Early American Democracy in ActionEarly American Democracy in Action

Objective:Objective: SWBAT analyze the Bill of SWBAT analyze the Bill of Rights and the early issues of the Rights and the early issues of the Presidency.Presidency.

George Washington:George Washington:11stst President President

Whiskey Rebellion:Whiskey Rebellion: first major challenge for GW; first major challenge for GW;

The new government, in New York and then Philadelphia, put to the test…

George Washington:George Washington:11stst President President

Whiskey Rebellion: showed new govt. was effective; willing to use force to suppress Rebellion.

Now a new problem confronted Washington—political parties. The origin of political parties was based on a dispute over the role of government

George Washington:George Washington:11stst President President

Federal Bank: argument helped cause parties. Washington elected unanimously; no political

parties. Alexander Hamilton wanted to create a Federal

bank; thought Federal govt. had that power He also wanted a protective tariff to develop an industrial economyHe also wanted a protective tariff to develop an industrial economy

Thomas Jefferson didnt want the bank and didn’t think the Constitution gave the government that power; he wanted a weak federal government.

Hamilton and the Hamilton and the Bank…Bank…

“The Congress shall have Power - To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing powers…”

Loose construction (Hamilton) vs. Strict Construction (Jefferson)…

George Washington:George Washington:11stst President President

First Political Parties: Federalists v. Democratic-Republicans..

Soon, political parties began to emerge as these leaders split up their followers.

1. What issues do you predict were the most divisive?

George Washington:George Washington:11stst President President Washington’s Farewell: warned about the

dangers of political parties. After two terms (8 years) Washington set the

important precedent of retiring after two terms.

1) Why do you think this was an important precedent to set?

Avoid tyrannical control

George Washington:George Washington:11stst President President

Washington issues tow stern warnings in his farewell address

a) “The name of American, which belongs to you…must always exalt the just pride of patriotism more than any…local discriminations.”

b) “It occurs as matter of serious concern that any ground should have been furnished for characterizing political parties by geographical discriminations.”.”

John AdamsJohn Adams Adams: Adams: won election of 1796.won election of 1796.

The First The First Administration; Administration; everything is always everything is always more difficult when more difficult when you are the firstyou are the first

The Washington The Washington PresidencyPresidency

George Washington preferred that his George Washington preferred that his title be a simple title be a simple ““Mr. PresidentMr. President”” and and dressed in plain republican broadcloth.dressed in plain republican broadcloth.

Congress established the Departments Congress established the Departments of States, Treasury, War, and Justice, of States, Treasury, War, and Justice, the heads of which coalesced into the the heads of which coalesced into the Cabinet. Washington gave specific Cabinet. Washington gave specific roles to his cabinet which were never roles to his cabinet which were never spelled out in The Constitutionspelled out in The Constitution

The Beginnings of Foreign The Beginnings of Foreign PolicyPolicy

Foreign affairs further strained the Federalist coalition. Foreign affairs further strained the Federalist coalition.

Americans initially welcomed the French Revolution, Americans initially welcomed the French Revolution, but when the Revolution turned violent and war broke but when the Revolution turned violent and war broke out with Britain, public opinion divided. out with Britain, public opinion divided.

Though both sides advocated neutrality, Hamilton Though both sides advocated neutrality, Hamilton favored closer ties with Britain while Jefferson feared favored closer ties with Britain while Jefferson feared them. them.

The The ““Citizen GenetCitizen Genet”” incident led Washington to issue a incident led Washington to issue a neutrality proclamation that outraged Jeffersonneutrality proclamation that outraged Jefferson’’s s supporterssupporters. .

The United States and the The United States and the Indian PeoplesIndian Peoples

A pressing A pressing ““foreignforeign”” problem concerned problem concerned Indians who refused to accept United Indians who refused to accept United States sovereignty over them. States sovereignty over them.

The Indian Intercourse Act (ok, go on, The Indian Intercourse Act (ok, go on, giggle) made treaties the only legal giggle) made treaties the only legal way to obtain Indian lands.way to obtain Indian lands.

Spanish Florida and Spanish Florida and British CanadaBritish Canada

Surrounded usSurrounded us Spanish and British hostility threatened the status of Spanish and British hostility threatened the status of

the United States in the West. the United States in the West.

The Spanish closed the Mississippi River to American The Spanish closed the Mississippi River to American shipping, promoted immigration, and forged alliances shipping, promoted immigration, and forged alliances with Indian tribes to resist American expansion. with Indian tribes to resist American expansion.

Britain granted greater autonomy to its North Britain granted greater autonomy to its North American colonies, strengthened Indian allies, and American colonies, strengthened Indian allies, and constructed a defensive buffer against Americansconstructed a defensive buffer against Americans. . Just because we were at peace did not mean we were Just because we were at peace did not mean we were not at warnot at war

Jay's and Pinckney's Jay's and Pinckney's TreatiesTreaties

The Jay Treaty resolved several key disputes The Jay Treaty resolved several key disputes between the United States and Britain. between the United States and Britain. Opponents held up the treaty in the House Opponents held up the treaty in the House until Pinckneyuntil Pinckney’’s Treaty with Spain granted s Treaty with Spain granted them sovereignty in the West.them sovereignty in the West.

The political battles over the Jay Treaty The political battles over the Jay Treaty

brought President Washington off his brought President Washington off his nonpartisan pedestal. Sometimes you just nonpartisan pedestal. Sometimes you just have to choose sides.have to choose sides.

WashingtonWashington’’s Farewell s Farewell AddressAddress

In his farewell address, Washington In his farewell address, Washington summed up American foreign summed up American foreign policy goals as:policy goals as:– peace; peace; – commercial relations;commercial relations;– friendship with all nations; andfriendship with all nations; and– no entangling alliances.no entangling alliances.

Federalists and Federalists and Jeffersonian Jeffersonian Republicans, Republicans, Hamiltonians and Hamiltonians and JeffersoniansJeffersonians

The Rise of Political The Rise of Political PartiesParties

During the debate over JayDuring the debate over Jay’’s Treaty, shifting s Treaty, shifting coalitions began to polarize into political factionscoalitions began to polarize into political factions

HamiltonHamilton’’s supporters claimed the title s supporters claimed the title ““Federalist.Federalist.”” while Thomas Jefferson while Thomas Jefferson’’s supporters s supporters called themselves called themselves ““Republicans.Republicans.””

These coalitions shaped the election of 1796, These coalitions shaped the election of 1796, which John Adams narrowly won.which John Adams narrowly won.

Jefferson, the oppositionJefferson, the opposition’’s candidate, became s candidate, became Vice President. Vice President.

The Adams PresidencyThe Adams Presidency

Relations with France deteriorated Relations with France deteriorated after Jayafter Jay’’s Treaty.s Treaty.

When France began seizing When France began seizing American shipping, the nation was American shipping, the nation was on the brink of war. The X, Y, Z on the brink of war. The X, Y, Z Affair made AdamsAffair made Adams’’s popularity s popularity soar. soar.

The Alien and Sedition The Alien and Sedition ActsActs

The Federalists pushed through the Alien and The Federalists pushed through the Alien and Sedition Acts that:Sedition Acts that:– severely limited freedoms of speech and of the severely limited freedoms of speech and of the

press; andpress; and– threatened the liberty of foreigners.threatened the liberty of foreigners.

Republicans organized as an opposition party. Republicans organized as an opposition party. Federalists saw opposition to the administration Federalists saw opposition to the administration

as opposition to the state and prosecuted as opposition to the state and prosecuted leading Republican newspaper editors. leading Republican newspaper editors.

Jefferson and Madison drafted the Virginia and Jefferson and Madison drafted the Virginia and Kentucky Resolves that threatened to nullify Kentucky Resolves that threatened to nullify the Alien and Sedition Acts. the Alien and Sedition Acts.

The Revolution of 1800The Revolution of 1800

Adams bid for re-election was weakened Adams bid for re-election was weakened by:by:– HamiltonHamilton’’s dispute with Adams; ands dispute with Adams; and– the Federalists becoming identified with the Federalists becoming identified with

oppressive war-mongering. oppressive war-mongering. In the election of 1800, the Federalists In the election of 1800, the Federalists

waged a defensive struggle calling for waged a defensive struggle calling for strong central government and good strong central government and good order. order.

By controlling the South and the West, By controlling the South and the West, Jefferson won the election. Jefferson won the election.

Democratic Political Democratic Political CultureCulture

The rise of partisan politics greatly The rise of partisan politics greatly increased popular participation.increased popular participation.

American politics became more American politics became more competitive and democratic. competitive and democratic.

Popular celebrations became Popular celebrations became common and suffrage increased.common and suffrage increased.

"The Rising Glory of "The Rising Glory of AmericaAmerica””

American ArtistsAmerican Artists

The Revolutionary generation The Revolutionary generation began to create a national culture. began to create a national culture.

American artists depicted national American artists depicted national heroes and national triumphs.heroes and national triumphs.

MAP 8.1 The Ratification of the Constitution, 1787–90 The distribution of the vote for the ratification of the Constitution demonstrated its wide support in sections of the country linked to the commercial economy, and its disapproval in more remote and backcountry sections. (Note that Maine remained a part of Massachusetts until admitted as a separate state in 1820.)

MAP 8.2 Spread of Settlement: The Backcountry Expands 1770–90 From 1770 to 1790, American settlement moved across the Appalachians for the first time. The Ohio Valley became the focus of bitter warfare between Indians and settlers.

MAP 8.3 Spanish Claims to American Territory, 1783–95 Before 1795, the Spanish claimed the American territory of the Old Southwest and barred Americans from access to the port of New Orleans, effectively closing the Mississippi River. This dispute was settled by Pinckney’s Treaty in 1795.

MAP 8.4 The Election of 1800 In the presidential election of 1800, Democratic Republican victories in New York and the divided vote in Pennsylvania threw the election to Jefferson. The combination of the South and these crucial Middle States would keep the Democratic Republicans in control of the federal government for the next generation.