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E u c a l y p t u s citriodora
EUCALYPTUS CITRIODORA H O O K .
(MYRTACEAE)
In tro d u c tio n
Eucalyptus is a large genus belonging to the fem ily M yrtaceae. It com prises m ore
than 600 species and subspecies o f evergreen trees and shrubs, m ainly native to
A ustralia, Tasm ania, N ew Guinea and neighboring islands. (Bhalla, 1997).
The nam e Eucalyptus was coined by L. Fleritier, a French B otanist in tlie year 1789.
Eucalyptus is form ed by ‘eu ’ means ‘w ell’ and “kalyptus” m eaning “I cover” ; thus
referring to the lid o f operculum w hich seals the fSower till it bloom s. Eucalyptus was
first introduced to India in the Naiidi hills o f K arnataka by Tippu Sultan betw een 1782
to 1790. Later in 1843 its plantation was extended to the N ilgiri hills in southern
India. N early 170 species have been tried in India out o f w hich only five species, viz.
E. tereticornis, E. ccmaldensis, E. grandis, E. citriodom , and E. g lobulus have
received w ide acceptance,
E, c itr iodom is am ong the econom ically im portant species o f eucalyptus available
w orldw ide. Its m ain utility is in the perfum e industry due to its h ighest citronellal
content (>70 % ). The wood o f the plant is also an im portant tim ber and firewood.
Synonym s
E. m aculata Hook.
Lem on-scented gum or Lem on-scented Eucalyptus.
V e rn a c u la r N am es
B engali Eucalyptus.
H indi Eucalyptus.
K annada N ilgiri mara.
Sanskrit Sugandhapatra, Tailaparna, and Haritaparna,
Tam il K arupuram aram .
Chapter-6 E U C A LY P TU S CI TIUODORA
D escrip tion
It is a tall gracefiil tree with slender tapering trunk. It attains a height up to 60 ni \viih
u straight, clean bole and sm ooth bark peeling olT in long thin strips or sheets. The
leaves are leathery in texture, hang obliquely or vertically and are studded w ith g lands
containing a fragrant volatile oil. The young leaves are broad, opposite , sessile,
cordate-ovate, glacous-grey; the adult leaves (after 4 or 5 years) are sw ord-shapcd , 1 5
- 30 cm long, bluish-green in colour, alternate, vertical. The flowers in bud arc
covered with a cup-like m em brane, which is thrown olT as a lid when the Hovver
expands. The fruit is surrounded by a w oody, cup shaped receptacle and contains
num erous m inute seeds.
D is tr ib u tio n a n d H a b i ta t
Eucalyptus is a versatile genus. Its rapid growth and adaptability have led to its
widespread introduction in many countries. E. citriodora is native to A ustralia and
Tasm ania and introduced to India as firewood species. It has been planted in the
plains o f northern India and in the subm ountain tract. It has been successfu lly grow n
in M alabar, N ilg iris and Coorg. A sm all plantation o f E.citriodora is found at
Lucknow. It is one o f the m ost popular garden species in the plains. It is also
cultivated in A ssam , M adhya Pradesh, Bihar, Kerala, M aharashtra and other areas o f
U.P. It thrives best in the areas with considerable soil m oisture but grow's also on
fairly dry ground. It is sensitive to severe frost and excessive drought.
In general, Eucalyptus trees grow on soil o f low nutrient status, but they have the
capacity to respond with growth rates to m ore fertile conditions and especially to
higher levels o f nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). E. citriodora p refer well drained,
deep and fertile soil with an annual rainfall o f about 1500 m m .
Chemical Composition
The essentia! oil o f Eucalyptus is obtained by hydrodistillation o f the fresh leaves. It
is colourless or pale-yellow liquid. It has an arom atic and cam phoraceous odour: a
pungent, cam phoraceous taste followed by a sensation o f cold. T he yield o f oil varies
from species to species, place to place and w ith the season. Eucalyptus oil can be
classified under three m ain categories depending on the principal constituents present,
viz-
Chapier-6 EU C ALYPTU S C ITRIO D O RA
Chapter-6 E U C A LYP TU S C ITRIO D O RA
1) M edicinal oils o r Cineol containing oils.
2) Perfum ery oils or Citronellal containing oils.
3 ) industrial oils or Phellandrene containing oils.
The leaves o f E .cilriodora yield an essential oil (0.5-2.0) containing citronellal (65-80
% ), citronellol (15-20 % ) and esters (W ealth o f India, 1952). O ils poor in citronellal
are reported to contain guaicol. The Kino obtained from E. cilriodora contains 4H.2 %
tannin.
The chem ical com position o f the essential oils obtained from the leaves o f 12 species
o f eucalyptus including E. citiodora growing in Eithiopia were exam ined by capillary
GC and CjC-MS. The oil o f £ Cilriodora was found to l->e rich in citronellal (73.3 %),
and citronellol (16.2 %). (D agne et a l.,2000).
O ils obtained by solid phase m icro-extraction process from three E ucalyptus species
were analyzed in Australia. Five E. cilriodora leaves from the sam e tree over different
m onths gave very sim ilar analysis o f 72.9 - 80.5 % citronellal, 3.5 - 5 .4 %
citronellol, 1.0 - 3.8 % citronellyl acetate, 9.2 - 11.8 % caryophyllene and 1.4 - 1.7 %
bicyclogerm aerene. (Betts, 2000).
C itronellal and isopulegol was the m ost abundant constituents, (approxim ately 78 %
and 6 % respectively) out o f 18 constituents identified from E.cilriodora oil (Chalchat
el al.,1000). The com position o f essential oils o f m edicinal plants o f M adagaskar was
determ ined. A nalysis was perform ed coupling the data obtained by capillary GC and
'H and '^C N M R techniques. The oil o f £. cilriodora was found to contain a -p in en e
(1.4 % ), p-pinene (1.2 % ), lim onene (0.3 % ), 1,8-cineole (1,0 % ), y-terpinene (0.4 %),
p-eym ene (0.5 % ), citronellal (71.2 %), linalyl acetate (3.4 %), citronellyl acetate (6.6
% ), P“caryophyllene (1.4 %), estragole (1.4 % ), a-terp ineo l (0.4 %), and eugenol (0.3
% ) (M edici et a l , 1992).
Pharmacological Activities
The essential oil o f E. cilriodora was screened for its fungicidal activ ity against
Fusarium monidiforme, a post harvest fungal pathogen o f cereal crops. It w as found
very effective in inhibiting fungal grow th.(B aruah, 1996).
A clinical trial w as m ade to evaluate antifungal activity o f E .citriodora oil. T he oil
was foimd m ost effective against M icrosporum mamim, Trichophyton n m ita g ra p h v ta
and T. rubnm i. Pure oil killed all organism s in 20 sec, at their m inim um fungicidal
concentrations (M FCs). The oil in the form o f ointm ent was subjected to topical
application on patients attending in the out patient departm ent o f K.L.N.K4edical
College, A llahabad, India. At the end of the treatm ent, 55.5 % o f patient.s recovered
com pletely.
A ntim icrobial activity o f the essential oils o f 21 Eucalyptus species against E.coU.
S.aureus, BaciUus rnegatcrmm, Candida a lh icam , Saccharom yces cercvisicie,
Aspergillus niger and Zygorrhynchus sp. has been investigated. The m oulds and yeast
were in general m ore sensitive than bacteria to the inhibitory activity o f essential oils.
E. cilriodora oil was found to be more efficient (Hajji, et a i , 1993). C itriodora oil
from E. citriodora was tested for the first tim e as fum igants against C alloxohnichiis
m aciilatus and D ysdercus kom ig ii. It was found to be very effective w ith L D 50 value
o f 444/1000 ml and 160/1000 ml respectively (Pajni, et al., 1991).
A lcoholic extract o f E. citriodora leaves possesses significant anti-inflam m atory and
analgesic effects at the dose o f 100, 300, and 1000 m g/kg; injected i.p., in m ice
against carageenaii induced inflamm ation. Laboratory studies w ere carried out on the
toxicity o f plant oils against 3 stored product beetles. E. cilriodora oil was the m ost
toxic against Rhyzopertha dom inica and O ryzaepophilhis surinam ensis (T hakur a ,
al., 1995).
Uses
The volatile oil o f E. citriodira is em ployed in soap and perfum ery industries due to
its pleasant odour. It is also used as a starting m aterial for the p roduction o f
citronellol, hydroxycitronella, isopulegol and m enthol. As a source o f citronellal, this
oil can com pete w ith com m ercial citronella oil. In Kenya, the E. citriodora leaves or
their extracts are either sprayed or hanged on the ventilators to repel m osquitoes
(Ejobi et a l , 1997). C itriodora oil has lim ited m edicinal values; still it can be used as
analgesic, antineuralgic, antirheum atic, antiseptic, antispasm odic, antiviral, balsam ic,
deodorant, diuretic, expectorant, stim ulant and verm ifusal. Physical arom atherapy
uses include ath letes’ foot, cut and grazes, bronchitis, m uscular aches, cold and flu. It
is particularly useful for the respiratory system. (Patel et al., 1980).
Chapter-6 EU CAL YPTLJS C ITR IO D O R A
Discussion
'Fhe com ponents o f the oil, the percentage o f cach constituent and their retention
indices are sum m arized in Table 6.1. Their eight-peak index is given in table 6.2. The
constituents are arranged in order o f their elution on the Ulbon I IR-1 Silicone colum n.
A nalysis o f the oil by GC/M S resulted in the identification o f 22 com ponents ou t o f
30, com prising 99% o f the total volatiles. Q uantitatively the oil wa.s characterized h\'
a high am ount o f m onoterpenes (64.1?/o). Out o f 12 m onoterpenes idenliHed, there
were 9 m onoterpene hydrocarbons (44.3% ), 2 m onoterpene alcohols (3.8%i) and one
aldehyde (16.2% ). The predom inant m onoterpene being sahinene (23.4% ) followed
by citroneilal (16.2% ), a -thu jene (1 3 .1 % ),/;-cym ene (6.4‘%) and cx-terpineol (2.4%)).
Am ong 10 sesquiterpenes identified (30.5%>) there were 4 sesquiterpene hydrocarbons
(4.7% ) and 6 sesquiterpene alcohols (25.8%i). The predom inant sesquiterpene was
globulol (11.8% ) followed by epi-globulol (8.3%>), elem ol (5.4% ) and p-
caryopliyllene (3.7%>). The oil of leaves o f £ citriodora contained m ainly citroneilal
(71.2"80,5%)), citronellol (3.4“16.2%a), citronyl acetate (1-6.6% ), isopulegol (6-7.35% )
linalyl acetate (3.4%)) and caryophylline (9.2-11.85%)) (Ali, 2001; Betts 2000; et a i ,
2000; C halchat et a l , 1995; M edici, 1992). It is notew orthy that the flow er oil o f the
plant grow n in Delhi contained only citroneilal (16.2% ) and p-caryophyllene (3.7% )
o f the com m on com pounds in foliar oils. G lobulol, epi-globulol, ledol and elem ol are
reported for the first tim e in E. citriodora oil.
The mass spectra for the partially identified com ponents: ms m/z (rel. int.. Rf 965, 136
[M"](C,„H|rt), 93 (100), 92 (35.8), 91 (40.2), 79 (24.9), 77 (32.6), 63 (11.9), 43 (13.4),
42 (31.5); 136[M 'l(C ,oH,6), 81 (100), 80 (57.6), 71 (24.9), 69 (32.6), 57 (22.8), 55
(31.5), 43 (68.4), 42 (57.4); RI 1203, 136 [M ^](C ,oH ,6), 92 (100), 91 (98,2), 42 (72.8),
43 (68,3), 81 (59.7), 79 (56.5), 77 (31,5), 53 (34.7); RI 1210, 136 [M '"](CioHi6), 43
(100), 42 (32.6), 55 (11.9), 67 (10.8), 69 (10.8), 80 (23.9), 81 (59.7), 93 (15.2); RI
1280, 43 (100), 42 (27.1), 55 (17.3), 71 (18.4), 91 (14.1), 97 (11.9), 111 (16.3), 126
(14.1); RI 1445, 204 [M‘'](Ci5H24), 42 (100), 55 (51.1), 79 (50.3), 81 (53.2), 93 (63.0),
107 (5 L I ) , 133 (38,0), 189 (49.9); RI 1524, 222 [M’ KCisHif.O), 59 (100), 42 (58.6),
44 (65.2), 91 (33.6), 107 (31.5), 119 (39.1), 161 (57.8), 189 (20.6); RI 1560, 222
[M 'KCisHacO), 42 (100), 55 (51.1), 79 (49.9), 91 (65.2), 105 (54.3), 133 (56.5), 189
(70.6), 204 (28.2).
Chapler-6 _ _ _ _ _ E U C A LY P TU S Cm U O D ORA
T ab le 6,1 C hem ica l Com position of the volatile oil o f Eucalyptus ciirioclora
P e a k No. C on ipo iie iits R l
!. a~T hujene 922 13.12 . Sab inene 960 23.43. Sab inene isom er ‘‘ 965 0.1
4. P-Pineiie 970 0,15. P-M yrcene 975 0.36 . p -C y m en e 1005 6.47. (Z)- p -O cim ene 1014 0.18. a -T e ip in e n e i O l T 0.19. L inionetie 1018 t1 0 . C ltronellal 1136 16.21 1 . D i iiydropyrid ine derivati . 0.11 2 . 2 ,6-D iinethyi-2(3)"7-octadene O .li13. 4 -E thy l-3 ,4 -d im ethy l-2 -cyc lohexene-1 -one - 0.114. 4-T erp ineoi 1149 ^ ■ .415. T erp ineol 1160 2.4i 6 . C ,oH i4 “ 1203 t17. C ,oH ,6 “ 1 2 1 0 0.218. 4-M e th y l-1 (1 -m ethyl ethyl) bicyclo (3.3.0) hexane-3-ol 1250 t19. U nknow n 1280 t2 0 . a -C o p aen e 1369 0.012 1 . p”CaryophyIlene 1400 3.72 2 . a -H u m u len e 1431 0.323. A rom adendrene 1450 0.324. C 15H 24 ‘‘ 1455 0.325. lilem ol 1524 5.426. E lem ol derivative “ 1535 0.227. Epi-g lobulo l 1544 1 1 . 828. G lobuio l isom er “ 1560 t29. G lobulol 1580 8.330. Ledol 1581 0.1
Total (30) 93.5
t - trace < 0 ,01% , “Partially identified com ponents
M onoterpene H ydrocarbons (9) = 44.3%
O xygenated M onote ipenes (3) 2 0 .0%
Sesquiterpene H ydrocarbons (4) = 4.7%
O xygenated Sesquiterpenes (6) = 25. 8%
Total (30) 93.5
Table 6.2: Etglit Mass Peak Index of Volatile Oil of Eucalyptm dtriodora.
o. N a m e
o f C o m p o n e n t
a~Thujene
C ioH k,
136
Structural Formula
UFi;
Eight Peak Index
93, 91(57), 92 (38), 7 9 ( ! 5).
77(5!), 65(8), 52(9),
Sabinene
CioHir.
136
93, 92(27), 91(52), 77(41),
65(7), 51(6), 44(7), 42(15),
3. Sabinene isomer
CioHif)
136
A 'u
93, 92(35), 91(40), 79(24),
77(32), 63(11), 44(13),
42(31),
P-Pinene
Ci(|Hi6
136
CH, 93,121(49), 107(23),
91(36), 79(47), 77(30),
67(41), 42(64).
P“Myrcene
CioHif,
136
A 42, 54(9), 67(8), 69(43),
77(9), 79(8), 91(10),
93(44)
;?-Cymene
C,(,Hi6
136
A119,134(28), 120(9),
117(14), 91(26), 77(8),
65(9), 41 (II),
7. (Z y p-Ocim ene
C ioH|6
136
93, 121(79), 136(67),
91(68), 79(43), 77(52),
44(33), 42(58).
8, tx-Terpinene
Ci()H|6
136
93, 136(27), 121(21),
92(24), 91(56), 77 (42),
44(38), 42(33).
9. Lim onene
C,oH ,6
136
93 ,91(28), 79(27),
77(27), 69(43), 67(14),
53(15), 42(85).
10. Citronellal
CioHisO
154
42 ,44(98), 55(59),
69(35), 71(88), 80(24),
93(43), 82(13)
Dihydropyridine
derivative
C ,oH.6
136
r81,80(57), 71(24),
69(32), 57(22), 55(31),
44(68), 42(57)
12. 2,-6"D im ethyl-2(3), 7-
octadiene isom er
CioHig
138
44 ,42(34), 55(21),
69(20), 71(24), 81(21),
93(20), 121 (14)
13. 4-Ethy 1-3,4-dimetliy l-
2 -cyclohaxene-l -one
CcHifiO
C H .
H3C
C2H5
95, 1 1 0 (22 ), 81(11),
67(17), 55(15), 53(10),
44(22), 42(38),
14. 4-Terpineol
CioHi?
136
71 ,11(34), 93(36),
69(26), 67(20), 55(29),
44(71), 42(42).
15. Terpineol
C)oH j7
136
59, 136(22), 121(27),
81(28), 67(17), 44(48),
93(41), 42(22).
16, CioHi4
134
92, 91(98), 81(59),
79(56), 77(31), 53(34),
44(68), 42(72).
17. C ,oH,6
136
44, 42(32), 55(11),
67(10), 69(10), 80(23)
81(59), 93(15).
18. 4-Metliy 1-1 (1 -m ethyl
ethyl) bicyclo (3.3.0)
hexane 3 ol
44 ,42(36),
55(16),67(14), 93(24),
95(60), 121(19), 136(16).
19. U nknow n 44 ,42(27), 55(17),
71(18.47), 91(14.13), 97
(11), 111(16), 126(14).
20. a-C opaene
C,5H2,
204
105,119(77), 161 (66),
93(47), 91 (56), 81 (38),
44(39), 42 (80).
21. (3-Caryophyllene
C.5H24
204l !
42, 55(32), 69(66),
79(45), 91(45), 93(57),
105(29), 133(38).
22, a-Humulene
C,5H24
204 1
n93,91(21), 80(35),
79(22), 67(19), 53(19),
42(52), 121(20),
23. Aromadendrene
C 15H24
204
42, 55(48), 67(53),
79(61), 91(55), 93(60),
105(57), 161(35),
24. Cl 5 H 24 42, 55(51), 79 (50),
81(53), 93(63), 107(51),
133(38), 189(49),
25. Eleniol
C 15H26O
204
59, 42(58), 44(64),
91(45), 105 (43), 161
(89), 119 (99), 204 (70).
26. Elerno! derivative 59, 42(58), 44(65),
91(33), 107(31), 1 19(39),
161 (57), 189(20).
27. Epi-Globulol
C 15H26O
222
42. 55(51), 79(49),
91(65), 105 (54),
133(56), 189(70), 98(28).
28. Globulal isomer
Ci5l-l260
222 H3C
2
CH3
CH3
. CH3
42, 55(51), 79(49),
91(65), 105 (54),
133(56), 89(70),204(28),
29. Globuiol
C 15H26O
222
59, 42(23), 44(23),
67(14), 81(15), 93(14),
109(15), 149 (27).
30. Ledol V - O H 59, 42(28), 44(29),
C,5H260 f93(18), 149(32), 161(24),
189(22), 204(21),222
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Chapter-6 _ _ _ EUCALYPTUS CITIUODORA
39
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