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© 2009, TSI Incorporated (written by Oliver F. Bischof)

Emissions from Incinerators

and Stacks

Dr. Carsten Kykal

Particle Instrument Regional Manager

TSI Incorporated

Welcome!

欢迎!

歓迎 !

!

Добро пожаловать!स्वागत!

Note: you need to join the webinar in two ways: over the phone

(audio) and on the internet (visual). Ready-Access phone numbers:

https://g8.cfer.com/g8.jsp?an=8005048071&ac=4902732&login=true

link and information included with e-mail login information

This webinar will begin at:

Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) Thursday, 8:00am

Germany, Berlin 9:00am

Beijing, China 4:00pm

Tokyo, Japan 5:00pm

India 12:30pm












Welcome!

Willkommen!

Bienvenue!

Benvenuto!

Recepción!

Καλώς Ήρθατε!

Добро пожаловать!






and Stacks

Dr. Carsten Kykal


TSI IncorporatedThis webinar will begin at:

Greenwich Mean Time (GMT): Thursday, 2:00pm

Germany, Berlin 3:00pm

India 6:30pm

US CST 8:00am












Welcome!

欢迎!

Willkommen!

歓迎 !

Bienvenue!स्वागत!






and Stacks

Dr. Carsten Kykal


TSI Incorporated

This webinar will begin at:

Greenwich Mean Time (GMT): Thursday, 5:00pm

US PST 9:00am

US CST 11:00am

US EST 12:00pm (noon)

Germany, Berlin 6:00pm



© 2009, TSI Incorporated

Interactive Webinar Format

1. Connection Information: You need to join the webinar in two ways

– Audio: via telephone - phone numbers and link information

included with e-mail login information

– Visual: via internet - link information included login information

2. Sound quality: For large groups, the sounds quality is much better if the

conference is kept on „mute‟.

3. Multi-media - Interactive chat: Please send questions via chat during and

after the presentation.

4. Follow-up: e-mail including Adobe pdf file of presentation will be sent to

registered attendees.


Preamble

• This presentation is intended as a brief introduction

into the measurement of waste incinerator emissions

– Focus today is on particle emission alone

• Select examples and references from peer-reviewed

literature and public domain

– No claim to cover this complex subject completely

• Will describe specifically how particle measurement

needs should be addressed


Outline

• Introduction

– Public perception

• Measurement regulations

– Difficulties & requirements

• Measurement solution

• Data from select incinerator plants

• Summary


Introduction

• Incineration is high temperature treatment of waste

– Essentially combust organic matter and other material

– Convert waste mainly into flue gases, ash, particles, and heat

• Stack emission from waste incinerators must be treated

before released into atmosphere to “clean” of pollutants

• Public perception of waste incinerators is controversial

– Widespread concernPhoto © Ole Poulsen, wikipedia

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Movinggrate.jpg


Secondary

Chamber

Turbine

Boiler

Electricity

Steam

Waste

Bottom Ash Fly Ash

T < 200 °CFabric

Filter

Wet Scrubber

De-NOX

Suspension

90%

10%

Waste Incineration: The Process

Schematic from Dr Paul Connett (2007)


Arguments Pro Incinerators

• Reduce need for new landfills

• Modern plants have only small effect on local air quality

• Side effect: Some evidence of higher recycling rates in municipalities that operate incinerators

• Manage waste and generate heat that is put to good use

– Can be used for district heating or to

generate energy

– Can replace burning fossil fuels

– EU considers energy generated from

combusting biogenic waste “non-

fossil renewable energy”


Arguments Against Incinerators

• Concerns about adverse effects on local health

– Evidence that emissions may be associated with respiratory

morbidity as well as acute and chronic respiratory symptoms*

– Both short term but even more so over lifetime of the plant

• Stacks emit varying levels & wide range of pollutants

– Toxic heavy metals (e.g. nickel, arsenic, mercury & lead)

– Negative effects associated with ultrafine (UF) particles

• Fear that incinerators do not work to spec all the time

• Believe that they are not sustainable

• “Not In My Backyard” (NIMBY) social response

* Review by the UK Health and Safety Board (2003)


Ash Management

• For every 3-4 tons of waste an incinerator produces

about 1 ton of ash

• Different countries have different approaches to

disposal of this ash

– USA: Bottom ash and fly ash are mixed together and is

sometimes used as landfill cover

– Japan: Some incinerators vitrify the ash

– Germany and Switzerland: Fly ash is stored in nylon bags

and placed in salt mines

– Denmark: Sends all its ash to Norway…

From: Dr Paul Connett (2007)


Current Regulation

• Directive 2000/76/EC of the European Parliament and

of the Council on the incineration of waste

– Limit values for heavy metals, dioxins and furans, hydrogen

fluoride (HF), HCl, TOC, CO, SO2, NOx, and “total dust”

• Particles not specifically mentioned but for the need to

take into account Council Directive 1999/30/EC that

states a limit value for PM (particle mass)

• In Germany general "TA Luft“ requirements also apply

Only integral PM10 mass value has to be measured,

which does not represent UF particles well


A Particular Problem

• Incinerators produce many UF particles

– Some are emitted into the atmosphere even after filters

– Yet UF particles are not separately regulated in the European

Waste Incineration Directive (WID)

• Researchers have stated

urgent need for fine and UF

particle monitoring and

epidemiological studies

– Expressed that UF particle

fraction is the one we should

worry about most

– Stressed need to measure

particle size of the emission

CO2 + H2O

Acid Gases:

HCI, HF, SO2, NOx

Toxic Metals:

Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr

New Compounds:

PCB’s

PCDDs (DIOXINS)

PCDFs (FURANS)

etc

ULTRAFINE

PARTICLES


A Particular Problem (2)

0.01 0.1 1 10 [µm]

Size of

particles

regulated from

incinerator

emissions

Nanoparticles Particles in traditional dusty trades

K. Donaldson et al., Occup Environ Med (2001)

ULTRAFINE

PARTICLES


Bag Filters

• Collection efficiencies for particles

below 2.5 µm (PM2.5) are 5 to 30%

before filters become coated with lime

and activated carbon

• Even waste incinerators with most

modern bag filter technology for

cleaning flue gases still emit UF

particles unlimited by legislation

G. Buonanno et al., ASME-ATI-UIT (2010)

“Thus modern plants with their very high gas fluxes are

guaranteed to produce an UF particulate aerosol”


Measurement Challenge

• What makes it difficult to measure these emissions?

– Very high temperatures, although emission is typically cooled

down to 80 -150 °C when it is in the stack

– Complex mix of compounds

– New particle formation (by condensation from gases)

Schematic from Cormier (2006)


Measurement Solution

Measurement Need Solution

Dilution System

to provide accurate dilution as well as thermal

conditioning of the hot emission sample

Rotating Disk

Thermodiluter

UF Particle Sizer

to measure size distribution of UF particles

down to a few nanometers

SMPS

Coarse Particle Sizer

to measure fly ash particles up to at least

10 microns & correlate to PM10

APS

Analysis Software

to combine & fit data in one size distribution

DataMerge


• Benefits of the RD Thermodiluter for this measurement– Dilutes and thermally conditions hot emission sample

– Preserves original size distribution and number concentration

– Wide, adjustable dilution range from 1:15 to 1:3,000• Changing dilution ratio is simple and requires no tools or re-calibration

Rotating Disk Thermodiluter

Photo © G. Buonanno et al., ASME-ATI-UIT (2010)


• Benefits of the SMPS™ for this measurement– Measures size distributions of UF particles smaller than any

other particle sizer available

– Versatile system with detection limit down to 2.5 nm

– High size resolution of 167 channels

• Able to discriminate newly formed particles

– Continuous fast-scanning system with minimum measurement time of 30 to 60 sec

– Nano-aerosol sampler accessory to collect samples for TEM

Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer


• Benefits of the APS for this measurement– Measures size distributions of coarse fly ash

particles up to 20 microns• Airborne solids and non-volatile liquids

• Permits correlation to PM10

– Non-composition dependent calibration, so does not struggle with issues of optical particle counting devices

• Sizing technology accounts for particle shape and is unaffected by index of refraction or Mie scattering

– High size resolution of 52 channels• Based on 1,052 raw data bins used to acquire data

Aerodynamic Particle Sizer

Photo © J. Maguhn et al., Environ. Sci. Technol. (2003)


Example for Ambient Aerosol

Data Merge: SMPS + APS

• Easy to use software to reliably fit size distribution data

obtained by SMPS + APS, directly from their data files

• Generates wide size distributions from 0.0025 to 20 µm


Measurement Setup for UF

Particles In RDF Incinerator Plant

Schematic © G. Buonanno et al., ASME-ATI-UIT (2010)


Measurement Data


Transition from pyrolysis to combustion

• Monomodal distribution, with mode from 50 to 100 nm, with

concentration of 2×106 P/cm3 during combustion

Emission from Pilot Scale

Incinerator at JRC Ispra (1 MW)

Gomez-Moreno et al, J. Aerosol Sci. (2003)


Size distribution meas. in flue gas at 700°C vs. 300 °C

• 300°C:Mode at about 140 nm, with concentration of 105 P/cm3

• Indication of nucleation mode below 20 nm, but not fully captured

Emission from Municipal Waste

Incineration Plant (23 MW)

Maguhn et al, Env.Sci.Tech. (2003)


Size distribution in stack gas after ESP (at 80 °C)

Emission from Municipal Waste

Incineration Plant (23 MW) - 2

Maguhn et al., Env.Sci.Tech. (2003)


Size distribution before fabric filter and at stack

• “Normal” emission in good agreement with results shown before

Emission from Incinerator in San

Vittore del Lazio (12 MW)

G. Buonanno et al., ASME-ATI-UIT (2010)


Site with MWI and A1 highway as particle source

Particles at Downwind Receptor

Site of Waste-to-Energy Plant

G. Buonanno et al., Waste Management (2010)

SMPS 3936L75 + APS 3321

Sampling time 240s,

measurements taken

every 30 minutes

Total measurement

period 12 months !


Site with MWI and A1 highway as particle source


Site of Waste-to-Energy Plant (2)




Site of Waste-to-Energy Plant (3)



Summary

• Incinerators play growing role in waste management

• Particle emission is technology and fuel-dependant

• Modern emission control devices greatly reduce particle

mass concentration

– Typically also efficient for UF particles

– Yet periods of high emissions of UF particles exist

• Need more measurements of UF particles– Should monitor before incinerator plants start up to acquire

baseline data on pollution levels

– Conduct regular, ideally continuous measurements over lifetime

– Penetration of nanometer-sized particles through fabric filters requires further study


Acknowledgements

Special thanks for providing material used in this

presentation

Dr. Giorgio Buonanno & his team

Associate Professor of Applied Thermodynamics

Di.M.S.A.T.

University of Cassino (Italy)


References

• Lighty J S et al 2000

• EU Directive 2000/76/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 December

2000 on the incineration of waste

• Maguhn, J.; Zimmermann, R.; Karg, E.; Kettrup, A. (2000) On-line Measurement of the Particle-Size Distribution in the Stack Gas of a Waste Incineration Plant. J. Aerosol Sci., Vol 31, Suppl. 1, 873-874

• Donaldson, K.; Stone V.; Clouter, A.; Renwick, L.; MacNee, W. (2001). Ultrafine particles. Occup Environ Med, Vol 58, 211-216

• Gomez-Moreno, F.J.; Sanz-Rivera, D.; Martin-Espigares, M.; Papameletiou, D.; De

Santib, G. ; Kasper, G. (2003). Characterization of particulate emissions during pyrolysis

and incineration of refuse derived fuel. J. Aerosol Sci., Vol 34, 1267-1275

• Maguhn, J.; Karg, E.; Kettrup, A.; Zimmermann, R. (2003) On-line Analysis of the Size Distribution of Fine and Ultrafine Aerosol Particles in Flue and Stack Gas of a Municipal Waste Incineration Plant: Effects of Dynamic Process Control Measures and Emission Reduction Devices. Environ. Sci. Technol., Vol 37, 4761-4770

• Review by the UK Health and Safety Board (2003)

• Cormier, S.A.; Lomnicki, S.; Backes, W.; Dellinger, B. (2006). Origin and Health Impacts of Emissions of Toxic By-Products and Fine Particles from Combustion and Thermal Treatment of Hazardous Wastes and Materials. Environ Health Perspect. , Vol 114, 6


References (2)

• Yuan et al 2005

• Wierzbicka, A.,; Lillieblad, L.; Pagels, J.; Strand, M.; Gudmundsson, A.; Gharibi, A.; Swietlicki, E.; Sanati, M.; Bohgard, M. (2005). Particle emissions from district heating units operating on three commonly used biofuels. Atmos Env, Vol 39, 139-150

• Dr Paul Connett (2007). Presentation on Incineration versus Zero Waste, St. Paul, MN, Nov 14, 2007, www.americanhealthstudies.org/powerpoint/Incineration_altern.ppt

• Buonanno, G.; Ficco, G.; Stabile, L.; (2009). Size distribution and number concentration

of particles at the stack of a municipal waste incinerator, Waste Management , Vol 29 (2),

749-755

• Buonanno, G.; Stabile, L.; Viola, A.; Anastasi, P. (2010). On The Ultrafine Particle Removal Efficiency of a Fabric Filter in an Incinerator. ASME-ATI-UIT Conference Proceedings, Sorrento, 16-19 May, 2010

• Buonanno, G.; Stabile, L.; Avino, P.; Vanoli, R. (2010). Dimensional and chemical

characterization of particles at a downwind receptor site of a waste-to-energy plant.

Waste Management , doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2009.12.025

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incineration


Webinar ScheduleApril 21st Scanning Mobility Particle Sizing: Key

Factors for Accuracy by Kathy Erickson

May 5th Using TDMAs to Measure Haze by Tim Johnson

May 19th Electrospray with SMPS (ES+SMPS) for Size Measurements of Nanoparticles Suspended in Liquids by Dr. Stan Kaufman

June 23rd Indoor Exposure to Ultrafine Particles: Sources and Measurements by Dr. Lance Wallace

July 21st Nanotechnology Workplace Emission Assessments by Kathy Erickson

• Size resolution <5% at 0.5m

• User adjustable size channels

• Size range: 0.3 – 10m in up to

16 channels

• Wide concentration range

from 0 to 3000 particles/cm3

• Fully compliant with ISO

21501-01/04

Optical Particle Sizer Model 3330

TSI PARTICLE NEWS

www.tsi.com/webinars

US +1 651-490-2811 EURO +49 241-52303-0 ASIA + 86 10 8251 6588 [email protected]

New WCPC’s Models 3787 & 3788

• 2.5nm detection

• Single particle counting to

4x105 particles/cm3

• <100 ms rise-time response

w/ 42 ms time constant

(fastest CPC available)

• Convenient, eco-friendly water

as working fluid Model 3788


Thank You For

Your Attention

Any Questions?

Carsten Kykal ([email protected])

歓迎 Emissions from Incinerators › wp › wp-content › uploads › 2017 › 08 ›...

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