E-waste related research at NIES - Global...
Transcript of E-waste related research at NIES - Global...
E-waste relatedresearch at NIES
Aya YoshidaResearch Center for Material Cycle and Waste
Management, National Institute for Environmental Studies,Tsukuba, JAPAN
Email: [email protected]
2010.7.8 UNEP-DTIE-IETCRegional Workshop onE-waste / WEEE Management
Content
Research on e-waste at NIES
Material flow analysis
Reuse/recycling
Environmental impacts
Classification of e-waste recyclingtechnology in Asia
Conclusion
2
International Material Cycle of E-waste
International Flow
Secondhand CRT TV exportin 2009
SecondhandEEE
generation
Metal scrapexport
Environmental Impact of e-wasterecycling in developing countries
Domestic MaterialFlow
Invisible flow
NIES Workshopon E-waste
(The 6th WS washeld on Dec 7,
2009)
Metal scrap
Comparison of E-wasterecycling systems indifferent countries
Japan’s Exportcontrol onSecondhand CRT TVswas implemented inJune 2009. Destinationchanged to Vietnamand Macao in 2009 toexploit weak importcontrol.
Home electric appliances are mixedwith metal scraps. Proper exportcontrol is recommended.Fire accident would generate DXNs.
Backyard recycling
010
2030
4050
60
E-waste facility
0
10
20
30
40
50
Co
ntr
ibu
tio
nto
tota
lT
EQ
(%)
Reference sites
0
10
20
30
40
50
Reference sites
0
10
20
30
40
50
TeCDDs
PeCDDs
HxCDDs
HPCDDs
OCDD
TeCDFs
PeCDFs
HxCDFs
HpCDFs
OCDF
Total non
-orth
oPCBs
Total m
ono-o
rtho
PCBs
TeBDDs
PeBDDs
HxBDDs
HpBDDs(*)
OBDD
TeBDFs
PeBDF
HxBDFs
HpBDFs
OBDF
TotalM
oBPCDDs
TotalM
oBPCDFs
Reuse conditionof exported CRTTVs from Japan.Many PWBs havebeen exported toMainland China.
Generation, import, reuse,dismantling situations in Asian
developing countries
Analyze env samplesfrom recycling sites inIndia, Vietnam andPhilippines. High-levelDXN, heavy metals havebeen confirmed.
3
4
Domestic material flow of end-of lifehome appliances of Japan in FY2005
(estimated by METI and MoE)
-Possible overestimate of generation-Not considered disposal/recoverychannels between households and offices-Gap between inflow and outflow data
Material Flow of Used PCs in Japan (2001)
Export
7.8%
Domestic disposal& recycling
66.1%
Domestic reuse
26.1%
Discard4880
After the enforcement of Business PC recycling scheme
Increased by1.0 million
units Destination isnot changed.
Manufacturers’ recycling
was added.
5
Material Flow of Used PCs in Japan (2004)
Export
26.4%
Domestic disposal& recycling
35.6%
Domestic reuse
36.5%
Discard7470
After the enforcement of Household PC recycling scheme
Increased by 2.6million units (1.6
million were laptops)
Domestic reuse andexport was increased
drastically.
Companies recognizedthat “leased/retailedPCs can be sold”.
Increased
6
Secondhand CRT-TV export from Japan
Estimated based onthe unit price
Newly-built HS-codefor Secondhand
goods
HK’s Importcontrol was
strengthened(Apr. 2006)
2006 2009
Result of the tightening ofregulations, export
destination has beenchanged (exploiting weak
import control).
1. Cooperation among Asiancountries and management ofresidues is also needed.
2. Final destinations are stillunknown.. (probably there is ademand in southern China orMideast)
Criteria for properexport of
secondhand CRT-TVs (Sep.2009)
全て
中国
越
比比
香港マカオ
2.4 million units
1.2millionunits
Mo
nth
lyE
xpo
rtam
ount
(un
it)
All
HK
Philippines
China
VietnamMacao
Announcementon HK’s
regulation inJapan
(June 2007)
7
Assessment of Environmental Impact on E-wasteSurveyed sites
•E-waste recycling sites (dismantling, shredding,open burning of Cu wires/cables•Lead acid battery recycling sites (Dismantling,smelting)•Au, Ag recovery sites (Smelting Au, Ag from E-waste)
Foreign surveys
Environmental samples:floor dust at work place,soils, residues from e-waste recycling sitesHuman samples:blood, hair, urine
Domestic surveys
模擬実験:野焼実験、基板燃焼、埋立国内調査:スクラップ火災現場調査
Laboratory experiment for modifying theinformal recycling of e-waste
Analyze dioxins fromburned materialsfrom mixed metal
scraps
Dioxin level in soils at E-waste recycling sites in India
Confirming the env. and human impacts byanalyzing organic/inorganic substances
Mechanistic analysis of generation ofchemicals
Applying simple and rapid analysismethods (ex. Dioxin bioassay)
8
E-waste sites
FacilityBack yard Ref. sites Dump sites
Environmental standardcriteria (Japan)
Monitoring standardcriteria (Japan)
US ATSDA
1.E-09
1.E-08
1.E-07
1.E-06
1.E-05
1.E-04
1.E-03
1.E-02
1.E-01
1.E+00
難燃
剤製
造
難燃
樹脂加
工
難燃
繊維加
工
製品使
用
家電解
体
家電破
砕
RD
F成
型
不燃
物破
砕
焼却
ガス化溶
融
AS
R溶
融
野外焼
却
PB
DE
s排
出係
数[g
-PB
DE
s/g-D
eB
DE
]
係数上限
代表値
係数下限
Estimation of PBDE emission factorDuring various processes
em
issi
on
fact
or
Manufa
ctu
ring
Com
po
undin
g(r
esin
s)
Addin
gto
fabrics
Pro
duct
use
Dis
mantlin
g(E
-wa
ste)
Cru
shin
g(E
-wast
e)
RD
Fpro
duction
Cru
shin
g(M
SW
)In
cinera
tion(c
ontr
olle
d)
Gasi
ficatio
n/m
elti
ng
AS
Rm
elti
ng
Open
burn
ing
MaximumRepresentativeMinimum
Estimation ofPBDE emissionfactor from openburning by lab.experiment
Classification of e-waste recycling technology in Asia(FY2009-2011)Classification of e-waste recycling technology in Asia(FY2009-2011)
Research Grant for Promotion to the Sound Material-Cycle Society from Ministry of theEnvironment of Japan
○Elaborate the material flow data, recycling technology information based on a fieldsurvey on e-waste recycling in three Asian developing countries.
○Propose necessary both “soft” and “hard” measures for environmental sound treatmentand management of e-waste.
Use Formal Recycle
InformalRecycle
Discard
②Classification ofe-waste recyclingtechnology
③Improvementstrategy and policyrecommendation
①Material flowanalysis of e-waste
Reuse
Used
Japan, Korea,other OECD.
New
Import
①Material flow analysis of e-waste・Export of used EEE from Japan andKorea・Improvement of estimation method ofused EEE generation
②Classification of e-wasterecycling technology・Collect and analyze samples fromthe environment・Evaluation of resource recovery(especially metals)・Hazardous substances emission tothe environment・Price, cost information③Improvement strategy and policyrecommendation・Poverty, work environment・Desired regulatory control system・Discover International technologicalcooperation projects
Target: WEEE(4 items), PC, CRT monitor, Mobile phone9
Informal Recycling in Vietnam
CRT tube
CRT-TV,monitor
Dismantling
Cabinet
PWBExport
Scrapping
Cables
ICs
Board Export Cu recovery
Extraction
Reuse
Crushing
Glass
Export
Metal
Separation
Export
Scrapping
Export
Burning Cu
Cu
Dumping
Properexport?
10
CRT-TV/monitor Recycling in the Philippines
CRT tube
CRT-TV,monitor
Dismantling
Cabinet
PWB Scrapping
Cables
ICs
Board Export Cu recovery
Reuse
Glass
Metal
Material recycle
Scrapping
Iron making
Burning Cu
Cu
MSW collectionInformal recycle
11
Export to KoreaCRT tube
CRT-TV,monitor Dismantling
Cabinet
PWB
Cables
Glass
Metal Iron making
Phosphor
Material recycle
Material recycle
HW disposal site
Export to Malaysia etc.
Formal recycle
Labels/Sticker/Plastics Sanitary landfill
Free of charge
NOT underBasel
Comparison of Formal/Informal
Balangai permit
Mayer’s permit
TSD permitPermit
20062003Establish year
PHP 100,000(Rent, side cars, wall, etc)
Paid-up capital by 2009
PHP 9,000,000
Investment
Cost
Capacity
Number of workers
CRT monitor PHP260CRT TV/monitorstreatment cost P30-35/kg
7t/monthDaily treatment amount (pcs)
CRT TV/monitor 10
CPU (desktop PC) 2
DVD player/ Oven toaster/ Stereo 3
Refrigerator 1
50-70t/month
488t (2007)610t (2008)
333t (2009)
425
InformalFormal TSD
Sales price of the materials recoveredfrom a 19-inch-CRT TV (weight 17kg)
2.8314.2Total
0.150.30.5Steel
0.481.20.4Aluminum
0.410.4Copper
0.30.750.4Printed circuit board(after taking off some
parts)
10.42.5Plastic
0.50.0510CRT
USDUnit price(USD/kg)
kg/Unit
Comparison of workers at formal/informal sectors in the Philippines
N= age Workperiod(years)
Educational status
Elementary/ Juniorhigh
High school/Univ. andother
TSDs 15 28.7 3.8 0 15
Junkshops 10 26.9 3.4 7 3
Smelters 7 45.1 15.8 1 6
14
15
Destination & Price of PWB
Las Pinas(informal)
Junkshop(informal)
TSD1 TSD2
Amount(t/year)
600 3.6-4.8
PriceHigh grade 200-300 15-100 150
Mid grade 80-100 10-12 30-50
Low grade 18-25 14 3-7
Destination (Parts)Bulacan(Board)China
Localrecycler(Bulacan)
Japan(underBasel)
SingaporeMalaysia etc.
Unit: Peso/kg
Informal and formal recycling processes
16
Vietnam Philippines China
Informal
Collection
Manual dismantling
Open burning torecover concentratemetals
△
De-soldering PWBs NA NA
Leaching of goldfrom PWBs
△ △
Open dumping
Export of PWBs NA
Export of CRTs NA --
Vietnam Philippines China
Formal
Collection B2B
Collection C2B -- -- △
Manual dismantling
CRT: (Semi-) automaticcrushing and separation
--
CRT: Panel/Funnnel separation -- --
CRT: glass cullet cleaning
Pyrometallurgical processing inlocal smelters
△
Hydrometallurgical processing inlocal facilities
--
Export of PWBs NA
Export of CRTs --
Disposal in general landfills
Disposal in incinerators -- 17
Problems/issues
18
Technological issueTechnological issue
1.Infrastructure (Crushing machine, ventilation system, tools…)
2.Knowledge, experiences (HW management, efficient dismantling)
Human issueHuman issue
1.Worker safety (proper clothing, mask, globe)
2.Knowledge of Hazardous substances (education)
3.Socioeconomic cause (poverty)
Institutional/ financial issueInstitutional/ financial issue
1.Comprehensive legal framework on e-waste (ex. Definition of e-waste)
2.Enforcement and compliance with general environmental regulation
3.Budget shortage, expense of treatment fee
Conclusion
19
It has been difficult to clearly link environmentalpollution with e-waste recycling activities
Burning and dismantling activities seems to be themain cause for occupational and secondary exposure.
There are not many information on precious metalextraction processes.
There are little research have done on workersrecognition levels, motivation behind their behaviors andlivelihood.
It is important to find out what makes people engage ininformal recycling or the way of choosing processes.
References
1) A. Yoshida, T. Tasaki and A. Terazono (2009) MaterialFlow Analysis of Used Personal Computers in Japan.Waste Management, 29: pp.1602-1614
2) A. Yoshida and A. Terazono (2010) Reuse ofsecondhand TVs exported from Japan to the Philippines,Waste Management, 30: pp. 1063-1072
3) A. Supulveda et al. (2010) A review of theenvironmental fate and effects of hazardous substancesreleased from electrical and electronic equipmentsduring recycling: Examples from China and India.
4) NIES, IDE-JETRO and Kyoto Univ (2010) FY 2009Report on Classification of e-waste recycling technologyin Asia ( in Japanese) 20