E114 Pnit5
-
Upload
carolyn-mckeon -
Category
Technology
-
view
879 -
download
4
description
Transcript of E114 Pnit5
EP114 Development in School-Aged Students
Unit 5 SeminarCognitive Development
Developmental Theories(Piaget and Vygotsky)
Questions about grades?
Please send me an email or meet me
in a live chat session. If you would like
a phone call please send me phone #
in an email
Getting to know you…
Did you make any New Year’s resolutions?
I never do, but I always work to love better,
laugh more, and make a difference
in another person’s life.
Unit 5 Assignments
Complete Readings
Participate in the Discussion thread
Either attend Seminar OR complete
Seminar Option 2
Key Ideas in Piaget’s Theory
Children are active, motivated learners Children naturally organize what they experience
• schemes• operation
Children adapt to environment through assimilation & accommodation
Interaction with physical environment is critical Interaction with others is critical Equilibration leads to increasingly complex thought
• equilibrium• disequilibrium
Children think in qualitatively different ways at different age levels
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor Stage (birth – 2)
Begins with reflexes & sensorimotor schemes
Goal-directed behavior emerges Object permanence emerges Symbolic thought emerges
• transition to new stage
Preoperational Stage
Symbolic representation Limited mental manipulation
(operations)• egocentrism• failure to conserve
Age 2 to about age 6 or 7
Concrete Operational Stage
Some mental manipulation & logical thought• can conserve• difficulty with abstract and counterfactual
ideas Age 6-7 years until 11-12 years
Formal Operational Stage
Abstract & scientific reasoning Hypothetical ideas Contrary-to-fact ideas Adolescents also become more
idealistic
Current Perspectives
Research supports sequence Research does not support ages
• infants show object permanence at 2 ½ months• preschoolers aren’t always egocentric and often
demonstrate conservation and class inclusion• some elementary students exhibit abstract reasoning• some high-school students never develop abstract
reasoning Knowledge, experience, and culture affect
reasoning abilities• conservation may be taught • children age 4 or 5 exhibit conservation after experiencing
it• prior knowledge affects formal operations• education and culture affect cognitive development
Cognitive development may not be universally stage-like
Applying the Ideas
Provide opportunities for children to experiment Explore children’s reasoning, problem-solving with
different activities & questions Keep Piaget’s stages in mind, but don’t take them
too literally Present situations and ideas that children cannot
easily explain using existing knowledge & beliefs Use familiar content and tasks when asking
children to reason in sophisticated ways Plan group activities in which young people share
their beliefs and perspectives
Key Ideas in Vygotsky’s Theory
Some cognitive processes are seen in many species; others are unique to humans • lower vs. higher functions
Adults convey cultural interpretations through informal interactions & formal schooling• mediation
Every culture passes along physical and cognitive tools
Thought & language become interdependent • self-talk becomes inner speech
Complex mental processes begin as social activities & evolve into mental activities • internalization
Key Ideas in Vygotsky’s Theory
Children acquire cultural tools in their own idiosyncratic manner• appropriation
Children can perform more challenging tasks when assisted
Challenging tasks promote cognitive growth • zone of proximal development
Play allows children to stretch themselves cognitively
Zone of Proximal Development
Current Perspectives on Vygotsky’s Theory
Social construction of meaning• mediated learning experience
Scaffolding Participation in adult activities
• guided participation• cognitive apprenticeship
Acquisition of teaching skills
Applying the Ideas
Help children acquire cognitive tools Use group learning activities to help children
internalize cognitive strategies• reciprocal teaching
Present challenging tasks & provide sufficient scaffolding • help children develop strategies to scaffold themselves
Assess children’s abilities under a variety of work conditions
Provide opportunities to engage in authentic activities
Let children play
Let’s hear your thoughts…
Discuss your thoughts of the theories of
Jean Piaget's and Lev Vygotksy.
What similarities do you see in the two
theories?
What differences do you see?
Comparing PerspectivesPiaget Vygotsky
Constructive processes
Individual Social
Readiness Children can accommodate only when they can also assimilate the objects. They can think logically about new problems only if they have constructed the relevant logical operations.
An ever-changing zone of proximal development.
Comparing PerspectivesPiaget Vygotsky
Challenge Children develop more sophisticated thought processes when they encounter phenomena that create disequilibrium.
Children benefit most from tasks that they can perform only with assistance.
Social interaction
Others present information and arguments that create disequilibrium and foster perspective taking.
Children internalize the processes they use with others until, ultimately, they can use them independently.
Theoretical Differences
Piaget Cognitive development is
independent of language Developmental schemes
are independent, requiring little guidance
Interaction with peers is more valuable
Culture is not important in determining thinking styles
Vygotsky Language is essential for
cognitive development Activities are facilitated &
interpreted by more competent individual
Interaction with advanced individuals is more valuable
Culture is critical in determining thinking styles
Take-Home Message
Piaget• children are active, motivated learners who construct
understanding based on experience• probably underestimated capabilities of children • probably overestimated the capabilities of adolescents
Vygotsky• humans differ from other species in their acquisition of complex
mental processes, which are largely the legacy of cultural heritage Similarities
• constructive processes, readiness, challenge, social interaction Differences
• role of language; relative value of free exploration versus structured, guided activities; relative importance of interactions with peers versus adults; influence of culture
Piaget Vygotsky
•Constructivist process•Readiness•Challenge•Social interaction
•Zone of Proximal Development•Scaffolding•Language is critical to cognitive development•Guided exploration and instruction•Greater emphasis on adults and those more advanced than the child
•Assimilation •Accommodation•Language comes after cognitive development•Self exploration•Greater emphasis peer interaction than adult
Unit 5 ProjectVenn Diagram
Questions?Questions are
always welcome!
ReferencesMcDevitt, T. M., & Ormrod, J. E. (2010). Child
Development and Education. Saddle River: Pearson Education, Inc.