Dye removal from aqueous solution using low cost … JRF, School of Civil Engineering, SASTRA...

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Volume 1, No 7, 2011

© 2011 Velmurugan.P et al., licensee IPA- Open access - Distributed under Creative Commons Attribution License 2.0

Research article ISSN 0976 – 4402

Received on March 2011 Published on April 2011 1499

Dye removal from aqueous solution using low cost adsorbent Velmurugan

.P

1, Rathina kumar.V

2, Dhinakaran.G

3

1- JRF, School of Civil Engineering, SASTRA University, Tamil Nadu, India

2- Assistant Professor, School of Civil Engineering, SASTRA University, Tamil Nadu, India

3- Professor, School of Civil Engineering, SASTRA University, Tamil nadu-613 401, India

[email protected]

doi:10.6088/ijessi.00107020009

ABSTRACT

The use of cheap and eco-friendly adsorbents studied as an alternative substitution of

activated carbon for removal of dyes from wastewater. Adsorbents prepared from orange peel,

which is a domestic waste, successfully used to remove the methylene blue from an aqueous

solution in a batch wise column. This study investigates the potential use of orange peel,

pretreated with nominal treatment method, for removal of methylene blue from simulated

wastewater. Treated orange peel used to adsorb methylene blue at varying dye concentration,

adsorbent dosage, pH and contact time. Similar experiments conducted with some other low-

cost adsorbent such as banana peel, neem leaves and commercially available powdered

activated carbon (PAC). The adsorption capacity of orange peels decreased in the order of

methyl orange (MO) > methylene blue (MB) > Rhodamine B (RB) > Congo red (CR) >

methyl violet (MV) > amido black 10B (AB). Removal efficiency of all the adsorbents is

quite effective, but orange peel found to be very effective compared to other low cost

adsorbent within the short period. The sorption data were then correlated with the freundlich

and the langmuir adsorption isotherm models. In both isotherms exhibited a maximum K

value in which indicates that the orange peel has greater affinity for methylene blue. The

maximum color removal efficiencies of orange peel at dosage of 1.0g for time duration of 45

min found to be 99% of the dye from an aqueous solution of 12.32 ppm. From the study it is

understood that pH, contact time and adsorbent dosage plays a vital role in removal of dye.

Keywords: Adsorbent, Methylene blue, pH, Orange peel, Neem leaves, Banana peel.

1 Introduction

Dyes are chemicals, which on binding with a material will give color to them. Dyes are ionic,

aromatic organic compounds with structures including aryl rings, which have delocalized

electron systems. The color of dye provided by the presence of a chromophore group. A

chromophore is a radical configuration consisting of conjugated double bonds containing

delocalized electrons. The Chromogen, which is the aromatic structure normally containing

benzene, naphthalene or anthracene rings, is part of a chromogen-chromophore structure

along with an auxochrome. The presence of ionising groups known as auxochromes results in

a much stronger alteration of the maximum absorption of the compound and provides a

bonding affinity. Colored dye wastewater arises as a direct result of the production of the dye

and because of its use in the textile and other industries. There are more than 100,000

commercially available dyes with over 7 x 105

of dyes produced annually worldwide [1-2].

Dyes are widely used in industries such as textile, rubber, paper, plastic, cosmetic etc. Among

these various industries, textile ranks first in usage of dyes for coloration of fiber. The

convectional biological treatment process is not very effective in treating a dyes wastewater,

due to low biodegradation of dyes. It is usually treated by either physical or chemical

Dye removal from aqueous solution using low cost adsorbent

Velmurugan. P, Rathina kumar. V, Dhinakaran. G

International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 1 No.7, 2011

1500

processes. However, these processes were very expensive and could not be effectively used

to treat the wide range of dyes waste [Grag et al, 2003].

The adsorption process is one of the effective methods for removal dyes from the waste

effluent. The process of adsorption has an edge over the other methods due to its sludge free

clean operation and completely removed dyes, even from the diluted solution. Activated

carbon (powdered or granular) is the most widely used adsorbents because it has excellent

adsorption efficiency for the organic compound. Nevertheless, commercially available

activated carbon is very expensive. Furthermore, regeneration using solution produced small

additional effluent while regeneration by refractory technique results in a 10-15% loss of

adsorbents and its uptake capacity [Shaobin Wang et al, 2005]. The sorption data have been

correlated with adsorption isotherm to determine the efficiency of adsorption process.

Numerous researchers worked earlier on variety of adsorpents as mentioned below. Wool

Fiber and Cotton Fiber [Rasheed Khan et al, 2005], Banana pith [Namasivayam et al,

1993a,1993b], Biogas residual slurry [Namasivayam et al, 1992a], Carbonized coir pith

[Namasivayam et al, 2001a], Coir pith [Namasivayam et al, 2001b,2002], Chitosan [Juang et

al, 1996], Hardwood [Asfour et al, 1985], Mahogany sawdust, rice husk [Namasivayam et

al,1992b], Parthenium hysterophorus [Rajeshwarisivaraj et al, 2002], Neem (Azadirachta

Indica) husk [Alau et al, 2010], Rice husk [Singh et al, 2001], Rice husk [Guo et al, 2003],

Silk cotton hull, coconut tree sawdust [Kadirvelu et al, 2003], Gypsum [Muhammad Rauf et

al, 2009], Tuberose Sticks [Ahsan habib et al, 2006], Tamarind Fruit Shell[Papita Saha 2010].

2 Experimental Investigations

2.1 Preparation of the Adsorbent

Adsorbents like Orange Peel, Neem leaves and Banana peel collected from the local areas of

Thanjavur District. The peels and leaves collected and dried at low temperature (<105˚C) for

48 hrs to remove moisture content. After drying process, peels were ground to fine powder

and sieved through 600 µ size. The adsorbents used in the present research work prepared

under Nominal Treatment only.

2.2 Dye solution preparation

The characteristics of the Methylene blue used for the present work is given in Table 1. An

accurately weighed quantity of the dye dissolved in double distilled water to prepared stock

solution (1000 ppm). Solution used in the experiment for the desired concentration obtained

by successive dilutions. Dye concentration was determined by using absorbance values

measured before and after the treatment, at 650 nm with Shimadzu UV Visible Spectrometer

(Model : UV mini 1240). Experiments were carried out at initial pH value is 6.5 and was

controlled by addition of sodium hydroxide or hydrochloric acid, physical characteristics of

various adsorbents given in Table 2.

Table 1: Properties of Methylene Blue

Chemical formula C14H18N3SCl

Molecular weight 319.85 g/mol

Melting point 100 – 110 C

Type of dye Basic blue

Boiling point Decomposes

max 665 mm




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Table 2: Physical Properties of Adsorbents

2.3 Calibration of Methylene Blue

The synthetic dye sample calibrated in order to find out various optical densities at various

concentrations. The calibrated results are very effective to identify the respective color

removal capacities of various adsorbents Figure1 showing the graphical representation of

Calibration of Methylene Blue.

Figure 1: Calibration of Methylene Blue.

No. Parameter Value

Orange Peel Neem

Leaves

Banana

Peel

Activeted

Carbon

01. Moisture Content (%) 38.50 11.10 7.70 30.00

02. Ash Content (%) 17.80 4.30 5.60 30.00

03. Volatile Content (%) 43.70 84.60 86.70 40.00

04. Specific Gravity 3.22 2.85 3.13 1.83

05. Fineness Modulus 3.24 3.128 3.02 2.17

06. Particle size (mm) 0.150 0.186 0.200 0.002

07. Void ratio 0.75 0.75 0.36 0.50

08. Particle Density (g/cc) 1.44 0.56 0.92 1.90




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2.4 Effect of time on various adsorbents

In each adsorption experiment, 20 ml of dye solution of known concentration and pH was

added to 0.1g of adsorbents in 250 ml round bottom flask at room temperature and the

mixture was stirred on a rotary orbital shaker at 150 rpm. The sample withdrawn from the

shaker at the pre determined time intervals for 10 minutes each. At the end of 10 min, the

agitated sample taken from the shaker and tested for its optical density using the UV-Visible

Spectrophotometer. The corresponding Optical Density interpolated with the initial

calibration values in order to find out color removal efficiency of the adsorbent. From the

Comparative results, it is clearly known that, the effect of duration plays a very important

role in adsorption process of color removal. All the adsorbents are quite effective, but Orange

peel found to be very effective next to activated Carbon. The color removal efficiencies of the

adsorbents have a break through at 60 minutes duration, in which there is no further color

removal takes place. Orange Peel found to be very effective with color removing efficiency

of 96%. The results of present study are compared with results of Papita Saha 2010, who has

done experiments with Tamarind shell. It is inferred from the comparison that, upto the

duration of 40 min, orange peel showed lesser efficiency and after 40 min it shows higher

efficiency than the Tamarind shell. The comparative results of efficiency of various adsorbent

with respect to time given in Figure 2. However, activated carbon performs well when

compared to all these low cost adsorbents.

Figure 2: Comparative results of various adsorbents on to Effect of Time

2.5 Effect of adsorbent dosage on various adsorbents

20 ml of the stock solution of 1000 ppm taken and with varied amount (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1 g)

of adsorbent fed into the 250ml round bottom flask and kept for agitation at 150 rpm using

rotary orbital shakers for the regular interval of 45 minutes. At the end, the agitated sample

taken from the shaker and tested for its optical density using the UV-Visible

Spectrophotometer. The corresponding Optical Density interpolated with the initial

calibration values in order to find out color removal efficiency of the adsorbent. From the

Comparative results, it is clearly understood that the Effect of Adsorbent Dosage is also plays

a very vital role in adsorption process for color removal. Among the three adsorbents, Orange




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peel found to be very effective next to Activated Carbon. Therefore, from the two parameters

such as Effect of Time and Effect of Adsorbent dosage, Orange peel found to be an excellent

adsorbent compared to Neem leaves and Banana Peel. The maximum color removal

efficiencies of Orange peel, Neem leaves and Banana Peel at dosage of 1 g for a time

duration of 45 minutes is found to be 98.76, 97.77 and 97.93 respectively Figure 3 Showing

the graphical representation of comparative results various adsorbent with respect to

adsorbent dosage.

Figure 3: Comparative results of various Adsorbents on to Effect of Adsorbent Dosage

2.6 Effect of pH on Orange Peel for Color Removal

In Order to find the effect of pH, series of experiments conducted at various pH values from

2-4 and 8-10 in acidic and alkaline conditions respectively. However, the initial pH of the

stock solution prepared was 6.50 at 1000 ppm. The value of pH controlled by addition of

sodium hydroxide or hydrochloric acid. For the present research, the stock solution of 20 ml

taken and 0.1 g of adsorbent fed into round bottom flask and kept for rotary orbital shaker at

150 rpm. The sample withdrawn from the shaker at the pre determined time intervals for 10

minutes each. At the end of each 10 minutes the agitated sample is taken from the shaker and

tested for its optical density using the UV-Visible Spectrophotometer.

Effect of pH under acidic condition imparts a new color (greenish yellow) in which the

respective optical density found to be more than 4.00, because of some acidic elements

already present in the orange peel. Again some sample was analyzed at the pH of 4, the value

of the optical density is slightly above the calibration value of the Methylene blue. Hence

color removal under acidic condition using orange peel as an adsorbent found to be

insignificant, where as for alkaline condition it is significant. Effect of pH and different

dosage of adsorbent under alkaline conditions are depicted in Figures 4 and 5.




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Figure 4: Effect of pH under alkaline conditions at regular time interval.

Figure 5: Effect of pH under alkaline conditions at various adsorbent dosages

2.7 Column Study using Orange peel

The column tests carried out in a micro-glass column with inside diameter of 12.5 mm,

length 750 mm with a capacity of 50 ml. By using column study burette found to be very

economical and there is no external driven force applied to the system. Series of burettes

operated in a parallel way and filled with 10 ml of adsorbent and 40 ml of adsorbate. A thin

layer of very fine particles of sand of diameter of 0.7 mm with the depth of 50 mm placed at

the bottom in order to remove the foreign and dust particles. Figure 6 shows experimental

setup of column study.

Particle size plays a foremost role in adsorption process especially in the column studies and

the particle size of the adsorbent is 0.6 mm. The effluent of the first column considered as the

influent of the second column with time interval of 60 minutes each. The results are shown in

Figure 7.

The effluent from the each burette was taken and measured for its optical density. In order to

correct for any adsorption of color by the container, control experiments carried out without

adsorbents. It was found that there was no adsorption by the container walls. Similarly same

test were carried out by using the filling material and was found that no adsorption took place,

and the entire column tests conducted at room temperature only.




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Figure 6: Series of column tests conducted using burettes

Figure 7: Efficiency of color removal using orange peel as adsorbent

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The study of isotherm data is important to find out the adsorption capacity of various

adsorbents. In order to investigate the adsorption isotherm, two equilibrium isotherms were

analyzed: Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms are used for fitting the experimental data in

adsorption studies to understand the extent and degree of favorability of adsorption.

3.1 Freundlich Isotherm

The equilibrium adsorption isotherms are of fundamental importance in the design of

adsorption systems. The equilibrium adsorption data could be satisfactory by the Freudlich

isotherm

x/m = K.C 1/n

where x is the amount adsorbed per mass of adsorbent (m), Co is the initial concentration of

the solution (ppm), C is the equilibrium concentration (ppm), and K and n are Freudlich




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constants. The constant K, partition coefficient in equilibrium is positively related to the

extent of degree of adsorption, while then constant „n‟ provides a rough estimation of the

intensity of adsorption. A linear form of the Freundlich expression will yield the constants K

and n hence:

log x/m = log K+1/n log C

The analysis and design of adsorption separation process require the relevant adsorption

equilibrium, which is the most important piece of information in understanding the

adsorption process. The adsorption isotherms are equilibrium equation and apply to

condition resulting after the adsorbate-containing phase has seen in contact with the

adsorbent of sufficient time to reach equilibrium [Tan et al, 2010]. The adsorption capacity of

any adsorbent may be determined by the used of an adsorption isotherm. Knowledge of

adsorption capacity of an adsorbent material such as lignite enables the designer to develop

treatment systems for particular adsorbate/adsorbent systems [Allen et al, 1989].

Freudlich constants were determined from the graphs plotted for log (X/M) in ordinate and

log Ce in abscissa. Table 3 shows the Orange peel has the maximum K value followed by

Banana Peel and Neem leaves. The higher value of K (0.775mg/g) indicates that Orange Peel

have greater affinity for methylene blue compared with other adsorbents. The adsorption

intention „n‟ is found to 1.50, 0.612 and 1.273 for Orange peel, Neem leaves and Banana peel

respectively. It is observed that all the adsorbents do not satisfy the condition of

heterogeneity, i.e., 1<n<10. Only Orange Peel and Banana Peel satisfy those conditions.

Table 3: Freudlich Isotherm constants for Adsorbents

Sl.No Name of the

Adsorbent

Value of „n” K (mg/g) R2

1. Orange Peel 1.50 0.775 0.6210

2. Neem leaves 0.612 -0.327 0.8373

3. Banana Peel 1.273 0.635 0.6716

4. Activated Carbon 0.952 -0.7276 0.8975

3.2 Langmuir Isotherm

The Langmuir model was developed based on the assumption of the formation of a

monolayer of the absorbate species onto the surface of the adsorbent. It has also been

assumed that the surface sites are completely energetically homogeneous. But in the true

sense, the adsorbent surface is energetically homogeneous. The study of the Langmuir

isotherm is essential in assessing the adsorption efficiency of the adsorbent. This study is

also useful in optimizing the operating conditions for effective adsorption. In the respect, the

Langmuir isotherm is important, though the restrictions and the limitations of this model have

been well recognized.

The Langmuir and the arranged Langmuir equations are given below,

q = (Xmk C) / (1+kC)

Ce/Qe = 1/k.Xm + Ce/Xm

Where q is the amount of dye adsorbed per unit weight of the adsorbent, C is the

Concentration of dye remaining in solution at equilibrium, Xm is the amount of dye adsorbed




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per unit weight of adsorbent in forming a complete monolayer on the surface and k is the

constant related to the energy. By plotting Ce versus Ce/Qe, a curve is obtained which is

linear at low equilibrium concentrations, followed by a curvature and with an asymptotic

tendency to saturation corresponding to a monolayer covering.

Table 4: Langmuir Constants for various adsorbents

Sl.No Name of the

Adsorbent

a (l/mg) K (l/g) R2

1. Orange Peel 0.00502 10,000 0.08368

2. Neem leaves -0.00903 -3,333.33 0.5529

3. Banana Peel 0.00411 10,000 0.0769

4. Activated Carbon -0.00370 -33,333.33 0.0402

From the Table 4 , the higher value of K (10,000) indicates that the amount of methylene

blue per unit weight of adsorbent seem to significantly higher than Neem leaves, in which

both orange peel and Banana peel have same values. Neem leaves is found to very non-linear,

this will normally occur after dye particles fill the available monolayer in the adsorbents.

This non-linearity may also be due to any primary expansion of adsorbent while will give

way to a secondary or tertiary expansion which can occur at much reduced rates. From the

results the higher value of K from Orange peel is found to be very effective followed by

Banana peel and Neem leaves, which confirmes the result obtained from the Freudlich

Isotherm that Orange peel has the maximum K value followed by Banana peel and Neem

leaves. The plots showing results between log(X/M) and log (Ce) is given in Figure 8 for

Freundlich Isotherm and between Ce/Qe and Ce is given in Figure 9 for Langmuir Isotherm.

Figure 8: Freudlich Isotherm using Orange Peel




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Figure 9: Langmuir Isotherm using Orange Peel

4 Conclusions

From the results of the present study, it is concluded that, the adsorption process is a very

effective process for the decolorization of textile wastewater, as we can reach 97%

decolorization in few minutes. There is a need to enhance the adsorption process effectively

by varying parameters so as to bring down the values to permissible limits for wastewater

before discharging it to the water environment. The removal of color from aqueous solutions

and wastewaters using activated carbon and three low cost sorbent materials orange peel,

neem leaves and banana peel was studied by studying the effect of time, adsorbent dosage

and pH. A separate column study was conducted in which, flow was due to gravity. Two

types of isotherms were investigated, namely the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms.

The adsorption studies revealed that the optimum time adsorption of Orange Peel, Neem

leaves and Banana peel was found to be 60 minutes and adsorbent dosage was 1 g for all the

three adsorbents. The isotherm analysis revealed that orange peel prepared under nominal

treatment was found to be very effective than the Neem leaves and Banana Peel. Adsorption

was an effective process for decolorization of textile wastewaters. Although activated carbon

was the most effective sorbent, other low cost sorbents could be used for color removal. The

final choice of the sorbent is a matter of economics. Batch studies and column studies

confirm that these low cost materials can be used as a substitute for high cost adsorbent.




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