A simple question:

How to build a

building?

LESSON 2:Preparing Outlines and Bibliographies

OUTLINING: LAYING THE FOUNDATIONS

The outline should be a reflection of an essay’s thesis statement, and in turn, will guide the writer as to what details are supposed to be included in an essay.

Outlines are used in determining the structure of an academic paper.

Note:

When outlining, make sure that the main headings and sub- headings should at

least come in pairs.

Let’s take a look at the example…

TWO TYPES OF

OUTLINES

TOPIC OUTLI

NE

SENTENCE

OUTLINE

makes use of complete sentences

makes use of key words and phrases

TITLE: Properties of MagnetsI. Attracts objects which are magnetic in nature.

A. Illustration of the principleB. The composition of magnetsC. How to create magnetsD. Counter examples of magnetsE. Origin of magnets

II. Like poles repel, unlike pole attractIII. Freely hanging magnets align in one direction

A. IllustrationB. The principle behind illustration

IV. Poles occur in pairs

OUTLINE’S TITLE

MAIN HEADINGS

CONTENTS

reiterates the property described

Remember:• Always make sure that your outline

corresponds to the contents of the text itself.• You may produce an outline prior to writing

an essay to determine how and what you want to write.

• Sub-headings should at least come in pairs.• Two types of outlines are topic outline and

sentence outline.

Let’s try to make an outline!

BIBLIOGRAPHY LIST: TRADITIONAL AND ANNOTATED

BIBLIOGRAPHYA list of materials that were used or will be used in the composition of a academic or

professional piece.

The entries are encoded using the prescribed format in a particular discipline

American Psychological Association

(APA)

Modern Language

Association (MLA)Other formats are also used at

times depending on the requirement prescribed by the

instructor of a subject or an editor.

Bagherkazemi, M., & Alemi, M. (2010). Literature in the ESL/EFL classroom: Consensus and controversy. Linguistic and

Literary Broad Research and Innovation. 1 (1), 1-12.

Author’s name/s Year of

publication

Title of the article

Volume number

Issue numberPages

where the article

apprears

SAMPLE APA FORMAT

ARTICLE FROM AN ACADEMIC JOURNAL

Brown, H.D. (1994). Principles of language learning and teaching (3rd ed.) Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall

Regents.

Author’s name/s Year of

publication

Title of the bookEdition

Place of publicatio

n

SAMPLE APA FORMAT

BOOK

Publisher

Zhou, N. Z. (2009). ‘Learning to Know’ as a pillar of education in the twenty-first century: An interpretation of its meaning and

implications. In L. Quisimbing and M.L. Baybay, eds. Learning to Know for a Peaceful and Sustainable Future.

Philippines: UNESCO-APNIEVE.

Author’s name/s

Year of publication

Title of the article

Title of the book

Editors

SAMPLE APA FORMAT

ARTICLE FROM ANTHOLOGY

Place of Publication

Barry, Peter. ‘Feminist Criticism. ’ Beginning theory: An introduction to literary and cultural theory. 2nd Edition.UK: Manchester University Press, 2001. 121-138. Print.

Author’s name/s

Title of the chapter

EditionTitle of the

Book

SAMPLE MLA FORMAT

CHAPTER FROM A BOOK

Place of Publication

Publisher

Year of Publicatio

n

Pages where the article appears

Medium

Harpham, Geoffrey Galt. ‘Ethics.’ Critical Terms for Literary Study. Eds. Lentricchia, Frank and Thomas McLaughlin.

Chicago: UC Press, 1995. 387-405. Print.

Author’s name/s

Title of the essay

Title of the Book

SAMPLE MLA FORMAT

ESSAY FROM AN ANTHOLOGY

Place of Publication Pages where the

article appears

Medium

Editors

Labastilla, Vivien. ‘Black Mamba.’ Diliman Review. 59. 1-4.(2013): 134-151. Print.

Author’s name/s

Title of the work

Volume and issue

Year of Publication

SAMPLE MLA FORMAT

ESSAY FROM AN ANTHOLOGYmedium

Title of the

Journal

Pages where the article appears

An annotated bibliography, on the other hand, may be written either on a set of cards, a table, or simply typed out in a word processor. Below each entry in an annotated bibliography are the summary and other pertinent details about a topic being studied. Preparing this will greatly help in organizing the ideas found in your readings. Study the two samples from an annotated bibliography, and choose which style you would prefer.

Brand, A.G., & Powell, J.L. (1986). Emotions and the Writing Process: A Description of Apprentice Writers: the Journal of Education Research. 79 (5), 280-285.

This study documents the emotional dynamics of students as they compose essays. One of the significant findings of this study is that positive emotions are associated with composing for leisurely purposes while negative emotions are associated with composing for academic purposes.

More research is needed on how emotional states affect the written output. Only questionnaires were used. Further studies could employ think-aloud

protocol and stimulated recall sessions in order to accurately document the emotional dynamics of students during the composing process.

SAMPLE TRADITIONAL ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAHYBibliographic

entry

Suggestions for future research are noted by the student.

This contains the abstract or

summary of the study and its

findings.

SAMPLE TRADITIONAL ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAHY

BIBLIOGRAPHIC ENTRY

CONTEXT OF RESEARCH AND

FINDINGS

RESEARCH GAP REMAINING

METHODOLOGY

Brand, A.G., & Powell, J.L. (1986). Emotions and the Writing Process: A Desciption of Apprentice Writers. The Journal of Educational Research. 79 (5) 280-285.

Lack of research on how emotions affect the writing process despite its perceived importance; effort to come up with a systematic report of the emotions involved in writing.

Investigating the emotional profiles of writers should yield information about emotional patterns are associated with well-written products.

Four undergraduate English classes; questionnaires on changes in emotion.

Note: The two samples represent the same

reference, and, thus, the same information can be found in both. Only the presentation is different.

A bibliography allows a writer to give proper credit for quotes or key phrases that have been written and presented in his/her paper.