Dynamic Pool Boiling Heat Transfer Due to Exponentially … · 2017. 1. 28. · 1138 Avdhoot Walunj...

Procedia Technology 25 ( 2016 ) 1137 – 1145

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2212-0173 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of RAEREST 2016doi: 10.1016/j.protcy.2016.08.229

Global Colloquium in Recent Advancement and Effectual Researches in Engineering, Science and Technology (RAEREST 2016)

Dynamic Pool Boiling Heat Transfer Due To Exponentially Increasing Heat Input-A Review

Avdhoot Walunja*†, A. Sathyabhamaa a Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal-575025, India

Abstract

The boiling heat transfer, specifically transient or unsteady heat transfer has found much practical importance in the engineering applications. Since, explosive boiling occurs during enormous power excursion in the liquid cooled reactor, the safety evaluation of a nuclear reactor is of vital importance. This paper reviews the transient boiling heat transfer which is the study of transition mechanism from natural convection or nucleate boiling to film boiling and critical point of heat flux using the various wetting fluid as working medium (Distilled water, ethanol, fluorinert liquid, etc.) caused by exponentially increasing heat input at various periods. The survey is also extended to study the heating element (wire, rod, film) usually made of aluminum or platinum under a subcooled or saturated condition of working fluid at atmospheric or higher system pressure. During the quasi-steady or rapid transient, an aspect of dynamic boiling like the onset of boiling, delay period, temperature overshoot, homogenous nucleation, heterogeneous nucleation, transient CHF, bubble growth, vapor coalescence and vapor collapse has been analyzed. Moreover, a visualization study of differently oriented test piece at a different heating rate and different phase of boiling has been qualitatively discussed. © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of RAEREST 2016.

Keywords: Transient heat transfer; Power excursion; Nucleate boiling; Heterogenous boiling; Transient CHF; Visualization

1. Introduction The boiling heat transfer, specifically transient or unsteady heat transfer has found many practical importance in

the engineering applications. Since 1957, after one of the pioneer study by Miller [1], many researchers have been

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +8242473049; fax: +8242474058.

E-mail address: [email protected]

© 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of RAEREST 2016

1138 Avdhoot Walunj and A. Sathyabhama / Procedia Technology 25 ( 2016 ) 1137 – 1145

quantitatively investigated the transient boiling phenomenon. Indeed, an adequate qualitative explanation of the transient phenomenon seems missing. Among the several boiling models that have been proposed, the most widely accepted models hypothesize that the bubble acts as an agitator of the liquid [3]. A step input of reactivity in a nuclear reactor in which reactor power rises exponentially with time. Several investigators [1,4,7,8,16,18,19,20,25,26,31,33] have proposed the boiling mechanism under exponential power transient. Further, Asai [13] believed that for high current density, a flux jump may cause a local quenching of the wire of superconductor magnet. Thus a transient heat load much higher than the stationary boiling critical heat flux of liquid coolant may be produced during such an accident. Much attention has been given by the researchers [11, 13, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 26, 41] at cooling of superconductors and energy storage system, undergone through high current density, using coolant like liquid nitrogen and helium. Through the new horizon, boiling phenomenon got an

Nomenclature Greek Symbol

Q: Heat input, W τ: Exponential Period, s Q0 : Initial exponential heat input, W m−3 Tsat : Wall superheat= (Tw−Tsat), K q: Heat flux, W m−2 Suffix Subscript cr : CHF, W m−2 HTC : Heat Transfer Coefficient crD : CHF at direct transition, W m−2 FDNB : Fully developed nucleate boiling cst,c : Steady-state CHF, W m−2 CHF : Critical Heat flux

application where a pressure energy of the generated bubble has been used to inject the ink through tiny holes of the nozzle. The ebullition due to pulse heating of the liquid under high heat flux has been performed by authors [5, 14, 28, 29, 35]. The developing technology of MEMS (microelectromechanical systems) is shrinking mechanical devices into micro and nano-meter scales. Many technical challenges are likely to be faced when advanced micro devices are introduced. Recently, the micro-thermal bubble technology has found new applications in the bio-medical field. Okamoto et al. [10] have successfully ejected DNA segments onto a glass surface for DNA micro-array using a bubble jet-printing device. The ejection of the DNA segment onto a glass surface for micro-array using a bubble jet has been successfully demonstrated by the scientist. Much effort has been devoted to develop novel methods to promote these processes in microfluidic devices in recent years [29]. 1.1. Background

Transient boiling can be categorized as three different types: power transients, flow transients, and pressure transients where the corresponding operating parameter changes over the time span. It is observed that the power transient has been adopted in many engineering application like nuclear reactor, power electronics, printing technology, MEMS etc. Furthermore, power transients has classified into heat flux-controlled, temperature-controlled power transient system. Typically, rapid and quasi-steady transient, which can be sub-classify, has temperature-controlled and heat flux-controlled conditions, respectively. For temperature controlled system [17, 23, 32, 37], the rate of change of wall temperature is quantified while in heat flux controlled system [1,4,7,8,16,18,19,20,25,26,31,33] the time constant, t0 , is be considered. Further, in case of unsteady state analysis of pool boiling, ample amount of trials has been done over lumped mass test piece instead of thick test surfaces. Also, it is observed that it being easy to use thin body as test surface as well as heater rather to fabricate assembly of both. Authors viewed that selection of thick, non-lumped test surface extend the most practical and creative approach to the engineering world.

This paper reviews transient boiling heat transfer which is the study of transition mechanism from natural convection or nucleate boiling to film boiling and critical point of heat flux using the various wetting fluid as working medium caused by exponentially increasing heat input at various periods under saturated or higher system pressure. An aspect of dynamic boiling like the onset of boiling, delay period, temperature overshoot, homogenous nucleation, heterogeneous nucleation, transient CHF has been analyzed.


2. Experimental Facility It seems a common practice to facilitate the experiment setup and the measurement techniques of operating

parameters. Authors have discussed the experimental facility according to the type of test surface viz. wire, film and plate heaters researchers have installed. The investigators [3,7,8,12,13,15,16,18,19,20,25,26,28,30,31,33,34] have tested the wire or thin cylinder with different power transients at different operating values. One of the pioneering study has been done by the Robert C. Hendricks, et. al [3] where strip of nickel-chrome-alloy was used. Sakurai, et al. [7, 8] made water filled insulated stainless steel boiling chamber which had glass window for the visualization of bubble behaviour using high speed camera. The power amplifier, supplies current to the platinum wire heater, was controlled by a high-speed analogue computer so as to regulate the heat generation rate of the heater. A heater wire was tapped between two potential ends of a bridge circuit shown in Fig. 1. The surface temperature of the heater was calculated with aid of calibrated resistance-temperature relation for platinum wire. The instantaneous heat flux from the heater q(t) is the difference between the heat generation rate per unit surface area and the rate of change of energy storage in the heater. The similar procedure was adopted for the film type test surface to estimate the corresponding

unsteady state surface temperature as well as heat flux.

Fig. 1 Heating system [6] Fig.2 Pool boiling setup for non-lumped surfaces [38]

During the past few years, interest towards testing thick, non-lumped surfaces has raised. The mechanical facility for such type of test surfaces is shown in Fig.2. Commonly, it has boiling chamber, heater body, metal rod (connecting between heater and test surface) [40] test piece, thermocouples, condenser coil [27,37,40] or pressure relief valve, pressure gauge, high speed camera and light source. Sheathed thermocouples were implanted either in the metal rod or interior of test surface to record the corresponding temperature values. The instantaneous heat flux and surface temperature values are either estimated by extrapolation of one dimensional heat conduction equation [37] or by inverse heat conduction problem (IHCP) [27]. 3. Result and Discussion

i. Effect of exponential Heat Input (Q=Q0*et/τ) and period (τ) Rosenthal, et al. [1] conducted the experiments for exponential increase in heat supply for the period ranging

5-75ms. Rapidly rising surface temperature due to temperature overshoot turned to formation of explosive bubbles which finally resulted into burnout of the ribbon. The effect of exponential period on temperature overshoot was examined and they concluded that temperature overshoot decreases with increase in exponential period and drops to


zero at 70 ms period as shown in Fig.3. Sakurai, et. al [6,7,17,24] have studied exponentially varying heat supply with extensive period and wide range of subcooling, shown in Table.1. The relation between superheat and heat flux corresponding to the incipient boiling point has evaluated. The superheat at boiling incipience was found independent at low heat input whereas at higher value of heat input, it becomes dependent. They found that heat flux at incipience of boiling increases with decreasing exponential period. Comparing short and long period, Sakurai concluded that at short period, HTC is independent of the surface temperature. Whereas, for longer period, HTC tends to be constant but is higher for higher surface temperature, as shown in Fig. 4 and 5. The expression for natural convection phenomenon corresponding to low heating rate found as given in Equ. 1. hn=(0.53 K [(Gr*Pr)]^025)/D (1)

For rapid heating, the dominance of conduction phenomenon is observed and expressed as given in Equ. 2 hc=[((K*ρl*Cl)⁄t0 )]^0.5×K1×(μD/2)) ⁄ [K0*(μD/2)] (2) The boiling heat transfer characteristics under the pressure higher than the atmospheric was tested and

commented that the maximum heat flux by the regular process is higher for shorter period and for higher system pressure as shown in Fig. 6. They found that for the same heat flux, HTC during transient boiling was lower than steady boiling HTC. They putforth the hypothesis that incipience of boiling occurs at the unflooded cavities whose mouth radii satisfy the boiling condition. As heater temperature increases, for the case of transient, cavities having smaller mouth radii starts to generate bubble nuclei. Then originally flooded cavities of mouth radii bigger than that of the maximum unflooded cavities have to activate by neighboring cavities. They coined this phenomenon as ‘Time Lag’. They found that minimum value of ht⁄hst, a normalizing parameter, and decrease with the increase in pressure as shown in Fig. 7.

Fig. 3 Effect of period on the delay period and temperature

overshoot [1] Fig. 4 Time traces of heat input Q, heater surface temperature Ts,

and heat flux q [6]

A comprehensive observation from single phase to nucleate boiling during exponential heat input with the long period of around 100 s at various range pressure given in Table 1, has been made by authors [15]. A. Sakurai [17] argued that boiling initiation during dynamic heating does not occur in originally unflooded cavities of the solid surface and explosive heterogeneous spontaneous nucleation in initially flooded cavities. They investigated heat flux from the wire of platinum with consideration of Kapitza conductance.

The experiments were conducted for the large heat input values beyond the steady state CHF [10] and they estimated the time span (tL) of quasi-steady heat during exponential period followed by step heat input for slow and rapid transient (qs) as given in Equ. 3.

tL=9×107 qs-2.5 for qs > 9.88*103

tL=8×1047 qs-12.5 for qs < 9.88*103 (3)

Sakurai et.al [17] studied the boiling behaviour as on homogenous or heterogeneous nucleation temperature for various exponential periods and system pressure as given in Table 1. They found that quasi-steady and rapid


increments in heat input causes transition through steady natural convection and conduction, respectively as shown in Fig. 8. Also, they found good agreement of transient heat conduction equation at rapid transients which results into homogenous nucleation temperature. The quasi-steady time period causes FDNB whereas, after natural convection regime, curve shows rapid temperature drop maintaining the heat flux and rapid heat flux for certain increment in temperature superheat which followed through FDNB and CHF.

Fig. 5 Heat transfer coefficient before the initiation of boiling as a function of exponential period [6]

Fig. 6 (a) Transient maximum heat flux (b) transient DNB heat flux values versus exponential period for different pressures [7]

The rapid temperature drop exhibits due to activation of originally flooded cavities. Moreover, semi-direct transition of conduction regime to film boiling regime was observed for rapid most (τ=28 ms) heat input due to heterogeneous spontaneous nucleation (HSN) in originally flooded cavities, as shown in Fig. 8. Taylor instability is responsible to form vapor film followed by wavy pattern during transition to film boiling regime. Steady and unsteady state case resulted identical film boiling characteristics where surface superheat at transient CHF agrees with minimum heat flux at steady state. Fukuda et al. [23] followed the different objectives such as the effect of surface roughness of horizontally oriented cylinder on transient critical heat fluxes under exponentially varying heat flux, shown in Fig. 9.

Fig. 7 The normalizing parameter with the pressure as a parameter;

for (a) to =9 ms, (b) t0 = 20 ms, and (c) t0 = 100 m [7] Fig. 8 Transitions from non-boiling to film boiling or to fully

developed nucleate boiling caused by exponential heat inputs [17]


Longer, intermediate, and shorter period (20s≤τ≤2ms) was kept and they found that shorter period affects significantly over surface conditions viz. mirror finished and emery-3 finish. Similar results as of their previous observation found that direct transition from non-boiling to film boiling at subcooled condition and at higher pressure due to HSN. The transient CHFs for the period of 10 ms under the subcooling of 80 K was found approximately 30% of corresponding steady-state CHF for the cylinder with MS and approximately 40% of corresponding steady-state CHF for the cylinder with RS. Since rapid transient (τ=5 ms) is followed by conduction curve and mode of conduction does not influence by the surface roughness, surface modification does not affects the boiling characteristics. Visualization study has been made by Sakurai et al. [24] for the complete transient boiling curve with and without pre-pressurisation of system. Taylor unstable wave are responsible for the detachment of bubble from thick vapor film. They believed that if surface superheat drops as after bubble detachment, HSN does not occur.

Table 1 Parametric Summary

Paper no.

Medium Type of Element

Element Material

Nature of transient Subcooling Operating Pressure

Surface Modification

Camera (fps)

1 Water Ribbon

(0.001" thick, 0.1" wide)

Platinum and

Aluminium

Exponential (τ=30-500 ms)

90° F to Saturation

temp. Atmospheric - 6000

6 DI Water Wire

(φ=0.2 mm) Platinum Exponential (τ=5ms-10s) 25-75K Atmospheric - 200

7 DI Water Wire

(φ=0.2 mm) Platinum Exponential (τ=5ms-10s) 25-75K 0.1-2.1 MPa - 200

10 LHe Rod

(φ=0.3 mm) Au-Mn Alloy

Stepwise and Exponential

(τ=1.5-30 ms) - - - 200

15 LN2 Cylinder

(φ=1.2mm) Platinum

Exponential (τ= 100sec);

Ramp wise (3*10^5-9.5*10^10 W/m3s); Stepwise (2.4*10^4-

1.5*10^6 W/m2)

26.6 K and 38.6 K

20.7-582.4 KPa

- 200

17 LN2 and

LHe Wire

(φ=1.2mm) Platinum Exponential

(τ=5ms-100s) 1.7,8.3,16.5

,25K 5.965-101.3

kPa - 200

18 He I and

He II Wire

(φ=0.2 mm) Pt-Co alloy

Exponential (τ=0.2ms-10s) 1-2K Atmospheric - 200

23

DI water and

Demineralised water

Cylinder (φ=1.2mm) Platinum

Exponential (τ=2ms-20s) 0-80 K


They concluded that HSN in originally flooded cavities is responsible for direct transition in transient conduction as well as in quasi-steady natural convection regime for both liquid nitrogen and water. Limiting to the study for only mirror finished and rough surface, Fukuda, et al. [29] performed under high pressure and wide range of subcooling and found that CHF under high pressure is solely dependent on subcooling of the working fluid. They found the point of overshoot after which heat flux drops and again rises to CHF value as shown in Fig. 10.

Fig. 9 Effect of surface conditions at 60 K subcooled and 690 kPa over heat flux [23]

Fig. 10 time Trace of heat flux and heat generation over time [29]

ii. Effect of Subcooling

Separate study of liquid subcooling over the transient heat transfer is not present. Mostly, combine study of different values of subcooling at different pressure and period has done. Sakurai et al. [6] have found relation between heat flux and the superheat at the incipient boiling for different subcooling. Maximum temperature overshoot and incipient boiling superheat was found to be higher for large subcooling ( T=75K) as shown in Fig. 11.

Fig. 11 Maximum temperature overshoot and incipient boiling

superheating a function of exponential period with different subcooling [6]

Fig.12 The relation between qcr and τ at atmospheric pressure in

saturated FC-72 depending on cylinder surface roughness (▲: MS, ○: CS) [40]


iii. Effect of surface condition

Fukuda et al [23, 29, 40] was observed ebullition mechanism for the commercial (CS), mirror finished (MS) (polished by emery-3 paper) surfaces. During longer period (τ≥ 2s), qcr slowly increases from the reference line of steady state CHF and suddenly decreases to lower value. It can be clearly noted from Fig. 12 that the higher CHF exists for the short period (τ≥ 0.4s) due to roughness of the surface. Though it was reported that surface condition influences the dynamic boiling heat flux, wide range of roughness values is yet to study.

4. Conclusion

Convincing outcomes by the all reviewed investigators have obtained which suggests the existence of the different mechanism between steady and unsteady pool boiling heat transfer. Two distinct transient boiling mechanism viz. nucleation through active cavities of originally entrapped vapor and HSN in originally flooded cavities is observed. Though a deeper insight has got over the boiling phenomenon and its behaviour, most of the attempts focused over lumped bodies. It will be erroneous if we will rely and consider the identical results for the non-lumped bodies. It is necessary to observe the boiling characteristic for the thick surfaces. Many researchers have reported modified surfaces for the steady state pool boiling but very few studies are done in case of transient boiling phenomenon. Improved working fluid and surface characteristics should be adapted and studied under dynamic case of pool boiling.

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