Early British ColoniesObjectives:1. Describe the English settlement at Jamestown.2. Identify the motives that led Puritans to New England and the

colonies they founded.3. Explain the pattern of life at New Netherland and Pennsylvania.4. Understand the economic relationship between England and its

North American colonies

The English Settle at Jamestown In 1607, the English established their first permanent colony in North

America Was named Jamestown after King James

A Disastrous Start Unlike Spanish colonies that were funded by Spanish rulers, the English

colonies were originally funded by joint-stock companies Joint-Stock Companies – Allowed several investors to pool their wealth in

support of a colony that would hopefully yield a profit The colonists at Jamestown, hoping to find gold and make a quick return for

their investors, neglected farming and as a result suffered Disease and hunger plagued the English settlers

John Smith, the leader of the Jamestown colony, held the colony together by forcing colonists to farm and by securing support from local Native American tribes The settlement was eventually saved by the arrival of more colonists and the

development of the highly profitable crop tobacco

The English Settle at Jamestown Tobacco Requires a Supply of Labor

In order to grow tobacco, Jamestown needed field laborers Many came to America as indentured servants

Indentured Servant – Colonist who in exchange for passage to America and shelter upon their arrival agreed to a limited term of servitude

Colonists Clash with Native Americans Colonists’ desire for more land to accommodate their

growing population led to warfare with Native Americans Unlike the Spanish, the English followed a pattern of driving

away the people they defeated

Puritans Create a “New England” Some groups emigrated from England to America to

escape religious persecution Pilgrims – Migrated to America in 1620 and established

the Plymouth Colony, the second permanent English colony in North America

Massachusetts Bay Colony Established by Puritan colonists in 1630

Puritans believed that they had a special covenant with God in which they were to create a moral society that would serve as an example for others to follow Led by John Winthrop

“City upon a Hill”

Dissent in the Puritan Community Despite their past of religious persecution, the Puritans were extremely

intolerant of others who had dissenting religious beliefs Roger Williams – Extreme separatist who expressed two controversial views

Declared that the English settlers had no right to settle the lands of America unless they purchased it from the Native Americans

Argued that every person should be free to worship according to their own conscience Facing deportation, Williams fled south and established the colony of Providence

Granted freedom of religion and separation of church and state Anne Hutchinson – Taught that worshippers did not need the church to

interpret the Bible for them Was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony and fled to Rhode Island

King Phillip’s War (1675-1676) War between English colonists and an alliance of Native American tribes with

the intention of driving the colonists out

Settlement of the Middle Colonies The Dutch Found New Netherland

In 1621 the Dutch began to settle the territory of New Netherland Established a thriving fur trade with the Iroquois Capital was New Amsterdam (now New York City)

In 1664, the English took over the colony The Duke of York, the new owner of the colony, renamed the

territory New York He later gave a portion of the land to two friends

Became New Jersey

The Quakers Settle Pennsylvania In 1660, the English king Charles II gave a piece of land to a

man named William Penn to pay off a debt he owed to his father This territory became Pennsylvania, or “Penn’s Woods” Penn later obtained more land from the Duke of York

These three counties became Delaware In Pennsylvania, Penn created a haven for Quakers

Quakers - A Protestant sect that held services without formal ministers Pacifists

The Quakers eventually became a minority in Pennsylvania Quaker principles of equality and religious tolerance would eventually

become fundamental values of the new nation

England and Its Colonies Prosper Throughout the 1600’s and 1700’s more British colonies in

North America were founded Thirteen Original Colonies

Mercantilism and the Navigation Acts Beginning in the 16th century, the nations of Europe competed for

wealth and power through a new economic system called mercantilism Mercantilism stated that a nation could increase its wealth and power in

two ways: Obtain as much gold and silver as possible Establish a favorable balance of trade in which a nation sold more goods

than it bought A nations ultimate goal was to become self-sufficient

The key to mercantilism was to establish colonies

England and Its Colonies Prosper In 1651, England’s Parliament moved to tighten control of colonial trade by

passing a series of measures known as the Navigation Acts Components of the Navigation Acts:

No country could trade with the colonies unless the goods were shipped in either colonial or English ships

All vessels had to be operated by crews that were at least three-quarters English or colonial The colonies could only export certain products to England Almost all goods traded between the colonies and Europe first had to pass through an

English port Colonial Governments

By the mid 1700’s, most colonies were similar in their structure of government In nearly every colony, a governor appointed by the crown served as the highest authority

Governor presided over a local assembly elected by landowning white males This assembly raised money through taxes and imposed laws

Growing Spirit of Self Determination In general, the colonies were almost entirely self-governed

The Colonies Come of AgeObjectives:1. Characterize the plantation economy in the South.2. Recognize the varied economy in the North.3. Summarize the impact of Enlightenment thinking and the

influence of the Great Awakening on people in the colonies.4. Understand the French and Indian War.

A Plantation Economy Arises in the South The South was a mostly rural society made up of

plantations Plantations were self-sufficient Specialized in raising a single cash crop

Cash Crop – One raised primarily for sale rather than livestock feed

Life in a Diverse Southern Society In addition to English settlers, thousands of immigrants

from Germany, Scotland, and Ireland settled in the South Women endured second-class citizenship

Could not vote, preach, or own property

A Plantation Economy Arises in the South The Middle Passage

In the 18th century, Southerners turned to slavery to meet their agricultural needs Blacks made up the bottom of Southern society

Triangular Trade – Trading process in which goods and enslaved people were exchanged across the Atlantic Ocean Middle Passage - The voyage that brought Africans to

the West Indies and America Characterized by extreme cruelty and brutality

Africans Cope in Their New World 80 to 90 percent of slaves worked in the fields

Rest worked as domestic slaves or artisans Amidst the horrors of slavery, Africans managed to

develop a way of life based on their cultural heritage Many slaves resisted their position of subservience

Staged work slowdowns Escape attempts Revolts

Commerce Grows in the North The development of thriving commercial cities and diverse economic

activities made the North radically different from the South Lumber Iron Mining Ship Building

Colonial Cities and Trade The expansion of trade caused port cities to grow

Boston New York Philadelphia

Farming in the North Unlike in the South, a farm in the North typically produced several cash

crops rather than a single one Because growing wheat and corn did not require as much labor as did tobacco

and rice, Northerners also relied less on slave labor Despite this, slavery did exist in the North

The Enlightenment European Ideas Inspire the Colonists

The Enlightenment – An intellectual movement that took place in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries that advocated reason and thought and the ability of the individual Philosophers valued reason and scientific methods

Enlightenment ideas eventually spread to the colonies where they were embraced Had a profound effect on political thought in the colonies

John Locke’s “Social Contract” Would eventually lead many colonists to question the

authority of the British monarchy

The Great Awakening By the early 1700’s, the Puritans had lost some of their influence

As Puritan merchants prospered, their tastes for the finer things led to interest in maintaining the strict Puritan code to decline The Great Awakening – Series of religious revivals that swept through the

colonies aimed at restoring the intensity and dedication of the early Puritan church

Religious Revivals Jonathan Edwards – Puritan minister who preached a return to strict Puritan

ways “Sinners in the Hands on an Angry God”

George Whitfield Effects of the Great Awakening and Enlightenment

Both movements caused people to question traditional authority Both stressed the importance of the individual

The French and Indian War Rivals for an Empire

As the French empire in North America expanded, it collided with the growing British empire The French enjoyed a better relationship with Native Americans

because of their partnership in the fur trade Developed military alliances

War Erupts One area of contention between France and Great Britain was the

Ohio River valley French established Fort Duquesne in this area

The Virginia governor dispatched militia to evict the French at Fort Duquesne This action started the French and Indian War (1754-1763)

Between 1755 and 1756, the British were dealt a string of defeats George Washington

The French and Indian War Britain Defeats an Old Enemy

Angered by French victories, Britain's King George II appointed William Pitt to run his government Under Pitt, British and colonial troops began to turn the tide of the war

In 1759, British troops defeated the French at Quebec and brought victory in the war

Treaty of Paris (1763) – Ended the French and Indian War England claimed Canada and virtually all of America east of the

Mississippi River Britain also took Florida from Spain, who had allied itself with France Treaty permitted Spain to keep possession of its lands west of the

Mississippi and the city of New Orleans

The French and Indian War Changes for Native Americans

Native Americans also lost ground in the war Native Americans resented the growing number of British settlers

crossing the Appalachian Mountains Feared settlers would drive away the game they depended upon for survival

Pontiac – Chief of the Ottawa tribe Led an uprising in which Native Americans captured eight British forts

(Pontiac’s War) In response, British officials presented blankets contaminated with

Smallpox to two Delaware chiefs during peace negotiations Disease spread rapidly, weakening Native American tribes

By 1766, most Native American groups had established peace treaties with the British Proclamation of 1763 – Established a proclamation line along the

Appalachian Mountains in which colonists were not allowed to cross Colonists ignored this proclamation and continued to settle westward