor or satrap Assisted Cyrus
Cyrus the Great
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Persian Contributions Coinage Freed the Israelites Zoroastrianism (monotheistic) and the
Avesta (sacred writings) Postal system The Magi
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Persian
Chaldean/Babylonian
Assyrian
Hebrew
Canaanite
Egyptian
Amorite
Akkadian
Sumer
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