Dye penetrant inspection

82
Dye penetrant inspection From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 1. Section of material with a surface-breaking crack that is not visible to the naked eye. 2. Penetrant is applied to the surface. 3. Excess penetrant is removed. 4. Developer is applied, rendering the crack visible. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.(November 2009) Dye penetrant inspection (DPI), also called liquid penetrant inspection (LPI) or penetrant testing (PT), is a widely applied and low-cost inspection method used to locate surface-breaking defects in all non-porous materials (metals, plastics, or ceramics). The penetrant may be applied to all non-ferrous materials and ferrous materials, although for ferrous components magnetic- particle inspection is often used instead for its subsurface detection capability. LPI is used to detect casting, forging and welding surface defects such as hairline cracks, surface porosity, leaks in new products, and fatigue cracks on in-service components. Contents [hide] 1 History 2 Principles

Transcript of Dye penetrant inspection

Page 1: Dye penetrant inspection

Dye penetrant inspectionFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

1. Section of material with a surface-breaking crack that is not visible to the naked eye.

2. Penetrant is applied to the surface.

3. Excess penetrant is removed.

4. Developer is applied, rendering the crack visible.

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.(November 2009)

Dye penetrant inspection (DPI), also called liquid penetrant inspection (LPI) or penetrant

testing (PT), is a widely applied and low-cost inspection method used to locate surface-breaking defects

in all non-porous materials (metals, plastics, or ceramics). The penetrant may be applied to all non-

ferrous materials and ferrous materials, although for ferrous components magnetic-particle inspection is

often used instead for its subsurface detection capability. LPI is used to detect casting, forging and

welding surface defects such as hairline cracks, surface porosity, leaks in new products, and fatigue

cracks on in-service components.

Contents

  [hide] 

1   History

2   Principles

3   Materials

4   Inspection steps

5   Advantages and disadvantages

6   Standards

Page 2: Dye penetrant inspection

7   References

8   See also

9   External links

[edit]History

The oil and whiting method used in the railroad industry in the early 1900's was the first recognized use

of the principles of penetrants to detect cracks. The oil and whiting method used an oil solvent for

cleaning followed by the application of a whiting or chalk coating, which absorbed oil from the cracks

revealing their locations. Soon a dye was added to the liquid. By the 1940's, fluorescent or visible dye

was added to the oil used to penetrate test objects.

Experience showed that temperature and soak time were important. This started the practice of written

instructions to provide standard, uniform results. The use of written procedures has evolved, giving the

ability for design engineers and manufacturers to get the high standard results from any properly trained

and certified liquid penetrant testing technician.

[edit]Principles

DPI is based upon capillary action, where low surface tension fluid penetrates into clean and dry surface-

breaking discontinuities. Penetrant may be applied to the test component by dipping, spraying, or

brushing. After adequate penetration time has been allowed, the excess penetrant is removed, a

developer is applied. The developer helps to draw penetrant out of the flaw where a invisible indication

becomes visible to the inspector. Inspection is performed under ultraviolet or white light, depending upon

the type of dye used - fluorescent or nonfluorescent (visible).

[edit]Materials

Penetrants are classified into sensitivity levels. Visible penetrants are typically red in color, and represent

the lowest sensitivity. Fluorescent penetrants contain two or more dyes that fluoresce when excited

by ultraviolet (UV-A) radiation (also known as black light). Since Fluorescent penetrant inspection is

performed in a darkened environment, and the excited dyes emit brilliant yellow-green light that contrasts

strongly against the dark background, this material is more sensitive to small defects.

When selecting a sensitivity level one must consider many factors, including the environment under

which the test will be performed, the surface finish of the specimen, and the size of defects sought. One

must also assure that the test chemicals are compatible with the sample so that the examination will not

cause permanent staining, or degradation. This technique can be quite portable, because in its simplest

form the inspection requires only 3 aerosol spray cans, some lint free clothes, and adequate visible light.

Page 3: Dye penetrant inspection

Stationary systems with dedicated application, wash, and development stations, are more costly and

complicated, but result in better sensitivity and higher samples through-put.

[edit]Inspection steps

Below are the main steps of Liquid Penetrant Inspection:

1. Pre-cleaning:

The test surface is cleaned to remove any dirt, paint, oil, grease or any loose scale that could either keep

penetrant out of a defect, or cause irrelevant or false indications. Cleaning methods may

include solvents, alkaline cleaning steps, vapor degreasing, or media blasting. The end goal of this step

is a clean surface where any defects present are open to the surface, dry, and free of contamination.

Note that if media blasting is used, it may "work over" small discontinuities in the part, and an etching

bath is recommended as a post-bath treatment.

2. Application of Penetrant:

The penetrant is then applied to the surface of the item being tested. The penetrant is allowed "dwell

time" to soak into any flaws (generally 5 to 30 minutes). The dwell time mainly depends upon the

penetrant being used, material being testing and the size of flaws sought. As expected, smaller flaws

require a longer penetration time. Due to their incompatible nature one must be careful not to apply

solvent-based penetrant to a surface which is to be inspected with a water-washable penetrant.

3. Excess Penetrant Removal:

The excess penetrant is then removed from the surface. The removal method is controlled by the type of

penetrant used. Water-washable, solvent-removable, lipophilic post-emulsifiable, or hydrophilic post-

emulsifiable are the common choices. Emulsifiers represent the highest sensitivity level, and chemically

interact with the oily penetrant to make it removable with a water spray. When using solvent remover and

lint-free cloth it is important to not spray the solvent on the test surface directly, because this can remove

the penetrant from the flaws. If excess penetrant is not properly removed, once the developer is applied,

it may leave a background in the developed area that can mask indications or defects. In addition, this

may also produce false indications severely hindering your ability to do a proper inspection.

4. Application of Developer:

After excess penetrant has been removed a white developer is applied to the sample. Several developer

types are available, including: non-aqueous wet developer, dry powder, water suspendable, and water

soluble. Choice of developer is governed by penetrant compatibility (one can't use water-soluble or

suspendable developer with water-washable penetrant), and by inspection conditions. When using non-

aqueous wet developer (NAWD) or dry powder, the sample must be dried prior to application, while

Page 4: Dye penetrant inspection

soluble and suspendable developers are applied with the part still wet from the previous step. NAWD is

commercially available in aerosol spray cans, and may employ acetone, isopropyl alcohol, or a propellant

that is a combination of the two. Developer should form a semi-transparent, even coating on the surface.

The developer draws penetrant from defects out onto the surface to form a visible indication, commonly

known as bleed-out. Any areas that bleed-out can indicate the location, orientation and possible types of

defects on the surface. Interpreting the results and characterizing defects from the indications found may

require some training and/or experience [the indication size is not the actual size of the defect]

5. Inspection:

The inspector will use visible light with adequate intensity (100 foot-candles or 1100 lux is typical) for

visible dye penetrant. Ultraviolet (UV-A) radiation of adequate intensity (1,000 micro-watts per centimeter

squared is common), along with low ambient light levels (less than 2 foot-candles) for fluorescent

penetrant examinations. Inspection of the test surface should take place after a 10 minute development

time. This time delay allows the blotting action to occur. The inspector may observe the sample for

indication formation when using visible dye. It is also good practice to observe indications as they form

because the characteristics of the bleed out are a significant part of interpretation characterization of

flaws.

6. Post Cleaning:

The test surface is often cleaned after inspection and recording of defects, especially if post-inspection

coating processes are scheduled.

[edit]Advantages and disadvantages

The main advantages of DPI are the speed of the test and the low cost. The main disadvantages are that

it only detects surface flaws and it does not work on very rough surfaces. Also, on certain surfaces a

great enough color contrast cannot be achieved or the dye will stain the workpiece.[1]

Limited training is required for the operator — although experience is quite valuable. Proper cleaning is

necessary to assure that surface contaminants have been removed and any defects present are clean

and dry. Some cleaning methods have been shown to be detrimental to test sensitivity, so acid etching to

remove metal smearing and re-open the defect may be necessary.[citation needed]

[edit]Standards

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

ISO 3059, Non-destructive testing - Penetrant testing and magnetic particle testing - Viewing

conditions

Page 5: Dye penetrant inspection

ISO 3452-1, Non-destructive testing. Penetrant testing. Part 1. General principles

ISO 3452-2, Non-destructive testing - Penetrant testing - Part 2: Testing of penetrant materials

ISO 3452-3, Non-destructive testing - Penetrant testing - Part 3: Reference test blocks

ISO 3452-4, Non-destructive testing - Penetrant testing - Part 4: Equipment

ISO 3452-5, Non-destructive testing - Penetrant testing - Part 5: Penetrant testing at

temperatures higher than 50 °C

ISO 3452-6, Non-destructive testing - Penetrant testing - Part 6: Penetrant testing at

temperatures lower than 10 °C

ISO 12706, Non-destructive testing - Penetrant testing - Vocabulary

ISO 23277, Non-destructive testing of welds - Penetrant testing of welds - Acceptance levels

European Committee for Standardization (CEN)

EN 571-1, Non-destructive testing - Penetrant testing - Part 1: General principles. May be

replaced by EN ISO 3452-1.

EN 1371-1, Founding - Liquid penetrant inspection - Part 1: Sand, gravity die and low pressure

die castings

EN 1371-2, Founding - Liquid penetrant inspection - Part 2: Investment castings

EN 2002-16, Aerospace series - Metallic materials; test methods - Part 16: Non-destructive

testing, penetrant testing

EN 10228-2, Non-destructive testing of steel forgings - Part 2: Penetrant testing

EN 10246-11, Non-destructive testing of steel tubes - Part 11: Liquid penetrant testing of

seamless and welded steel tubes for the detection of surface imperfections

i s s n 1 0 1 8 – 5 5 1 8T r a i n i n g C o u r s e s e r i e s45non-Destructive Testing: sample Questions for Conduct of examinations at Levels 1 and 2 V i e n n a , 2 0 1 0non-Destructive Testing: sample Questions for Conduct of examinations at Levels 1 and 2 T r a i n i n g C o u r s e s e r i e s

Page 6: Dye penetrant inspection

4513.24 mmNon-Destructive Testing: Sample Questions for Conduct of Examinations at Levels 1 and 2 TRAINING COURSE SERIES No. 45 AFGHANISTANALBANIAALGERIAANGOLAARGENTINAARMENIAAUSTRALIAAUSTRIAAZERBAIJANBAHRAINBANGLADESHBELARUSBELGIUMBELIZEBENINBOLIVIABOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINABOTSWANABRAZILBULGARIABURKINA FASOBURUNDICAMBODIACAMEROONCANADACENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLICCHADCHILECHINACOLOMBIACONGOCOSTA RICACÔTE D’IVOIRECROATIACUBACYPRUSCZECH REPUBLICDEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGODENMARKDOMINICAN REPUBLICECUADOR

Page 7: Dye penetrant inspection

EGYPTEL SALVADORERITREAESTONIAETHIOPIAFINLANDFRANCEGABONGEORGIAGERMANYGHANAGREECEGUATEMALAHAITIHOLY SEEHONDURASHUNGARYICELANDINDIAINDONESIAIRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAQIRELANDISRAELITALYJAMAICAJAPANJORDANKAZAKHSTANKENYAKOREA, REPUBLIC OFKUWAITKYRGYZSTANLATVIALEBANONLESOTHOLIBERIALIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYALIECHTENSTEINLITHUANIALUXEMBOURGMADAGASCARMALAWIMALAYSIAMALIMALTAMARSHALL ISLANDS

Page 8: Dye penetrant inspection

MAURITANIAMAURITIUSMEXICOMONACOMONGOLIAMONTENEGROMOROCCOMOZAMBIQUEMYANMARNAMIBIANEPALNETHERLANDSNEW ZEALANDNICARAGUANIGERNIGERIANORWAYOMANPAKISTANPALAUPANAMAPARAGUAYPERUPHILIPPINESPOLANDPORTUGALQATARREPUBLIC OF MOLDOVAROMANIARUSSIAN FEDERATIONSAUDI ARABIASENEGALSERBIASEYCHELLESSIERRA LEONESINGAPORESLOVAKIASLOVENIASOUTH AFRICASPAINSRI LANKASUDANSWEDENSWITZERLANDSYRIAN ARAB REPUBLICTAJIKISTANTHAILAND

Page 9: Dye penetrant inspection

THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIATUNISIATURKEYUGANDAUKRAINEUNITED ARAB EMIRATESUNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELANDUNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIAUNITED STATES OF AMERICAURUGUAYUZBEKISTANVENEZUELAVIETNAMYEMENZAMBIAZIMBABWEThe Agency’s Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA held at United NationsHeadquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957. The Headquarters of the Agency are situated in Vienna. Its principalobjective is “to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world’’.The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency:NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING: SAMPLE QUESTIONS FOR CONDUCT OF EXAMINATIONS AT LEVELS 1 AND 2 INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA, 2010 COPYRIGHT NOTICE All IAEA scientific and technical publications are protected by the terms of the Universal Copyright Convention as adopted in 1952 (Berne) and as revised in 1972 (Paris). The copyright has since been extended by the World Intellectual Property Organization (Geneva) to include electronic and virtual intellectual property. Permission to use whole or parts of texts contained in IAEA publications in printed or electronic form must be obtained and is usually subject to royalty agreements. Proposals for non-commercial reproductions and translations are welcomed and considered on a case-by-case basis. Enquiries should be addressed to the IAEA Publishing Section at: Sales and Promotion, Publishing Section International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna International Centre PO Box 100 1400 Vienna, Austria

Page 10: Dye penetrant inspection

fax: +43 1 2600 29302 tel.: +43 1 2600 22417 email: [email protected] http://www.iaea.org/books For further information on this publication, please contact: Industrial Applications and Chemistry Section International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna International Centre PO Box 100 1400 Vienna, Austria email: [email protected] NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING: SAMPLE QUESTIONS FOR CONDUCT OF EXAMINATIONS AT LEVELS 1 AND 2 TRAINING COURSE SERIES No. 45 ISSN 1018-5518 © IAEA, 2010 Printed by the IAEA in Austria August 2010 FOREWORD The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) supports industrial applications of radiation technology which include non-destructive testing (NDT) under its various programmes such as individual country Technical Co-operation (TC) projects, Regional Projects and Coordinated Research Projects (CRPs). NDT technology is essentially needed for the improvement of the quality of industrial products, equipment and plants all over the world, especially in developing Member States. Trained and certified personnel is one of the essential requirements for applying this technology in industry. With this in view, the IAEA first played an important role in cooperation with the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) for the development of a standard for training and certification of NDT personnel, namely ISO 9712, ‘NonDestructive Testing: Qualification and Certification of Personnel’. Subsequently the syllabi and needed training materials were identified and developed for the creation of, in each of the Member States, a core group of personnel who are trained and qualified to establish the training and certification process in their respective countries. One of the important requirements for such a process is to have the examination questions for conducting the certification examinations. A need had been felt to compile the appropriate questions firstly for conducting these examinations at the national and regional levels and secondly to provide these to the certification bodies of the Member States so that they could initiate their own level 1 & 2 certification examinations. For this purpose, Experts’ Task Force Meetings were convened first in Accra, Ghana and then in Vienna, Austria under the AFRA regional projects on NDT. The experts examined and discussed in detail the ISO 9712 (1999 & 2005 versions) requirements for general, specific and practical examinations for level 1 & 2 personnel. After that a set of questions has been established which are presented in this book. In view of the

Page 11: Dye penetrant inspection

special situation prevailing in Africa, questions in both English and French have been compiled. No doubt many developing Member States in other regions will find this compilation equally useful. The experts recommended that these questions be taken as a guide and expanded by the national certifying bodies of the Member States. The IAEA wishes to express its appreciation to all those who have contributed to this publication. The IAEA officers responsible for this publication were Joon Ha Jin and A.A. Khan of the Division of Chemical and Physical Sciences. EDITORIAL NOTEThe use of particular designations of countries or territories does not imply any judgement by the publisher, the IAEA, as to the legal status of such countries or territories, of their authorities and institutions or of the delimitation of their boundaries. The mention of names of specific companies or products (whether or not indicated as registered) does not imply any intention to infringe proprietary rights, nor should it be construed as an endorsement or recommendation on the part of the IAEA. CONTENTS 1 LIQUID PENETRANT TESTING (PT) .......................................................................... 1 1.1 Liquid Penetrant Testing Level 1 (PT-1)............................................................ 1 1.1.1 Liquid Penetrant Testing Level 1 (PT-1) General Examination............. 1 1.1.2 Liquid Penetrant Testing Level 1 (PT-1) Specific Examination .......... 17 1.1.3 Liquid Penetrant Testing Level 1 (PT-1) Answers to Questions.......... 25 1.2 Liquid Penetrant Testing Level 2 (PT-2).......................................................... 26 1.2.1 Liquid Penetrant Testing Level 2 (PT-2) General Examination........... 26 1.2.2 Liquid Penetrant Testing Level 2 (PT-2) Specific Examination .......... 36 1.2.3 Liquid Penetrant Testing Level 2 (PT-2) Answers to Questions.......... 46 2 MAGNETIC PARTICLES TESTING (MT).................................................................. 47 2.1 Magnetic Particles Testing Level 1 (MT-1) ..................................................... 47 2.1.1 Magnetic Particles Testing Level 1 (MT-1) General Examination ...... 47 2.1.2 Magnetic Particles Testing Level 1 (MT-1) Specific Examination...... 65 2.1.3 Magnetic Particle Testing Level 1 (MT-1) Answers to Questions....... 83 2.2 Magnetic Particles Testing Level 2 (MT-2) ..................................................... 84 2.2.1 Magnetic Particles Testing Level 2 (MT-2) General Examination ...... 84 2.2.2 Magnetic Particles Testing Level 2 (MT-2) Specific Examination...... 97 2.2.3 Magnetic Particle Testing Level 2 (MT-2) Answers to Questions..... 105 3 RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING (RT).............................................................................. 106 3.1 Radiographic Testing Level 1 (RT-1) ............................................................ 106 3.1.1 Radiographic Testing Level 1 (RT-1) General Examination.............. 106 3.1.2 Radiographic Testing Level 1 (RT-1) Specific Examination ............. 124 3.1.3 Radiographic Testing Level 1 (RT-1) Answers to questions ............. 135 3.2 Radiographic Testing Level 2 (RT-2) ............................................................ 136 3.2.1 Radiographic Testing Level 2 (RT-2) General Examination.............. 136 3.2.2 Radiographic Testing Level 2 (RT-2) Specific Examination ............. 153 3.2.3 Radiographic Testing Level 2 (RT-2) Answers to questions ............. 169 4 ULTRASONIC TESTING (UT) .................................................................................. 170 4.1 Ultrasonic Testing Level 1 (UT-1) ................................................................. 170

Page 12: Dye penetrant inspection

4.1.1 Ultrasonic Testing Level 1 (UT-1) General Examination .................. 170 4.1.2 Ultrasonic Testing Level 1 (UT-1) Specific Examination.................. 184 4.1.3 Ultrasonic Testing Level 1 (UT-1) Answers to Questions ................. 199 4.2 Ultrasonic Testing Level 2 (UT-2) ................................................................. 200 4.2.1 Ultrasonic Testing Level 2 (UT-2) General Examination .................. 200 4.2.2 Ultrasonic Testing Level 2 (UT-2) Specific Examination.................. 216 4.2.3 Ultrasonic Testing Level 2 (UT-2) Answers to Questions ................. 226 CONTRIBUTORS TO DRAFTING AND REVIEW ........................................................... 227 11 LIQUID PENETRANT TESTING (PT) 1.1 Liquid Penetrant Testing Level 1 (PT-1) 1.1.1 Liquid Penetrant Testing Level 1 (PT-1) General Examination 1. Liquid penetrant testing is based on the principle of: (a) Polarized sound waves in a liquid (b) Magnetic domains (c) Absorption of X rays (d) Capillary action 2. When a small diameter tube is placed in a glass of water, water rises in the tube to a level above the adjacent surface. This is called: (a) Viscosity (b) Capillary action (c) Surface tension (d) Barometric testing 3. How is the size of a liquid penetrant indication usually related to the discontinuity it represents: (a) Larger than (b) Smaller than (c) Equal to (d) Not related to 4. A penetrant that is self-emulsifying is called: (a) Solvent removable (b) Water washable (c) Post-emulsified (d) Dual sensitivity method 2 5. A penetrant process which employs an emulsifier as a separate step in the penetrant removal process is called: (a) Solvent removable (b) Water washable (c) Post-emulsified (d) Dual sensitivity method 6. A penetrant process in which excess penetrant is removed with an organic solvent is called: (a) Solvent removable (b) Water washable (c) Post-emulsified (d) Dual method 7. Which of the following statements accurately describes the capabilities of liquid

Page 13: Dye penetrant inspection

penetrant testing? (a) Liquid penetrant testing is useful for locating subsurface discontinuities in a test piece (b) Liquid penetrant testing is useful for locating discontinuities in porous materials (c) Liquid penetrant testing is useful for locating discontinuities which are open to the surface in non-porous materials (d) none of the above 8. Which of the following discontinuity types could typically be found with a liquid penetrant test? (a) Internal slag in a weld (b) Internal slag in a casting (c) Sensitization in austenitic stainless steel (d) Fatigue cracks 39. Which of the following chemical elements are normally held to a minimum in liquid penetrant materials, when testing stainless steel and titanium? (a) Hydrogen (b) Chlorine (c) Carbon (d) Oil 10. Which of the following chemical elements are normally held to a minimum in liquid penetrant materials when testing nickel based alloys? (a) Sulphur (b) Oxygen (c) Carbon (d) Nitrogen 11. Which of the following is the most desirable method of pre-cleaning a test piece prior to penetrant testing? (a) Sand blasting (b) Vapour degreasing (c) Emery cloth (d) Wire brushing 12. Which of the following pre-cleaning processes is not recommended? (a) Detergent cleaning (b) Vapour degreasing (c) Shot blasting (d) Ultrasonic cleaning 13. A wire brush should be used for pre-cleaning: (a) When grease and oil must be removed (b) Only as a last resort (c) When rust is to be removed (d) When grinding burrs must be removed 4 14. A hydrometer is used to measure: (a) Penetrant viscosity (b) Specific gravity of water based wet developers (c) Penetrant specific gravity (d) Cleaner specific gravity

Page 14: Dye penetrant inspection

15. Visible, solvent removable penetrants are most advantageous for: (a) Inspecting parts with rough surfaces (b) Inspecting batches of small parts (c) Inspecting parts at remote locations (d) Inspecting parts with porous surfaces 16. For adequate test results, the black light used in fluorescent penetrant examination should provide what minimum black light intensity at the test surface? (a) 100 foot candles per square centimetre (b) 1000 microwatts per square centimetre (c) 800 foot candles (d) 35 microwatts per square centimetre 17. What minimum warm-up time is required for acceptable performance of a mercury Vapour arc black light? (a) None (b) 2 minutes (c) 5 minutes (d) 10 minutes 18. Which of the following penetrants contains an emulsifying agent? (a) Solvent removable (b) Water washable (c) Post emulsifiable (d) Fluorescent 519. Which of the following penetrants must be treated with an emulsifier prior to water removal? (a) Solvent removable (b) Water washable (c) Post emulsifiable (d) Fluorescent 20. What is the function of an emulsifier? (a) To remove the excess penetrant (b) To develop indications with a post emulsifiable penetrant system (c) To assist penetration with a post emulsifiable penetrant system (d) To make a post emulsifiable penetrant water washable 21. An oil based emulsifier is called: (a) Hydrophilic (b) Hydrophobic (c) Lipophilic (d) Fluoroscopic 22. A water based emulsifier is called: (a) Hydrophilic (b) Hydrophobic (c) Lipophilic (d) Fluoroscopic 23. Methylene chloride, isopropyl, alcohol, naptha and mineral spirits are examples of: (a) Emulsifiers (b) Developers (c) Solvent removers

Page 15: Dye penetrant inspection

(d) None of the above 6 24. What type of solvent removers may be used with a solvent removable penetrant? (a) Any organic solvent (b) Only the cleaner recommended by the manufacturer of the penetrant (c) Any alcohol based solvents (d) Only chlorinated hydrocarbons 25. Which of the following is a prerequisite for a penetrant test? (a) Developer must be applied in a thin, even coat (b) Any surface coatings or soils must be completely removed (c) All traces of penetrant materials should be removed after testing is complete (d) The test object must be non-magnetic 26. Which of the following types of pre-cleaning processes may be used for liquid penetrant testing? (a) Wire brushing only (b) Detergent and water only (c) Vapour degreasing only (d) Any process that leaves the part clean and dry, does not harm the part and is compatible with the penetrant materials 27. What is the likely result of incomplete removal of all excess penetrant from the test piece surface? (a) Formation of false indications (b) Formation of relevant indications (c) Exaggeration of the size of relevant indications (d) None of the above 28. What is the preferred pre-cleaning process for removal of oil and grease : (a) Steam cleaning with a added acid (b) Vapour degreasing (c) Steam cleaning (d) Ultrasonic cleaning 729. Which pre-cleaning method may be used with either a solvent or a detergent solution? (a) Ultrasonic cleaning (b) Steam cleaning (c) Detergent wash (d) Vapour degreasing 30. What is the danger associated with using a wire brush during pre-cleaning? (a) Bristles from the wire brush may cause false indications (b) Contaminants from the wire brush may cause delayed hydrogen cracking of high carbon steels (c) The wire brush may not adequately remove organic soils (d) The wire brush may close or smear metal over 31. What is the preferred method of removing paint prior to performing a penetrant testing? (a) Sand blast (b) Chemical removers (c) Power wire brush (d) Shot blast 32. What additional surface preparation or cleaning must be performed on a machined or

Page 16: Dye penetrant inspection

ground aluminium casting prior to penetrant testing? (a) Vapour degreasing (b) Etching (c) Detergent wash (d) Nothing 33. Acceptable methods of penetrant application are: (a) Spraying (b) Dipping (c) Brushing (d) All of the above 8 34. The time period during which penetrant remains on the surface of the test piece is called: (a) Dwell time (b) Soaking time (c) Fixing time (d) Development time 35. Excess penetrant removal is a two step process with which of the following penetrant methods? (a) Water washable (b) Post emulsifiable (c) Solvent removable (d) Liquid oxygen applications 36. A developer aids penetrant bleed out because of: (a) Adequate removal of the excess penetrant (b) Providing a contrasting background for visible dye indications (c) Capillary action (d) Proper emulsifier action 37. In the solvent removable penetrant process, excess penetrant is removed with: (a) A water spray (b) A hydrophilic scrubber (c) A solvent spray (d) Clean, lint free towels slightly moistened with solvent 38. Water based wet developer is applied: (a) Immediately before removal of excess penetrant (b) Immediately after removal of excess penetrant (c) After a drying period following removal of excess penetrant (d) For maximum sensitivity results 939. Non-aqueous wet developer is applied: (a) Immediately before removal of excess penetrant (b) Immediately after removal of excess penetrant (c) After the excess penetrant is removed and part surface is dried (d) For maximum sensitivity results 40. Dry developer is applied: (a) Immediately before removal of excess penetrant (b) Immediately after removal of excess penetrant (c) After drying of the part (d) For maximum sensitivity results

Page 17: Dye penetrant inspection

41. Typical ranges of emulsifier dwell times are: (a) 5 to 10 minutes (b) 30 seconds to 1 minute (c) 1 to 3 minutes (d) 5 to 10 minutes 42. Actual emulsification times are determined by: (a) Experiment, during technique qualification (b) Manufacturer's recommendations (c) Code requirements (d) None of the above 43. The colour of fluorescent penetrant under the presence of a UV light is: (a) Yellow-green (b) Red (c) Blue (d) Green 10 44. What action is necessary if the penetrant is inadvertently allowed to dry on the test piece? (a) Repeat the test, beginning with the pre-cleaning operation (b) Re-wet the penetrant, begin dwell time again and continue (c) Clean the penetrant off the surface and develop normally (d) Clean the penetrant off the surface, wait 5 minutes and develop normally 45. What maximum water rinse pressure is considered safe for removal of excess penetrant in the water washable penetrant process? (a) As low a pressure as possible, 50 PSI maximum (b) to 200 PSI (c) PSI maximum (d) to 500 PSI 46. During the water rinse step of the water washable penetrant process, what is the desired angle of the spray to the surface? (a) Normal (b) 30 degrees (c) 45 degrees (d) 75 degrees 47. Which type of emulsifier is designed to be used as a ‘scrubber’? (a) Hydrophilic (b) Hydrophobic (c) Lipophilic (d) Fluoroscopic 48. Post cleaning is especially important when: (a) Post emulsified penetrants are used (b) Phosphate containing detergents are used (c) Chlorinated hydrocarbons are used (d) The test object will be used in a liquid oxygen environment 1149. When using a hydrophilic emulsifier, the amount of penetrant removed is most affected by: (a) Solution strength and time of spray (b) Penetrant dwell time

Page 18: Dye penetrant inspection

(c) Emulsifier dwell time (d) Adequacy of pre-clean 50. If a mercury vapour arc black light is inadvertently turned off, how soon may it be restarted? (a) Immediately (b) 5 minutes (c) 10 minutes (d) 15 minutes 51. Which of the following is normally prohibited as a method of removing excess penetrant when using the solvent removable penetrant process? (a) A water spray (b) A hydrophilic scrubber (c) A solvent spray (d) Clean with lint free towels moistened with solvent 52. When performing a fluorescent penetrant examination, excess penetrant is normally removed: (a) By a hydrophilic scrubber (b) Under UV light (c) By solvent spray (d) By vapour degreasing 53. During a visible, solvent removable penetrant test, complete penetrant removal is indicated by: (a) Absence of red indications on the test piece surface (b) Clean rinse water (c) Completion of the rinse cycle (d) Absence of red dye on the cleaning towels 12 54. Which of the following is a function of a developer (a) Providing a contrasting background for visible dye indications (b) Making the penetrant water washable (c) Penetrating into discontinuities open to the surface (d) Dissolve organic soils on the test piece surface 55. Which of the following is a function of a developer? (a) Providing a contrasting background for visible dye indications (b) Accentuates presence of discontinuities by causing a penetrant indication to spread out over a larger area (c) Provides capillary paths to aid the bleed out process (d) All of the above 56. Which of the following developers is applied before the drying operation? (a) Dry (b) Non-aqueous wet (c) Water based wet (d) None of the above 57. The most sensitive type of developer for the detection of fine discontinuities is: (a) Water soluble (b) Non-aqueous wet (c) Dry (d) Water suspendable

Page 19: Dye penetrant inspection

58. Which of the following is the most sensitive developer in descending order? (a) Dry, water soluble, water suspendable (b) Non-aqueous wet, water soluble, water suspendable ,dry (c) Non-aqueous wet, dry, water soluble (d) Water suspendable, water soluble, non-aqueous wet 1359. Low sulphur and chlorine penetrant materials would be used for testing: (a) Aluminium, steel and plastics (b) Tool steels, chrome vanadium steel and ferritic stainless steels (c) Austenitic stainless steels, nickel alloys and titanium (d) Magnetic materials 60. Which type of developer may be either in suspension or a solution? (a) Dry (b) Non-aqueous wet (c) Water based wet (d) None of the above 61. The temperature of water rinse used in the water washable penetrant process should be: (a) 60 to 110oC (b) 40 to 100oC (c) 16 to 43oC (d) 70 to 140oC 62. The danger of over washing during a water washable penetrant test is that: (a) Excess penetrant will be removed from the test piece (b) Penetrant will be removed from discontinuities (c) The waste water will contain too high a concentration of penetrants (d) A protective oxide coating on the test piece is formed 63. Which penetrant process is best suited to high production rates of many small parts? (a) Solvent removable (b) Water washable (c) Post emulsifiable (d) Fluorescent 14 64. Which penetrant process is best suited to detect shallow discontinuities? (a) Solvent removable (b) Water washable (c) Post emulsifiable (d) Fluorescent 65. Which penetrant process is best suited to the detection of discontinuities in a test piece having threads and keyways? (a) Solvent removable

Page 20: Dye penetrant inspection

(b) Water washable (c) Post emulsifiable (d) Fluorescent 66. Which penetrant process is the most sensitive to detect fine discontinuities? (a) Solvent removable (b) Water washable (c) Post emulsifiable fluorescent (d) Water washable fluorescent 67. Which penetrant process is best suited for portable application in the field? (a) Solvent removable (b) Water washable (c) Post emulsifiable (d) Fluorescent 68. Which penetrant process should be used if repeated examinations are anticipated? (a) Solvent removable (b) Water washable (c) Post emulsifiable (d) Fluorescent 1569. What is a disadvantage of using the fluorescent penetrant process? (a) Lower visibility of indications (b) Must be performed in a darkened area with aid of a UV lamp (c) Easily washed with water (d) High visibility of indications 70. Which of the following developers is applied by brush, spraying or dipping? (a) Non-aqueous wet (b) Water based wet (c) Dry (d) Dual sensitivity 71. Which of the following developers is applied by spray only? (a) Non-aqueous wet (b) Water based wet (c) Dry (d) Dual sensitivity 72. Which of the following developers is applied by immersion or flow on only? (a) Non-aqueous wet (b) Water based wet (c) Dry (d) Dual sensitivity 73. What is the minimum time considered necessary for dark adaptation of the eyes prior to evaluating the results of a fluorescent penetrant test? (a) 1 minute (b) 2 minutes (c) 5 minutes (d) 10 minutes 16 74. What is the likely result of looking directly into a black light? (a) Burning of the retina of the eye (b) Temporary inflammation of the cornea

Page 21: Dye penetrant inspection

(c) Long term tendency toward formation of cataracts (d) Fluorescence of the fluid in the eye 75. Which type of penetrant process would be best suited to the detection of wide, shallow discontinuities? (a) Solvent removable (b) Water washable (c) Post emulsifiable (d) Fluorescent 76. Which type of penetrant process affords most control of test sensitivity level? (a) Solvent removable (b) Water washable (c) Post emulsifiable (d) Fluorescent 77. Which type of penetrant process is least susceptible to over washing? (a) Solvent removable (b) Water washable (c) Post emulsifiable (d) Fluorescent 78. What is a disadvantage of the solvent removable penetrant process? (a) It is the least sensitive of the penetrant processes (b) It is not well suited for use on rough surfaces (c) It is highly portable (d) No water is required for its use 1779. Which of the following is the proper first step in removal of excess penetrant when using the solvent removable penetrant process? (a) Immerse the test piece in solvent (b) Spray the test piece with water (c) Wipe the test piece surface with clean, lint free towels slightly moistened (d) All of the above is correct 1.1.2 Liquid Penetrant Testing Level 1 (PT-1) Specific Examination 1. Which of the following types of penetrants, developers, solvents are used when conducting a liquid penetrant test on a part that is exposed to a liquid oxygen environment. (a) Water based penetrants (b) Water based developers (c) Water based solvents (d) All of the above 2. The causes of non relevant indications are: (a) Insufficient removal of excess surface penetrant (b) Penetrant on operators hands (c) Threads, keyways, splines, sharp corners, press fits, blind holes, rough surfaces (d) Contaminated work surfaces 3. Which of the following metals must be tested with low halogen sulphur free penetrant materials: (a) Copper, silver, gold (b) Nickel based alloys, certain stainless steel materials (c) Steel, iron, aluminium

Page 22: Dye penetrant inspection

(d) Plastic, wood, paper 4. List two main advantages of ‘wet’ developers. (a) _____________________________________________________________ (b) _____________________________________________________________ 18 5. Penetrant testing is limited by its inability to test which of the following materials: (a) Aluminium (b) Ceramics (c) Porous materials (d) Moulded rubber 6. List four cleaning processes that are to be avoided (a) _____________________________________________________________ (b) _____________________________________________________________ (c) _____________________________________________________________ (d) _____________________________________________________________ 7. Liquid penetrants can be further categorised by the removal method of excess surface penetrant: (a) Water washable (b) Solvent removable (c) Post emulsified (d) All of the above 8. The typical temperature ranges for conducting a liquid penetrant test is: (a) 60 to 100ºC (b) 10 to 60ºF (c) 16 to 52ºC (d) 10 to 20ºK 9. Surface breaking porosity will show what type of relevant indications when a welded aluminium plate is tested with the liquid penetrant method: (a) Linear indications (b) Square indications (c) Triangular indications (d) Rounded indications 1910. Cracks, lack of penetration, lack of fusion which are surface breaking on a welded aluminium plate which has been liquid penetrant tested will show as: (a) Linear indications (b) Rounded indications (c) Square indications (d) Triangular indications 11. List two ways of recording relevant indications for record purposes. (a) _____________________________________________________________ (b) _____________________________________________________________ 12. Explain what is meant by LOX compatible penetrant materials. (a) _____________________________________________________________ (b) _____________________________________________________________ 13. Which of the following methods is not recommended for pre-cleaning prior to a liquid penetrant test: (a) Steam cleaning, etching, rust and paint removal (b) Solvent wipe, vapour degreasing, ultrasonic bath cleaning

Page 23: Dye penetrant inspection

(c) Blasting, grinding, filing, honing, machining (d) All of the listed methods are not recommended 14. The purpose of using a developer is: (a) To create a contrasting background for the penetrants to ensure better visibility of indications (b) Assists in reverse capillary action due to absorption ability of developers (c) Prevent the part from corroding after the liquid penetrant test (d) To ensure that the part has been correctly heat treated (e) Both a and b are correct 20 15. The typical sequence of conducting a visible solvent removable penetrant is: (a) Pre-clean with a solvent wipe method (b) Apply visible penetrant, keep wet, dwell time of 2 minutes (c) Pour solvent on surface of part and wipe with waste cloth (d) Spray on a thick layer of developer (e) Inspect and report (f) Post-clean (g) The above listed methods are not correct for various reasons 16. Explain why low halogen, sulphur-free penetrant materials should be used on stainless steel, titanium and nickel-based alloys. (a) _____________________________________________________________ (b) _____________________________________________________________ 17. The principle on which liquid penetrant testing is based on is: (a) Capillary action of the penetrant (b) Capillary action of cleaner/solvent (c) Capillary action of developer (d) None of the listed is correct 18. The limitation of a liquid penetrant test is: (a) Only surface breaking discontinuities can be detected if chemically and physically clean and dry (b) Porous materials cannot be tested (c) There is cleaning problem following penetrant inspection in some cases (d) All of the listed limitations are correct 19. Name the six basic steps in the correct sequence of how to conduct a typical liquid penetrant test. (a) _____________________________________________________________ (b) _____________________________________________________________ (c) _____________________________________________________________ (d) _____________________________________________________________ 21(e) _____________________________________________________________ (f) _____________________________________________________________ 20. Penetrants may be applied to the surface of part by : (a) Spraying (b) Dipping (c) Pouring (d) All of the above methods are acceptable 21. List four properties of a good penetrant. (a) _____________________________________________________________

Page 24: Dye penetrant inspection

(b) _____________________________________________________________ (c) _____________________________________________________________ (d) _____________________________________________________________ 22. Which of the following is a reason to post clean a part after a liquid penetrant test: (a) The part might be further processed (b) If repairs are necessary (c) Developers absorb moisture and may result in part being corroded (d) All of the reasons are correct 23. Which of the following penetrant has a built-in emulsifier (a) Water washable (b) Solvent removable (c) Post emulsified (d) All of the listed above 24. What is the main function of the emulsifier used in post-emulsification penetrant process: (a) _______________________________________________________________ (b) _______________________________________________________________ 22 25. Liquid penetrants can be classified into the types of dyes they contain: (a) Visible/colour contrast (b) Fluorescent (c) Dual sensitivity (d) All of the listed is correct 26. Explain why an emulsifier is used prior to the removal of excess surface penetrant when a post emulsified penetrant is used. (a) _____________________________________________________________ (b) _____________________________________________________________ 27. Explain what will happen when the excess surface penetrant of a solvent removable penetrant is removed by means of solvent sprayed directly onto the surface of a part. (a) _____________________________________________________________ (b) _____________________________________________________________ 28. The advantages of using a visible solvent removable penetrant versus a post emulsified fluorescent penetrant is: (a) No UV light is needed (b) The technique is well suitable for site tests or spot checks (c) No water or emulsifiers are needed (d) No extra equipment is needed (e) All of the advantages listed above are correct 29. Describe two important functions of a developer. (a) _____________________________________________________________ (b) _____________________________________________________________ 30. List four common surface breaking weld discontinuities that can be detected on welded aluminium, stainless steel materials when conducting a liquid penetrant test. (a) _____________________________________________________________ (b) _____________________________________________________________ (c) _____________________________________________________________ (d) _____________________________________________________________ 31. The following precautions must be observed when removing the excess surface

Page 25: Dye penetrant inspection

penetrant with a water wash method using a hose pipe: (a) The wash angle should be at 45o(b) A coarse droplet spray (c) Temperature of water 16 to 43oC (d) Pressure as low as possible not to exceed 50 psi (e) All of the precautions listed above are correct 2332. List four possible causes for false indications that can be observed during a liquid penetrant test. (a) _____________________________________________________________ (b) _____________________________________________________________ (c) _____________________________________________________________ (d) _____________________________________________________________ 33. The typical causes for false indications are: (a) Threads, keyways, splines, rough surfaces (b) Sharp corners, pop rivets (c) Insufficient removal of excess surface penetrant, penetrant on operators’ hands, using cloth/paper towels which are not lint free, dirty work surfaces (d) Over washing with high pressure hose pipes 34. Name four methods of pre-cleaning the surface of a part prior to conducting a liquid penetrant test. (a) _____________________________________________________________ (b) _____________________________________________________________ (c) _____________________________________________________________ (d) _____________________________________________________________ 35. Liquid penetrants can be further categorised by the removal method of excess surface penetrant: (a) Water washable (b) Solvent removable (c) Post emulsified (d) All of the above 36. The advantages of using a visible solvent removable penetrant versus a post emulsified fluorescent penetrant is: (a) No UV light is needed (b) The technique is well suitable for site tests or spot checks (c) No water or emulsifiers are needed (d) No extra equipment is needed (e) All of the listed is correct 24 37. Match the type of penetrant to the list of advantages and disadvantages as listed below: Advantages DisadvantagesPortable Penetrant removal is time consuming No UV light needed Difficult to remove from rough surfaces Suited for spot checks Materials are flammable

Page 26: Dye penetrant inspection

Good sensitivity Cannot be used in open tanks (a) Visible water wash (b) Visible solvent removable (c) Visible post emulsified (d) Fluorescent water wash 38. How will the excess surface penetrant be removed if a post emulsified penetrant was used: (a) Dip or spray emulsifier onto part (b) Wait correct dwell time (c) Water wash part observing correct recommended rules (d) Dry part and apply developer (e) All of the listed steps are correct 39. List four basic safety rules to be followed when conducting a liquid penetrant test. (a) _____________________________________________________________ (b) _____________________________________________________________ (c) _____________________________________________________________ (d) _____________________________________________________________ 40. The six basic steps on how to conduct a typical liquid penetrant test is: (a) Pre-clean surface to be tested (b) Apply penetrant, keep wet, observe dwell time (c) Remove excess surface penetrant (d) Apply developer in a thin even layer (e) Inspect and report (f) Post-clean (g) All of the listed steps are correct 251.1.3 Liquid Penetrant Testing Level 1 (PT-1) Answers to Questions Liquid Penetrant Testing Level 1 Answers to Questions General Examination Specific Examination 1 d 35 b 69 b 1 a 35 d 2 b 36 c 70 b 2 c 36 e 3 a 37 d 71 a 3 d 37 b 4 b 38 b 72 b 4 c 38 c 5 c 39 c 73 c 5 d 39 * 6 a 40 c 74 d 6 a 40 g 7 c 41 c 75 c 7 a 8 d 42 a 76 c 8 b 9 b 43 a 77 c 9 b 10 a 44 a 78 b 10 c 11 b 45 a 79 c 11 d 12 c 46 c 12 a 13 c 47 a 13 d 14 b 48 d 14 b 15 c 49 a 15 d 16 b 50 c 16 c 17 c 51 c 17 a 18 b 52 b 18 b 19 c 53 d 19 c

Page 27: Dye penetrant inspection

20 d 54 a 20 b 21 c 55 d 21 b 22 a 56 c 22 c 23 c 57 b 23 a 24 b 58 b 24 d 25 b 59 c 25 d 26 d 60 c 26 c 27 a 61 c 27 a 28 b 62 b 28 d 29 a 63 b 29 c 30 d 64 c 30 d 31 b 65 b 31 b 32 b 66 c 32 b 33 d 67 a 33 b 34 a 68 a 34 d 26

Asnt PT Level 1 sample question.Liquid Penetrant Testing Method (40 Questions)

1. Which one of the following conditions will affect the rate and the extent a liquid penetrant will enter cracks, fissures, and other small openings?a. the hardness of the specimen being testedb. the surface condition of the specimen being testedc. the color of the penetrantd. the conductivity of the specimen being tested

2. Which of the following is a commonly used classification for penetrant?a. post-emulsifiable penetrantb. nonferrous penetrantc. chemical etch penetrantd. nonaqueous penetrant

3. A generally accepted method for removing excess nonwater-washable penetrant is:a. repeatedly dipping the test specimen in a cleanerb. soaking the test specimen in hot detergent waterc. blowing the excess penetrant off the surface of the part with compressed aird. wiping and cautiously cleaning the test specimen with a cleaner-dampened cloth

4. All of the following parts can be tested by the liquid penetrant method except:a. an iron castingb. an aluminum forging

Page 28: Dye penetrant inspection

c. a part made from a porous plastic materiald. a part made from a non-porous material

5.  Which of the following discontinuities can be found by the penetrant test method?a. a surface crackb. a subsurface crackc. an internal inclusiond. none of the above

6.  Which of the following is generally the more acceptable method for cleaning parts prior  to penetrant testing?a. sand blastingb. wire brushingc. grindingd. vapor degreasing

7. All of the following methods are commonly used to clean parts prior to penetrant testing except:a. vapor degreasingb. liquid solventc. power wire brushingd. alkaline cleaner

8. Cutting oils may be effectively removed from parts before penetrant testing by:a. pre-heatingb. vapor degreasingc. washing with waterd. all of the above

9.  The most common type of contaminant in fluorescent penetrant fluid is:a. metal filingsb. oilc. detergents (from cleaning)d. water

10. Black light, with a proper functioning filter in place, used for fluorescent penetrant inspection can cause permanent damage to:a. human tissuesb. human eyesc. human blood cellsd. none of the above

Page 29: Dye penetrant inspection

11. All of the following basic inspection principles apply to the penetrant methods except-                        a. the penetrant must enter the discontinuity in order to form an indicationb. indications glow when illuminated with a black lightc. a longer penetration time is required for smaller discontinuitiesd. if the penetrant is washed out of the discontinuity, an indication will not be formed  by that discontinuity

12. Subsurface discontinuities can be best detected by:a. the post-emulsification penetrant methodb. the visible dye penetrant methodc. the fluorescent, water-washable penetrant methodd. none of the above

13. Visible penetrant may be applied by:a. brushingb. sprayingc. dippingd. none of the above

14. The first step in conducting a liquid penetrant test on a surface that has been painted is to :a. carefully apply the penetrant over the surfaceb. completely remove the paintc. thoroughly wash the surface with a detergentd. wire brush the surface to roughen the smooth surface coating of paint

15. When using a post-emulsification penetrant, it is necessary to apply the emulsifier:a. before applying the penetrantb. after the water wash operationc. after the dwell time has elapsedd. after the develonment time has elapsed

16. When conducting a water-washable liquid penetrant test, the wet developer is applied:a. immediately after the penetrant has been appliedb. immediately before the penetrant is appliedc. after removal of the penetrantd. after removal of the emulsifier

17. The term used to describe the action of a particular developer in soaking up the penetrant in a discontinuity, so as to cause the maximum bleed-out of the liquid penetrant for increased contrast and sensitivity, is known as:

Page 30: Dye penetrant inspection

a. blottingb. capillary actionc. concentrationd. attraction

18. Using a black light lamp with a cracked filter or without the filter in place can cause damage to human eyes because the lamp emits:a. black lightb. ultraviolet lightc. infrared lightd. none of the above

19. The term used to define the period of time in which the test part is covered with penetrant is:a. waiting timeb. soak time (drain time)c. penetration time (dwell time)d. bleed-in time

20. Usually, the most desirable method of removing excess water-washable penetrant after the dwell time is by using:a. a low pressure coarse water sprayb. water and brushc. a solid stream of waterd. water and clean rags

21. When conducting a liquid penetrant test using a post emulsifiable visible dye penetrant, the generally accepted method for applying the wet developer is by:a. brushingb. swabbingc. dippingd. spraying

22. Which of the following characteristics does not apply to liquid penetrant testing?a. this method can accurately measure the depth of a crack or discontinuityb. this method can be used for on-site testing of large partsc. this method can be used to find shallow surface discontinuitiesd. this method can be made more or less sensitive by using different penetrant materials

23. Which of the following discontinuities is most likely to be missed due to improper rinse techniques?a. a forging lap

Page 31: Dye penetrant inspection

b. deep pittingc. shallow and broad discontinuitiesd. the rinse technique will not affect the detection of discontinuities

24. When conducting a fluorescent penetrant test, a commonly used technique for assuring that the excess penetrant has been removed prior to the application of a developer is to:a. blow compressed air over the surfaceb. chemically etch the surfacec. blot the surface with absorbent paperd. scan the surface with a black light

25. Which of the following surface conditions could have a detrimental effect on a liquid penetrant test?a. a wet surfaceb. a rough weldc. an oily surfaced. all of the above

26. Liquid penetrant testing is capable of detecting:a. intergranular stress corrosion cracking discontinuitiesb. discontinuities open to the surfacec. subsurface discontinuitiesd. all of the above

27. Black light equipment is required when penetrant testing by:a. the.fluorescent penetrant methodb. the visible dye penetrant methodc. the non-fluorescent penetrant methodd. all of the above

28. The term used to define the tendency of certain liquids to penetrate into small openings such as cracks or fissures is:a. saturationb. capillary actionc. blottingd. wetting agent

29. Excess penetrant (all penetrant except that which is in discontinuities) is removed from the specimen:a. after the required penetrant dwell time has elapsedb. before the application of an emulsifier if a post-emulsifier penetrant is usedc. by means of a steam cleaner

Page 32: Dye penetrant inspection

d. only when water-washable penetrants are used

30. When using a post-emulsifiable penetrant, the emulsifier time should be:a. as long as the penetrant dwell timeb. half the penetrant dwell timec. the same as the developer timed. only as long as necessary to remove the interfering background

31. When an inspector is working in a darkened area, he/she should become adjusted to the dark before inspecting parts. The generally accepted time period for becoming accustomed to the dark is:a.  1 minuteb.  5 to 0 minutesc. 10 to 15 minutesd.  no waiting period is necessary

32. When applying penetrant by dipping, heating the penetrant prior to dipping:a. will increase the sensitivity of the testb. will increase the capillary action of the penetrantc. will increase the stability of the penetrantd. is not generally recommended

33. A penetrant inspection cannot find:a. surface p orosityb. surface cracksc. an internal cavityd. a surface forging lap

34. All of the following materials can be tested by the usual liquid penetrant tests except:a. unglazed porous ceraib. titaniumc. high alloy steeld. cast iron

35. Liquid penetrant testing can be used to detect:a. discontinuities 1.6 mm (0.06 in.) below the surfaceb. internal discontinuitiesc. discontinuities open to the surfaced. all discontinuities

36. Which of the following are commonly accepted methods for applying penetrant?a. dipping the part in penetrant (dipping)

Page 33: Dye penetrant inspection

b. pouring the penetrant over the test specimen (flowing)c. spraying the penetrant on the test specimen (spraying)d. all of the above

37. A solvent used to clean the surface of a test specimen must possess all of the following characteristics except that the:a. cleaner must be capable of dissolving oils and greases commonly found on the surface             b. cleaner must not be flammablec. cleaner must be free of contaminantsd. cleaner must leave a minimal residue on the surface

38. Which of the statements below best states the danger of sandblasting (without subsequent chemical etching) for cleaning surfaces to be penetrant tested?a. the discontinuities may be peened over and closedb. oil contaminants might be sealed in the discontinuitiesc. the sand used in the sandblasting operation may be forced into the discontinuityd. the sandblasting operation may introduce discontinuities

39. The penetrant applied to the surface of a test specimen:a. seeps into discontinuitiesb. is absorbed by discontinuitiesc. is drawn into discontinuities by capillary actiond. is drawn into discontinuities by gravity

40. Which of the following statements concerning liquid penetrant testing is correct?a. fluorescent penetrants will produce red against white discontinuity indicationsb. non-fluorescent penetrants require the use of black lightsc. fluorescent indications will be seen when exposed to black lightd. nonfluorescent discontinuities glow in the dark for easy viewing and interpretation

ANSWER

1.B 2.A 3.D 4.C 5.A 6.D 7.C 8.B 9.D 10.D

11.B 12.D 13.D 14.B 15.C 16.C 17.A 18.B 19.C 20.A

21.D 22.A 23.C 24.D 25.D 26.B 27.A 28.B 29.A 30.D

31.B 32.D 33.C 34.A 35.C 36.D 37.B 38.A 39.C 40.C

Page 34: Dye penetrant inspection

Level I QuestionsLiquid Penetrant Testing Method

1. Which one of the following conditions will affect the rate and the extent a liquid penetrant will enter cracks, fissures, and other small openings?

a. the hardness of the specimen being testedb. the surface condition of the specimen being testedc. the color of the penetrantd. the conductivity of the specimen being tested

A.6-6

2. Which of the following is a commonly used classification for penetrant?

a. post-emulsifiable penetrant b. nonferrous penetrantc. chemical etch penetrantd. non-aqueous penetrant

A.6-2

3. A generally accepted method for removing excess nonwater-washable penetrant is:

a. repeatedly dipping the test specimen in a cleanerb. soaking the test specimen in hot detergent waterc. blowing the excess penetrant off the surface of the part with compressed aird. wiping and cautiously cleaning the test specimen with a cleaner-dampened

cloth

A.6-19

4. All of the following parts can be tested by the liquid penetrant method except:

a. an iron castingb. an aluminum forgingc. a part made from a porous plastic material

Page 35: Dye penetrant inspection

d. a part made from a non-porous material

A.6-1

5. Which of the following discontinuities can be found by the penetrant test method?

a. a surface crackb. a subsurface crackc. an internal inclusiond. none of the above

A.6-1

6. Which of the following is generally the more acceptable method for cleaning parts prior to penetrant testing?

a. sand blastingb. wire brushingc. grindingd. vapor degreasing

A.6-6

7. All of the following is generally the more acceptable method for cleaning parts prior to penetrant testing?

a. vapor degreasingb. liquid solventc. power wire brushingd. alkaline cleaner

A.6-6

8. Cutting oils may be effectively removed from parts before penetrant testing by:

a. pre-heatingb. vapor degreasingc. washing with waterd. all of the above

Page 36: Dye penetrant inspection

D.106

9. The most common type of contaminant in fluorescent penetrant fluid is:

a. metal filingsb. oilc. detergents (from cleaning)d. water

A.7-33

10. Black light, with a proper functioning filter in place, used for fluorescent penetrant inspection can cause permanent damage to:

a. human tissuesb. human eyesc. human blood cellsd. none of the above

A.7-3511. All of the following basic inspection principles apply to the penetrant methods

except:

a. the penetrant must enter the discontinuity in order to form an indicationb. indicates glow when illuminated with a black lightc. a longer penetration time is required for smaller discontinuities d. if the penetrant is washed out of the discontinuity, an indication will not be

formed by that discontinuity

A.6-5

12. Subsurface discontinuities can be best detected by:

a. the post-emulsification penetrant methodb. the visible dye penetrant methodc. the fluorescent, water-washable penetrant methodd. none of the above

A.6-1

13. Visible penetrant may be applied by:

a. brushing

Page 37: Dye penetrant inspection

b. sprayingc. dippingd. all of the above

D.234

14. The first step in conducting a liquid penetrant test on a surface that has been painted is to:

a. carefully apply the penetrant over the surfaceb. completely remove the paintc. thoroughly wash the surface with a detergentd. wire brush the surface to roughen the smooth surface coating of paint

A.6-6

15. When using a post-emulsification penetrant, it is necessary to apply the emulsifier:

a. before applying the penetrantb. after the water wash operationc. after the dwell time has elapsedd. after the development time has elapsed

A.6-9

16. When conducting a water-washable liquid penetrant test, the wet developer is applied:

a. immediately after the penetrant has been appliedb. immediately before the penetrant is appliedc. after removal of the penetrantd. after removal of the emulsifier

F.33

17. The term used to describe the action of a particular developer in soaking up the penetrant in a discontinuity, so as to cause the maximum bleed-out of the liquid penetrant for increased contrast and sensitivity, is known as:

Page 38: Dye penetrant inspection

a. blottingb. capillary actionc. concentrationd. attraction

F.25

18. Using a black light lamp with a cracked filter or without the filter in place can cause damage to human eyes because the lamp emits:

a. black lightb. ultraviolet lightc. infrared lightd. none of the above

A.7-17

19. The term used to define the period of time in which the test part is covered with penetrant is:

a. waiting timeb. soak time (drain time)c. penetration time (dwell time)d. bleed-in time

A.6-3

20. Usually, the most desirable method of removing excess water-washable penetrant after the dwell time is by using:

a. a low pressure coarse water sprayb. water and brushc. a solid stream of waterd. water and clean rags

A.6-7

21. When conducting a liquid penetrant test using a post-emulsifiable visible dye penetrant, the generally accepted method for applying the wet developer is by:

Page 39: Dye penetrant inspection

a. brushingb. swabbingc. dippingd. spraying

A.6-17

22. Which of the following characteristics does not apply to liquid penetrant testing?

a. this method can accurately measure the depth of a crack or discontinuityb. this method can be used for on-site testing of large partsc. this method can be used to find shallow surface discontinuitiesd. this method can be made more or less sensitive by using different penetrant

materials

A.8-2

23. Which of the following discontinuities is most likely to be missed due to improper rinse techniques?

a. a forging lapb. deep pittingc. shallow and broad discontinuitiesd. the rinse technique will not affect the detection of discontinuities

A.6-5

24. When conducting a fluorescent penetrant test, a commonly used technique for assuring that the excess penetrant has been removed prior to the application of a developer is to:

a. blow compressed air over the surfaceb. chemically etch the surfacec. blot the surface with absorbent paperd. scan the surface with a black light

A.6-7

Page 40: Dye penetrant inspection

25. Which of the following surface conditions could have a detrimental effect on a liquid penetrant test?

a. a wet surfaceb. a rough weldc. an oily surfaced. all of the above

A.6-6

26. Liquid penetrant testing is capable of detecting:

a. intergranular stress corrosion cracking discontinuitiesb. discontinuities open to the surface c. subsurface discontinuitiesd. all of the above

F.20

27. Black light equipment is required when penetrant testing by:

a. the fluorescent penetrantb. the visible dye penetrant methodc. the non-fluorescent penetrant methodd. all of the above

A.6-24

28. The term used to define the tendency of certain liquids to penetrate into small openings such as cracks or fissures is:

a. saturationb. capillary actionc. blottingd. wetting agent

F.21

Page 41: Dye penetrant inspection

29. Excess penetrant (all penetrant except that which is in discontinuities) is removed from the specimen:

a. after the required penetrant dwell time has elapsedb. before the application of an emulsifier if a post-emulsifier penetrant is usedc. by means of a steam cleanerd. only when water-washable penetrants are used

F.21

30. When using a post-emulsifiable penetrant , the emulsifier time should be:

a. as long as the penetrant dwell timeb. half the penetrant dwell timec. the same as the developer timed. only as long as necessary to remove the interfering background

F.35

31. When an inspector is working in a darkened area, he/she should become adjusted to the dark before inspecting parts. The generally accepted time period for becoming accustomed to the dark is:

a. 1 minuteb. 5 to 10 minutesc. 10 to 15 minutesd. no waiting period is necessary

D.126

32. When applying penetrant by dipping, heating the penetrant prior to dipping:

a. will increase the sensitivity of the testb. will increase the capillary action of the penetrantc. will increase the stability of the penetrantd. is not generally recommended

A.7-34

33.A penetrant inspection cannot find:

a. surface porosity

Page 42: Dye penetrant inspection

b. surface cracksc. an internal cavityd. a surface forging lap

A.6-1

34.All of the following materials can be tested by the usual liquid penetrant test except:

a. unglazed porous ceramicb. titaniumc. high alloy steeld. cast iron

A.6-1

35.Liquid penetrant testing can be used to detect:

a. discontinuities 1.6 mm (0.06 in.) below the surfaceb. internal discontinuitiesc. discontinuities open to the surfaced. all discontinuities

A.6-1

36.Which of the following are commonly accepted methods for applying penetrant?

a. dipping the part in penetrant (dipping)b. pouring the penetrant over the test specimen (flowing)c. spraying the penetrant on the test specimen (spraying)d. all of the above

F.32

37.A solvent used to clean the surface of a test specimen must possess all of the following characteristics except that the:

a. cleaner must be capable of dissolving oils and greases commonly found on the surface

b. cleaner must not be flammablec. cleaner must be free of contaminantsd. cleaner must leave a minimal residue on the surface

D.141

38.Which of the statements below best states the danger of sandblasting (without subsequent chemical etching) for cleaning surfaces to be penetrant tested?

a. the discontinuities may be peened over and closed

Page 43: Dye penetrant inspection

b. oil contaminants might be sealed in the discontinuities c. the sand used in the sandblasting operation may be forced into the

discontinuityd. the sandblasting operation may introduce discontinuities

A.8-5

39.The penetrant applied to the surface of a test specimen:

a. seeps into discontinuitiesb. is absorbed by discontinuitiesc. is drawn into discontinuities by capillary actiond. is drawn into discontinuities by gravity

F.21

40.Which of the following statements concerning liquid penetrant testing is correct?

a. fluorescent penetrants will produce red against white discontinuity indications

b. nonfluorescent penetrants require the use of black lightsc. fluorescent indications will be seen when exposed to black lightd. nonfluorescent discontinuities glow in the dark for easy viewing and

interpretationA.6-2

41.When removing excess penetrant from the surface of a test specimen:

a. the penetrant removal operation must not remove the penetrant from discontinuities

b. sufficient excess penetrant must be removed to eliminate an interfering background

c. the use of a solvent-dampened cloth is a common method of penetrant removal

d. all of the aboveF.23-24

42.The most widely accepted method for removing excessive water-washable penetrant from the surface of a test specimen is by:

a. using a wet ragb. using a water spray rinse c. washing the part directly under water running from a tapd. immersing the part in water

A.6-7

43.The inspection of a test specimen for discontinuities should take place:

Page 44: Dye penetrant inspection

a. immediately after the developer has been appliedb. any time after the developer has been appliedc. after the developer has been on the test specimen for the proper

development timed. immediately after the rinse operation

F.33

44.Which of the following is an advantage of visible dye penetrants over fluorescent penetrants?

a. visible dye penetrants do not require black lightb. visible dye penetrants are more sensitive than fluorescent penetrantsc. visible dye penetrants are superior in penetrating characteristicsd. visible dye penetrants are not toxic while fluorescent penetrants are

toxicF.31

45.The terms “dry,” “aqueous wet,” and “nonaqueous wet” are used to describe three different types of :

a. emulsifiersb. cleanersc. developersd. penetrants

F.26

46.Which of the following is a true statement concerning the application of a standard temperature penetrant to a test specimen while the specimen is hot?

a. the penetrant is likely to become entrapped in the specimen as it cools

b. the test will be less sensitive than when the penetrant is applied on a cool specimen

c. there is no difference in applying penetrant to a heated specimen and a cool specimen

d. the penetrant may be heated to the point where some of the penetrant’s constituents are driven off, causing volatile fumes and leaving a residue on the surface

A.7-34

47.Which of the following is not a generally accepted method for applying penetrants?

a. rubbing the penetrant over the surfaceb. brushing the penetrant on the part

Page 45: Dye penetrant inspection

c. spraying the penetrant on the partd. dipping the part in the penetrant

A.6-2, 7, 13,19

48.Which of the following is the most commonly used method for removing nonwater-washable visible dye penetrant from the surface of a test specimen?

a. dipping in a solventb. sprayingc. hand wipingd. blowing

A.6-19

49.Which of the following is an acceptable method applying wet developers?

a. application with a soft brushb. application with a hand powder bulbc. rubbing with a saturated clothd. spraying or dipping

A.6-7, 15

50.When using solvent-removable penetrants, the excess penetrant may be removed by:

a. dipping the part in solventb. spraying the part with water and a solventc. rubbing the part with a wet ragd. wiping the part with a rag or cloth that has been dampened with

solventA.6-19

51.While conducting a penetrant test, all of the following health precautions should be applied except:

a. keeping the work area cleanb. washing any penetrant from skin with soap and water as soon as

possiblec. keeping penetrant off clothesd. washing any excess penetrant from skin using gasoline

A.7-35

52.Which of the following surface contaminants cannot be removed by cleaning parts in a vapor degreaser?

a. greaseb. rust

Page 46: Dye penetrant inspection

c. heavy oild. soluble oil

A.6-6

53.Before conducting a liquid penetrant test, it is important to ensure that the surface of the part is free of:

a. oil or greaseb. acids or chromatesc. traces of waterd. all of the above

A.6-6

54.When performing a penetrant test using a post-emulsification penetrant, which of the following is the most critical with respect to proper timing?

a. dwell timeb. developing timec. emulsification timed. drying time

A.6-12

55.Which of the following is the most likely result of an excessive emulsification time when penetrant testing with post-emulsification penetrants?

a. a large number of nonrelevant indications could appear on the partb. shallow discontinuity indications could be lostc. excess penetrant could remain after the wash operationd. the emulsifier could harden, preventing the developer from blotting

the penetrant in discontinuitiesA.8-8

56. In penetrant testing, developers should be able to perform all of the following functions except:

a. blotting penetrant from discontinuitiesb. aiding in providing in providing an image of a discontinuityc. adding fluorescence to penetrantsd. helping control bleed-out

A.6-5

57.Which of the following is the primary limitation of liquid penetrant testing?

a. penetrant testing cannot be used on ferromagnetic materialb. penetrant testing cannot locate shallow surface discontinuities

Page 47: Dye penetrant inspection

c. penetrant testing cannot be used on non-metallic surfacesd. penetrant testing cannot locate subsurface discontinuities

D.21-24

58. In penetrant testing, the time period from the developer application to inspection is often referred to as the:

a. emulsification timeb. development timec. dwell timed. none of the above

A.6-15

59.Liquid penetrant testing is a nondestructive test that can be used for:

a. locating and evaluating all types of discontinuities in a test specimenb. locating and determining the length, width, and depth of

discontinuities in a test specimenc. determining the tensile strength of a specimend. locating discontinuities open to the surface

A.6-1

60.When conducting a penetrant test using fluorescent penetrant, black light equipment is required to:

a. cause the penetrant to fluoresce b. aid the normal capillary action characteristics of a penetrant c. neutralize excess penetrant on the surfaced. decrease the surface tension of the part

A.6-2

61.The method used to remove excess visible dye penetrant from a test specimen is primarily determined by:

a. the surface roughness of the specimenb. the type of material being testedc. the length of penetration timed. all of the above

A.6-19

62.Which of the following is a type of developer used in penetrant inspection?

a. dryb. aqueous particulatec. non-aqueous particulated. water-solublee. all of the above

Page 48: Dye penetrant inspection

F.26

63.When penetrant testing parts, the temperature of the parts should be near room temperature. If the part is at a low temperature when tested, the:

a. penetrant may become viscousb. penetrant may evaporate very rapidlyc. color intensity of the penetrant will decreased. penetrant will tend to adhere to the surface of the part

A.8-7

64. If a part to be penetrant tested is first heated to a high temperature, the penetrant:

a. may become viscousb. may “flash” or evaporate very rapidlyc. may lose some of its color brillianced. will better show discontinuities

A.8-7

65.Penetrants may be classified or subdivided by the method used to remove excess penetrant. Which of the following is a proper classification in accordance with this statement?

a. nonsolvent-removableb. vapor-degreasedc. brush-removabled. water-washable

A.8-7

66.The problem with retesting a test specimen that has been previously tested using liquid penetrant is that:

a. the penetrant may form beads on the surfaceb. the dried penetrant residue left in discontinuities may not readily

dissolve and the retest may be misleadingc. the penetrant will lose a great deal of its color brillianced. none of the above are correct statements

D.128

67.Which of the following conditions will decrease the life of a black light bulb?

a. line voltage fluctuationsb. dust on the face of the bulbc. changes in room temperatured. all of the above

A.7-16

Page 49: Dye penetrant inspection

68.When a penetrant is applied to a part by submerging the part in a penetrant bath, the part must:

a. remain in the penetrant bath during the entire penetration timeb. remain in the penetration time for at least one-half the penetration

timec. remain in the penetration bath only long enough to ensure that the

surface is covered with penetrantd. not remain in the penetrant bath for a period more than 5 minutes

A.6-7

69.Which of the following statements does not apply to developers used during penetrant testing?

a. developers are highly fluorescentb. developers often furnish a contrasting background during inspectionc. developers absorb or blot the penetrant that remains in

discontinuities after the rinse operation has been completedd. developers may be either wet or dry

A.6-2

70.Which of the following statements is true?

a. sandblasting is a generally accepted method for cleaning a surface that is to be penetrant tested

b. parts should be heated prior to the application of a penetrantc. if the dryer is too high, the heat may degrade the effectiveness of the

penetrantd. development time should be at least twice the penetration time

A.7-34

71.When using a wet developer:

a. a thick layer of developer is better than a thin layer for showing very fine cracks

b. compressed air should be used to remove excess developerc. a black developer will show better contrast than a white developerd. a thin layer of developer is better than a thick layer for showing very

fine cracksA.8-8

72.Which of the following statements is false?

a. sandblasting is not a recommended method for preparing for a penetrant test

Page 50: Dye penetrant inspection

b. it is not necessary to remove a film of oil from a part prior to penetrant testing because the penetrant is basically an oil

c. vapor degreasing is a very good method for removing oil from the surface of the part to be penetrant tested

d. a voltage regulator should be used with a black light if the line voltage fluctuates

A.6-6

73.A red against white background discontinuity image is most likely to be seen when:

a. dry developers are usedb. visible dye penetrants are usedc. fluorescent post-emulsification penetrants are usedd. wet developers are used

A.6-2

74.Which of the following can be removed from the surface of a test a specimen by vapor degreasing?

a. oilb. paintc. phosphate coatingsd. oxides

A.6-6

75.The purpose for using a developer on a test specimen is to:

a. promote penetration of the penetrantb. absorb emulsifier residuesc. absorb penetrant from discontinuities and to provide a contrasting

backgroundd. help to dry the surface for better observation

F.25

76.Which one of the following statements is an incorrect use of crack panels (blocks)?

a. to establish a standard size of crack that can be reproduced as needed

b. to determine the relative sensitivities of two different penetrantsc. to determine if a penetrant has lost or has reduced brilliance on

fluorescent penetrants because of contaminationd. to determine the degree or method of cleaning necessary to remove

penetrant on the surface without removing it from the cracks

Page 51: Dye penetrant inspection

A.7-24

77.Which of the following is generally accepted as the most important precaution when using water-washable penetrants?

a. be sure that the part is washed thoroughly during the rinse operationb. be sure that the recommended dwell time is not exceededc. avoid over-rinsing the partd. avoid over-application of emulsifier

F.33

78.Which of the following is generally accepted as the most important precaution when using solvent-removable penetrants?

a. do not apply an excessive amount of emulsifierb. do not apply an excessive amount of solventc. do not use an insufficient rinse pressured. be sure to use a black light to determine if the excess penetrant has

been rinsed awayF.25

79. Insufficient rinsing of fluorescent penetrants will result in:

a. subsequent corrosion of the surfaceb. difficulty in the application of developerc. excessive bleed-outd. excessive background fluorescence

F.32

80.Which of the following safety precautions does not apply when handling penetrant materials?

a. prolonged contact of penetrant with skin should be avoided because the oil or solvent base may cause skin irritation

b. excessive amounts of developer powders should not be inhaledc. air-line respirators and complete protective clothing must be worn at

all timesd. because the solvents used with the visible penetrant process are

flammable, this material should be kept away from open flamesF.26

81.How long must a part be kept wet with penetrant before the removal process is started?

Page 52: Dye penetrant inspection

a. it varies depending on the type of penetrant used, the type of material to be tested, and the type of discontinuities to be detected

b. since the penetrant will penetrate a discontinuity of any size in a matter of seconds, the removal process should start as soon as possible after the penetrant has been applied

c. 3 minutesd. 10 minutes

F.32

82.Which of the following factors will affect resolution of penetrant indications?

a. the sensitivity of the penetrant materials usedb. the surface condition of the partc. the temperature of the part and/or penetrantd. all of the above

A.8-5, 6, 7

83.A serious loss of water in a wet developer mix or an excessive over-concentration of developer powder can cause:

a. a loss of fluorescence during the inspection operationb. nonrelevant indicationsc. cracking of the developer coating during the drying operationd. none of the above

A.7-29

84.What could happen if a person looks directly into a black light?

a. it will cause permanent damage to the eyesb. it will possibly cloud the vision of the person looking into the light for a

short period of timec. it will cause temporary total blindnessd. none of the above

A.7-17

85.When using dry developer, the drying operation is performed:

a. immediately after removal of excess penetrantb. before the inspection stepc. thoroughlyd. all of the above

D.104, 105, 119

86.The failure to completely remove acid materials from a part before fluorescent penetrant is applied will result in:

a. a decrease in the fluorescence of the penetrant

Page 53: Dye penetrant inspection

b. a need to double the penetrating timec. a permanent stain on the partd. all of the above

D.78

87.Penetrant is applied to a part by dipping. The part is then placed on a rack while the penetrant seeps into discontinuities. If the penetration time is too long, it will be difficult to rinse the penetrant from the part. If this happens, the normal rinsing properties can be restored by:

a. chilling the part to a temperature of 4ºC (40ºF)b. heating the part to a temperature of 54ºC (130º F)c. re-dipping the partd. applying a wet developer before attempting to rinse the part

A.6-7

88.When drying parts during a penetrant test, the parts:

a. are normally dried at room temperatureb. are normally dried by a circulating hot-air dryerc. should be dried in an oven set at a temperature of 54º C (130º F)d. should be dried by cool forced air

F.32

89.The contamination of a water-washable penetrant with an excessive amount of water will:

a. reduce the penetrating quality of the penetrantb. adversely affect the washability of the penetrantc. both a and b are correctd. neither a nor b are correct

A.7-34

90.Which of the following penetrant methods requires a source of electricity?

a. the water-washable fluorescent penetrant methodb. the post-emulsification fluorescent penetrant methodc. the visible dye penetrant methodd. none of the above

A.6-18

91.When using a fluorescent penetrant, the actual inspection must be performed:

a. in a brightly lighted roomb. with the part at a temperature between 10 and 79ºC (125 and 175ºF)c. immediately after the developer has been applied

Page 54: Dye penetrant inspection

d. in a darkened area under a black lightA.6-17

92.Which of the following penetrants can be used when inspection must take place under ordinary lighting conditions?

a. visible dye penetrantb. water-washable fluorescent penetrantc. post-emulsification fluorescent penetrantd. any of the above

A.6-18

93.All of the following materials can be effectively tested with liquid penetrant except:

a. aluminumb. unglazed ceramics c. glassd. magnesium

A.6-1

94.Which of the following is a disadvantage of using the liquid penetrant testing method?

a. the liquid penetrant test method is adaptable to production inspection of small parts

b. liquid penetrant testing can locate fine cracksc. the liquid penetrant test method is a relatively simple test methodd. the liquid penetrant test method is effective at any temperature

A.7-34

95.A good penetrant must do all of the following except:

a. be able to readily penetrate very fine openingsb. evaporate very rapidlyc. be able to remain in relatively coarse openingsd. be easily removed from the surface after testing

A.7-18

96.Which of the following is not a property of a developer used in liquid penetrant testing?

a. the material must be absorbentb. the material must form a thin and uniform coating over a surfacec. the material must be fluorescent if used with fluorescent penetrantsd. the material must not contain ingredients harmful or toxic to the

operator

Page 55: Dye penetrant inspection

F.25

97. If improperly used, developers:

a. may obscure indicationsb. may be difficult to removec. may become contaminatedd. all of the above

D.95, 98, 123

98.Color-contrast penetrants are commercially available in which of the following variations?

a. normal solvent clean typeb. water-wash typec. post-emulsification typed. all of the above

F.24

99.Which of the following could be a source of false indications on a test specimen?

a. penetrant on the test tableb. penetrant on the hands of the inspectorc. contamination of dry or wet developer with penetrantd. all of the above

D.377

100. Cleaning of the part prior to penetrant inspection is:

a. not requiredb. important because if the part is not clean, the developer cannot be

improperly appliedc. essential because surface contaminants may prevent penetrant from

gaining access to discontinuities d. required to eliminate possibility of showing nonrelevant indications

A.6-6

101. When using fluorescent water-washable penetrant, adequate rinsing of the part is assured by:

a. timing of rinse cycleb. scrubbing of part surfacec. rinsing under black lightd. using high pressure air with water

A.6-7

Page 56: Dye penetrant inspection

102. What can happen if a part processed by visible dye penetrant inspection is reprocessed by the fluorescent penetrant method?

a. developer may remain on the surface causing backgroundb. most visible dyes kill fluorescencec. penetrants are not compatibled. interpretation will be difficult

D.2-40

103. A suitable filter must be used at all times over a black light bulb because:

a. too much white light will be present if the filter is not in placeb. the human eye may be damaged without itc. the filter filters out undesired wave lengthsd. all of the above

D.203-204

104. A good commercial penetrant should have a:

a. low flash pointb. bigh flash pointc. medium flash pointd. flash point is not a factor to be considered

D.43

105. A material that is applied over the film of the penetrant on the surface of a part, mixes with the penetrant, and enables the penetrant to be washed off the surface is called:

a. an emulsifier b. a penetrantc. a developerd. an isomer

D.32

106. The time allowed for the penetrant to enter discontinuities that may be present is the:

a. emulsification timeb. application time

c. penetration timed. drain time

D.32

107. Which of the following penetrant systems is generally considered to be theleast sensitive?

Page 57: Dye penetrant inspection

a. water-washable – visible dyeb. solvent removable – visible dyec. water-washable – fluorescent dyed. post-emulsification – visible dye

D.222

108. In penetrant examinations, the phase of the process requiring the greatest skill and most experience of the operator is:

a. pre-cleaningb. establishing the emulsification timec. interpretation of resultsd. penetrant removal

D.374

109. The best choice of a developer for use on a very smooth surface when using a fluorescent penetrant would be:

a. dry – fluffyb. dry – regularc. wetd. none of the above

D.102

110. The purpose of an emulsifier is to:

a. combine with the penetrant to make the resultant mixture removable by a water rinse

b. assist the blotting action of the developerc. increase the penetration of the penetrant into fine discontinuitiesd. eliminate false indications

E.3-12111. Developer assists in the detection of liquid penetrant indications by:

a. providing a clean surfaceb. providing a contrasting backgroundc. providing a dry surfaced. emulsifying the penetrant

E.4-9112. Liquid penetrant examination can detect all of the following types of

discontinuities except:

a. a forging lapb. a seamc. a surface crackd. subsurface porosity

Page 58: Dye penetrant inspection

E.2-6

113. What is the most universally used black light?

a. incandescent lampsb. metallic carbon arcsc. tubular “BL” fluorescent lamps d. enclosed mercury-vapor arc lamps

A.7-12

114. Which of the following processes would be most sensitive to detecting very fine defects?

a. oil-and-whiting processb. water-washable fluorescent processc. post-emulsification processd. water-emulsifiable visible dye penetrant process

A.6-23

115. When using the post-emulsification fluorescent process, which of the following methods cannot be used?

a. dipping the part in the emulsifierb. spraying the part with emulsifierc. pouring emulsifier over the partd. brushing emulsifier on the part

A.6-11

116. Which of the following would be the most desirable center wavelength for the output of the light source used in fluorescent processes?

a. 3200 Å (320 nm)b. 3650 Å (365 nm)c. 5200 Å (1520 nm)d. 5650 Å (565 nm)

A.7-12

117. Bleed-out of penetrant from a cold shut is an example of:

a. a false indicationb. a nonrelevant indicationc. a true indicationd. none of the above

E.6-1

Page 59: Dye penetrant inspection

118. Which of the following actions is likely to result in a loss of sensitivity in the liquid penetrant examination?

a. pre-cleaning test specimen with a vapor degreaserb. applying penetrant by immersion rather than sprayingc. reprocessing a specimen which has already been examined by liquid

penetrant examination methodd. using a post-emulsifiable penetrant rather than a solvent removable

penetrantD.128

119. Liquid penetrants become sluggish and lose sensitivity at temperatures:

a. above 38ºC (100º F)b. between 10 and 38ºC (50 and 100º F)c. below 10ºC (50º F)d. below 21ºC (70º F)

E.3-24

120. Why is it possible to flush a surface with a coarse water spray to which a water-washable penetrant was applied, remove the excessive penetrant, and not remove the penetrant that is in the defects?

a. the liquid will not wash the penetrant from the defects because the penetrant has to be drawn out by the developer

b. the nature of a water-washable penetrant is such that water will not dissolve the penetrant; it has to push the penetrant off the surface, which is why a spray is used

c. the water droplets are relatively large and will not enter most defect openings

d. a water spray should not be used; the penetrant should be removed by a cloth dampened with water

A.6-5