Early Chemical History - Chemistry · chemistry came to be! Rhonda Reist. 400 BC ... dominated by...
Transcript of Early Chemical History - Chemistry · chemistry came to be! Rhonda Reist. 400 BC ... dominated by...
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Early Chemical History
Some cool old stories about howchemistry came to be!
Rhonda Reist
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400 BC - Greeks
The first to try toexplain why chemicalchanges occur.
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Democritus
Greek philosophernamed Democrituswas the first todiscuss anindivisible particlehe called an ATOM.
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Eventually there became the ideathat there were 4 types of “atomos”
Earth Air
Fire Water
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Next 2000 years . . .
“Chemical” history wasdominated by ALCHEMY - the belief that you could turn less valuable metals into gold!
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Sort ofbrings upthe image ofa MedievalWizard!
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But alchemy didn’t originate in Europe.
It It came from the Middle East
One of the earliest“alchemists” was a Muslim“philosopher named Jabir.
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The techniques came toWestern Europe following the
first Crusades.The Egyptian and Arabsknew of many ways tochange substances bymixing and heatingvarious combinations ofmaterials.
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Famous paintingof an alchemist
in his lab byJoseph Wright of
Derby.Searching for
the “philosophersstone”. . .
He probably hadmade someelemental
phosphorus.
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AnAlchemist’s
lab inFrance.
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Another Alchemist’s Lab
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Welcome toPotionsClass!
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Alchemy was somewhat good.
It resulted in thediscovery of many new
ELEMENTS andCOMPOUNDS.
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However, the alchemistswere very secretive & muchof their work was written in
strange code!
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Often the alchemists “language”was in strange code!
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An actual alchemical text in Switzerland.
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Plus, it was just plain
WRONG!
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Some advancements that helpedmove along the nature of
chemistry - things that reallyhelped the cause . . . .
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1500’sGeorg BauerDevelopedMETALLURGYHow to getmetals out oftheir ores.
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1500’sParacelsus
Swiss alchemist &doctor. Actually curedsome people!
Worked withMEDICINALminerals.
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Medieval Hospital1500’s
In Beaune, France
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A medieval pharmacy in France.
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Samplemedications
in amedievalhospital
pharmacy.
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1600’s
Some contemporaries: Shakespeare Galileo Newton Elizabeth the 1st just ended her reign.
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Robert Boyle - English or was he Irish?
First “Chemist” to performQUANTITATIVE
Chemistry while studying therelationship between pressure &volume of gas or was it Hooke
that really did the work?
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A foundingmember of theRoyal Society &VERY VERYWealthy!
At this time theonly the richcould afford todo scientificresearch- thewas no Fermilab!They wereknown as “Natural Philosophers”.
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Robert Boyle - English
Was one of the firstpeople to suggest the
idea of an ELEMENT; orbasic “building piece”.
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Robert Boyle’s book
“The ScepticalChymist”
One of the first“chemistry books”
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Robert Boyle - English
Still thought that metalsweren’t ELEMENTS &
therefore could bechanged into other metals .. . An ALCHEMICAL belief.
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1700’s
George StahlGerman
(1660-1734)Was studying
COMBUSTION
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Suggested that whensomething burned it released
a substance calledPHLOGISTON.
1700’s
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PHLOGISTON was a VERYpersistent idea!
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He thought that when youburned something in a closedcontainer it eventually wentout because the air in the
container becamesaturated with
PHLOGISTON.
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But there was a problem . . .
When some metals would burnthey would get heavier!
This contradicted thephlogiston theory!
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The belief in the substancephlogiston
caused a big slow down inchemical discoveries!
A BIG slow down!
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Joseph Priestley
1733-1804BritishTruly was a minister! A “dissenter”.Friend of Ben FranklinLived above a brewery!NOT a wealthy man
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Greatexperimentalist!
In the late 1760’she found that youcould dissolve“fixed air” akacarbon dioxide intowater making…
Soda water orcarbonatedwater! POP!
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Is credited with discovering
OXYGENHe had heated various metal “calxes” &
noticed that the gases produced caused aflame to burn very brightly!
Also noted that mice breathing this “air”could stay alive much longer than in regular
air.
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Since substances could burnvery well in oxygen
Oxygen was originally called
“DEPHLOGISTICATEDair”
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Then the big revolutionhappened!
France 1734-1794
Antoine Lavoisier
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Lavoisier!The Man!
and his coolwife Marie
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Copy ofLavoisier’s most
importantpublication.
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Finally explained the true nature of
COMBUSTIONand killed of the
PHLOGISTON theory!
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He did this with the help of VERYaccurate
MEASURING devices.
He had the best balances in the worldfor a number of years!
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Lavoisier carefully weighed thestarting substances: REACTANTS
& ending substances: PRODUCTS
of reactions ¬iced thatthey werealways the
SAME!
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Showing that “matterwas neither created or
destroyed” in achemical reaction . . .
this is called the
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LAWOF
CONSERVATIONOF
MASS
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Leather “gasbottles”
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Pneumonic trough to collect gases.(It’s as big as your table!)
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Lavoisier’s great burning lens!
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What a dork!I had to prove I was there!
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Lavoisier’s Face Shield!
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Yeah! People keep usingbalances!
Joseph PROUST(1754-1826)
French
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Did tons of work with iron andcopper compounds
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Did tons of work with iron andcopper compounds
Noticed that in “a given compoundalways contains the same
RELATIVE MASSESof elements . . . It didn’t matter
where the compound came from.
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For example: copper carbonate
5.3 parts copper4 parts oxygen1 part carbon by mass
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This is now called the
LAWOF
DEFINITEPROPORTIONS
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JohnDaltonBritish
(1766–1844)
Super bright &intelligent buthe was really a
huge geek!
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Startedwonderingwhat couldcause the
Law ofDefinite
Proportionsto be true.
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Dalton noticed that other compoundscombined in predictable ways . . .For example, the mass of oxygenthat combined with 1.0 g carbonCompound 1 1.33g oxygenCompound 2 2.66 g oxygenSuggested that you could have
CO and CO2
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Dalton developed the
LAW OFMULTIPLE
PROPORTIONSfrom this.
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When 2 or moreCOMPOUNDS are made
from the sameELEMENTS
They will always combinein ratios of
WHOLE NUMBERS.
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Suggestedthat the
compoundswere made
of tinybuilding
pieces called
ATOMS
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Symbols fordifferent
Elementsused byDalton
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This idea was not widelyaccepted for MANY years!
• Major paper onatoms waspublished in 1804
• People were stillarguing it 100years later!
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Dalton’s Atomic Theory(the first actual explanation of how “chemistry” worked)
1. Each ELEMENT is made up of tiny indivisible particles called ATOMS.
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Dalton’s Atomic Theory(the first actual explanation of how “chemistry” worked)
2.The atoms of a given element are IDENTICAL; the atoms of different
elements are DIFFERENTin some FUNDAMENTALway.
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Dalton’s Atomic Theory(the first actual explanation of how “chemistry” worked)
3. Chemical COMPOUNDS are formed when atoms COMBINE with each other.
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Dalton’s Atomic Theory(the first actual explanation of how “chemistry” worked)
3 cont.A given compound alwayshas the same RELATIVENUMBERS and types ofATOMS.
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Dalton’s Atomic Theory(the first actual explanation of how “chemistry” worked)
4. Chemical reactions involve RECOMBINATIONS of atoms.
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Dalton’s Atomic Theory(the first actual explanation of how “chemistry” worked)
4. cont. The atoms themselves
are NOT CHANGED in a chemical reaction.
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Amazingly,
most of this theory(explanation) remained
unchanged until about 1900when radioactivity was
discovered.
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ASSIGNMENT!Read more Curieand Beccquerel andthe “radioactivewalk” in Paris.Send Lee Marek $5
Becquerel
Curie