E-Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2011 - iCEDiced.cag.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/C-05 PPT...
Transcript of E-Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2011 - iCEDiced.cag.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/C-05 PPT...
Centre for Science and Environment
E-Waste (Management and Handling)
Rules 2011
iCED
9th July, 2014
Sadia Sohail
Senior Research Associate
Email: [email protected]
Centre for Science and Environment
Policies, laws and regulations applicable for
management of E-Waste
• The National Environmental Policy 2006
• The Environment (Protection) Act 1986
• The Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules 1989 (amended in 2003 & 2008)
• The E-waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2011
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Regulation for E-Waste
E-Waste (Management &Handling) Rules, 2011 werenotified in May 2011 and becameeffective from 1st May, 2012
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E-Waste (M&H) Rules 2011
Notified under Environment (P) Act, 1986
Objective – To put in place an effective mechanism toregulate the generation, collection, storage, transport,import, export, environmentally sound recycling,treatment and disposal of the e-waste.
Mandatory provisions – Extended ProducerResponsibility (EPR), Collection System, Registrationof Dismantlers and Recyclers and Reduction of thehazardous substances (RoHS).
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Chapter of the Rules
• Chapter I – General, includes applicability and definitions of
the terminologies used in these rules
• Chapter II – Responsibilities of each stakeholder
• Chapter III – Procedures for seeking Authorization and
Registration for handling e-waste
• Chapter IV – Procedure for Storage of e-waste
• Chapter V – Reduction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS)
• Chapter VI – Miscellaneous includes the Annual Report,
Transportation of e-waste, Accident reporting
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Schedules and Forms
• Schedule I – E-waste Categories
• Schedule II – RoHS exemptions
• Schedule III – List of Authorities & their duties
• Form 1 – Authorization
• Form 1(a) – Grant of Authorization
• Form 2 – Record maintenance
• Form 3 – Returns filing
• Form 4 – Registration of dismantlers and recyclers
Centre for Science and Environment
Important definitions
• E-waste means waste electrical and electronicequipment, whole or in part or rejects fromtheir manufacturing and repair process whichare intended to be discarded
• Electrical and electronic equipment meansequipment which is dependent on electricalcurrents or electro-magnetic fields to be fullyfunctional
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Contd…
• Historical E-Waste - E-waste generated from electrical andelectronic equipment as listed in Schedule I, which wasavailable on the date from which these rules come into force
• Orphaned Products - Non branded or assembled electrical andelectronic equipment as listed in Schedule I or those producedby a company, which has closed its operations
• Bulk Consumers - Bulk users of electrical and electronicequipment such as central government or state governmentdepartments, public sector undertakings, banks, educationalinstitutions, multinational organizations, internationalagencies and private companies that are registered under theFactories Act, 1948 and Companies Act, 1956
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Contd…
• Extended Producer Responsibility - Responsibility of any producerof electrical or electronic equipment, for their products beyondmanufacturing until environmentally sound management of theirend of life products
• Producer means any person who, irrespective of the sellingtechnique used
Manufactures and offers to sell electrical and electronic equipment underhis own brand; or
Offers to sell under his own brand, assembled electrical and electronicequipment produced by other manufacturers or suppliers; or
Offers to sell imported electrical and electronic equipment
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E-waste Rules, 2011- Stake Holders
• Every producer, consumer or bulk consumer, involved in the
manufacture, sale and purchase and processing of electrical and
electronic equipment or components as specified in schedule I
• Collection Centres, Dismantlers & Recyclers of E-waste
• Bulk Consumer/Consumer
• MoEF , CPCB, SPCBs/PCCs and ULBs
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• Collection of e-waste in line with the principle of ‘Extended
Producer Responsibility’ (EPR), or generated during
manufacturing of EEE and channelization to registered dismantler
or recyclers.
• Setting up collection centers or take back systems either
individually or collectively
• Financing and organizing a system to meet the costs involved in
the environmentally sound management of e-waste generated from
the ‘end of life’ of its own products and historical waste
• The producer may choose to establish such financial system
either individually or collectively
Responsibilities of Producer
Centre for Science and Environment
Contd…
• Creating awareness
– Information on hazardous constituents
– Information on hazards of improper handling, accidental breakage, damage or improper recycling of e-waste
– Instructions after handling the equipment after its use
– A logo to prevent e-waste being dropped in common garbage bins
• Obtaining authorization
• Maintaining records and filing annual returns
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Four Fold Responsibility
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Responsibilities of Collection Centre
• To obtain an authorization from the concerned
SPCBs/PCCs
• To ensure that the e-waste collected by them is sent to
registered dismantlers or recyclers in a secured manner.
• To maintain records of the e-waste handled in Form 2
• To file annual returns in Form 3
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Responsibilities of Bulk Consumer
• To ensure that e-waste generated by them is channelized to authorized collection centers or registered dismantlers
or recyclers or is returned to pick-up or take back services provided by the producers
• Maintain records of e-waste generated by them in Form 2 and make such records available for scrutiny to the SPCBs/PCCs
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Responsibilities of Dismantler & Recycler
• To obtain authorization and registration from the State PollutionControl Board
• To ensure that no damage is caused to the environment duringstorage and transportation of e-waste
• To ensure that the facilities and dismantling & recycling processesare in accordance with the standards or guidelines published by theCentral Pollution Control Board from time to time
• Dismantler to ensure that dismantled e-waste are segregated andsent to the registered recycling facilities for recovery of materials
• To ensure that non-recyclable/non- recoverable components aresent to authorized Treatment Storage and Disposal Facilities(TSDF)
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Contd…
• Dismantlers shall not process any e-waste for recovery and/or refining
of materials, unless registered as recycler for refining and recovery of
materials
• Recyclers will make available all records to the SPCB/PCC for
inspection
• Recyclers to ensure that residue generated after recycling is disposed
off to a hazardous waste Treatment Storage Disposal Facility (TSDF)
• To file annual returns in Form 3
Centre for Science and Environment
Compliance Requirements
DISMANTLERS &
RECYCLERS
CONSENT FOR ESTABLISHMENT
(CFE )
CONSENT FOR OPERATION
(CFO)
AUTHORIZATION
(Form 1)
REGISTRATION(Form 4 )
RECORDS
(FORM 2 )
RETURNS
(FORM 3)
Centre for Science and Environment
Procedure for seeking authorization
• Every Producer listed in Schedule 1, collection centre, dismantler
and recycler of e-waste shall obtain an authorization from the
SPCBs
• Application (Form 1) for authorization should be submitted within a
period of 3 months starting from the date of commencement of
these Rules
• The SPCB/PCC will grant authorization on being satisfied that the
application is complete in all respects and the applicant possesses
the necessary technical capabilities, facilities and equipments to
handle e-waste safely within a period of ninety days in Form 1(a)
for a period of 5 years
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Procedure for grant of Registration
• Every dismantler or recycler of e-waste shall make an application within a period of
3 months from the date of commencement of Rules in Form 4 to the SPCB/PCC
• The SPCB/PCC will grant registration on being satisfied that the application is
complete in all respects and the applicant possesses the necessary technical
capabilities, facilities and equipments to recycle and process the e-waste within a
period of ninety days for a period of 5 years
• E-waste can not be stored for a period more than 180 days
Procedure for storage of e-waste
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Reduction in the use of Hazardous Substances (RoHS)
• Producers to ensure that EEE listed in Schedule 1 doesnot contain Lead, Mercury, Cadmium, HexavalentChromium, polybrominated biphenyl orpolybrominated diphenyl ethers
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Responsibilities of CPCB
• CPCB shall perform the following duties:
–Coordinate with SPCBs/PCCs
– Prepare guidelines for Environmentally Sound
– Recycling of E-waste
– Recommend standard and specification for processing and recycling of e-waste
– Enforce provisions regarding reduction in use of hazardous substances in manufacture of electrical and electronic equipment
–Incentive and certification for green design /products
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Responsibilities of SPCBs/PCCs
• SPCBs/PCCs has been assigned the following duties:
– preparation of inventory of e-waste
– granting authorization
– granting registration
– monitoring of compliance of authorization and registrationconditions
– maintaining information on the conditions imposed forauthorization
– taking action against violations of these rules
–ensure that collection centre should not store e-waste for a period exceeding one hundred and eighty days.
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Responsibilities of Municipal Authority
• The Municipal Authorities are responsible for:
• Channelization of e-waste after segregation to eitherauthorized collection centre or dismantler or recycler iffound to be mixed with MSW.
• Collection and channelization of e-waste generated from nonbranded or assembled electrical and electronic equipment toeither authorized collection centre or dismantler or recycler.
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Categories of EEE covered in the Rules
• IT and telecommunication equipments
• Consumer electronics
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Challenges in Implementation of E-Waste Rules
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Obscure EPR
Lack of capacity and clarity
• Collection, How to ensure?
• Take back – Mandatory targets?
• Collection centres – Geographical spread?
Lack of efforts from the producers
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Lax regulators: SPCBs and ULBs
• Lack of manpower and funds for implementation
• Lack of trained staff
• No national registry to identify the producers
• No inventory for e-waste generation
19 out of 29 States/UTs have no infrastructure for E-waste processing
Centre for Science and Environment
Contd…
• No ban on import
• Informal Sector: More than 90% of e-waste is channelised to informal sector
• Bulk Consumer: Consume more than 70% of e-waste; no check on their disposal
• Little or no awareness among consumers
Centre for Science and Environment
‘Environmentalism cannot be based on Fiscal Incentives’
Thank You
Centre for Science and Environment
Understanding E-Waste
iCED
9th July, 2014
Sadia Sohail
Senior Research Associate
Email: [email protected]
Centre for Science and Environment
What is e-waste?
Electronic waste or e -waste is any broken or unwanted electrical or electronic appliance.
Includes computers, consumer electronics, phones, medical equipments, toys and other items that have been discarded by their original users.
Also includes waste which is generated during manufacturing or assembling of such equipments.
Centre for Science and Environment
Items in E-waste CategoryLarge household appliances Refrigerators, Washing machines, Dish washing machines,
Microwaves, Electric heating appliances
Small household appliances Carpet sweepers, Toasters, Clocks, watches
IT and telecommunications equipmentCentralized data processing, Printer, PC, laptops, Telephones
Consumer equipment Radio, TV, camera, Musical instruments
Lighting equipmentFluorescent lamps, CFL, Low pressure sodium lamps and other lightning equipments
Electrical and electronic toolsDrills, saws, equipments for grinding, cutting, drilling and others
Toys, leisure and sports equipmentElectric trains, hand-held video game, video games
Medical devices Radiotherapy, cardiology, dialysis, nuclear medicine, fertilization tests
Monitoring and control instrumentsSmoke detector, thermostats, weighing machine
Automatic dispensersFor hot drinks, hot/cold bottles, money,
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Global E-waste generation
Developed world: 1% of total municipal solid waste generated
USA/Sweden: 3% of total municipal solid waste generated
China/India: 0.01-1% of total municipal solid waste generated
Centre for Science and Environment
Global E-waste generation
Global e-waste generation – 50 million tonnes
EU – 7 million tonnes
USA – 4 million tonnes
China – 2.5 million tonnes
India – 0.8 million tonnes
Per capita production
EU – 14 kg
USA – 14 kg
India – 1 kg
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Generation scenario in India
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Scope of growth - exponential
Personal computer
SA/China – 300% increase by 2020 (Reference year:2007)
India: 500% increase in computer by 2020 (Reference year:2007)
Mobile
China: 7 times by 2020
India: 18 times by 2020
Television
China/India: Double by 2020
Refrigerator
India - 3 times by 2020
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E-waste flowE-waste generators Individual households
Government, public and private sector enterprises
Retailers and manufactures of EEE
Secondary market
Import
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E-waste flow
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Environmental & Health Impacts
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Environmental Impacts
• Emissions of dioxins/ heavy metals – lead, cadmium,
mercury
• Other contaminants like BFRs
• Spent fluids/chemicals in soil
• Groundwater contamination
• Non-recyclables- Land filling and leachate
• Beyond workplace street dusts showed traces of
PCBs
Centre for Science and Environment
Potential Hazards at the workplace
• Design of the workplace
• Storage
• Work procedures
• Chemicals
• Improper disposal of waste
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Women: More vulnerable
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Children: Development problems
Centre for Science and Environment
z
Hazardous substances in E-waste Substance Occurrence in e-waste
Halogenated compounds:
- PCB (polychlorinated biphenyls) Condensers, Transformers
- TBBA (tetrabromo-bisphenol-A)
- PBB (polybrominated biphenyls)
- PBDE (polybrominated diphenyl
ethers)
Fire retardants for plastics
(thermoplastic components, cable
insulation)
TBBA is presently the most widely
used flame retardant in printed wiring
boards and casings.
- Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) Cooling unit, Insulation foam
- PVC (polyvinyl chloride) Cable insulation
Centre for Science and Environment
Hazardous substances in E-waste
Substance Occurrence in e-waste
Heavy metals and other metals:
- ArsenicSmall quantities in the form of gallium
arsenide within light emitting diodes
- Barium Getters in CRT
- Beryllium
Power supply boxes which contain
silicon controlled rectifiers and x-ray
lenses
- Cadmium
Rechargeable NiCd-batteries,
fluorescent layer (CRT screens),
printer inks and toners, photocopying-
machines (printer drums)
- Chromium VI Data tapes, floppy-disks
- LeadCRT screens, batteries, printed wiring
boards
Source: StEP
Centre for Science and Environment
Hazardous substances in E-waste
Substance Occurrence in e-waste
Heavy metals and other metals:
- Lithium Li-batteries
- Mercury
Fluorescent lamps that provide
backlighting in LCDs, in some alkaline
batteries and mercury wetted switches
- NickelRechargeable NiCd-batteries or NiMH-
batteries, electron gun in CRT
- Rare Earth elements (Yttrium, Europium) Fluorescent layer (CRT-screen)
- SeleniumOlder photocopying-machines (photo
drums)
- Zinc sulphideInterior of CRT screens, mixed with rare
earth metals
Others:
- Toner DustToner cartridges for laser printers /
copiers
Source: StEP
Centre for Science and Environment
Source: UNEP
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Typical Pathways for release of Pollutants from E-waste
Source: GIZ-ICC Kolkata report 2009
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Perspectives of E-waste in India
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Rising E-Waste: Because of the Growing Economy
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Some Facts and Figures
According to an assessment by Business MonitorInternational in 2013, Indian consumer electronicsspending was slated to grow by about 17% in US dollarterms in 2013 to US$37.5bnMAIT 2012-13 report shows that the sale of PCs in urbanareas has been growing year on year with the CAGRgrowth rate of laptops standing at +45%The number of mobile phones will exceed the number ofpeople in the country by 2022-23 (IIT KANPUR)
MORE CONSUMPTION MORE WASTE
Centre for Science and Environment
Toxic E-Waste: Environmental Pollution and Human Health
Centre for Science and Environment
Toxins in E-waste
Over 1000 materials, many toxic
• Lead and cadmium in circuit boards;
• Lead oxide & cadmium in monitor cathode ray tubes (CRTs);
• Mercury in switches and flat screen monitors
• Cadmium in computer batteries;
• Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in older capacitors and transformers;
• Brominated flame retardants on printed circuit boards, plastic casings, cables
• Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) cable insulation - release highly toxic dioxins and furans when burned
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Urban Mining and E-Waste: Its all about Resources
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In 2004, there were no authorized e-waste recyclers anddismantlers in India. In 2013, there were more than 100
An informal recycler extracts 25-30% of materials from aprinted circuit board; Umicore in Belgium extracts 97-98%.
Due to relative novelty of e-waste in the urban solidwaste stream, there is little awareness on its resourceefficient and environmentally safe management
Facts and Figures
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Informal Sector and Recycling: A social problem
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Dismantling of e-Waste
E-Waste and the Informal Sector
Approximately 25000-30000 people work in informal e-waste recycling in
Delhi.
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Precious metal recovery
E-Waste and the Informal Sector
Centre for Science and Environment
Alignment of Perspectives
The right approach to E-waste management involves
alignment of these perspectives
Centre for Science and Environment
Thank You