E-PARTICIPATION AND OPEN GOVERNMENT - THE BRAZILIAN...

WAGNER ROMÃO / LARISSA GALDINO UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS - UNICAMP / FAPESP SÃO PAULO / BRASIL

E-PARTICIPATION AND OPEN GOVERNMENT - THE BRAZILIAN EXPERIENCE

AGENDA 1. Participatory mechanisms in Brazilian local governments

2. Transparency and accountability Laws in Brazil ACCESS TO INFORMATION LAW

3. DataParticipa research project ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK: E-GOVERNMENT — E-PARTICIPATION — OPEN GOVERNMENT

DATA COLLECTION METHODS

RESULTS

4. Case study: São Paulo (2013-2016)

5. Conclusions

1. Participatory mechanisms in Brazilian local governments

▸ 1988: Federal Constitution

- policies with social control and civil society participation, shared management (councils)

- relative autonomy to municipalities (federative entities), including in budget


Policy Councils: policy sector, permanent, gov. and civil society representatives.

Conferences: policy sector, periodic, federal process of participation, a meeting of a policy network.

Participatory Budgeting: budget (of course), territorial assemblies and council.

And… public audiences, urban planning, etc.


Conselhos, associações e desigualdade. Adrian Gurza Lavalle e Leonardo Barone.

FEDERAL / NATIONAL CONFERENCES OF POLICIES (1992-2016)

THEMES ITAMAR FERNANDO H. CARDOSO LULA DA SILVA DILMA ROUSSEFF

92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Aquacult & Fisheries

BrazilianCommunities

Children Teen Rights

Cities / Urban develop

Civil Defense

Communication

Culture

Discap. Person Rigths

Elderly Rights

EmploymDecentWork

Environment

First Nations Peoples

FoodNutritionalSec.

Fonte: Pogrebinschi, 2010 / Autor / Elaboração própria



92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Health

Health (First Nations)

Health (Mental)

Health (Oral)

Health (Workers)

Health C&Tech

Health Education

Health Environment

Human Rights

LGBT

Medecin & pharmac.

Migration / Refugees

Primary Education




92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Public Security

Racial Equality

Regional Develop.

Rural Develop.

Rural extension

Social assistance

Solidarity Economy

Sports

Tech Education

Transparency SCont

Women Policies

Youth


2. Transparency and accountability in Brazilian Law

LEGISLAÇÕES NACIONAIS: DESCENTRALIZAÇÃO / PARTICIPAÇÃO CIDADÃ / TRANSPARÊNCIA / GOVERNO ABERTO

1980-1989 1990-1999 2000-2009 2010-2019

ARGENTINA 1994 Constitución 2003 Reg. Acceso a la Inform. Pública EjFed 2016 Ley de Acceso a la información

BRASIL1988 Constituição

1990 SUS 1998 EC19 Reforma Administrativa

2000 LRF - (transparência e participação) 2005 Decreto Convenção ONU Corrupção 2009 Lei Capiberibe / Lei da Transparência

2011 Lei de Acesso à Informação 2013 Lei Anticorrupção 2016 Decreto Dados Abertos Exec. Fed.

BOLÍVIA 1994 Ley de Partic. Pop. 1997 Defens Del Pueblo

2005 Decreto Acceso Inform. e Transparência 2009 Constitución Estado Plurinacional

2013 Ley de Participación y Control Social

CHILE 1980 Constitución

2008 Ley Transparencia y Acceso a Información del Administración del Estado

2011 Ley Asociac. y Part. Ciud. en la GestPub. 2017 Constitución ????

COLÔMBIA1991 Constitución 1994 Ley de ParticipaciónCiudadana

2014 Ley Transp. y Acceso a la Inform. 2015 Ley p/ la promoción y protección del derecho a la particip. democrática

EQUADOR 1998 Constitución (golpe contra Bucaram)

2004 Ley Transparencia y Acceso a Inform.Pub. 2008 Constitución

2011 Ley de Participación Ciudadana

MÉXICO 2002 Ley Transparencia y Acceso a la Información Pública Gubernamental

PARAGUAI1992 Constitución 2014 Ley Libre Acceso Ciudadano a la

Información Pública y Transp. Gubern. 2017 Ley de Participación Ciudadana??

PERU1983 - elecciones locales

1993 Constitución 1994 Ley participación y control ciudadanos

2002 Ley de Transp. Acceso a la Inform. Pública 2002 Ley Descentral., de Gob. Reg., de Municip.2003 Ley Marco del Presupuesto Participativo

URUGUAI 1989 altera Const. 1967

2008 Ley de Acceso a la Información 2009/10 Lei Descentr. e Participação Cidadã

VENEZUELA 1999 Constitución 2002 Normas acceso inform. en sector público 2006 Lei Consejos Comunales

2. Transparency and accountability in Brazilian Law

1998 - Constitutional Amendment 19 - Administrative Reform: user participation in administration, complaints, access to information

2000 - Fiscal Responsibility Law - budget transparency

2009 - Transparency Law - real time informations on budget execution and citizen complaint.

2011 - Access to Information Law >>>

2016 - Open Data Executive Federal Gov. - free access to open data bases

Article 3 The procedures provided for in this Law are intended to ensure the fundamental right of access to information and shall be carried out in accordance with the basic principles of public administration and with the following guidelines: I - observance of publicity as a general precept and of secrecy as an exception; II - disclosure of information of public interest, regardless of requests; III - the use of media made possible through information technology; IV - fostering the development of a culture of transparency in public administration; V - development of social control of public administration.

2. Transparency and accountability in Brazilian Law 2011 - Access to Information Law

Art. 8 It is the duty of public bodies and entities to promote, regardless of requirements, the disclosure in a place easily accessible, within their competence, of information of collective or general interest that they produce or guarded. ... Paragraph 2. In order to comply with the provisions of the caput, public bodies and entities shall use all legitimate means and instruments at their disposal, and it shall be mandatory to disclose them on official websites of the world wide web. Paragraph 3. The sites referred to in paragraph 2 shall, in the form of a regulation, meet, among others, the following requirements: ...

2. Transparency and accountability in Brazilian Law 2011 - Access to Information Law

ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK: ELECTRONIC GOVERNMENT - E-PARTICIPATION - OPEN GOVERNMENT

DATA COLLECTION METHODS RESULTS

3. DATA PARTICIPA RESEARCH PROJECT (Unicamp-Fapesp)

• Local governments are starting to use forms of e-participation to strengthen ties with citizens using new ICTs.

• DataParticipa was conducted on the Internet sites of 283 major Brazilian cities (more than 100.000 inhabitants - IBGE Census 2010)

• Digital mechanisms of interaction were evaluated with a analytical frame inspired in patterns of e-democracy.

3. DataParticipa Research Project Introduction

E-Democracy is a term that represents the use of information and communication technologies as a democratic strategy that includes actors in the political processes of governance. It suggests the empowerment of citizen participation by relying on technologies in representative democracy, as well as through more participatory and innovative ways of involving citizens in meeting public challenges (CLIFT, 2004).

3. DataParticipa Research Project Analytical Framework - E-Democracy

3. DataParticipa Research Project Analytical Framework - E-Democracy

E-Democracy

Electronic Government

E-Participation

Open Government

Digital interaction tools from government to government, from government to business sector or from government to citizen. They are used to facilitate existing offline interactions with the use of digital media.

3. DataParticipa Research Project Analytical Framework - E-Government

Generally, a series of criteria are used to differentiate the activities of political participation: type of coupling (individual or collective); formal or informal process; position at policy cycle. These different forms are echoed in a similar categorization of e-participation, while corresponding to different roles of ICTs.

3. DataParticipa Research Project Analytical Framework - E-Participation

3. DataParticipa Research Project Analytical Framework - Levels of e-Participation

TAMBOURIS et ai. 2007, OCDE, 2001; MACINTOSH, 2003; MACINTOSH et al. 2004; AICHHOLZERÇ ALLHUTTER, 2011.

OGP principles (2011): Increase the availability of information about governamental activities. Support civic participation. Implement the highest standards of professional integrity throughout administration. Increase access to new technologies for openness and accountability.

3. DataParticipa Research Project Analytical Framework - Open Government

The analysis on websites was done by a modular method with standard procedures for collecting and tracing data. The innovations were selected according to the categories mentioned: e-government, e-participation and open government.

3. DataParticipa Research Project Data Collection Methods

3. DataParticipa Research Project Data Collection Methods

IBGE Code

City E-Gov Type (E-Gov)

Name of innovation

Type of innovation

Link Name of Open Gov

Type Link Transparency Type Link

We tracks 283 city hall sites during the first phase of the survey. Second round, we decided to call (by phone, email, social networks) the official when the websites were offline or were there was some confusion of informations.

We complete the data with this parameters:

3. DataParticipa Research Project Results (total frequency)

The survey tracked 84 e-participation initiatives at 61 local governments websites.

3. DataParticipa Research Project Results - E-participation


Type of Innovation Frequency %

Ombudsman 46 54,8

App 8 9,5

Tool Kit 8 9,5

Inform & Consult System

6 7,1

Participatory Budgeting

4 4,8

Public Consultation

4 4,8

Georreference 2 2,4

Participatory Plan 2 2,4

Social Network 2 2,4

Crowdsourcing 1 1,2

RSS Feed 1 1,2

TOTAL 84 100,0

We found 196 transparency initiatives on city hall websites, or 69,25% of cases.


Twelve initiatives of open governments were traced, in 10 different municipalities (5,3% of total). So, the adhesion of open government paradigm is still very incipient.

3. DataParticipa Research Project Results - Open Government

City (State) Open Gov Type of Open Gov

Eunápolis (BA) Georeference Open Data

Geographical Information

Governador Valadares (MG)

Transparency Portal Fiscal and Administrative Data

Guarujá (SP) Transparency Portal Fiscal and Administrative Data

Itapevi (SP) Transparency Portal Fiscal and Administrative Data

Jequié (BA) Georeference Open Data


João Pessoa (PB) Transparency Portal Fiscal and Administrative Data

Lauro de Freitas (BA)

Georeference Open Data


Maceió (AL) Transparency Portal Fiscal and Administrative Data

Rio de Janeiro (RJ) Open Data Portal All type of data

São Paulo (SP)

Transparency Portal Fiscal and Administrative Data

Open Data Portal General Indicators

Open Data Portal All type of data

3. DataParticipa Research Project Results - Open Government


Preliminary results of doctoral research on limits and potentialities of tech tools, institutional participation and policies in São Paulo municipal government. How the forms of e-participation occur in different decision-making sequences involving tech and citizen arena in the phases of policy cycle. Three initiatives: 1) São Paulo Aberta; 2) Planeja Sampa; 3) Program and Goals (2013-2016)

4. Case study: São Paulo (2013-2016) Methodological challenges

Descriptive analysis through the modularity of the website is insufficient to understand a wider process of digitalization. The analysis should use other techniques, such as semi-structured interviews, participant observation to understand the context and admissions in management.


São Paulo perspective of e-participation and open government considers each initiative in his own characteristics, internal logic and discussion and construction specifically processes. But, in general, they obey and pursue axes related to open gov actions: a) processes, instances and participatory mechanisms; b) portals, networks and tech solutions; c) resources and procedures for integrity and strengthening of management; d) transparency and appropriate language to the citizens understanding.

4. Case study: São Paulo (2013-2016) Preliminary results

Strong influence of government agenda for more transparent, participatory and efficient actions; connection with other PT gov agenda (Marta Suplicy, 2001-04). Strong influence of SPAberta stakeholders (in other occasion with Haddad at federal gov. Transparency dimension: municipal gov exceeds the legal requirements.

4. Case study: São Paulo (2013-2016) Preliminary results

Strong partnership with Open Government Organization at subnational level; Resistance of bureaucrats of electronic government of City Hall. The innovative crew (open gov) must find support and partnerships out of City Hall.

5. Conclusions

5. Conclusions

Legislative production and induction by the federal government have acted as the driving force behind the creation of off line participation mechanisms (councils and conferences) and online (transparency portals). The technological advance and the demand of the citizens allows a massive investment in electronic government tools. Cases of Open Government, such as São Paulo, are still an exception and depend on installed state capacity and partnerships with civil society. However, open government alternatives are likely to become increasingly common over the next few years, especially if they are induced by actions of the federal government and international agencies.

MUITO OBRIGADO! MUCHAS GRACIAS! MERCI BEAUCOUP! THANK YOU VERY MUCH!

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