Malaysian Scenario

The Electronics industry in Malaysia can be categorised into four sub-sectors :Consumer electronicsElectronic componentsElectrical products

Malaysian Scenario

Prime exportdestinations

USA, Japan, Singapore and Western Europe

New and emerging export market

China, India, Australia, ASEAN, Eastern Europe and South America

Major Technology companies

Intel, Motorola, Infineon, AMD, MEMC, Freescale, Agilent, Western Digital, Dell, Lumileds, Flextronics, Samsung and Osram

Malaysian Scenario

Electronic Components

Semiconductor devices (fabricated wafers, integrated circuits and IC designs), capacitors, resistors, inductors, PCB and metal and plastic parts

Industrial Electronics

ICT products such as computer and computer peripherals, telecommunications and photonics, copier machines, fax machines, type writers, calculators, measuring and test equipment and industrial controllers

Malaysian ScenarioConsumer Electronics Televisions, radio, compact disc (CD),

video compact disc (VCD) players, home theatre systems, set-top boxes, video games, camcorders and digital cameras

Electrical Industry i. Electrical industrial equipmentii. Electrical componentsiii. Electrical household appliancesi.e. air conditioners, refrigerators, vacuum cleaners,

electric fans, instant water heaters, rice cookers, blenders, wires and cables, electric motors, switch gears, batteries lightings and electrical fittings

Malaysian ScenarioTotal export RM 240 billion (Jan –Nov, 2005)

RM 21,8 billion in (Jan 2006) 64 % of total manufacturing products

Electronic Components

91.7 billion (38.1 %)

Industrial Electronics

RM 103.2 billion (42.8 %)

Electrical Products

RM 25.1 (10.4 %)

Consumer Electronics

RM 20.9 (8.7 %)

What is e-waste?• E-waste – waste from electric

and electronic products and goods.

• Common e-waste – Personal computers, televisions, telephones, cell phones, electronic toys, air-conditioners, washing machines, hi-fi sets.

• Components such as printed circuits boards, transformers, capacitors, are also included e-waste.

Problem of e-waste• Hazardous to health

Constituent Health effectsLead in PCB, glass panels and computer monitors

•Damage to central and peripheral nerves•Affects brain development in children

Cadmium in chip resistors and semiconductors

•Causes neural damage• Teratogenic•Accumulates in kidney and liver

Mercury in relays and PCBs •Chronic damage to the brain•Respiratory and skin disorders•Bioaccumulation in fish

Chromium (VI) in galvanised steel plates •Asthmatic bronchitis•DNA damage

Plastics in cabling and housing Produces dioxin which;•Effect reproductive and development problems•Damage immune system •Interfere with regulatory hormones

Problem of e-waste• Resource conservation- e-waste dumped in landfill -e-waste hoarded in storage- potential resource saving from reusing e-waste

- over consumption of resources from longer use (i.e. over consumption of energy by using an old model)

Problem of e-waste• Pollution to the environment

e-waste contain highly toxiccompounds such as substancessuch as chlorinated andbrominated substances, toxicmetals (lead, cadmium,mercury, arsenic), acids,plastics and plastics additives .e-waste end in landfill orincinerators-toxic materialscontaminate land, water andair.

(500 million PCs contain 2.87 billion kgplastics, 716. 7 million kg lead and 286,700 kg mercury -Basel Action Network)

E-waste stream in Malaysia

Recycling of e-waste • Citiraya of Malacca and TES-

AAM in Penang are two companies well established in Malaysia to process and treat e-waste generated by the electrical, electronic and telecommunications industry

• They manage the complete logistics operation from collecting your waste through to recovery of the base materials

Disposal of E-waste in Malaysia

• E-waste not classified as scheduled waste are sent tosanitary landfill.

• Discarded electronic equipment or parts containing wastecontaining or contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls(PCB) are listed in the Environmental Quality ScheduledWaste Regulations, 2005. This e-waste is sent to theHazardous Waste Management Facility for treatment andfinal disposal.

(Kualiti Alam – Peninsular Malaysia).

The Environmental Quality Scheduled Waste Regulations,

2005 amended in October 2006

accumulators mercury switches glass from cathode ray tubes

and other activated glass or PCB capacitors, e-waste contaminated with

Cd, Hg, lead

E-waste management - Current StatusLegal Framework No legislative framework to address the

collection and disposal of e-waste generated from domestic households except for EQA (Scheduled Waste) Regulations 2005.

Inventory There is inventory for municipal solid waste, but no designated inventory for E-waste.

Separate collection

Only recyclable e-waste is well collected by local recyclers, scavengers.

Recyling/reusing technology.

There is E-waste recycling facility but has not achieved full operation for all e-waste in the country.

E-waste management - Current Status

Environmental Awareness

There is some form of awareness for environmental concerns.

Stakeholder cooperation

Government sector encourages stakeholder cooperation, but is not well recognised.

Resource mobilisation.

E-waste is traded mainly among local stakeholders.

The Way ForwardMeasures to control and prevent the potentialdamage of e-wastes- includes minimisation ofenvironmental impacts across total life cyclethrough :

Enhancing the capacity for the implementationof technical, administrative and legalmeasures.

Promoting the use of environmental friendlydesign, marketing approach materials andenergy in electronic products.

EU Directives Overview

Drivers for the new Directives

• WEEE is growing rapidly. Currently 4 % of municipal waste. 3-5 % annual growth rate (triple the average)

• High churn rate of electronic equipment due to technical innovation

• Currently, more than 90 % of WEEE is disposed of with no-pretreatment

• WEEE typically has a hazardous content• National approaches would give rise to

financial inequities and trade barriers

Impact of Basel Convention Agreement

• SW 110 came into force on August 15th 2005.• DOE classified Electronic wastes as hazardous

Such wastes are not allowed to be shipped out ofMalaysia.

• There are 14 approved licenses for recycling and/orrecovery of e-waste. Only 1 is classified as full recoveryand others are partial recovery.

• E&E companies do not find any of the recyclers meettheir standards.

• Waivers were given to allow such wastes to be shippedout of Malaysia in March 2006 (subject to approval fromreceiving countries) until a solution is found.

Basel convention

Aim • Control and reduction of transboundary

movements of hazardous wastes including

• The prevention and minimisation of their generation, and environmentally sound management of such wastes

WEEE –What is Required?• The directive requires companies to collect,

treat and recycle waste electrical/electronic equipment

• The directives encourages the design and production of equipment to aid recycling, reuse, repair and disassembly of product at end of life

• From August 2005 it makes producers responsible for such equipment to finance collection and recycling of WEEE from specified collection points and meet targets for reuse, recycling and recovery

European Directives-RoHS

• RoHS- Restriction of the Use of CertainHazardous Substances in Electrical andEquipment Regulations 2005

• To restrict the use of six HazardousSubstances within electrical and electronicequipment (EEE) from 1 July 2006,thereby contributing to the protection ofhuman health and the environment.

Challenges in Management of E-waste No legislative framework to address the collection and

disposal of e-waste generated from domest ich o u s e h o l d s .Greater efforts are needed in the development of nationalpolicies and legislation to protect the environment, inp a r t i c u l a r i n t h e E E s e c t o r

Lack of infrastructure for the collection of end-of-lifeproducts as well as facilities to dispose such ane n v i r o n m e n t a l l y s o u n d m a n n e r .Many MNCs in Asia have started to introduce elements of producer responsibility,collection centres are being set up to collect used or discarded products so that they can be disposed of properly. Local companies namely the SMEs should be encouraged to follow their example.

Challenges in Management of E-waste

Most of the SMEs still do not understand theimplications of environmental requirements.There is a need to create timely programmes togenerate greater awareness.

Addressing issues such as eliminating the use ofhazardous materials, during the design stage isthe right approach. Howe this may require heavyinvestment. One way to encourage the companiesis to provide tax reduction or grants.

Implementation of E – Waste Management Measures

Inventory Management

Control over raw materials used in manufacturing is important in reducing waste generation.

Reduction of hazardous materials will ultimately lead into reduction of quantity of waste generated.

Establish – inventory tracking system and materials purchase review

Implementation of E – Waste Management Measures

Production or process modification – changes made in the production process which will reduce waste generation.

Improved operating and maintenance procedures

Material change and Process – equipment

modification

Implementation of E – Waste Management Measures

Volume ReductionTechniques used to reduce waste-stream volume: Source segregation - waste containingdifferent types of metals can be treatedseparately to recover metal value in thesludge. Waste Concentration - concentration ofwaste stream to increase likelihood ofrecyclable and reusable material.

Implementation of E – Waste Management Measures

Recovery and Reuse

Waste can be recovered on –site, or off-site recovery facility, or through interinter industry exchange.Physical and chemical techniques such as electrolysis, reverse osmosis, and filtration could be used to reclaim a waste material.Metals such as copper in PCB manufacturing can be reclaimed using electrolytic recovery.

Implementation of E – Waste Management Measures

Sustainable Product Design

• Rethink the product design – design products with less hazardous materials. Example of efforts to reduce material – new computer design that are flatter, lighter and more integrated.

• Use of renewable materials and energy – Biobased materials for example bio plastics made form plant-based polymers and the use of solar energy.

• Use of no-renewable materials that are safer – designers should ensure that product is built for re-use, repair/or upgradeability.