DWASA Sewerage Master Plan of Dhaka City

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Master Plan Objectives The Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, under World Bank/International Development Association (IDA) support, engaged technical assistance support to undertake the “Updating/Preparation of Sewerage Master Plan of Dhaka City and Preparation of Detail Design & Bidding Documents for Priority Works for Existing Sewerage System of Dhaka City (Package DS-1A)”. The objective of the Project is the development of a detailed and comprehensive Master Plan for the wastewater management and sanitation system of Dhaka city, with the primary goal to reduce significantly, and, in the long-term, to eliminate the pollution arising from unhygienic disposal of wastewater, of all industrial, commercial and domestic origin, up to the planning horizon (2035). The key outputs of the Project are:

Task 1: Growth and Demand Forecast

Task 2: Existing Situation and Service Delivery Gap Analysis

Task 3: Sanitation Strategy and Sewerage Master Plan

Task 4: Priority Investments

Task 5: Design and Bidding Documents The subject of the current document is Task 3: Sewerage Master Plan, the main aim of which is to determine a phased implementation plan identifying the resources required to provide sewerage and improved sanitation for Dhaka city. This master plan documents the existing legal, institutional, financial and operational weaknesses and recommends necessary strengthening measures. Background The Project considers the entire area of the Dhaka Metropolitan Development Plan (DMDP) of RAJUK (approx. 1425km2), as described under the DWASA Act 1996. Focus, especially in terms of investment planning and priority works, is given to the areas currently under the provision of DWASA services, both water supply and/or sewerage. The DWASA service area encompasses approx. 401 km2, which is divided into 11 DWASA Maintenance, Operation, Distribution and Service (MODS) Zones. Various sewerage master planning studies have previously been undertaken to consider the sanitation requirements for the city of Dhaka, the most recent and relevant of which was prepared in 1998, under financing provided by JICA. The JICA study, whilst focusing solely on the North Dhaka region, proposed for DWASA to adopt the concept of zonal sewerage with separate treatment works serving each of the individual designated sewerage service zones. As this concept of zonal sewerage catchments was deemed robust, a similar approach has been considered for the current master planning efforts. In developing the current sewerage master plan, the target area is viewed taking into account the different states of urbanization with different population densities at the design horizon of 2035. Although the provision of sewerage services to cover the whole urban area is ideal, it is not realistic when technical, socio-economic and financial implications are fully taken into account. An application of different service levels by area was therefore deemed the most practical approach as an intermediate measure toward the realization and fulfilment of public sewerage service through the future. The Master Plan introduced a categorization of the target area, incl.: core area for sewerage service, transitional area from on-site treatment and/or hybrid systems to sewerage service, and on-site treatment area.

Following the preparation of population projections for the period 2011 to 2035 (Task 1), the target population for the whole of the RAJUK DMDP area and that of the DWASA service area at year 2035 was estimated at approx. 32 and 25 million, respectively. In general, the population densities are very high within the DWASA service area, except for the region between Demra and Narayanganj. Areas of such high density (e.g. nominally >30,000/km2) have a predominantly urban character and would normally be serviced by centralised sewerage systems. Due to the variation in demographics, there will be a range of levels of sanitation service to be provided throughout Dhaka City. Sanitation Catchment Boundaries The following issues influence the level of sanitation services hence contribute to defining service area (catchment) boundaries: (i) Influence of Demographics; (ii) Different states of urbanization by area; (iii) New development versus existing development; (iv) Catchment management; (v) Environmental constraints; (vi) Consistency with water supply planning; (vii) Coverage of Sanitation Master Plan; (viii) Sanitation planning; (ix) Location of Major Infrastructure; (x) Affordability of beneficiaries; (xi) Accountability of Sanitation Authority; and (xii) Transition in Level of Service. Sanitation infrastructure planning for the current study has been based on the sanitation catchment boundaries, associated population demographics for the target year 2035, and the expected development of urban centres serviced by sewerage systems or transitional areas serviced by on-site sanitation systems. The attached figure indicates the proposed catchment boundaries and location of primary infrastructure, including trunk sewers, main pump stations (submersible pumps) and wastewater treatment plants (trickling filter process). The location of each treatment plant is determined by the proximity of receiving waters, reasonable distance for transferring wastewater (preferably within 5km of the urban centre), availability of affordable land, and consistency with the DMDP Local Area Plans. As part of the implementation of sewerage system development toward the master plan target year of 2035, all households and public/private facilities are planned to have either access to the public sewerage system or improved on-site (or hybrid) facilities. Due to the cost efficiency, households in the urban centres are proposed to be given highest priority for sewerage access, whilst those in the transitional area will be served via a staged development. The remaining households situated in the on-site treatment area will remain unsewered until after the target year of the master plan. Consequently these households will be required to install individual on-site treatment facilities or to develop cluster-wise community sewerage system for combined treatment of night soil/septic tank sludge and sullage. Septic tank sludge is proposed to be collected and transferred to a septic tank sludge treatment and disposal facility ideally to be located at each of the catchment level centralised wastewater treatment plants (or at transfer stations). Such set-up for septic sludge treatment should include a reception facility with screening facility (nominally 10mm gap width), anaerobic sludge treatment in ponds, drying and disposal. As a priority, a pilot scale septic tank reception and treatment system at Pagla STP is recommended in order to serve the unsewered region adjacent to the Pagla STP area.

Figure 1: Masterplan Catchment areas

Infrastructure Costs for Master Plan Implementation Considering the construction costs associated with the necessary infrastructure (networks and treatment plants) for each of the catchment areas, the following table has been prepared:

No

Catchment Served Pop. Served

Influent Flowrate (m

3/d)

Wastewater Treatment Plant Sewerage

Receiving Waters

Capital Cost ($M)

O&M Cost

($M/yr)

STP Area Req (ha)

Capital Costs ($M)

O&M Cost

($M/yr) DWF Daily

Peak

Greater Dhaka

1 Savar 400000 46000 69000 Dhaleswari $20M $0,40M/yr 5 $69M $1,38M/yr

2 Tongi/ Gazipur

800000 400000

92000 46000

138000 69000

Turag/ Tongi Khal

$40M $20M

$0,80M/yr $0,40M/yr

10 5

$34M $86M

$0,68M/yr $1,72M/yr

3 Rupganj (Purbachal) 500000 57500 86250 Lakhya $25M $0,50M/yr 6 $72M $1,44M/yr

4 Keraniganj 400000 46000 69000 Buriganga $20M $0,40M/yr 5 $59M $1,18M/yr

DWASA Service Area

1 Dhaka North (Uttara) 1600000 184000 276000 Tongi Khal $80M $1,60M/yr 20 $57M $1,14M/yr

2 Dhaka West (Mirpur) 2800000 322000 483000 Turag $140M $2,80M/yr 34 $86M $1,72M/yr

3 Dhaka East (Dasherkandi) 2400000 276000 414000 Balu River $80M $1,60M/yr 25 $122M $2,44M/yr

4 Rayerbazar (Kamrangirchar) 1600000 184000 276000 Buriganga $80M $1,60M/yr 20 $67M $1,34M/yr

5 Dhaka South (Pagla) 4200000 483000 724500 Buriganga $102M $2,00M/yr 51 $126M $2,52M/yr

6 DND-Demra 900000 103500 155250 Buriganga $45M $0,90M/yr 12 $70M $1,40M/yr

7 Narayanganj 1400000 161000 241500 Dhaleswari $70M $1,40M/yr 17 $116M $2,32M/yr

Total $722M $14,40M/yr $964M $19,28M/yr

Prioritisation Due to limitations related to such large-scale infrastructure planning and financing, a prioritisation scheme for the proposed investments is necessary. Within the DWASA Service Area the following priorities regarding sanitation and sewerage services and treatment facilities are recommended under the Master Plan:

Focus on new infrastructure to service the greatest number of people per unit of investment which typically requires priority on the high density urban centre and priority on slum sanitation. This also tends to be the environmental priority due to the fact that the wastewater is currently discharged to lakes and drainage canals which discharge upstream of the raw water intake for Saidabad Water Treatment plant.

Rehabilitate the existing sewerage system which potentially services an existing population of approx. 3 million, typically requiring unit costs of <$100/person.

Make provision for the collection, treatment and disposal of septic tank sludge from existing septic tanks and latrines, which has a minor capital investment but leads to high environmental improvement.

Purchase of land for future provision of wastewater treatment plants in each catchment.

Phasing of Investments Within the Greater Dhaka Area the following priorities regarding sanitation and sewerage services and treatment facilities are recommended under the Master Plan:

Install septic tanks and latrines in households within areas of low to medium density and in rural areas. Preference is given to on-site effluent disposal, however if soil conditions are unsuitable, then other options for disposal of septic tank effluents may be required, e.g. “small bore” sewerage systems or “simplified” (condominium) sewerage systems.

Install sewerage system and associated wastewater treatment in densely populated urban centres of the largest municipalities, esp. Savar, Tongi/Gazipur, Purchabal and Narayanganj.

Under the proposed investment plan, the following are considered immediate priority investments (Phase 1, nominally for the period 2011-2015):

Existing Sewerage System: o The system of trunk mains is proposed to be replaced as an immediate

priority. Phase 1 Priority Works include construction/replacement of the Eastern Trunk Sewer from Madhubag (near Tejgaon) to Pagla.

o In order to increase the capacity of the sewer mains, the construction depth may be different to existing conditions hence there will be an effect on the lateral mains which will require them to be relayed or sewage lift stations will be required to lift the flow from the lateral mains to the higher depth of the new trunk mains. Construction of such modifications to the lateral sewers (or associated pump stations) will be a high priority. Phase 1 Priority Works will include the re-connection of lateral mains to the new Eastern Trunk Sewer.

o Rehabilitation of the existing secondary sewers or replacement of such sewers will be a high priority. Phase 1 Priority Works includes construction of Gulshan/Banani Sewerage System (as funds allow).

Existing Pump Stations: Of all the pumping stations in the sewerage system, those located on the main (eastern) trunk sewer are priority investments. However due to the lack of capacity and the design weaknesses of the existing pump stations which does not facilitate maintenance, it is not recommended to rehabilitate the existing civil works. It is recommended to construct new pump stations according to international practice. The priority pump stations for replacement under Phase 1 Priority Works include: Golapbagh (near Swamibagh), Bashaboo, Tejgaon and Gulshan.

New Sewerage Lift Stations: Due to the design parameters of the Eastern Trunk Sewer and adjacent service areas, the necessity, as Phase 1 Priority Works, for construction of 2 nos. Sewerage Lift Stations (SLS) at Khilgaon and Rampura has been identified.

Existing Wastewater Treatment Facilities: Due to the inefficient use of land of the facultative pond process, it is not recommended to rehabilitate and augment the capacity of the existing treatment process at Pagla Sewage Treatment Plant (capacity, QA=96,000m3/day). Replacement with trickling filter process is recommended with phased modules of 100.000m3/day. Phase 1 Priority Works includes construction of 1st Phase trickling filter system of 100.000 m3/day.

Dhaka East Catchment (Dasherkandi): The Hartejheel lake rehabilitation system has commenced construction with the objective or intercepting stormwater drains (which also have illegal household sewage connections) and transport the combined stormwater and sewage to a new wastewater treatment plant located at Dasherkandi. Subsequently, Phase 1 Priority Works will include the re-direction of the sewerage collected in Gulshan and Tejgaon areas via construction of a new Trunk Sewer to the new Dasherkandi STP.

The secondary priorities for investments (Phase 2, nominally covering 2015-2025) include:

Dhaka South (Pagla) Catchment: Phase 2 Priority Works includes construction of 2nd and 3rd phase Pagla STP trickling filter system, reconstruction of secondary mains of Eastern Trunk Sewer due to raising the elevation of the main eastern sewer mains in Pagla Catchment, rehabilitation / expansion of sewerage system for the remainder of Pagla Catchment, and refurbishment of Narinda SPS.

Dhaka East (Dasherkandi) Catchment: Phase 2 Priority Works includes construction of new trunk mains and new sewerage systems in Niketan, Baridhara and West Badda which will be transported to Dasherkandi STP.

DND-Demra Catchment: Phase 2 Priority Works includes construction of parallel trunk sewer from Golapbag SPS to Pagla STP.

Construction of sewage collection systems, transmission mains and sewerage treatment plants within the catchments of: Dhaka North (Uttara), Dhaka West (Mirpur), Rupganj (Purbachal) , DND-Demra, Narayanganj and Rayerbazar,

Finally, tertiary priorities for investments (Phase 3, nominally covering 2025-2035) include:

Construction of 4th and 5th phases of Pagla STP trickling filter system (raising capacity at Pagla STP to 500.000 m3/day.

Construction of sewage collection systems, transmission mains and wastewater treatment plants within the urban centres of Greater Dhaka, incl. Savar Pourashava, Tongi/Gazipur Pourashava, and Keraniganj (urban overspill from central).

vii

Implementation Plan: The implementation plan for priority works provided below indicates the implementation plan for the phased works, taking into consideration the prioritisation of works, realistic opportunities for accessing capital funds, and construction programmes.

The following maps identify the priority works taking into consideration the proposed phasing.

Figure 2: Phase 1 Priority Works (2010-2015)

Figure 3: Phase 2 Priority Works (2015-2025)

Figure 4: Phase 3 Priority Works (2025-2035)

The following is a summary description of the phased investment programme, including costs and environmental impact.

Summary of Phased Investment Programme

Priority Phase Descriptor Cost Estimation Environmental Impact Phase 1 Immediate Priority Planning Period: 2010-2015

The Priority Investment Programme (nominally 2010-2015) focuses on the Dhaka South (Pagla) and Dhaka East (Dasherkandi) Catchment and includes: i) the first phase of Pagla STP trickling filter system (and existing facultative ponds which has a combined capacity of 200,000m

3/d); ii)

replacement of the eastern trunk sewer from Madhubag (near Tejgaon) to Pagla; iii) and associated pump stations at Bashaboo and Golapbagh (near Swamibagh); iv) re-directing wastewater via a new trunk sewer from Tejgaon and Gulshan to the new Dasherkandi system; v) and associated pump stations at Tejgaon and Gulshan; vi) new sewerage system in Gulshan/Banani; vii) re-connection of existing lateral mains to the new eastern trunk sewer so that existing sewerage systems can be re-connected; viii) construct new sewerage lift stations (2 nos) in the Khilgaon thana area, nominally Khilgaon and Rampura SLS.

$22M - Pagla STP (1st Phase TF)

$20M - Eastern Trunk Sewer $4M - Bashaboo/Golapbag SPS $1M - Tejgaon/Gulshan Trunk Sewer $3M - Tejgaon/Gulshan SPS $15M - Gulshan/Banani Sewerage Sys $1M - Re-connection of laterals $3M - Khilgaon/Rampura SLS (2nos.)

$69M – Phase 1 Total* *Excludes Dasherkandi STP and Hartijheel lake improvement programme where funds have been secured and implementation is already underway.

Together with the implementation of the Dasherkandi system (interceptor sewers surrounding Hartijheel lake, pressure mains and Dasherkandi STP), the wastewater will be collected from approximately 2.1 million people in the Dhaka South (Pagla) Catchment (year 2015) and 550,000 people in the Dhaka East (Dasherkandi) Catchment (year 2015), assuming an estimated household connection rate of 65%. This represents a reduction in wastewater pollution discharge to the receiving waters of approximately 200,000 m

3/d from the

Dhaka South (Pagla) Catchment and approximately 55,000 m

3/d from the Dhaka East (Dasherkandi) Catchment. Pilot

scale testing of septic tank sludge collection and transport to Pagla STP for sludge treatment and disposal will lay the basis for a more extensive programme of sludge management. The key negative impacts of implementing the Phase 1 priority investment programme are mainly associated with the traffic congestion associated with construction of the trunk mains and sewerage system.

Phase 2 Secondary Priorities Planning Period: 2015-2025

The Phase 2 Investment Programme (nominally 2015-2025) focuses on the Pagla and Dasherkandi catchments and includes: i) the second phase of Pagla STP trickling filter system (and existing facultative ponds which has a combined capacity of 250,000m

3/d); ii)

rehabilitation of the trunk sewer to Tejgaon pump station and associated sewage collection system; iii) construct new collection system and trunk mains servicing the Baridhara, Baridhara DOHS, West Badda and Niketan areas; iv) a subsequent third phase of the Pagla STP (decommissioning the facultative ponds hence providing a treatment capacity of 300,000m

3/d) will then be

commissioned; v) a programme of rehabilitation and replacement of the remaining existing sewerage systems in Pagla catchment will be undertaken; vi) extensions to new sewerage systems to be constructed within the Pagla catchment; vii) refurbish Nerinda old pump station in order to increase capacity. The second component of the Phase 2 investments will include: i) A parallel trunk sewer shall be constructed from Golapbagh (near

For Dhaka South (Pagla) catchment:

$20M - Pagla STP (2nd

Phase TF) $2M - Tejgaon Trunk Sewer $10M - Baridhara/Baddha sewerage $20M - Pagla STP (3

rd Phase TF)

$10M - Pagla Sewerage renovation $10M - Pagla sewerage extension $2M - Old Narinda SPS $74M – Phase 2 Pagla Catchment

For remaining catchments: Sewage Treatment plants: $80M - Dhaka North (Uttara) $140M - Dhaka West (Mirpur) $80M - Dhaka East (Dasherkandi) $25M - Rupganj (Purbachal) $45M - DND-Demra $70M - Narayanganj $80M - Rayerbazar (Kamrangirchar) $520M – Phase 2 Remaining STP

Sewerage Systems: $57M - Dhaka North (Uttara) $86M - Dhaka West (Mirpur) $122M - Dhaka East (Dasherkandi)

Together with the implementation of the Dasherkandi system, the cumulative wastewater will be collected from approximately 3.3million people in the Pagla catchment (year 2025) and 1.4million people in the Dasherkandi catchment (year 2025), assuming an estimated household connection rate of 65%. This represents a reduction in wastewater pollution discharge to the receiving waters of approximately 300,000m

3/d from the

Pagla catchment and approximately 140,000m3/d from the

Dasherkandi catchment. Full scale implementation of septic tank sludge collection and transport to the centralised treatment plants for treatment and disposal will occur. Based on the second component of the Phase 2 investments, the wastewater will be collected from approximately 5.1million people in the remaining DWASA service area catchments (year 2025), assuming an estimated household connection rate of 65%. This represents a reduction in wastewater pollution discharge to the receiving waters of approximately 510,000m

3/d from the remaining DWASA service area

catchments. Septic tank sludge collection and transport to regional wastewater treatment plants for sludge treatment and disposal will be implemented. The key negative impacts of implementing the Phase 2 priority investment programme are mainly associated with the traffic

Swamibagh) to Pagla STP; ii) The investment programme will also construct the sewerage system, transmission mains and wastewater treatment plants for each of the remaining urban centres, incl. Rayerbazar, Mirpur, Uttara and Narayanganj, in the current DWASA service area.

$72M - Rupganj (Purbachal) $70M - DND-Demra $116M - Narayanganj $67M - Rayerbazar (Kamrangirchar) $590M – Phase 2 Remaining Sewerage

$1184M – Phase 2 Total

congestion associated with construction of the trunk mains and sewerage system.

Phase 3 Priorities Planning Period: 2025-2035

The Phase 3 Investment Programme (nominally 2025-2035) includes the 4th and 5th phases of Pagla STP trickling filter system (which has a cumulative capacity of 500,000m

3/d) and will

service the Pagla catchment. The Phase 3 investment programme will also construct the sewerage systems, transmission mains and wastewater treatment plants for each of the remaining urban centres, incl. Savar, Tongi/Gazipur, Purchabal and Keraniganj, in the Greater Dhaka region.

Sewage Treatment Plants: $20M - Savar $40M - Tongi $20M - Gazipur $20M - Keraniganj $40M - Pagla (4

th & 5

th Phase TF)

$140M – Phase 3 Total STP

Sewerage Systems: $69M - Savar $34M - Tongi $86M - Gazipur $59M - Keraniganj $45M - Dhaka South (Pagla) $293M – Phase 3 Total Sewerage

$433M – Phase 3 Total

The cumulative wastewater will be collected from approximately 4.2million in the Pagla catchment (year 2035), assuming an estimated household connection rate of 65% which represents a reduction in wastewater pollution discharge to the receiving waters of approximately 420,000m

3/d from the

Pagla catchment compared to the existing situation. The cumulative wastewater will be collected from approximately 1.6million in the Dasherkandi catchment (year 2035), assuming an estimated household connection rate of 65% which represents a reduction in wastewater pollution discharge to the receiving waters of approximately 160,000m

3/d from the

Dasherkandi catchment. The wastewater will be collected from approximately 8.3million people in the remaining DWASA service area catchments (year 2035) and 2.5million people in the urban centres of the Greater Dhaka area catchments (year 2035), assuming an estimated household connection rate of 65%. This represents a reduction in wastewater pollution discharge to the receiving waters of approximately 830,000m

3/d from the remaining DWASA service area

catchments and approximately 250,00m3/d from the Greater

Dhaka area catchments. Septic tank sludge collection and transport to regional wastewater treatment plants for sludge treatment and disposal will be implemented. The key negative impacts of implementing the Phase 3 investment programme are mainly associated with the traffic congestion associated with construction of the trunk mains and sewerage system.

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Issues of Sustainability Operations and Maintenance There exists a lack of sufficient operations and maintenance capability of the sanitation system within DWASA service area as currently undertaken by the MODS zonal offices. The Master Plan includes the following proposals for improved O&M of the sewerage sector facilities of Dhaka: Organisation and budget of MODS Zone Offices

For efficient operations and maintenance activities, the organisation of the MODS offices should have their water supply and sewerage services separated, with corresponding budgets.

Sewerage System

An electronic data base should be established for each sewerage system, incl.: i) information on consumers; ii) detailed information on sewerage system, pump stations and treatment plants; iii) O&M programming; iv) sewer extension planning.

DWASA should increase the manpower capacity for sewer cleaning. Manpower capacity should be increased to levels similar in regional cities of similar size to Dhaka.

DWASA needs to increase staff capacity in maintenance programming via training. Sewer Cleaning Equipment

Priority requirement is the procurement of hydraulic jet rodding machines for MODS zones 3-6 in order to clean the trunk sewers and manholes, and keep them maintained.

Additional priority is to increase the capacity of sewer cleaning equipment, esp. in MODS zones 3-6.

Due to the specialist nature, CCTV services should be considered for outsourcing. Pump Stations

In order to minimise O&M demands, DWASA needs to consider reconstructing existing pump stations to facilitate maintenance, e.g. by utilising submersible pump stations, and separating the function of screening wells and pump wells.

DWASA needs to consider outsourcing operations and maintenance of pump stations.

In order to maximise efficiency of operations and maintenance in the future, DWASA should consider installation of an automated system via telecommunication to a central SCADA system.

Septic Tank Sludge Management

Septic tank sludge management facilities to be constructed at sewage treatment plants. DWASA should support private sector involvement in septic tank sludge collection and transport to the DWASA sludge treatment facilities.

DWASA should consider piloting the septic tank sludge collection, transport and disposal system incl. facilitating private sector involvement.

Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations and Maintenance

The new treatment process proposed for Pagla STP and additional treatment plants require greater operation capability. DWASA should consider either employment of new staff and

have them trained or sub-contract the operations and maintenance to private sector. It is recommended for DWASA to consider having the Contractor responsible for constructing

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the Pagla STP to provide early operations service (during the defects liability period) and allow technology transfer to DWASA operations staff.

DWASA should consider whether maintenance workshop services should be outsourced.

DWASA needs to consider restricting non-authorised access to the treatment plant site.

Maintenance programmes to be developed for the treatment plants.

DWASA should consider facilitating the beneficial re-use of sewage sludge via private sector development.

DWASA should consider incorporating anaerobic digestion gas collection and combustion in the future, in order to produce power to operate the plant and hence reduce operating costs.

DWASA should explore the option of providing sewerage facilities for informal settlement via NGOs.

Recommendations Concerning Legal and Institutional Issues The Master Plan provides recommendations concerning the legal and institutional organization of the sewerage authorities. Some of the key institutional weaknesses associated with DWASA include: (i) lack of appropriate sector regulator; (ii) limited control and input to key policy decisions; (iii) inequitable distribution of funds concerning water supply and sanitation investments; (iv) lack of financial and infrastructure planning and asset management for O&M to successfully manage and ensure sustainability of investments; (v) lack of sufficient inter- and intra-agency co-operation; (vi) lack of proper incentives; (vii) lack of application of advanced systems for asset management and GIS; (viii) lack of training courses in sanitation sector planning and O&M; (ix) lack of knowledge amongst planning and design staff on key aspects of sanitation and sewerage; (x) reorganisation of DWASA structure to include a new department under the O&M wing responsible for managing the planning, operation and maintenance of septic tank collection, transport, treatment and disposal; and (xi) appointment of a Project Management Unit during the construction phase. Priority competences required to be developed within DWASA include: urban policy participation and institutional arrangements, master planning, project cycle management, social marketing, special skills development, utility management and sewerage operations. The planning process is the main opportunity for DWASA to influence future development, in particular, water supply and sanitation facilities associated with private and public development. As part of the Master Plan recommendations, DWASA may consider being more actively involved in providing strategy advice at the DMDP level to RAJUK and more detailed service provision advice at the Detailed Area Planning level concerning water supply and sanitation planning. During the building permitting process, DWASA may consider presenting minimum demands for developers concerning provision of water supply and sewerage services for each building permit. This may include private developers providing sanitation and sewerage infrastructure as well as operations and maintenance services for developments not within the reach of DWASA services. In order to optimise the benefits of this master plan and realise the potential within the planning area, a formal approach is required to co-ordinate the inputs from the various stakeholders associated with the wastewater sector of Dhaka city. Regarding Standards of Service, it is noted that DWASA does not publish detailed levels of service for the technical services. Consistent with international trends, it is recommended for DWASA to consider defining detailed levels of service for the future. Furthermore it would be beneficial for DWASA to consider entering into appropriate regional benchmarking initiatives.