Dynamos: Observation, Theory, Experiment · Dynamos: Observation, Theory, Experiment. Colleagues...

62
Cary Forest APS DPP Meeting New Orleans Dynamos: Observation, Theory, Experiment

Transcript of Dynamos: Observation, Theory, Experiment · Dynamos: Observation, Theory, Experiment. Colleagues...

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Cary Forest

APS DPP Meeting New Orleans

Dynamos: Observation, Theory, Experiment

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Colleagues Rainer Beck, Stas Boldyrev, Fausto Cattaneo, Sterling Colgate, Jan Egedal, Andrew Fletcher, Andy Jackson, Frank Jenko, Ivan Khalzov, Russel Kulsrud, Hui Li, Ann Mao, Mark Miesch, Mark Nornberg, Alex Sheckochihin, Erik Spence, Steve Tobias, and Ellen Zweibel Engineering John Wallace, Mike Clark Postdocs Chris Cooper, Kian Rahbarnia, Ben Brown, Noam Katz Students Cami Collins, Ken Flanagan, Jason Milhone, Ethan Peterson, David Weisberg, Matt Brookhart Agencies NSF Astro, NSF Physics, DoE

Acknowledgements

2

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• Overarching Issues

3

3

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Astrophysical Dynamos

Systems which Continuously convert kinetic energy of Flowing plasma into magnetic energy

4

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Outline

1. Dynamo Basics (theory) 2. Astrophysical Dynamos

3. Review of Experiments -Liquid Metal -Plasma Dynamos

5

Philosophy of this talk: “What I cannot create, I do not understand” -­‐Feynman

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Dynamos Regime:Frozen in flux: Rm= μ0σUL≫1

Flow Dominated: ρU2≫B2/μ0 Continuous: T≫μ0σL2

Unexplored by plasma experiments

Behavior Depends upon:

Pm=Rm/Re, Re = UL/μ, 6

MA= U/VA≫1

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FUNDAMENTAL TENET OF PLASMA ASTROPHYSICS (WHEN RM ≫ 1, MA ≫ 1)

7

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STANDARD MODEL STEP 1: STRONG TOROIDAL FIELD FROM POLOIDAL

The “Ω effect”

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STANDARD MODEL STEP 2: HELICAL TURBULENCE REGENERATES POLOIDAL FIELD

The “α effect”

E.N. Parker (1955)

J = ↵B

When the magnetic field and the fluid motions are symmetric about an axis...no stationary dynamo can exist.

T.G. Cowling(1933)

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Transport of B is controlled by turbulent EMF

Closure ansatz:

β - effect is like resistivity (diffuses large scale B)

α - effect driven by helical flow

TURBULENCE: FRIEND OR FOE?

turb =1

µ0+ v`

3

E =Dv b

E

E = ↵B rB

= 13 v

2corr

v`

3

@B@t = rV B+r ↵B+ turbr2B

= 13 v · v corr

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Dynamo Classificationsmall vs Large Scale

small: magnetic field generated at (or below) scale of flows (relies on chaotic stretching) Large: relies on lack of reflexional asymmetry

Slow vs Fast Dynamos slow requires resistive diffusion (moderate Rm) Fast Dynamos: independent of resistivity (very large Rm)

Astrophysics: Large-Scale, Fast Dynamos (Rm>>1, turbulent generation of net Flux)

11

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SMALL SCALE DYNAMOS EASY FOR PM >> 1; LARGE SCALE NOT SO EASY

Pm ≥ 1: it is well established numerically that non-helical fluctuationdynamo exists provided Rm > Rmc ~ 100

forcing

k-5/3

k0 kν ~ Re3/4k0

Kinetic energy

kη ~ Pm1/2kν

Magnetic energy grows fastfluctuation dynamo

k

Pm >> 1Rm >> Re >> 1

[Meneguzzi, Frisch & Pouquet 1981, Kulsrud and Anderson (1992)

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PM >> 1: CHAOTIC STRETCHING GIVES FAST DYNAMO

13

Stretch/shear

[see Schekochihin et al. 2004, ApJ 612, 276; Schekochihin & Cowley, astro-ph/0507686 for an account of theory and simulations]

|rV| U

LRe1/2

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SMALL-SCALE DYNAMOS MORE CHALLENGING FOR LOW PM

• No scale separation between field and flow• Magnetic field sees rough flow

forcing

k-5/3

k0 kη ~ Rm3/4k0 kν ~ Re3/4k0

Kinetic energy

k

Pm << 1Re >> Rm >> 1

Dynamo

Pm << 1: higher threshold Rm > Rmc ~ 200

Boldyrev 2008, Iskakov 2007, Schekochihin 2007

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NUMERICAL AND THEORETICAL STUDIES SHOW CATASTROPHIC α QUENCHING AT LARGE RM

E =

v b

= B+ B

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PLANETARY DYNAMOS

16

Glatzmaier and Roberts, (1995).

Rm~500-1000, Re=109, Liquid Metal

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MAGNETIC REVERSALS

17

1

τσ=105 yrs

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Jackson, Jonkers and Walker, Four centuries of geomagnetic secular variation, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A 358 957 (2006).

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The Geodynamo

MODEL 1. Rotating convection gives helical vortices

α2 dynamo 2. Simulations capture self-excitation

Problems

1. not yet resolving viscous scales 2. Few Observables

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THE SUN’S DYNAMO

Rm~108, Re=1011, τσ=1011 yrs

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+ weak large scale field

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22

differential Rotation

Thompson et P ~

P ~ P ~

Poloidal Flow

angular momentum transport open issue

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NOW HOW DO WE GO ABOUT MODELING THIS MESS?? Interface or Flux Transport Models

of Solar Cycle

Dikpati & Gilman 2006

magnetic buoyancy

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The Solar dynamoSome Issues 1. 22 yr cycle set by

(a) Poloidal advection of flux or (B) Dynamo Waves or (C) turbulent transport of magnetic field (resistivity, magnetic pumping, magnetic Buoyancy

2. . α quenching and dominance of small-scale dynamo

3. Impossible to resolve with global models

24

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GALACTIC MAGNETIC FIELDS: LARGE-SCALE FIELD + SMALL-SCALE DYNAMO

25

Faraday rotation along 38000 lines of sight In the Milky Way (NVSS survey)

M51

Rm~1014, Re=109, Plasma

Bphi~ 3Br ~ 30 Bz

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SMALL SCALE DYNAMO TWICE AS STRONG AS LARGE SCALE DYNAMO IN SPIRAL GALAXIES

26

Text

Average: 16 ±15 μGAverage: 4 ±3 μG

N=28 N=22

Compilation: Fletcher 2010Bord/Bran 0.4 ±0.2

Total field Ordered field

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THERE IS SELF-REGULATION OF MAGNETIC, INTERNAL, TURBULENT FLOW, AND COSMIC RAY ENERGY DENSITY

27

Flow Magnetic Field and Pressure Energetic Particles

109 1012 1015 1018 1021

Energy (eV)

Fluxes of cosmic rays

1 particle / m2 - second

Knee 1 particle / m2 -year

ankle 1 particle / km2-year

V 2

2

B2

2µ0,

Cosmic Rays

P

turbulent flow energy

Ann Mao

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α Ω MODEL FOR THE GALACTIC MAGNETIC FIELD WITH SUPERNOVAE DRIVEN TURBULENCE

Courtesy of Stirling Colgate

differential

rotation

helical

turbulence

Br

@B

@t= r

d

drBr + T

@2B

@z2

@Br

@t= @

@z↵B + T

@2Bz

@z2

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Galactic dynamos

Model 1. turbulence driven by Supernovae

2. Consistent with α-Ω Model with large turbulent resistivity

Challenges 1. Flux removal above Disk

2. α quenching and dominance of small-scale dynamo

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EXPERIMENTS?

. . . in magnetohydrodynamics one should not believe the product of a long and complicated piece of mathematics if it is unsupported by observation.

Enrico Fermi

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Dynamo Experiments Require:

Frozen in flux: Rm= μ0σUL≫1

Flow Dominated: ρU2≫B2/μ0

New regime for plasma experiments-

astrophysical applications

Hydrodynamics: Re = UL/μ, Pm=Rm/Re

31

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Plasmas are Challenging-difficult to stir-some confinement required with weak B

Use Liquid Metals -confinement is free-easy to stir-BUT power scaling is challenging: Pmech ~ Rm3 / L [Rm=100, Pmech=100 kW] — just barely at threshold-Re = 107 (Pm=10-5, turbulent)

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THE MADISON SODIUM DYNAMO EXPERIMENT

300 gallons sodium

200 Hp (150 kW)

1 m diameter

V ~ 15 m/s

The Madison Dynamo Experiment

a=0.5m, V=10 m/sP=150kW, Rmmax=100

33

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stretch-twist-fold Dynamo in Sphere

34

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LIQUID METAL DYNAMOS ARE TURBULENT

35

For liquid metals Re~105 Rm

Re~2000

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NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS SHOW TURBULENCE SUPPRESSES LARGE SCALE DYNAMO

36

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

criti

cal m

agne

tic R

eyno

lds n

umbe

r

Reynolds number

liquid sodium experiment, Re ~ 106

mean-flow

turbulent flow

dynamo

no dynamo

turbulent small scale dynamo

laminar transverse dipole dynamo

Reuter, Jenko, and Forest, (2011).

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LARGE SCALE DYNAMO SUPPRESSION: TURBULENT RESISTIVITY GOVERNS ONSET

37

Rm ≥ Rmcrit(1 + RmT /3)

Definitions

Self-Excitation Requirement

Rm = V L/ = 1µ0

RmT = v`/

T = (1 +RmT /3)

Mean-Field Electrodynamics predicts (confirmed by measurements)

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TURBULENT EMF DIRECTLY MEASURED

024

0

100

840

0 5 10 15 20−4

1.3 4.3

0.7

latitudinal,longitudinalelectrodes

Rahbarnia 2012.

εturb

=

!

v × b

"

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THE TURBULENT EMF OPPOSES THE LOCAL CURRENT,

EQUIVALENT TO INCREASED RESISTIVITY (β EFFECT)

sim

meas

meas

meassim

eff = +v`

3

0 50 100 1500

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

[mV/

m]

Rmtip

εturb η Rmturb Jpredict/3

εturb

=

!

v × b

"

v`3 hJi

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NM TECH DYNAMO EXP: DEMONSTRATION OF OMEGA EFFECT IN QUIET FLOW (NO BETA EFFECT!)

40

S. Colgate

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-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

0 100 200 300 400 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200

B r [m

T]

Rot

atio

n ra

te [1

/min

]

t [s]

Hall sensorRotation rate

-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

120 130 140 150

1775

1825

1875

1925

B z [m

T]

Rot

atio

n ra

te [1

/min

]

FluxgateRotation

2001: RIGA SINGLE SCALE DYNAMO

• Turbulence played no role in self-excitation• backreaction changed pitch of flow to saturate

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KARLSRUHE MULTI-SCALE DYNAMO

• again, turbulence played no role in self-excitation• backreaction on flow pitch of flow to saturate

Muller and Stieglitz (2001).

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David Weisberg CMSO Annual Meeting March 12, 2014A. Monchaux et al (2007)

2

the case of counter-rotating disks studied here, the pres-ence of a strong axial shear of azimuthal velocity in themid-plane between the impellers generates a high levelof turbulent fluctuations [12, 13]. The kinetic Reynoldsnumber is Re = KR2Ω/ν, where ν is the kinematic vis-cosity and K = 0.6 is a coefficient that measures theefficiency of the impellers [14]. Re can be increased upto 5 106: the corresponding magnetic Reynolds numberis, Rm = Kµ0σR2Ω ≈ 49 (at 120 oC), where µ0 is themagnetic permeability of vacuum and σ is the electricalconductivity of sodium.

A first modification with respect to earlier VKS ex-periments consists of surrounding the flow by sodium atrest in another concentric cylindrical vessel, 578 mm ininner diameter. This has been shown to decrease thedynamo threshold in kinematic computations based onthe mean flow velocity [14]. The total volume of liquidsodium is 150 l. A second geometrical modification con-sists of attaching an annulus of inner diameter 175 mmand thickness 5 mm along the inner cylinder in the mid-plane between the disks. Water experiments have shownthat its effect on the mean flow is to make the shear layersharper around the mid-plane. In addition, it reduceslow frequency turbulent fluctuations, thus the large scaleflow time-averages faster toward the mean flow. However,rms velocity fluctuations are almost unchanged (of order40− 50%), thus the flow remains strongly turbulent [15].It is expected that reducing the transverse motion of theshear layer decreases the dynamo threshold for the follow-ing reasons: (i) magnetic induction due to an externallyapplied field on a gallium flow strongly varies because ofthe large scale flow excursions away from the time aver-aged flow [16], (ii) the addition of large scale noise to theTaylor-Green mean flow increases its dynamo threshold[7], (iii) fluctuating motion of eddies increase the dynamothreshold of the Roberts flow [17].

The above configuration does not generate a magneticfield up to the maximum possible rotation frequency ofthe disks (Ω/2π = 26 Hz). We thus made a last modifica-tion and replaced disks made of stainless steel by similariron disks. Using boundary conditions with a high per-meability in order to change the dynamo threshold hasbeen already proposed [18]. It has been also shown thatin the case of a Ponomarenko or G. O. Roberts flows,the addition of an external wall of high permeability candecrease the dynamo threshold [19]. Finally, recent kine-matic simulations of the VKS mean flow have shown thatdifferent ways of taking into account the sodium behindthe disks lead to an increase of the dynamo thresholdranging from 12 % to 150 % [20]. We thought that usingiron disks could screen magnetic effects in the bulk ofthe flow from the region behind the disks, although theactual behavior may be more complex. This last modi-fication generates a dynamo above Rm ≃ 30. The threecomponents of the field B are measured with a 3D Hallprobe, located either in the mid-plane or 109 mm away

from it (P1 or P2 in Fig. 1). In both cases, the probeis nearly flush with the inner shell, thus B is measuredat the boundary of the turbulent flow. Fig. 2 showsthe time recording of the three components of B whenRm is increased from 19 to 40. The largest component,By, is tangent to the cylinder at the measurement loca-tion. It increases from a mean value comparable to theEarth magnetic field to roughly 40 G. The mean valuesof the other components Bx and Bz also increase (notvisible on the figure because of fluctuations). Both signsof the components have been observed in different runs,depending on the sign of the residual magnetization ofthe disks. All components display strong fluctuations ascould be expected in flows with Reynolds numbers largerthan 106.

10 20 30 40

−60

−40

−20

0

20

Bi [

G]

Bx

By

Bz

0 10 20 30 40 50101520

Ω/2π [H

z]

time [s]

FIG. 2: Time recording at P1 of the components of the mag-netic field when the rotation frequency Ω/2π is increased asdisplayed by the ramp below (Rm increases from 19 to 40).

Fig. 3a shows the mean values of the components ⟨Bi⟩of the magnetic field and Fig. 3b their fluctuations Bi rms

versus Rm. The fluctuations are all in the same range (3G to 8 G, at 30 % above threshold) although the corre-sponding mean values are very different. The time aver-age of the square of the total magnetic field, ⟨B2⟩, is dis-played in the inset of Fig. 3a. No hysteresis is observed.Linear fits of ⟨By⟩ or Bi rms displayed in Fig. 3 define acritical magnetic Reynolds number Rc

m ∼ 31 whereas thelinear fit of ⟨B2⟩ gives a larger value R0

m ∼ 35. The latteris the one that should be considered in the case of a su-percritical pitchfork bifurcation. The rounding observedclose to threshold could then be ascribed to the imper-fection due to the ambient magnetic field (Earth field,residual magnetization of the disks and other magneticperturbations of the set-up). The actual behavior maybe more complex because this bifurcation takes place ona strongly turbulent flow, a situation for which no rig-orous theory exists. The inset of Fig. 3b shows thatthe variance B2

rms = ⟨(B − ⟨B⟩)2⟩ is not proportionalto ⟨B2⟩. Below the dynamo threshold, the effect of in-

THE VON KÁRMÁN DYNAMO (CADARACHE)

43

Two Vortex Impeller Driven Flow

Fe Impellers!!!

Rimpeller = 0.155 mRvessel = 0.289 m160 L liquid sodium

300 kW mechanical power T° between 120°C and 150°C (with 200kW cooling)

Rmmax = 90 Re > 106

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SYMMETRIC FIELD! NOT EXPECTED; REQUIRES ALPHA EFFECT ATTRIBUTED TO IRON BLADES

Magnetic field reconstruction

z/L

r/R c

r

z

Boisson (2012)

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SELF-EXCITED VKS DYNAMOS HAVE DIVERSE DYNAMICAL BEHAVIOR

Monchaux (2009).

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NEXT STEP: PLASMA DYNAMO EXPERIMENTS

Rm > 1000 Vary Pm: laminar/turbulent, small scale Rapidly Rotating Compressibility, stratification, buoyancy Plasma Effects beyond MHD: neutrals, kinetic

effects, Hall MHD

Study confinement and stirring in an unmagnetized plasma

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Plasma parameters determine viscosity and conductivity

>>1

>1

>100

Hot

Unmagnetized

Dense

Dynamo experiments require:

2

Quantity Symbol Value UnitRadius of sphere R

0

1.5 mNumber density n

0

1017 1019 m3

Electron temperature Te

2 10 eVIon temperature T

i

0.5 4 eVPeak driving velocity V

0

0 20 km/sIon species H, He, Ne, Ar 1, 4, 20, 40 amuPulse length

pulse

5 secResistive time

50 msFluid Reynolds number Re 0 105

Mag. Reynolds number Rm 0 2 103

Mag. Prandtl number Pm 103 5 103

Magnetic Reynolds Rm µ0

UL

Unmagnetized Reynolds Re UL

E+ uB = J+1

neJB

Rm = µ0

UL = 1.6T 3/2

e,eV

Ukm/s

Lm

Z

Re = UL/ = 7.8n18

pµZ4U

km/s

Lm

T 5/2

i,eV

MA

=pµ0

U/B = 0.46

pn18

µUkm/s

BG

B = Rmr (v B) +r2

B

= A · (rA) = A ·B

= Im

=

Z

m

A ·B d3x

(m = 0, 1, 2, 3...)

2

Quantity Symbol Value UnitRadius of sphere R

0

1.5 mNumber density n

0

1017 1019 m3

Electron temperature Te

2 10 eVIon temperature T

i

0.5 4 eVPeak driving velocity V

0

0 20 km/sIon species H, He, Ne, Ar 1, 4, 20, 40 amuPulse length

pulse

5 secResistive time

50 msFluid Reynolds number Re 0 105

Mag. Reynolds number Rm 0 2 103

Mag. Prandtl number Pm 103 5 103

Magnetic Reynolds Rm µ0

UL

Unmagnetized Reynolds Re UL

E+ uB = J+1

neJB

Rm = µ0

UL = 1.6T 3/2

e,eV

Ukm/s

Lm

Z

Re = UL/ = 7.8n18

pµZ4U

km/s

Lm

T 5/2

i,eV

MA

=pµ0

U/B = 0.46

pn18

µUkm/s

BG

B = Rmr (v B) +r2

B

= A · (rA) = A ·B

= Im

=

Z

m

A ·B d3x

(m = 0, 1, 2, 3...)

2

Quantity Symbol Value UnitRadius of sphere R

0

1.5 mNumber density n

0

1017 1019 m3

Electron temperature Te

2 10 eVIon temperature T

i

0.5 4 eVPeak driving velocity V

0

0 20 km/sIon species H, He, Ne, Ar 1, 4, 20, 40 amuPulse length

pulse

5 secResistive time

50 msFluid Reynolds number Re 0 105

Mag. Reynolds number Rm 0 2 103

Mag. Prandtl number Pm 103 5 103

Magnetic Reynolds Rm µ0

UL

Unmagnetized Reynolds Re UL

E+ uB = J+1

neJB

Rm = µ0

UL = 1.6T 3/2

e,eV

Ukm/s

Lm

Z

Re = UL/ = 7.8n18

pµZ4U

km/s

Lm

T 5/2

i,eV

MA

=pµ0

U/B = 0.46

pn18

µUkm/s

BG

B = Rmr (v B) +r2

B

= A · (rA) = A ·B

= Im

=

Z

m

A ·B d3x

(m = 0, 1, 2, 3...)

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David Weisberg CMSO Annual Meeting March 12, 2014

Plasma Couette Experiment Madison Plasma Dynamo Experiment

NEXT STEP: PLASMA DYNAMO EXPERIMENTS

cylinder: disk systems spherical

plasma: Te = 7.5 eV, Ti=0.3 eV, L=0.4 m, n = 1017 m-3, Umax = 6 (12) km/s

Te = 20 eV, Ti~1-2 eV, L=1.5 m, n = 4x1018 m-3, Umax = 12 km/s

achieved: Rm=60, Re=20 Rm=800, Re=750

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Plasma Hydrodynamics

49

Re=300

|Vpol| x 4 Vphi

Re=300 1. Solve Navier-Stokes in spherical geometry

2. Solve kinematic induction equation

Spence, Reuter, and Forest,(2009).

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Velocity field controlled by Re

Dynamo onset vs. Re

He10eV3e11 cm-3

6 km/s

10−1 100 101 102 10310−6

10−4

10−2

100

Re

PKE/TKE

Poloidal forcing vs. Re

Re=1 Re=3 Re=10

Re=30 Re=100 Re=300

Khalzov, et al, Optimized boundary driven flows for dynamos in a sphere, PHYSICS OF PLASMAS 19, 112106 (2012)

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David Weisberg CMSO Annual Meeting March 12, 2014

The Madison Plasma Dynamo Experiment

Cooper et al, The Madison plasma dynamo experiment: A facility for studying laboratory plasma astrophysics, Phys. Plasmas 21 013505 (2014)

R=1.5 mPcath=350 kWPech=100 kWpulse = 10+ sec

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3

wc

4pe

i

= 0.08 cm

1 >!rf

ce

=!rf

me

eB

Re |(u·r)u||r2u| UL

Rm |r(uB)||r2B| UL

= µ0

UL

@B/@t = r (uB) + r2

B

Pm = Rm

Re

= µ0

Ro = U

2L sin

@!/@t = r (u !) + r2!

@B

@t= r (uB) + r2

B

mndu

dt= (JB)

mnu

i0

+mnii

[r2

u]

i0

=1

n0

hcx

ui@2u

@r2+

1

r

@u

@r

1

L2

u

+1

r2

u

= 0

L2

u

= i0

ii

u

(r) = AI1

(r/Lu

) +BK1

(r/Lu

)

v

E

=EB

B2

v

R

+ vrB

=m

q

R

c

B

R2

c

B2

v2k +

1

2v2?

B = r Tr+rr Sr

T (r, ,) = Nl,m

X

l,m

Tl,m

(r)Pm

l

(cos )eim

S(r, ,) = Nl,m

X

l,m

Sl,m

(r)Pm

l

(cos )eim

@BT

@t= r (u

T

B

P

rB

T

)

Cusp loss width:

Cusp field cross-section

Ceramic limiter tiles show cusp width

90º N

90º S

45º N

45º S

26911222555252114522411521

B [G]

He plasma

PlasmaCs Cs

ww

Permanent magnets confine plasma

l=36 multipole

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3000 4 kG SmCo magnets

53

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David Weisberg CMSO Annual Meeting March 12, 2014

Long pulse, hot, dense, high fractional ionization plasmas

55

020406080

Pow

(kW

)

02468

n n (×1

018 m

−3)

0 2 4 6 8Discharge Time (s)

01020304050

T e (eV

), n e (

×1016

m−3

)

00.10.20.30.40.5

Ioni

z. fr

act.

Pdisch

Pradnn

Tenene/(ne+nn)

(a)

(b)

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Magnetized cathodes stir from plasma edge

90º N

90º S

45º N

45º S

26911222555252114522411521

B [G]

Mach/Langmuir probe

90º N

90º S

45º N

45º S

26911222555252114522411521

B [G]

S

S

S

N

N

N

–+

V

B

J

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David Weisberg CMSO Annual Meeting March 12, 2014

TOROIDAL AND POLOIDAL FLOWS NOW OBSERVED IN PLASMA

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Vphi4 x |Vpol|

Re = 300Mu = 50

V [arb]0

-1.0

1.0

90º N

90º S

0º27001225550250115502510521

B [G]

90º N

90º S

b)a)

Magnet - north faces plasma

Magnet - south faces plasma

LaB6 cathode

Molybdenum anode

Mach probe array measures counter-rotating flows

58

GlobalParams

Spin-up

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Dynamo growth rate

Rm=300

Steady state flows with DC LaB6 bias set vφ (θ)

Von Karman type dynamoRe=150, Rm=400

Parameter Argon Heliumne (1/cm3) 3X1011 1X1012

Te (eV) 10 10 power (kW) 100 140vedge (km/s) 5 6Beqp (G) 8 5

Optimized boundary driven flows for

NEXT STEP: 12 CATHODES TO SEARCH FOR A DYNAMO TRANSITION

59 Optimized boundary driven flows for dynamos in a sphere, Phys. Plasmas 19 112106 (2012).

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SMALL SCALE, TURBULENT, FAST DYNAMO IS POSSIBLE (AT HIGH PM)

60

Re Rm V(km/sec)

TeV n(1011 cm-3)

100 200 3 10 3

200 800 6 17 3

500 5000 10 40 5

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Summary1. Fast, large scale dynamos exist in nature

1. large scale, fast dynamo remains a theoretical challenge

2. Liquid Metal experiments self-excite under special conditions 1. Marginally above threshold 2. require baffles, iron blades 3. Show Complex Nonlinear dynamics 4. trivial saturation mechanisms

3. Liquid metal experiments exhibit turbulent resistivity 4. Plasma Dynamos Experiments now operational

1. Operating now at high Rm, variable Pm 2. Flow optimization underway

61

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Thank You!

62