Emancipation

• Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation, which led to the 13th Amendment, freeing enslaved Americans

• The emancipation proclaimed that all enslaved people in the states controlled b the Confederacy were free.

• “If I could save the Union w/o freeing any slave, I would do it; If I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also do that. What I do about slavery,… I do because it helps to save the Union.”-Letter to Horace Greeley, Newspaper Publisher Aug. 1862.

Shift in Public Opinion• If Lincoln could free the slaves,

it would help the North to win the war-Slaves in Confederate states were put to work helping the south win (Growing food, digging trenches).

• 5 days after Antietam, Sept. 22, 1862, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation.

• Signed into law Jan 1, 1863• “All persons held as slaves

within any state…in rebellion against the United States shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free.”

Effects of the Proclamation• Britain and France withheld their

support for recognition for the Confederacy

• The 13th Amendment was passed and this is what truly freed the slaves in America.

• African Americans join the war effort

• 1862-Congress passed a law allowing African Americans to serve in the US Army.

• 15% of Navy and 10% of Army-• 200,000 served and 37,000 lost

their lives

54th Massachusetts

• All Black regiment led by a white abolitionist-Robert Shaw

• Fort Wagner-50% casualty rate

Women in the War

• Harriet Tubman-underground railroad/spy• Belle Boyd-spy for the South• Rose O’Neal Greenhow-spy for the South• Loretta Janeta Velazquez-Fought at Bull Run and

Shiloh• Dorothea Dix-work with prisoners and disabled• Clara Barton-Nursing-American Red Cross• Sally Tompkins-hospital in South

Opposition to the War

• The Copperheads-Because they’d bite you just like the poisonous snake

• Copperheads are Peace Democrats. Spoke up whenever the Union lost a battle

• Lincoln suspends the right of Habeas Corpus (rights to a trial)

• Draft laws-could hire a substitute or pay $300.00

• Draft riots in NYC-Killed 100 people

The Tide of War Turns

• Winter of 1862-1863 saw gloom in the North and hope in the South

• Robert E. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia seemed unbeatable

• Lee’s Strategy against weak Union Generals• Lee wins at Fredericksburg VA-huge losses by the North.

Lee wins at Chancellorsville VA. • Big losses on both sides but Lee loses his most trusted

General-Stonewall Jackson

The Battle of Gettysburg

• If Lee could win on northern soil, maybe Britain and France would recognize and aid the Confederacy

• July 1, 2, and 3, 1863• Union stumble across Rebels looking for shoes• Cemetery Ridge• Little Roundtop• Picketts Charge-The Union wins and the South has

reached its “high water mark”• Win in Vicksburg, Miss. By General Grant-Union now

holds all of Mississippi River

Lincoln’s Gettysburg Speech

Final Phases of War

• War would go another 2 years• The Anaconda Plan-Block the South• Sherman’s March to the Sea-Total War-50 miles

wide-captured Savannah Georgia• Sherman’s Bowties, destruction and salting the fields• Lincoln wins election 1864 because of huge wins in

the South• Second Inaugural Address-”With Malice towards

none”• Richmond falls-Lee withdraws and burns the town

as they leave• Appomattox Courthouse April 9, 1865. Lee

surrenders to Grant

Aftermath Continued

• Lincoln shot at Ford’s Theater by John Wilkes Booth, April 14, 1865 “Black Friday”. He dies the next morning

• 620,000 Deaths• Most devastation in South-Railroads, bridges,

cities in complete ruin

Reconstruction

• Reconstruction-Time to build the South and test the freedoms given to slaves

• The Freedman’s Bureau-Created by Congress to help slaves adjust to freedom

• Before entering back into the Union, a state had to denounce secession and end slavery. States also had to ratify the 13th Amendment

• Southern riots by whites to intimidate new free African Americans

Black Codes

• Black Codes were laws passed to limit freedoms of blacks in South-”Slavery in disguise”

• Blacks could not own or rent farms• Radical Republicans took charge and

challenged Johnson’s authority• 14th Amendment passed in 1866 to grant full

citizenship to African Americans

Radical Reconstruction