EXERCISE SCIENCECHAPTER 18: HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

AREAS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT:

Four key components to human development are: Physical development Cognitive development Motor or skills development Social development

AGE AND PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT:

Chronological Age Age measured in years, months, and days Skeletal Age Age indicated by the physical maturity of the

skeleton Nutrition, diet, disease, and major bone injuries

can cause the skeletal age to lag behind the chronological ageDevelopmental Age Age as expressed in one’s ability to perform

certain tasks

HUMAN MORPHOLOGY:Endomorph Mesomorph Ectomorph

- More fatty tissue- Thicker body parts

- Mature Early- Stocky/heavily

muscled- Broader Bodies

-Late to reach maturity- Thinner Body- Narrow hips/longer

arms and legs

STAGES OF HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT:

Four basic stages each with fundamental aspects and characteristics Infancy/Toddler:

Zero to two-three years Childhood:

Four to 10 years Puberty/Adolescence:

11 to 18 years Adulthood:

18 years and older

INFANCY/TODDLER

Most marked growth in humans Double birth weight in six months; triple it in a

year By end of second year brain is 75% of adult

weight Body length typically increases by 50%

Considerable muscular development Gains in ability to perform basic tasks

Grasp, crawl, pull to stand, walk Most toddlers walk by age two, run by age

three

CHILDHOOD:

Rapid stage of growth from four to six years From six to ten years the body “stabilizes”

Uniform relationship between bone and tissue growth and development occurs

PUBERTY/ADOLESCENCE:

Growth speeds up during this phase Physical Psychological

Sexual maturity Pituitary gland triggers in both sexes Marked changes in physical appearance

Girls: breasts, body curves, menstruation Boys: semen, facial and body hair, deepening

voice

ADULTHOOD:

Most growth has taken place Other physical changes:

Weight gain Reduced oxygen capacity Rise in blood pressure Joint deterioration

Many conditions caused by: Diminished exercise Diet and nutrition issues Increased stress and responsibilities

PHASES OF MOVEMENT:

Reflexive movement (birth to four months) Humans show controlled motor development

Rudimentary Movement: (birth to two years) Locomotor activity

Manipulation and stability movements begin

Fundamental Movement: (two to seven years) Basic movement skills; three phases

Initial Elementary Mature

Sport-Related Movement: (seven years to adulthood) Three phases

General Specific specialized

DIFFERENT RATES OF GROWTH:

Cephalocaudal Sequence: Growth progresses fastest in the head Followed by the trunk Lastly the extremities

Proximodistal Sequence: Body movements that originate closer to the

centre of the body seem to develop earlier than those that originate further from the centre

FACTORS AFFECTING PHYSICAL GROWTH:

Glandular/Hormonal Activity Hormones affect metabolism Glands can suffer from diseases

Heredity Difficult to predict many areas of genetically inherited growth

Nutrition/Diet Inadequate/unbalanced diet can lead to physical

development issues Physical Activity

Lack of activity harmful/excess also negative Balance is key

Sociocultural Factors Can be difficult to assess Depends on opportunity/values

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT:

Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development Sensorimotor (birth to two years of age)

Characterized by infant demonstrating intelligence by means of motor activity without use of symbols

Knowledge based purely on immediate experience Ability to use memory to recall objects and events

Pre-Operational (two to seven years of age) Demonstrate intelligence through use of symbols Considerable language development Significant growth in memory and imagination

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT- CONT’D

Concrete Operational (seven to 11 years of age) Logical thinking develops Able to solve concrete problems logically Reversibility or operational thinking develops Develop capacity for empathy

Formal Operational (11 to 15 years of age) Demonstrate intelligence through ability to solve

increasingly complicated abstract problems using logic

Return to egocentric thinking in early stage Begin to think about social issues and one’s own

identity and appearance

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT:

Socialization Ways in which, from a young age, humans form

attachments with others Friendship

Reciprocal relationship (doing things for one another in roughly equal measure)

Committed over a long period of time Notion that common interest must be shared

INDIVIDUAL ATTRIBUTES:

The child: Is usually in a positive mood Is not excessively dependant on the teacher,

assistant, or other adults Usually comes to the program or setting

willingly Usually copes with rebuffs and reverses

adequately Shows the capacity to emphasize Has a positive relationship with one two peers;

shows capacity to really care about them, miss them if absent, and so forth

Displays the capacity for humour Does not seem to be acutely or chronically lonely

SOCIAL SKILLS ATTRIBUTES CHECKLIST:

The child usually: Approaches others positively Expresses wishes and preferences clearly Asserts own rights and needs appropriately Is not easily intimidated by bullies Expresses frustrations and anger effectively Makes relevant contributions to ongoing activities Takes turns fairly easily Shows interest in others Negotiates and compromises appropriately Does not draw inappropriate attention to self Accepts peers and adults of ethnic groups other

than own Interacts non-verbally with other children (e.g.,

smiles, waves, nods)

PEER RELATIONSHIP ATTRIBUTES CHECKLIST:

The child is: Usually accepted versus neglected or rejected

by other children Sometimes invited by other children to join

them in play, friendship, and work