e Book Melange

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MélangeA Medley of Research Articles

Editor – Dr. Neelam Tikkha


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Editor by Dr Neelam G. Tikkha

ISBN : 81-86067-23-X

Copyright@CFI 2016, Publisher : Confidence Foundation

3A-I Vrindavan, 173, Civil Lines,

Nagpur – 440001 India

E-mail : [email protected]

[email protected]

http://cftraglobal.org

Cell : +91-9422145467

0712-2520741

Price INR 900/-

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced. Stored in a retrieval system or

transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or

otherwise without the prior permission of the publishers. The entire responsibility regarding views

and originally is of individual writers and CFI holds ono responsibility for the same. Legal

Jurisdiction, Nagpur


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Dedication

Mélange

A Medley of Research Articlesis dedicated to our Parents, Teachers, Children and Friends


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Editorial

CFTRA is a not- for-profit organization and a knowledge sharing platform. It will also help

building creativity, intellectual growth and research sensibility. It is our endeavor to spread

knowledge and promote teachers, trainers, researchers and students worldwide. It has

become necessary to update and upgrade ourselves since communication has become fast,

inexpensive and no longer can geographical space limit it. Any communication spreads so

fast that it is glocal. A click of mouse can transport words and infinite knowledge to

millions.

We welcome original articles and value the creativity and innovative ideas therefore there are

no publication charges. Scholarly papers on any topic in any discipline are accepted.

Mélange – A Medley of research Articles is a multidisciplinary book and has double blind

peer reviewed articles hence , quality is ensured . The articles are on many disciplines like,

political science, law, literature, society, and business, pedagogy of teaching language,

environment, Climate Change , Change Management , Knowledge Management , Politics ,

Teaching Methods, Research Methods and Social responsibility. Gareth Morris from China

“sets out to appraise an existing course book before then offering suggestions on how

practitioners might consider building upon the perceived relative strengths, whilst

simultaneously offsetting the apparent weaknesses of the text. The rationale for this is that

many practitioners are either required to, expected to, or, quite simply, need to use

commercial materials, and that, more often than not, these often unavoidably fail to fully

cater to situation specific pedagogical demands and contextual needs given the unique natureof each and every setting. It is also hoped that this paper will help to promote reflectivepractice among practitioners, especially in terms of evaluating classroom materials”. Dr.

Sanjay Singh comes to conclusion that Every writer is an individual and every writer has a

right to define his or her own role. He clearly defines his role as a Historical fiction writer. To

fix Amitav Ghosh in one peculiar country or culture would be misleading .He works a lot and

produce a new work and acts as witness.


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Index

1. Intellectual Property Rights -An Innovative Way to Colonise 1 - 9

Dr. Neelam Tikkha

2. Mythological Woman a Saga of Woman in Flesh 10 - 19

Dr. Neelam Tikkha

3. Sustainable Change Management Practices 20 - 29

Dr. Neelam Tikkha

4. Daily Soaps and Female Voice 30 - 40 Dr. Neelam Tikkha

5. Facets of Language Teaching in Indian Context 41 - 44

Dr. Ranjit Kumar Pati

6. Theme of Alienation as Delineated by Amitav Ghosh 45 - 48

(With reference to The Circle of Reason & The shadow Lines)

Dr Sanjay Kumar Singh

7. Globalization and Displacement of Tribal Communities in Telangana 49 - 52

Dr. B. Sukumari

8. Akbar and Tolerant India : A Review 53 - 56

Sanjay Prasad

9. Changes in Economies of Occupational in Birnagar Municipality 57 - 62

Dr. Balai Chandra Das and Bilash Halder

10. Cultural Conflict in the select story of Kiran Desai’s 63 - 67

Prof. Sulok B. Raghuwanshi

11. A Step-by-Step Guide towards Writing Persuasive, Evidence-based 68 - 77Argumentative Thesis

Maya Khemlani David

Syed Abdul Manan

Francisco Perlas Dumanig


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Intellectual Property Rights -An Innovative Way to Colonise

Dr. Neelam [email protected],

Cell: 9422145467

Abstract :

The paper highlights the importance of intellectual property as an asset for organizationsand to project barbaric, imperialistic tendencies of developed countries to exploit poor anddeveloping countries with special reference to Intellectual property law. The race forexpanding the power and setting colonies far and wide to exploit the resources for gains hasnot stopped even now. The only difference is that it has become more sophisticated and theweapon used is Knowledge Management. The world is facing a proxy world war by the

knowledge societies forming intellectual pockets in underdeveloped and developingcountries. Hence, Knowledge Management has been gaining immense importance in therecent times. It is rather becoming an imperialistic tool to exploit developing countries and

poor countries like in the past Imperial powers usurped the innovations and properties ofcolonial countries. For example British had taken the Kohinoor Diamond and the technologyof making aeroplane from India and now call it their own.

Key words: Imperialistic policies, Brand Value, Intellectual colonies

Introduction:

The Sovereignty carries the horrible stench of colonialism. It is incomplete, inaccurate and

troubled. But it has also been rearticulated to mean altogether different things by

indigenous peoples. In its link to concepts of self-determination and self-government, it

insists on the recognition of inherent rights to the respect for political affiliations that are

historical and located and for the unique cultural identities that continue to find meaning

in those histories and relations.

– Joanne Barker

The race for expanding the power and setting colonies far and wide to exploit the resources

for gains has not stopped even now. The only difference is that it has become moresophisticated and the weapon used is Knowledge Management. The world is facing a proxyworld war. Hence, Knowledge Management has been gaining immense importance in therecent times. World over there is “the drive for Knowledge societies”(UNESCO 2003, March10) as UNESCO calls it. Developed countries with lot of money power are creatingintellectual colonies in developing and third world countries exploiting their resources. It israther becoming an imperialistic tool to exploit developing countries and poor countries likein the past Imperial powers usurped the innovations and properties of colonial countries. Forexample British had taken the Kohinoor Diamond and Wright brothers the technology ofmaking aeroplane from India.


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The objective of this paper is to highlight the importance of intellectual property as an assetfor organizations and to project barbaric activities of developed countries against poor anddeveloping countries with special reference to Intellectual property law.

Noted economist Paul Romer suggests that “the accumulation of knowledge is the driving

force behind economic growth. For countries to promote growth his theory goes, theireconomic policies should encourage investment in new research and development andsubsidise programs that develop human capital. It is generally agreed that knowledge andinventions play an important role in economic growth. “ (Idris 2003)

Mr. Romer, a 41-year-old professor at Stanford University, says ideasand technological discoveries are the driving engines of economicgrowth -- especially ideas that can be codified in a chemical formula,or used to improve organization of an assembly line, or embodied in apiece of computer software.

"Ideas are different. Ideas have special properties," he says. Whilethings such as land, machinery and capital are scarce, Mr. Romerargues that ideas and knowledge are abundant and that they build oneach other and can be reproduced cheaply or at no cost at all. In otherwords, ideas don't obey the law of diminishing returns, where addingmore labor, machinery or money eventually delivers less and lessadditional output.

You might be tempted to say "big deal." Everybody knows ideas areimportant. But in economics, saying you have found the way arounddiminishing returns is akin to saying you have discovered the Fountain

of Youth.(Wysocki Jr. 1997)

Intellectual property has gained immense importance in recent times and would be a majortool in creating intellectual colonies a different recourse to imperialism. Intellectual propertyis the wealth for many companies. It is more important than tangible assets. Once, CEO ofCoca Cola Company was asked the worth of his company. He responded by saying that “Ifall my corporate houses, factories, offices, cars, and trucks that the company owned were tobe burned down in a moment, the company could get back to being operational by re-buildingand buying everything lost in a year due to the value and profit generated by its intellectualproperty, namely the income generated by such things as its trademarks, franchise contracts,patents, and licenses.” (Kaur, 2012)

Trademarks can play a crucial role in fortune of the company.

For 2015 these 10 “mega brands” are Apple, Google, Microsoft, Coca-Cola, IBM, Amazon,GE, Toyota, Facebook and Disney. Based on the average of their values across the four lists,they represent over $700 billion in value, of which Apple alone accounts for 25% ($175billion). (Type2 Consulting 2015) Another example, Harley Davidson rebuilt the companyonlicense fees, which at one time were 50% of its income, from licensing theHarley Davidsontrademark for use on products other than motorcycles.

The USA also has law to protect trade secret. The secret formula of making the drink Coca

Cola is kept secret in a bank vault which can “only be opened by a resolution of the company


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Board of Directors.Only two

cannot travel together. They o

Fig 1. Co

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necessity to have a diligent a

Rolls Royce:

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Later that year, BMW bo

company for £40 Million.

BMW owned the name.

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I

3

people know the secret. Their identities a

versee the production.”(Nanayakkara 2008)

a Cola formula is a secret(Coca- Cola n.d.)

the World of Coca-Cola in Atlanta, where iibit titled The Vault of the Secret ormula!

w to protect trade secret. The worth of inte

sical assets. It is recognised as the most vital

t companies. (King)

ed from the following example of S&P com years the market values of the S&P 500 co

tly from their book values. This value gap i

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ellectual property bank Ocean Tomo show

of this intangible value is represented by

through year in the development of stand

le assets, when the then International Accttee published exposure draft E9, “Accoun

lopment costs”.33% When 560 executiv

010 Hay Group report entitled “The silver

nd losers in the M&A game”, the researc

no more than a third of an organisation’s

s. (Castelao, 2013)

at would prove that intellectual Capital is an

udit of intellectual property is that of The

s Royce Motors to Vickers, a British comp

sell Rolls Royce Motors. Volkswagen wi

W who bid at £340 Million. However, V

ught the plant and the processes but not the

Rolls Royce Plc, the parent company.

ught the rights to the “Rolls Royce” brand

Thus, while Volkswagen (VW) owned the m

W and BMW reached a settlement that fro

o use the name and the logo. But from 1stoduction to BMW.(Sreedharan, 2012)

BN : 81-86067-23-X

re unknown. They

t can be viewed by

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January2003, it


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Furthermore, there is yet another classic example of The NTP v. RIM patent infringementcase. NTP had a collection of submarine patents covering the wireless email Technology.Blackberry was a great success with its highly efficient features like its wireless e-mailing,mobile telephone, text messaging, internet faxing and web browsing facilities. It was quitepopular with the governments as well. It was a useful device which developed into a classy

tool which was wonderfully crafted after weeks of intense research by a well-knownCalifornia based company, Lexicon Branding Inc.

“The battle raged in the United States District Court in the EasternDistrict of Virginia which finally held NTP’s patents to be valid andgave injunction to RIM. However, the BlackBerry device had gainedso much of public acceptance and had become such an integral part ofthe globe-trotting universe that during the pendency of the appeal, theUS Department of Justice filed a brief requesting that RIM’s servicebe allowed to continue because of the large number of BlackBerryusers in the US Federal Government! Attempts at settlement failed

initially but the matter was finally resolved with a settlement of USD612 million paid by RIM to NTP as a full and final settlement.Initially, the hugely successful BlackBerry continues to capture majormarkets worldwide.” (Narayanan.P., 1990)

Licensing revenue is one of the most basic and common ways in which companies deriveincome from their intellectual property. IBM is reported to have recently generated nearly$1.5 billion in annual licensing revenue (Meyer & Tobin). Companies earn a lot of revenuefrom licensing their Intellectual Property. It is evident from the following example of JetAirways:

The Jet Airways trade marks were originally owned by Jet Enterprise

Private Limited (“JEPL”), and not by Jet Airways.Although they hada history of common promoters, the IP ownership rested with theformer company. Jet Airways was allowed to use the trademarks undera license agreement with JEPL. When the airline company decided tomake an initial publicoffering (“IPO”) in the securities market inFebruary 2005, prospective investors were concerned about theexisting licensing arrangement. They believed that the value of JEPL’sintangible assets — that is, the IP around the logo and name — wasconsiderable, and that either the airline could be forced to pay higherlicensing terms once the company became a public enterprise, or thatthe license may not even be renewed. Such a situation could

potentially leave the airline without any rights to continue using thetrademarks. Therefore, about a month before the airline was set toopen its IPO, the intangible IP assets owned by JEPL were valued. JetAirways thereafter purchased the entire rights, interests, and title in thesaid assets for a one-time fee of U.S. Dollars Seventy lakhs. (Kaur,2012)

It would be senseless for a company to develop and acquire a strong intellectual propertyportfolio without expecting and ultimately receiving some return on its investment. (Meyer &Tobin)

On the other hand,Laurelyn Whitt says “Law…, can provide a means of resistance tooppression as well as serve as an instrument of oppression. (Whitt 2009)Professor Reichmann


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and Keith Maskus state that from a broader perspective “TRIPS agreement has given birth to… an incipient transnational system of innovation that could produce very powerfulincentives to innovate for the benefit of all mankind. Someone working in a garage inBangladesh can reach the whole market world.” (Reichman 2007)He further adds that thereexists a tendency to “ lock in rents from existing while making future innovation more

difficult. There are pressures on the abiliy of states to procure essential public goods – publichealth, education, food security , environmental security etc. – because many are covered byIntellectual and property rights.”(Reichman 2007)

It is a sad thing that Intellectual and property laws favour developed countries can be wellseen from TRIPS which favours US in the following reference :

“globalization of intellectual property really only benefited the US and to alesser extent the European Community. No one disagrees that TRIPS hasconferred massive benefits on the US economy, the world’s biggest netintellectual property exporter, or that is has strengthened the hand of those

corporations with large intellectual property portfolios. It was the US andthe European Community that between them had the world’s dominantsoftware, pharmaceutical, chemical and entertainment industries, as well asthe world’s most important trademarks. The rest of the developed countriesand all developing countries were in the position of being importers withnothing really to gain by agreeing to terms of trade for intellectual propertythat would offer so much protection to the comparative advantage the USenjoyed in intellectual property-related goods.... Of the 3.5 million patentsin existence in the 1970s, the decade before the TRIPS negotiations,nationals of developing countries held about 1 per cent. Developingcountries such as South Korea, Singapore, Brazil and India, that wereindustrializing, were doing so in the absence of a globalized intellectualproperty regime. ...”(Drahos and Braithwaite 2003, 2)

Moreover, premium pricing because of patents on HIV drug points at the exploitation ofUS at the cost of human life . AIDS medicines are unaffordable for people in developingnations, because of the steep price that results from the patent monopoly.

A part of the trailer is reproduced here from the documentary indicates ruthless and genocidalpower granted by TRIPS to US:

“DR. PETER MUGYENYI: Over two million people were reported

to have died in that year alone.YUSUF HAMIED: The whole of Africa was being taken for a ride.

BILL CLINTON: It’s fine for people in rich countries to say this iswhat it ought to be. They don’t have to live in these little villages andwatch people die like flies.

DR. PETER MUGYENYI: Where are the drugs? The drugs arewhere the disease is not.

DONALD McNEIL: "You fight our patent monopolies, we will make sure you die."

NELSON MANDELA: As long as drugs are not available toeverybody, he will not take them.


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JAMES LOVE: It was just kind of a crisis of humanity. People justweren’t really human for a moment.”(Mohan Gray 23,January,2013)

“To deal with this problem, in the 1990s Ghana and Brazil tried to import from Indianmanufacturers cheaper generic versions of the AIDS-cocktail’s component drugs. This action

reflected a long history of non-protection for foreign pharmaceutical patents in India, where alarge generic manufacturing sector had developed since independence. This competitionfrom generics prompted some multinational pharmaceutical companies to offer discounts ontheir AIDS drug treatments…

“The use of generic substitutes for patented drugs also spurred legal action on behalf ofMerck and others by the United States against Brazil at the World Trade Organization(WTO), however. The US Trade Representative (USTR) argued that the production and useof generics were directly in contravention of international law and that there could be no

justification for the appropriation [sic] of US companies’ (intellectual) property. This wastheft, and the USTR vigorously protested that it helped no one. Despite being subsequently

dropped owing to political pressure, this action reveals much about the overall attitude of theoffice of the USTR [U.S. Trade Representative]: whatever the human costs, intellectualproperty rights (IPRs) must be upheld.(May and Sell 2005)

Aggressive pursuit of free trade agreements (FTAs) and customs unions (CUs) by major andminor trading powers alike challenges the conventional wisdom in favour of such pursuit –competitive liberalization. An equally plausible explanation for an active bilateral andregional trade agreement policy, one which effectively de-emphasizes multilateralism, maybe competitive imperialism. The protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights isone area in which new provisions, going beyond multilateral rules, are being negotiated andwritten into FTAs and CUs. Such provisions may yield insights into which characterization of

bilateralism and regionalism – competitive liberalization or competitive imperialism(Bhala2007)

“competitive liberalization means moving as aggressively as possible toward the goal ofglobal free trade by pursuing trade liberalization on three levels – multilateral, regional, andbilateral – simultaneously. In theory, at least, this pursuit is mutually reinforcing”(Bhala2007, 3)

“There is little question that the present world dominance of the United States has beeneconomic, military, and political first, and legal only in a more recent moment, so that a readyexplanation of legal hegemony can be found with a simple Marxist explanation of law as a

superstructure of the economy”(Matti (2003):).

Further, there has been a row over free trade agreement in Germany because people fear thatUs will sell inferior food stuff in Germany.

Similarly, India also had been a victim of colonial power in the past. Last year, a researchermade a shocking claim which created a buzz in India and the world. He counterattacked theclaims of Wright brothers in having designed first aeroplane.In 1906, an editorial in ParisHerald famously wondered if the brothers were "flyers or liars". They further added "It isdifficult to fly. It is easy to say we have flown." (R. Ganesan) A data has been recovered thatstates that Shivkar Talpade was the first man to fly an aircraft. He learnt making aircraft from

the Vedic scriptures. “Talpade had created a flying machine powered by mercury and solarenergy, and based on ideas outlined in Vedic texts. He had ostensibly named it Marutsakha


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(friend of the air) and flew it at the Chowpatty beach in Mumbai in 1895. While hinting thatTalpade's work should be recognized, Anand Bodas, who presented a thinly-substantiatedpaper at the Science Congress, also spoke of ancient Sanskrit descriptions of vimanas thatwere 60X60 feet in size and travelled across countries, continents and even planets. Variousalloys for aircraft manufacturing are mentioned in Maharishi Bharadwaj's Vimana Samhita,

he claimed, adding that "the young generation should study the alloys and make them here"(R. Ganesan) . It is the imperialistic powers

Fig 3 Rally against TTIP in Berlin (DW 2015)

Fig 2. Rally against TTIP in Berlin(King,Neil;Knuth, Marion . 2015)


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This debate at this point of ti

in 1906 talking about Wright

(R. Ganesan). If Intellectual

would not have losthis rights

of a great intellectual propert

I

8

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Fig.4 : decodehindumythology.blogspot.com

e is meaningless as mentioned in other cont

brothers ; “It is difficult to fly. It is easy to s

property were in place then than,Shivaka

to be famous and royalty and , India woul

right and generated perpetual revenue selli

BN : 81-86067-23-X

xt in Paris Tribune

ay we have flown."

r Bapurao Talpade

d have been owner

g as license fee.


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In fine, Intellectual property Rights have become a weapon in the hands of US and to lesserextent EU to exploit knowledge and economy of developing countries. India lags far behindin Intellectual and Property laws. It needs to restructure and make conditions favourable forIndian companies so that at least we are able to survive in the global digital era whereknowledge travels at the click of mouse. In the words of Ralph Waldo Emerson “Build a

better mousetrap, and the world will beat a path to your door” We must also preventbiocloninalism since,if we do not resist, we will not survive. Our resistance will guaranteeour children a future.-Winona LaDuke .

Bibliography

Bhala, Raj. "COMPETITIVE LIBERALIZATION, COMPETITIVE IMPERIALISM, ANDINTELLECTUAL PROPERTY." Liverpool Law Review, 2007: 1.

Coca- Cola. VAULT OF THE SECRET FORMULA. n.d. https://www.worldofcoca-cola.com/explore/explore-inside/ explore-vault-secret-formula/ (accessed January 6, 2016).

Drahos, Peter, and John Braithwaite. "Information Feudalism." Harvard , 2003: 1.

DW. German activists turn out in force to protest TTIP trade deal. October 18, 2015.http://www.dw.com/en/german-activists-turn-out-in-force-to-protest-ttip-trade-deal/ a (accessedDecember 14, 2015).

Idris, Kamil. Intellectual Property a Powerl Tool for Economic Growth. Geneva: WIPO, 2003.

King,Neil;Knuth, Marion . WorldLink: An in-depth look at free trade deal TTIP- DW. october 16, 2015.http://www.dw.com/en/worldlink-an-in-depth-look-at-free-trade-deal-ttip/av-18787274 (accessedDecember 14, 2015).

Matti, Ugo. "“A Theory of Imperial Law: A Study on U.S. Hegemony and the Latin Resistance”."Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies , 10.1 , (2003):: 383–447. .

May, Christopher, and Susan K. Sell. Intellectual Property Rights: A Critical History. Boulder, Colrado :

Lynne Rienner Pub, 2005."Fire in the Blood": Millions Die in Africa After Big Pharma Blocks Imports of Generic AIDS Drugs.

Directed by Dylan Mohan Mohan Gray. 23,January,2013.

Nanayakkara, Tamara. "Leveraging Intellectual Property Assets for Business Success." WIPO, April 24,2008.

Reichman. "Does IP Help or Harm Developing Countries." Journal of Law and Technology , 2007: 96.

Type2 Consulting . Marketing Finance - Thoughts on How Buisness Value is Created and Measured .December 11, 2015. http://www.type2consulting.com/marketingfinance/ (accessed January 7,2016).

UNESCO. UNESCO Promotes " Knowledge Societies " to Maximize Impact of Comm'n Tech. PressRelease , UNESCO, 2003, March 10.

Whitt, Laurelyn. "Intellectual Property Rights as Means and Mechanism of Imperialism pp. 157-178." InScience ,Colonialism and Indigenous Peoples,The Cultural Politics of Law and Knowledge, byLaurelyn Whitt, 157-178. UK: Cambridge , 2009.

Wysocki Jr., Bernard. "For Economist Paul Romer, Prosperity Depends on Ideas." The Wall StreetJournal, 1997.


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Mythological Woman a Saga of Woman in Flesh

Dr. Neelam TikkhaCell: 9422145467,

[email protected]

Abstract:

Women have been worshipped round the length and breadth of the globe at all times in thehistory of humanity for her sexuality and fertility, though she has been marginalized inleadership positions. Women as a goddess occupy so prominent position that even incontemporary times her shrines are preserved. She has been represented in all splendors forher sexuality and her capacity to be fertile. Drawing on the evidences on cutting edgethrough literary work and archaeological evidences, women in religion tell about the livesof the real flesh and blood women of their day.

The present study tells the story of the relationship of women with culture and religion andholds a mirror to the society. Cultural spaces determine the way people think and behave.Every ritual symbolizes culture of humanity. Not only this, the ways women in a particularculture grieve determine her identity in that culture.

Key Words: Women, Culture Religion, Sexuality , Fertility

Introduction :

From the dawn of the time, women have always been the heart of divine for their ability toprocreate. Early history where they were considered as goddess represented them inleadership positions. But, later the importance and reverence declined. The female of thespecies forms 50% of the population, but she does not occupy 50% of human history. Yet, theconnection between women and the culture and divinity has been so strong in all societiesthat the present study unearths new evidences for the character of humanity and a fuller, truerpicture of the world.

Women have been worshipped round the length and breadth of the globe at all times in thehistory of humanity for her sexuality and fertility, though she has been marginalized inleadership positions. Women as a goddess occupy so prominent position that even incontemporary times her shrines are preserved. She has been represented in all splendors forher sexuality and her capacity to be fertile. Drawing on the evidences on cutting edge through

literary work and archaeological evidences, women in religion tell about the lives of the realflesh and blood women of their day.

The present study tells the story of the relationship of women with culture and religion andholds a mirror to the society. Cultural spaces determine the way people think and behave.Every ritual symbolizes culture of humanity. Not only this, the ways women in a particularculture grieve determine her identity in that culture. Cultures have different ways of copingeven with death. The cultural education is based on the myths and mysteries a person isbrought up with. Her response to grief can be directly linked to the cultural, attitude, belief,and practice he has grown up with. Bharati Mukherjee’s short story “The Management ofGrief” is a heartbreaking, despondent and a testimony to the way two genders from different

culture respond to grief. Man has to immediately forget the lost family and move on, whereaswomen have to live with grief and manage by reading books or resorting on religious rituals.


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The present situation is worse than the times, when women in India committed sati (burningin the funeral pyre along with her husband). This ritual was highly symbolical of low statusof woman in the society and lack of identity, which becomes zero at the death of her husbandand she must stop living and show her valiancy by the ritual of “Johar” by burning herself.

On the other hand, we have a strong cultural space determined by women like TarabaiShinde, a Marathi writer, who challenges the man like Nirbhaya, the Delhi gang rape victim,very boldly. Her boldness represents an identity which retaliates man’s dominance verystrongly in a man’s world. She erupts like a volcano and spits fire. In this attempt she clearlydefines her identity in opposition with the women of her time and the cultural space occupiedby them. Another writer Bahna Bai who became very popular with her work talks of life as“burning pan on cook stove fire” “ sansar sansar jasa tawa chulha wari” reflects a subduedfemale identity that determines a second class status of women in that period of time.

Objective: To observe how religious deities define women’s space in Indian society andholds a mirror to the woman of real life and blood.

Justification: The topic is highly relevant since women is a very powerful gender thatdetermines the culture of a particular civilization.

Review of Literature:

Kinsley, David. Hindu Goddesses – Vision of the Divine Feminie in the Hindu ReligiousTradition . Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas , 1987. This study traces the expression of Hindufemale deity .

There is a study by Historian Betteny Hughes titled “Hand Maids of God. This was also

shown as a three part serial on BBC but, this study lacks the literary perspective hence theauthor proposes to present a literary perspective.

Hughes, Betteney. Hand Maid Of God . London, March 2014. Gives an occidental perspectivewhich is far from the actual culture of Hindus.

Maity, Pradyot Kumar. Historical Studies in the Cult of the Goddess Manasa . Calcutta :Punthi Pustak, 1966. This study focusses on serpant Goddess Manasa believed in the cult ofWest Bengal.

Bhattacharya, Narendranath. The Indian Mother Goddess: Forms of the Cult, MotherGoddess in Literary, Mythological Records and Archeology.

New Delhi: 1970.Manohar. Caldwell, Sarah. Oh Terrifying Mother: Sexuality, Violence and Worship of theGoddess Kali. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1999. This study deals with the sexual andferocious aspect of goddess Kali.

Scope of the Subject: Archaeological evidence and prayers to the Goddesses project womenin a different light and is an uninvestigated field of study. The work which has been so fardeveloped has failed to see women in leadership position. Moreover, the work done so far isin no way sufficient to reconstruct the history of goddess. Furthermore, the materials has notbeen properly explored with an Indian perspective since women is projected as second classcitizen only. Another, important aspect is that very little has been done to study the subjecthistorically and scientifically. Western scholars have not emphasized on the historical value


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of prayers sung in the glory of goddess thus missed out on the socio cultural aspect. Prayersare records of genuine desires, aspirations, genius, creativity, emotions and thoughts ofpeople.

Thus, bearing in mind the importance of prayers and the carvings and idol in temples an

attempt is made to study the goddess Durga and Kali .

Methodology: The methodology mainly followed would be Qualitative.

The approach would be basically of the following type:

Exploratory research will help to identify and define a problem or question.

Constructive researchwill help to test theories and propose solutions to a problem orquestion.

Empirical research, will test the feasibility of a solution using empirical evidence that isArchitecture.

Next step, would be content analysis and interpretive research.

The present study throws light to the socio cultural history of the country, one of whose mostimportant aspect is religion. It begins with the analysis of women in leadership position asrepresented in the form of Goddess. The primary source of study would be drawingevidences from Archeology. Secondary source would be evidence from literature likePuranas, Devi Mahatmya and other relevant books. The study of cultural practices would bedone.

Women in Leadership in Ancient India:

Goddess Durga

One of the most remarkable goddesses of Hindu pantheon is goddess Durga. She is alsocalled as Vaishno mata. In this role she is a soft woman, a mother. She has also beenassociated with fertility of vegetation. Since her festival is held at the time of the harvest inBengal. She is at times associated with lord Shiva as his wife. She is mother of four children.In Bengal the idol is represented with four children – Kartikeya, Lakshmi, Ganesh andSaraswati. She is very popular in Bengal and is offered fish during the festival. Fish happensto be the staple diet of Bengal. In north India as well she is associated with harvest festival.

She is represented as mother and is supposed to be the kind goddess, who protects herdevotees from evil demons like Mahishasur. She is seen riding a lion wearing chunari whichnewlywed women wear. This also represents that she is worshipped in the form of anewlywed bride.

Small girls decked like newlywed bride sit in the way to Vaishno mata shrine. People offerthem food and money. Navratri is celebrated twice in a year. Once after the Holi festival inthe month of Chaitra Shukla Paksha from Ekam (First day) to Navmi (Ninth day). These arecalled Vasanth Navratri. In this, prayers are offered to Lord Vishnu.

Maha Navratri is celebrated once before Dussehra in the month of Ashwin Shukla Paksha on

Ekam (first Day) to Navmi (9th day). These are called Sharadeeya Navratri. In these ninedays of Navratri, we pray to Durga Maa. In North India, during Navmi festival a small pot


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filled with water is kept on a dish with sand where grains of wheat are sowed. This pot withcoconut on the top is decorated with mango leaves and is called a ghat or kalash. On the topof the pot, in the centre is placed a coconut. The coconut represents the face of GoddessDurga. The mango leaves represent her saree and red color chunri with dazzling golden tinselborder is put on the top of the coconut. Above it are placed red colored flowers. Red color

represents the life and blood. A ‘mauli’ that is a sacred red thread is tied round the neck ofthe kalash. On the last day, when it is time to send Godess Durga back to her husband’shouse, small girls, pre puberty, dressed like goddess are invited home. These girls are fedfavorite food of goddess which constitutes of sweet halwa or porridge and black gram withfried Indian bread called puri. They are given red chunri’s and money. Married women touchthe feet of the girls to get the blessings. These girls are called Kanchika’s. They representpurity of Goddess and are worshipped thus.

Image 1 : Pic from serial Yeh Hain Mohabbatein Starplus

An analysis of the prayer in the glory of goddess Durga will also reveal multiple identities awoman was capable of acquiring during those times. Aarti or prayer of Goddess Durgapraises her both identities- one that of Durga and the other that of Kali. The prayer beginswith:

“Jai Ambe Gauri, Mayya Jai Shyama Gauri” Durga is considered mother Goddess, sinceAmbe means mata. There is a clue that Kali and Durga are the same, since it praises in thesame line goddess Kali “ Jai Shyama Gauri”. Shyma means dusky color or bluish color ofGoddess Kali. Ink blue color or dusky color depicts the poison Goddess Kali has stored

within her body for the destruction of demons like Shumbh, Nishumbh, Chandu, Mund andMahishsur. She is keen sighted enough to recognize the demon in buffalo’s guise , thoughpeople are taken off guard since the eyes of goddess look smoky and in a drunken haze as ifshe is self engrossed. The prayer describes her eyes beautifully; “ Dhoomra Vilochana Naina,

Madhura Vilochana Naina, Nishidin Madmati… Jai!! This is also reflective of the keeninsight of women to recognize the evil within the body of a person wearing the masque ofinnocence. Hence she is also referred to as Mahishsur Mardini. Furthermore, her eyes arereferred as “ DhoomraVilochana Naina, Madhura Vilochana Naina, Nishidin Madmati… Jai!! ” A line in theprayer attributes her as having 64 identities which are masculine since the word ‘Yogi’ means

‘man’ and formation of ‘Yogini’ from it means woman, who has masculine power withinher. This proves the point that she is one woman with multiple identities. She can acquire 64


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forms of Yogini, 10th century Choladynasty, Kaveripakkam, Tamil Nadu,India. from

the Smithsonian Institution

2. Image from Wikipedia (Yogini)

Yogni’s singing the song and making lord Shiva or Bhairo, as mentioned in the prayer, danceto her tune. She is capable of changing the identity from time to time and as the need may be.“Jai Ambe Gauri” means Jai mata or mother goddess care taker of human kind. Gauri isincarnation of Parvati. “Jai Shyama Gauri” The color blue is also representative of the poisonwithin her body which she has stored to kill the demons. Tumko Nishidin Dhyavat , TumkoSabdin Sevat, Hari Brahma Shivji . Women were revered so much that the most powerful godShiv and Brahma also hold her in veneration because of her qualities. She is shown verylearned with great knowledge of all religious scriptures like Ved and Purana “Aagam NigamBhakhani”. She is bold enough to ride the lion. Her immense powers are immeasurable sinceshe is the one who can tame a lion. “Chaunsath Yogini Gavet, Nritya Karen Bhairon” Femalepower here denotes balance like that acquired through Yog . She has such powers that shecan help reach people to the pinnacle of glory in acquiring anything the devotee desires.

‘Durga Maa ki Aarti’ is Sung:

Jai Ambe Gauri, Mayya Jai Shyama Gauri...Tumko Nishidin Dhyavat, Tumko Sabdin Sevat, Hari Brahma Shivji... Jai!!

Manga Sindoor Virajat, Teeko Mrigmad Ko, Maiya Teeko Mrigmad Ko...Ujjwal Se Dou Naina, Ujjwal Se Dou Naina, Chandra Vadan Neeko… Jai!!

Kanak Saman Kalevar, Raktambar Raje, Maiya Raktambar Raje…Raktapushpa Galmala, Lalpushpa Galmala, Kantahan Har Saje… Jai!!

Kehari Vahan Rajat, Khadag Khappar Dhari, Maiya Khadag Khappar Dhari…Sur Nar Munijan Sewat, Sur Nar Munijan Sewat, Tinke Dukkhahari… Jai!!


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Kanan Kundal Shobhit, Nasagre Moti, Maiya Nasagre Moti…Kotik Chandra Diwakar, Kotik Surya Diwakar, Samrajat Jyoti… Jai!!

Shumbhu Nishumbha Vidare, Mahishasur Ghati, Maiya Mahishasur Ghati…Dhoomra Vilochana Naina, Madhura Vilochana Naina, Nishidin Madmati… Jai!!

Brahmani Rudraini, Tum Kamala Rani, Maiya Tum Kamala Rani…Aagam Nigam Bhakhani, Aagam Nigam Bhakhani, Tum Shiv Patrani… Jai!!

Chaunsath Yogini Gavet, Nritya Karen Bhairon, Maiya Nritya Karen Bhairon…Bajat Tal Mridanga, Bajat Dhol Mridanga, Aur Bajat Dumroo… Jai!!

Bhuja Char Ati Shobhit, Var Mudra Dhari, Maiya Var Mudra Dhari…Manwanchhit Phal Pavat, Man Iccha Phal Pavat, Sewat Nar Nari… Jai!!

Kanchan Thal Virajat, Agar Kapoor Bati, Maiya Agar Kapoor Bati…Malketu Mein Rajat, Malketu Men Rajat, Koti Ratan Jyoti… Jai!!

Durgaji Ki Aarti, Jo Koi Nar Gave, Maiya Jo Sunder Gave…

Kahat Shivananda Swami, Ratata Shivananda Swami, Sukh Sampati Pave!!Jai Ambe Gauri, Mayya Jai Shyama Gauri...Tumko Nishidin Dhyavat, Tumko Sabdin Sevat, Hari Brahma Shivji!!

Bolo Durga Maiyya ki Jai!!!(Festivals of India)

Goddess Kali

“The earliest reference to Kali in the Hindu tradition date to the medieval period (Around AD600) and usually locate Kali either on the battlefield or in situations on the periphery ofHindu society .” (Kinsley) She is usually associated with darkness and black magic. Sherepresents the strong power of woman, who can be so immense that she could kill demon likeMahishsur. Her anger could not be contained and so lord Shiva had to lie down to protect thedestruction of the earth by crushing underneath the feet of Kali. Devi – rasad15 the scripturethat glorifies woman written by Ved Vyas . Kali is born out of anger of Durga. When Chandand Mund approach Goddess Durga, she becomes so angry that her face turns dark blue andKali springs from her forehead. Hence, Kali is also addressed as Chamunda devi. Durga isshown beautiful, fair skinned whereas; Kali is dark skinned with unkempt hair, her tonguesticking out, with a bowl of blood in one hand and in another cut head of a demon. She alsohas weapon in one of her hands – the trident with which she kills the demons. She wearsgarland of skulls round her neck and tiger skin as her attire. Durga and Kali represent twoidentity of one woman. One woman is docile and the other a valiant fighter. Goddess Durga

is a soft- a mother figure worshipped for her fertility and Kali is ferocious worshipped for herbravery. Poly handedness represents the multiple tasks a woman could perform with her twohands. She can at times get so angry that her anger could destroy many living beings. Manyancient temples and other archaeological evidences depict lord Shiva lying down under Kali’sfeet to control her anger. She is represented more powerful than Lord Shiva the God ofdestruction.

This is reflective of the society where women were not just second class citizens incomparison with man. She was not only praised and revered for her fertility, but physicallymore powerful as well. She could also perform the role of the hunter. She is not merelygatherer of the fruits of labor of man’s hunting. She is depicted as a powerful woman who

could kill lion and in the form of Kali kill demons like Chand and Munda.


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Women power can be also verified from the Ramappa temple which dates to medieval periodi.e. 1213. It is dedicated to Ramalingeswara ( the linga installed by Lord Rama andworshipped by him before the siege of Lanka ) . Women identity is represented in all herfacets. The temple was built under Kakatiya dynasty which is located around 70 Kilometersfrom Warangal. The original temple steps were quite heighted, which shows that men and

women were quite strong and tall enough to climb those steps. This temple also reflects dualidentity of women. There are women who are delicate and have curvy erotic figures. Thereare two statues right at the entrance of the temple, where Shivling is situated. One of themhas lotus in her hand and the other has banana. These women can be gate keepers to heaven.One welcomes and the other sends off the devotee with prasad.

Image 3 © Photo by Dr. Neelam Tikkha

©Image 4 :Photo by Dr. Neelam Tikkha

Then there are 12 dancing Mandakini’s . One of them is such an expert dancer that when her

necklace breaks she covers it skillfully while dancing. Then you have another image which isseen in the form of welcoming


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©Image 5:Photo by Dr. Neelam Tikkha

This temple is very beautiful and quite well preserved to tell the tale of powerful women folk.The architecture is extremely stunning. Intricate carvings are present on all the walls of thetemple depicting various mythological stories.


This carving projects her as hunter woman, who is much taller and stronger than the man whois seen removing thorn from her feet.


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This image clearly shows two women identity. One very small depicted by two womenflanked on the sides of the woman carved in the centre. Physical features and expression alsoreveal that women were quite masculine. Some of the carvings it is difficult to make outbetween man and woman. Sometimes, it is difficult to determine the gender when men andwomen are seen as warriors. The height, size and structure of both men and women seem to

be the same. One has to intently observe to differentiate. The clothes also seem to be of thesame type.



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The above photograph is reflective of Durga and Kali identity in a woman. One image is thatof a woman who is so bold can fight out a snake while the other is ofthe woman who isdelicate and Ã la mode, chic, dashing, modish, posh, smart, stylish, swanky, classy andtrendy, wearing high heel sandals adorned and with beautiful ornaments.

Another image in red stone carving depicts her as a woman who can be seen taming a lion.

©Image 9 :Photo by Dr. Neelam TikkhaRamappa temple

In fine, religious scriptures and the temple carvings tell a saga of women in leadershippositions in the ancient times. They were not only worshipped for their power of fertility anderoticism, but also were capable of asserting themselves in the form of multiple identities inleadership roles where she puts a challenge before the man. She is depicted so powerful that

she can in the form of Kali threaten the God of Gods Mahadev . She can make him dance tohis tune. She can dominate him in all respect.

Bibliography:

Hughes, Betteney. Hand Maid Of God. London, March 2014. BBC

Kinsley, David. Hindu Goddesses - Vision of the Divine Feminie in the Hindu Religious

Tradition . Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas , 1987. Print.

Maity, Pradyot Kumar. Historical Studies in the Cult of the Goddess Manasa . Calcutta : Punthi

Pustak, 1966. Print.

Wikipedia . Yogini. web 15 Feb 2015. .

Festivals of India. Web 16 Feb 2015. 17 Feb 2015


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Sustainable Change Management Practices

Dr. Neelam [email protected]

Cell: 9422145467

“It is sad that nature is telling something and we are not listening.”Victor Hugo

Abstract:

The paper explores the changes that are taking place around us in the backdrop ofenvironment and climate changes and highlights the necessity of continual change

Management practices along with sustainable approaches that must be taken up byorganizations to overcome the aftermath shocks because of the transformations and to be at

par in the race of progress.

Key words: Change Management, sustainable approaches, change in culture

Introduction:

The world today operates on the philosophy perform or perish. It is the age where evencarbon is traded. In the TV show on the Summit on Climate change discussion on France 24Ian Parry Principal Environmental Fiscal Policy Expert from International Monetary Fundsays that: ‘There is a price on carbon. There is a carbon tax and carbon trading going on.’(Ian) No one could ever imagine that carbon emission could have a price. It is the age of

economics, which is a fast changing one with a wink of an eye. It is the age where change inculture can bring changes in the preservation of environment and change managementpractices. Climate change is one such issue, which is being dealt by incorporating changes inthe culture.

In Paris huge ice boulders were brought from Greenland to make people aware of the need ofdecarbonizing the world as snow caps are melting which will raise the sea level and manyislands will get submerged. Furthermore, unusual rains are causing penguin chicks to die inAntartica since, their feathers can protect them from cold but they do not protect from rains.If this continues soon all penguins will die and become extinct. (LEPETIT,

ABDELKHALEK and BOSC) This will lead to perish of all other flora and fauna in the foodchain.

There is a fear of islands getting submerged for example the Kutubdia Island in Bangladesh,and Maldives – the entire country may disappear from the map of the world. China hasconstructed seven new artificial islets by “piling sand onto reefs in the South China Sea”. Itis straining geopolitical tensions that were already taut.” (Watkins) . Bill Clinton hadremarked during his visit to the island “It is an intelligent piece”. But neither Bill Clinton norChina ever thought that the sand which has been removed from the original place willdamage the environment. Moreover, the new island that has been created will impede oceanfauna. Human kind is greedy to change the economy rapidly.


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Fig 1 :Chinese construction on Johnson South Reef

(Philippine Department of Foreign Affairs ) (Tiezzi)

Similarly, petrol was called the Black gold and was the most sought product after yellowgold but, now the ‘oil bubble has burst’ (Hamaidan), we find that its value is graduallydeclining and it is being termed as “dirty energy”. More people are moving towards cleaner

and greener renewable energy. India and China have accepted it only partially. A race isunderway to strike a global deal in Paris to cap greenhouse gas emissions. Wael Hmaidan,Director, climate action network on TV debate All Roads Lead to Riyadh on TV France 24,said that “nobody ever thought that price of renewable energy would continue to go down .The companies feel it is the renewable energy “where the future is.” (Hamaidan) Earlier, thiswould have been said about fossil fuel now it is being said for renewable energy. India withits laid back attitude is sacrificing 400 lives for every 4 cars per year in coal industry.(KAMINKA and TANDON) “Although New Delhi has committed to developing anambitious solar energy programme, its whole industry is based on coal, the only fossil fuelpresent in large quantities on its territory. For this fast-growing demographic giant, coal isalso the cheapest energy, albeit bad for the environment”. (KAMINKA and TANDON)Ecologists, and climate change campaigners, warn coal mines are ticking "carbonbombs"(France 24 ) but Saudi Arabia, India and China are not bothered. Similarly,Australia is also heedless to the greenhouse gases that it emits by riding coal trains since,“mining giants and politicians,… argue they are vital for economic success. It is a battlebeing played out around resource-rich Australia. (Coorey)

Furthermore, earlier, people could sell products but, now there is age is of knowledge tradingo which depends the economy. Countries whose economy relies on oil and fossil fuel need to

shift it to knowledge based technology and diversify to other sectors for the sake of changesince the writing on the wall has already changed. “Coal-dependent India was the third-


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largest emitter of atmosphere-warming greenhouse gases in 2014, accounting for around 7percent of total emissions, according to scientific estimates. China and the United Stateswere the world's highest emitters, accounting for 25 percent and 15 percent of greenhousegases respectively.” Yet India is reluctant to accept world decarbonisation plans.

Fig. 2 AFP/File / by Madeleine Coorey | Coal is the nation's second most valuable export, adding almost $30 billion to the economyin 2013-14, and supports 150,000 jobs, according to the Minerals Council of Australia (MCA) SYDNEY (AFP) -

It is a battle being played out around resource-rich Australia.

Prime Minister Mr. Narendra Modi said to the world leaders at the opening ceremony of the

key UN summit:

We still need conventional energy," … "We should make it clean, notimpose an end to its use. And, there should be no place for unilateralsteps that become economic barriers for others."

That message – that India would pursue ambitious goals to make itsenergy cleaner, but not at the expense of improving standards of livingamong its citizens – was echoed by Indian officials and members ofcivil society.

"We will build up a system where renewables are our first choice, butwe need coal to meet the demand of the poor", Dr. Ajay Mathur,director general of India's Bureau of Energy Efficiency told FRANCE24, adding that India would seek to increase the use of renewableenergy sources seven to tenfold while at the same time doubling ortripling the use of coal. (Bamat)


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Similarly, China and Saudi Arabia are creating hindrance in helping to create carbon freeworld. Fahad Nazer, former political analyst Saudi Embassy in Washington, talks withtongue in cheek and remarks that: “it is knowledge economy to which people of Saudi Arabcountries are focusing” (Nazer) . Bernard Haykel feels “Leadership will not come fromSaudi Arabia because it wants to stick to its oil economy” (France 24 ).

The changes happening are so immense and quick that in this race France has reached “Noman’s land”. It was called no man’s land since nobody lived there and conditions weredifficult to survive. But, we see now that France is the first country to have a piece of land inAntarctica in No man’s land and it is run like a district with proper governance and governingbody. It has a proper health care system and a post office. It is called Adélie Land and liesbetween 136° E ( near Pourquoi Pas Point at Alden at 66°48′S 142°02′E), with a shore lengthof about 350 kilometres (220 mi) and with its inland part extending as a sector of acircle about 2,600 kilometres (1,600 mi) toward the South Pole. Adélie Land has border withthe Australian Antarctic Territory both on the east and on the west, namely on ClarieLand (part of Wilkes Land) in the west, and George V Land in the east. Its total land area,

mostly covered with glaciers, is estimated to be 432,000 square kilometres (167,000 sq mi).(wikipedia)

Similarly, robots would be replacing human beings leading to accumulation of electronic junk which is not sustainable for environment. Nowadays, we observe science fictionsbecoming a reality. Sixth sense present in the human being helps mankind to conjecturedecisions by willing suspension of disbelief. Sixth sense helps in doing things and helpsmaking decisions because of the presence of 3 I’s namely, instinct, intuition, and inspiration.This has led to designing of robots with sixth sense in Japan who would replace workforce.

Fig: 3 (The Leading Edge: What Science Reveals About the Sixth Sense)

But, innovations like Bitcoin would help preserve resources like paper and contribute tosustainable development. There is introduction of new money called Bitcoin. Bitcoin is aninnovative payment network and a new kind of money.


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Fig 4 : Bitcoin (Bitcoin)

Bitcoin uses peer-to-peer technology to operate with no central authority or banks; managingtransactions and the issuing of bitcoins is carried out collectively by the network. Bitcoin isopen-source; its design is public, nobody owns or controls Bitcoin and everyone cantake part. Through many of its unique properties, Bitcoin allows exciting uses that could notbe covered by any previous payment system”. (Bitcoin)

Fig 5:Intel India


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Now days, big things have become smaller and soon invisible for naked eyes. Sometimes,“sponsorship, governance and related change Management activities are seen as afterthoughtsthat can be added when needed without effort and at no extra cost.” (SIMPSON andRAYNER) . The changes that are taking place are very fast and it is highly essential for thecorporates and organizations world over to take change as a challenge. It is not enough to be

the manager of change but, be the initiator of change.

Fig. 6 Artist Colin Davidson with his painting of Angela Merkel commissioned for the cover of TIME's 2015Person of the Year issue(Gibbs)

Furthermore, war is another challenge that people need to be ready since it brings numerous

pitfalls in the environment. For example the war is not contained only in Syria, Iraq but has

spread all over Europe . Chancellor of Germany, Angela Merkel has been awarded the honorof Time's Person of the Year award “for leading Europe through debt crisis and standing firm

in support of aid to refugees.” (Glenza) But, even she had not thought what massive

hazardous problem this would lead to for her own people. The condition of the hospitals and

employability will give jitters to anyone.

“the estimated 1.3million migrants who have entered the country are"completely unemployable" because they do not speak thelanguage….the burden on the country's failing health service will onlyget worse because at least one in ten of the women arriving are

pregnant. (Gutteridge)


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Moreover, the diseases the migrants brought are numerous. The disease like Poliomyelitis,scabies, cholera, measles, HIV thought to be completely eradicated from Germany hassurfaced. Deadly disease like Leishman’s disease has also started surfacing. “Flesh-eating‘Aleppo boil’ disease spreads through Syrian city as parasite-spreading flies thrive on

mounting waste and sewage.” (GAYLE)The molesting of two women in public by 100 Arab migrants in Cologne on the new year’seve of orthodox Christians- that is 6th January(Russia Today) is a criminal act ofunprecedented measure. Germany is paying a heavy price. “Open arm policy of AngelaMerkel ” is called erroneous and slogans like “Refugee’s repercussion Angela Merkel’smonumental mistake”(Russia Today ) are being echoed all over Germany. There are anumber of protests on the streets of Germany. People are carrying banners and placard whichsay, “ Angela Merkel you go and take Muslims with you. “

Fig 7: German anti-immigrant movement on the rise(Shubert)

The shifting geopolitical sands have turned into tsunami. If Angela Merkel had perceived thechanges in the writing on the wall about the challenges that she would have to face with the‘open arm policy’ which, opened faucet of migrants flow and her actions had been fastenough in tackling migrant crisis than the safety of German women, condition of hospitalsand beating of doctors and hospital staff would have been spared. One problem has led theGermans to another one. Now, Germans would have to face the epidemic of deadly diseasesand sexual assaults on women. Merkel’s own people will have to seek asylum from sexviolence.


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PA

Fig 8 A refugee waits in a new refugee outpatient clinic in Leipzig, Germany(Gutteridge)

Fig 8: India's environment minister blamed the Chennai floods on developed nations' climate change [Arun SankarK/AP](aljazeera.com/news)

Similarly, when Indians drowned in Chennai floods they woke up and started blame game.India's environment minister blamed developed nations for climate change to be the cause ofChennai floods. We waste time in blame game rather than action beforehand. It is good news– a boon in disguise that Russia has cancelled project of oil line through Turkey through theMediterranean sea to UK in the wake of Turkey downing Russian fighter plane. If there was a


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war and Zihadist would burst oil pipe line there would be a major disaster for the water bodyand it would take toll on sea life. Moreover, it would increase the temperature surroundingthe pipe. It is the right step taken by many world leaders to use renewable energy. It is a goodstep that companies have started giving CEO’s of company incentives, if they move thecompany towards greener energy instead of fossil fuel.

Conclusion:

All nations are in a rat race to be ahead of the other nation and hence buzzword is researchand innovation. Change has become a mantra for growth and survival. But, we fail to seewhether it is sustainable. Since we feel that it will not affect us if we are rich and powerful. Itwill definitely disrupt the life of future generation whether rich or poor. The changes aretaking place very fastand to survive one has to continually strive for sustainable practices andchange tactics. People take steps backward and sideways instead of two steps ahead. Thevery little we can do we must do to help implement change management practices in ourorganization. In fact, there is a need to bring cultural changes that need to be imbibed since

childhood to save resources, protect environment and ourselves.Bibliography:

aljazeera.com/news. India blames industrialised nations for deadly floods. Doha, 5 December 2015.

Bamat, Joeseph. "India searches for right energy mix at COP21 climate talks." Paris : France -24 , 3December 2015.

Bitcoin. 2015. 9th December, 2015 .

Coorey, Madeleine. Australia riding coal train despite climate pleas. NEWS . Sydney , Australia:AFP, 3, December , 2015.

France 24 . Paris Climate Change Conference 20015 . Paris, 8 12 2015.

GAYLE, DAMIEN. Flesh-eating ‘Aleppo boil’ disease spreads through Syrian city as parasite-spreading flies thrive on mounting waste and sewage. 21 June 2013. 31 12 2015.

Gibbs, Nancy. Behind TIME’s Person of the Year Cover. NEWS. New York: Times Inc. Network,2015, December, 9.

Glenza, Jessica. Angela Merkel named Time's Person of the Year – the first woman since 1986.NEWS. New York: The Guardian, 2015,Dec,9.

Gutteridge, Nick. UK next? Doc's warn AIDS TB and diseases eradicated generations ago brought inby migrants. News Paper. UK: Express UK, 2015,october, 28.

Hamaidan, Wael. All Roads lead to Riyadh - France- 24 Francois Picard. 10 December 2015.

Ian, Parry. People and Profit :Carbon: The price to pay Markus Karlsson. 04 December 2015.

KAMINKA, Louise and Surabhi, SIMON,Constantin France 24 TANDON. India’s coal addiction.Paris, 8 12 2015.


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LEPETIT, Sylvain, Hakim ABDELKHALEK and Laurène BOSC. Journey to Antarctica, a continentunder threat. NEWS . Paris: France 24 , 2015.

Nazer, Fahad. All Roads Lead to Riyadh - France-24 Francois Picard. 9 December 2015.

Russia Today. NEWS. Moscow, 7 January 2016.SIMPSON, STEPHEN and PAUL RAYNER. "Field Report: Project Governance and Change

Management: Getting it Right at Scottish Water." Journal (American Water WorksAssociation),Vol. 103, No. 5 (2011, May): 58-60, 62.

The Leading Edge: What Science Reveals About the Sixth Sense Tomoko, Kimura. 2 December2015.

Tiezzi, Shannon. "Revealed: China's Reasons for Island-Building in the South China Sea." NEWS.2015, April, 10.

Watkins, Derek. What China Has Been Building in the South China Sea. News Paper. New York: TheNew York Times, 2015, October,27.

wikipedia. n.d. .


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Daily Soaps and Female Voice

Dr. Neelam TikkhaCell: +91-9422145467

[email protected]

Abstract :

Using Bollywood films Welcome, Band Baja Barat ,Dum Laga Ke Hainsa directed by

Sharat Katariya and Soaps to name a few Bhabhiji Ghar pe hain, Diya aur Bati , Yeh

Hain Maohabattein as a few cases in point , this paper argues that popular Bollywood

films with their appeal to mass media has changed dramatically in projection of women.

Women are painted with bold strokes as mentioned by Akhtar in his comparison of

Bollywood and European films.

The paper explores the changes in society as reflected in the recent Indian movies and

soaps which provide a mirror to Indian society. There is a decline in gender inequality in

India and this is projected in the movies and soaps. In fact, females are painted with powerful and bolder stroke .

Key words : Bold women, gender inequality , woman identity

Bollywood and daily soaps are a part of masses in India. Every day people wait for theirfavorite soaps.The characters live in the hearts of the people. They even modify people’sthinking and way of life.

"#ollywood has a powerful role in shapin$ mindsets and behaviors in %ndia! % would ar$ue it&s much more than 'ust anentertainment industry! (ovies have reflected the aspirations ofmany %ndians for decades! )ften, celebrities are revered in amanner akin to reli$ious fervor!

As %ndia continues to moderni*e and in many ways, Westerni*e,#ollywood keeps up by showcasin$ "modern+ relationships!Some mainstream movies now portray realities of the urban%ndian youth pre-marital sex, live-in relationships, and womenand men who are relatively independent from familialobli$ations!+Tulshayan.

%ndian films are very elaborate and have a wider canvas! They are more

lifelike and pro'ect variety of emotions!

"European films tend to deal with one emotion, or one problem. Youcan see them as short stories; whereas, an Indian film is more like anovel. If you would make a film in India called It Happened One Nightpeople would feel cheated! They want larger than-life stories. Indiansagas have to have every emotion in the book. In our first talkie from1933 there were fifty songs! There was never any doubt that wewouldn't use songs. As a lyricist, I write to an existing tune and I try tosolve a narrative problem in the content of the lyrics. But I'm alwaysdependent on whether a story is conducive to writing a song, whether


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ithas certain sensibilities." Perhaps even more so than other cinemas,masala films reflect changes in India's society and politics. "You cananalyze India from the films," said Akhtar. "Art records hopes, fears,pride, and humiliation. Behind the glamor and the dances you can see

our contemporary aspirations. In the Fifties, there was idealism andhope in politics and cinema. Prosperity seemed just around the corner,but since there was a socialist climate, rich people were the bad guys.In the Seventies there was a breakdown of our institutions, martial law,the rise of vigilantes and the angry young man. The Eighties saw a dipin politics, music, films, and art. The industrialization of the Seventieshad led to the rise of a middle class that was different from the landedgentry. They were the first generation to get educated on a massivescale." During the rule of the Hindu BJP party from 1994 to 2004,masala films reached high levels of technical excellence, providing

picture-perfect visuals and soundtracks - but with storylines andattitudes reflecting the party's conservative stance, emphasizing familyvalues and religious patriotism.(Sharma)

Contrary to this you find soaps and films that project women in an entirely different frame.Women were considered second class citizen earlier and the role that they played was that ofa procreator, a mother, a sister, a lover, seductress in daily soaps. She would assist in thedevelopment of the male gender in various aspects. The story was and of male gender playinga major role. Man was caste in powerful roles. They were shown as business tycoons (Shanti)Mr. Bajaj or police officers and doctors, whereas women were cast in traditional roles that of

mother daughter, lover or seductress or a sister and if at all they were shown as career womenthey were cast in the roles of a Obstetrician, a nurse , a reporter , a teacher or an interiordesigner.

The trend seems to be changing as more and more women are being projected in powerfulroles. For instance, the role of men is very secondary in the soap Pyar Ka Dard Hai Meetha

Meetha Pyara Pyara.(Rajshri )Avantika Kumar is a highly glamorous woman yet, a leadingCEO, who is also a chairperson for grievance committee of Business and Commerce. Shehas put in her heart and soul to make her family business empire grow to amazing heights.Her brother is shown lacking with such skills. Not, only this she has taken care of her othersiblings and is the one who works towards keeping the family united. She is a better

Managing Director than her brother. Brother and other male characters are shadowed by herdominant presence in the soap. Her daughter in law Punkhudi is shown as meek woman, yetin the times of crisis, emerges a strong woman capable of hiring a spy for spying on herhusband Adi and Vikram Dhanrajgir her cousin’s Brother in law. Grandmother Anisha orAnnie is yet another glamorous woman and is also projected as a powerful character. Sheelopes to Australia with her lover and marries there. She marries against the wishes of herentire family. On her return to India for marriage of her student Varun to her granddaughterKaira. She counsels Varun for marriage. She guides Pankhudi to hire a spy to know about herhusbands’ cause of worry. She over dominates family and is rightly addressed as Mogamboby her daughter in law – Kaira’s mother.

“ Diya Aur Bati Hum” (Ghadiali): It is a serialon Star Plus. It is a daily soap aboutSandhya's struggle, “ who dreams to become an IPS officer. She dreams to break the


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boundaries of her narrow confined existence of middle class values. The story is also aboutSooraj, who is a sweet talker and a self made man. Sooraj runs a sweet shop near his housewhich is famous. Sooraj and Sandhya get married. Sandhya will not be able to finish hergraduation. Soon she is part of the family she does not even know. This story is aboutSandhya's struggle to fulfill her dream and a journey where she finds help from the most

unlikely quarter - a lover who can make it possible.”(India Forum)It is the first time that awoman is cast in the role of an IPS officer. She is bold enough to fight the terrorists and getstrophy of best cadet. She is shown striking a balance between her professional and personallife. A desi Rajasthani bahu with her head covered wearing a lot of jewelry, leaves forHyderabad police training centre, with her husband and inlaws, diffident of the co travelerwho is staring at her jewelry. But, after 11 months of training, Sandhya Rathi returnsconfident, wearing an IPS cap and dress and is a winner of best cadet trophy to her credit.Onthe first day of her duty at Pushkar she takes the decision of suspending a few hooligan policeofficers, who are under the influence of a local goon. They mock and pass gender sensitiveremarks that “police cap does not suit a woman”. But, she proves otherwise. She is able toconfiscate wine and money which is brought for distribution during elections. She does not

care for her life but tries to save people from fire. The local goon while praising her says“you are the only one ‘mard’ meaning one man in the entire group”. If a woman doesanything good or which is appreciable is comparable to a man. Why can’t anything super becomparable to a woman still symbolizes the second class status of a woman. She displaysextreme degree of feminity when her husband Suraj visits her office to give her breakfast.She is being projected as a woman who displays perfect balance in the two role – one of anIPS officer and the other of a wife. When she is pregnant she is compared to a lioness withtriple power , since she is carrying two kids.

Image 1 Singh Trainer for IPS officers


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Image 2 : Suraj Sandhya’s husband

Image 3 : Sandhaya Rathi at IPS Academy Hyderabad.(Star Plus)


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Ye hain Mohabbattein,(Star Plus)is a serial of a multi tasker dentist who makes the barrenlife fertile of Ruhi by becoming a mother of hers. She marries Raman only for the sake ofRuhi but gradually his family becomes an integral part of her life . She is a good andcompassionate daughter in law, who cares for the family. She gives support to her sister inlaw in the time of crisis and financial difficulty by going out of the way. She is a good

neighbor and risks her life for a pregnant neighbor by trying to reach her to the hospital,during riots. When all her attempts to reach her to the hospital fails, she assists in the deliveryof the baby and successfully delivers the baby. She is strong enough to protect her self-respect from the lust of her brother in law. She stands strongly and complains to her sister inlaw, whose husband misbehaves with her and also to her mother in law without being guiltyof the fact that she is draped in a modern dress which has made him fall for him or any otherguilt which would make her feel conscious that she is responsible for the action in any way.When she is not heard by the two women she dares to tell it to her husband Raman. This isthe changing image of women in society.

Tumhari Pakhi(Suman)is a story of a female guide in Chittorgarh, who has been married in

childhood to a man who has later turned into a successful businessman. She is a good mother,a wonderful wife who is a symbolical guide for her family as well. She trains the child, whowas a brat, to be more disciplined and also guides him to have healthy food. She saves herhusband Anshuman from a vamp Tanya who fakes love and later her true character isrevealed through various instances like misguiding Aayan the child to go and have fun in thewater park rather than participating in the school competition. She also steals money fromAayan’s piggy bank to win the bet with Pakhi. When she loses the bet she tries to scareAayan so that he manipulates his father Anshuman to marry her and to send Pakhi back toChittorgarh. When all her efforts fail she tries to kill Pakhi so that she is out of her way inmarrying Anshuman. Pakhi is ready to accept the challenge of being a good house wife, agood girl friend and a good mother . But, she refuses to accept challenge of proving herchastity. This shows how women’s identity emerges as a strong women. Further, Pakhileaves the house of Anshuman and reaches Delhi and becomes a tourist guide becauseAnshuman assassinates her character. She goes to Delhi in search of her identity. She stayswith a woman who, has had a bitter experience in her married life and a girl who is going toget married and is a photographer.

Bhabhiji Ghar pe haain(Bali, Shashank , & TV ) : It is a comedy serial soap. It is a story oftwo couples – Mr Tiwari and Mrs. Angoori Tiwari and Mr. Vibhuti Mishra and Mrs. AnuMishra. Mishra’s are very modern and Tiwari’s are laid back. Comedy is because of theinterest of Mr. Tiwari in Anu Bhabhi and Mr. Vibhuti Mishra’s interest in Angoori Bhabhi .Vibhuti Mishra is a house husband and in a scene which is ultimate in comedy when, Anuwins a bungalow in lottery and wants to shift Vibhuti resists and is being pulled by Anu.Anuis delineated with powerful strokes. Anu is a working woman whereas her husband Vibhuti isa house care taker. There is a clear role reversal. In one of the episodes Anu wins a Bungalowand wants to shift but Vibhuti cannot bear the idea of being separated from Bhabhiji . This isthe height of comedy Anu is dragging Vibhuti and like a small child he is crying his lungsout. The images from 4 to 6 show Vibhuti being dragged by his wife from Angoori bhabhi.


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Image 4:Angoori Bhabhi crying(& TV )

Image 5 : Vibhuti holding bhbhiji’s hands while being dragged(& TV )


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Image 6: Vibhuti dragged so hard and pushed in the card that he loses grip of

Angoori bhabhiji’s hand Bhabhiji Ghar Par Hain (& TV )

Saraswatichandra(Bhansali, Sanjay Leela Star Plus) is a story of a village girl calledKumud , who teaches in a school. Her father’s friend who makes a good fortune in Dubaiwants his son to be married to Kumud. He sends his son to meet the family and soon Sarasfalls in love with Kumud and marries her. She tries to uncover the past of her step mother in

law called Gumaan, who had been a tamashe wali and a prostitute. She risks her life and triesto unearth her secret by going in red light area. She goes through various problems but doesnot give up . In this process she comes to know that Kabir is the real brother of her husbandand Gumaan had plotted to kill him on birth itself. This incident had created rift betweenSaras’s father and mother Saraswati and they fell apart .This helped the entry of Gumaaninto the life of Saras’s father.

Veera Ek Veer ki Ardas(Patnaik, Mamta, Shekhar, Purnendu ) has more number of womenin lead characters. Two women singly bring up two children. They give all support to thefemale child called Veera so that she studies in London. Veera, who has the best ofeducation in her childhood, rides a motor cycle and is shown to be tom boyish. She also is

capable of managing farm affairs very well. She is a very strong personality and can fightwith a number of boys. She is projected quite stronger than even her childhood friend Baldev.

Sath Nibhaana Sathiya(Sharma, Rashmi, Telefilms), also rests on a number of femalecharacters. Men are very few and play no significant role. Kokila is the head of the family,who is a powerful character and she dares even to punish her grown up son Ahem by hittingwith a scale on the hands of her son.

Balika Vadhu — Kachchi Umar Ke Pakke Rishte(Shekhar,Purnendu )shows the struggle forself-assertion by Anandi a child bride . She is a bright girl child who struggles hard andbecomes a sarpanch and helps her family.


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We find a number of women CEO’s like Chandana Kochar from ICICI , IndiraNyooi fromPEPSI in real life and the same is being reflected by TV Soaps. TV soaps show a changingtrend in female identity. The female identity reveals the dynamic multifaceted aspect ofwomen. No longer women are seductive vamps like Kaumaulika or a second class citizen justplaying minor role of providing fulfillment in man’s life but, a powerful dynamite giving

great impetus to the people and herself around her.

Is Pyar Ko Kya Nam Doon ?:(Pandey, Akash )This serial reflects two types of womenexisting in the present society. Anjali, the mother in law, is being beaten by her husbanddaily for over thirty years. Her daughter Jyoti also suffers similar type of treatment at thehands of her husband. He along with his aunt illegally aborts two female fetus of Jyoti’s . Toavoid all this she runs away from the house but, again she falls in the same trap. She does notwant to go back to her husband’s house but, her father is a staunch believer that a girl’s houseis not her mayeka but her husband’s home. She is brutalized, ill-treated but nobody raisesvoice because of the firm belief that man has right to do whatever he likes since a woman isman’s property. Anjali, the mother of Jyoti says “She is a doormat and she is used as and

when needed after that nobody bothers about her. Aastha, sister in law of Jyoti, helps her bycomplaining to police about Jyoti’s ill-treatment at the hands of her husband. She represents awoman who has an identity of hers and is able to think for herself and decide what is right forher and others. She helps Jyoti by complaining to the police about Jyoti’s husband. She isable to convince her entire family that Jyoti should be supported and parents’ home is alsoher house. She should be saved from the clutches of bad in-laws. Aastha represents aprogressive woman who is a multi tasker who can rock the world.

Ek Hasina Thi( Cinevistaas Limited): Durga Thakur reminds of lordess Durga . She shedsher weak skin of Nitya and transforms into Durga who can avenge the rape of her sister. Sheis strong multitasker capable of punishing evil men. She is brilliant and capable of

manipulating people for teaching them a lesson. She is good at heart. She is a caringdaughter and a caring sister. She is honest but she deals the rapist Shourya and his familywith an iron hand.

Women in Film:

Band Baja Barat(SinghRanveer): This is a typical film that shows how powerful women arebecoming in society. No longer does she need the support of a man to stand on her own. Shehas sex when she wants to and does not feel guilty about it. She can leave the man if shethinks it appropriate. She is no longer is a handmaid of man. The story is about twoyoungsters Anushka and Ranbir who are looking for a job and land up in event management

business which they raise to great heights together. But, after some time they fall apart andthe main decision maker in this film is Anushka. It is a very feministic movie. The movie isa clear indicator that sex is no longer considered to be a sin which binds a man and a womanforever despite crack in harmony.


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Image7 : (Singh Ranveer)

Welcome (Akshay Kumar): The movie is a hilarious comedy but, Katrina’s role of rescuingAkshay Kumar from fire shows the change in trend.

Image 8 (Akshay Kumar)

Dum Laga Ke Hainsa(Ayushmann Khurrana): The movie is about a girl who is fatand plainlooking. Anshuman Khurana is the lead actor and he has played the role of her husband. Hewas reluctant to marry but, because of family pressure he had to marry her. He finds it very


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embarrassing to go along with her anywhere. Girl is better educated and is very dominating.She even puts her opinion in front of her in laws. She even files for her divorce when shefeels that relationship is not a happy one . She is not afraid of society’s opinion. She makesher husband sleep on the floor instead of the usual docile heroines preferring to give more

privileges to husband. She is not ashamed of her over weight and she dances freely in themarriage ceremony of a friend.

Image 9 :(Ayushmann Khurrana)

These movies show a contrast with earlier movies like Kabhie Kabhie and Sholay wherewoman’s role was highly passive and she was not complete without a man. In fact, herexistence was questionable without a man. There is a change in society women are emergingmore powerful than man and this is being reflected through the films like PK , Dum Laga Ke

Hainsa , Welcome Band Baja Barat and daily soaps like Diya aur Bati Hum, Ek Hasina Thi .Conclusion:

The present days Indian movies and soaps provide a mirror to Indian society. There is adecline in gender inequality in India and this is projected in the movies and soaps. In fact,females are painted with powerful and bolder strokes.

Bibliography:

Cinevistaas Limited. " "Ek Hasina Thi." Star Plus, 2014.

& TV . "Bhabhiji Ghar Pe Hain ." 2015.

Bali, Shashank , & TV . Delhi- Mumbai, 2015.

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