Earliest humans to think Homo sapiens. taming of plants and animals domestication.
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Earliest humans to think
Homo sapiens
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taming of plants and animals
domestication
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Inter-related groups which survived by following and
finding food
Hunter-gatherers
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The way in which people live
(art, science, government, etc.)
Culture
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Wandering lifestyle following food and water
Nomadic
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Items such as rocks or sticks used to accomplish
work
Simple Tools
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Inter-related groups of people
Clans
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Communication which developed in the
Paleolithic (OLD) age
Oral language
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Living in one place and raising food
Settled agriculture
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Tools which require reshaping or combining
parts to work
Complex tools
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Person who uses artifacts and fossils to determine
past human events
Archaeologist
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Animal and plant matter which has been preserved
in nature
Fossil
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Method of telling the approximate age of an
artifact or fossil
Carbon dating
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Giant circles of stone in England probably used for
religious ceremonies
Stonehenge
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Shift from hunting-gatherer societies to settled agriculture
Neolithic Revolution
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Tool Age following the Stone Age
Bronze Age
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“U” shaped area stretching from the eastern
Mediterranean coast through Syria into Mesopotamia
Fertile Crescen
t
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Area in between and around the Tigris and Euphrates
River Valleys
Mesopotamia
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Geographic term for the Indian sub-continent
South Asia
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Geographic term for China
East Asia
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Jewish people
Hebrews
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phrase describing river valleys as the beginning of
civilization
Cradles of Civilization
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Passing of leadership from father to son
(rule stays in the family)
dynasty
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Independent cities and their surrounding lands (small kingdoms)
City-state
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Moral law code of Christianity and Judaism
Ten Commandmen
ts
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Early civil law code of Babylon
Code of Hammurabi
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Working at or creating only one item or good in order to
meet ones needs
Specialization of labor
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Holy scriptures of Judaism
Torah
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Banished from a land
exiled
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Scattering of Jewish communities
Diaspora
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Earliest form of writing by man
pictograms
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Pictograms used in Egypt
hieroglyphics
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Pictograms used in Sumeria
cuneiform
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Symbols used to represent sounds created by the
Phoenicians
alphabet
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A political unit composed of the kingdom and all of its
conquered lands
empire
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Organization of people who complete the day to day
tasks of government
bureaucracy
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Early Persian religion with a belief in the forces of good
and evil
Zoroastrianism
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Race of people who controlled the Indian subcontinent with a
caste system
Aryan
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Period of time when a civilization enjoys a rapid advancement in culture
Golden Age
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Rigid system of India which placed people in a particular social class from which they
could not move
Caste (Varna) System
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Movement of people from one location to another
migration
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Belief that a person will return after their death in
another form
reincarnation
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Idea that one’s actions in life determines one’s
destiny and future
karma
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Religious scriptures for Hinduism
Vedas
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Main ideas of the religious philosophy of Buddhism
Four Noble Truths
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The course in Buddhism that would lead to freedom
from the cycle of rebirth
Eightfold Path to
Enlightenment
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Fortified barrier constructed to protect East Asian people
from attacks
Great Wall of China
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Approval needed in order for Chinese rulers to hold
power
Mandate of
Heaven
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Overland trade route that connected China to Western
Europe
Silk Road
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Professional government organization which required testing in order to work in
government
Civil Service
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Belief that deceased relatives continued to guide
the family
Ancestor worship
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Representation of good and evil in Daoism
Yin and yang
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Exchange of goods for goods
barter
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Exchange of goods for coins
Money economy
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Settling of foreign lands to produce materials for the
home country
colonization
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Tales and legends of a civilization usually centered on
nature and creation
mythology
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Form of government in which citizens hold power
democracy
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Form of government in which a few hold power
oligarchy
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Person who can take part in the governing of society
citizen
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Form of democracy in which each citizen has DIRECT
input into decision making
Direct democracy
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Wars fought between Persians and Greeks
Persian Wars
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Wars fought between Spartans and Athenians
Peloponnesian Wars
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Outdoor center of government in ancient
Greece
agora
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Form of government where one person seizes power
and established a one-man rule
tyranny
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Epic poem by Homer about the Trojan Wars
Iliad & Odyssey
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The manner in which people meet their needs
economy
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Form of government where the upper class nobility
rules
aristocracy
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Codified, harsh, law code of ancient Greece
Code of Draco
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Alliance created under Pericles to free Ionia and
protect Greeks from Persia
Delian League
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Temple to Athena
Parthenon
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Period where Greece reached its cultural height
Golden Age of Pericles Classical
Age
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Mixture of Greek and Persian cultures under Alexander the Great
Hellenistic
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Group of Greek citizens who met in the agora to govern
Assembly
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Lower class of Roman society, majority of free
Romans
plebeians
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Upper class of Roman society
patricians
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Governing body in Rome composed of the patrician
class
Senate
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2 elected officials in Rome who administered the government in Rome
consuls
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The codified law of Rome
Twelve Tables
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Wars fought between Rome and Carthage
Punic Wars
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Internal warfare of a kingdom or empire
Civil War
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Situation in which prices rise and the value of money
decreases
inflation
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A three person ruling group
triumvurate
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200 year period of Roman peace
Pax Roman
a
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Holy scriptures of Christianity
Holy BibleOld & New Testamen
ts
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Teachings of the Christian Church
doctrine
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Temple to all gods in Rome
pantheon
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Arena for gladiator battles
Colisseum
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Center of government in ancient Rome
forum
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Epic poem by Virgil about the founding of Rome
Aeneid
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The mixture of Greek and Roman culture
Greco-Roman
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Group of languages derived from Latin including French
and Italian
Romance languages
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Codified law of the Byzantine Empire
Justinian Code
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Religious images used in Christianity
icons
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Form of artwork using pieces of tile and glass to
create images
mosaics
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Early Christian Church incorporating the dome on a
rectangular building
Hagia Sophia
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Eastern Church of early Christianity
Greek/Eastern
Orthodoxy
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Western Church of early Christianity
Roman Catholic
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Alphabet adapted from the Greek alphabet to represent
Slavic languages
Cyrillic
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Holy scriptures of Islam
Koran/Quran
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Basic concepts of Islam
Five Pillars
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Islamic sect believing the caliphate should be a
descendant of Muhammad
Shi’a / Shiite
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Islamic sect believing the caliphate could be held by
any Muslim
Sunni
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Ended the expansion of Islam into Western Europe
Battle of Tours
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Holy mosque built on the site where Muhammad ascended to Heaven
Dome of the Rock
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Muslims of Spain
Moors
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Religious wars to re-conquer Middle Eastern holy sites by
Christianity
Crusades
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Islamic group which conquered Constantinople
around 1300 AD
Ottoman Turks
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Religious community of men who have taken religious
vows
monastery
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People who spread a religious message
missionaries
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Local congregation of Catholicism with a priest in
charge
parish
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Estate with peasant workers granted to a noble in exchange for loyalty and military service
Manor / fief
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Noble who held land and served a higher ranking lord
vassal
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Medieval peoples living in the area of present day
France
Franks
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Document restricting the powers of the English king
and listing individual freedoms for English people
Magna Carta
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Non-religious
secular
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Belief in more than one god
polytheism
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Belief in one god
Monotheism
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Medieval building designed to protect the manor/fief
from invasion
castle
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Ethnic religion of Japan
Shintoism
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Group or chain of islands
archipelago