Durkheim - The Division of Labour in Society
description
Transcript of Durkheim - The Division of Labour in Society
-
!"#!$%!&'()%!)'#(*'+,+!-'&*.*%%'/)(-&!**%.!"#%'%
!"+ *(0'"1!$-'&&!"%+'+2+%+&*'3452%++*3
6&*'37+!#%'1"(+(",(&+-'&8*1(*#)%%!$#1*8.*!/!0%
(1('"%++.*.+*(+!*+&(*(&+*'%+'&*(&+'!"0"!-"(%.2"9
'%3"+4!:"/%+'1(++"(+2*!$+'% !"#'%+*$!*+!(%0
-(+'%+&(2%!$+.2"'%3"+!*83!*.*&'%),8-(+'"
%%"&+&*;3&!"%'%+%!$'3%!$#'?*"+%.&'%@'%+
-
!#$%&'()'$'%*%+, *-.*( /012'034'*)'2% 0 5%+*() +'
1'!%,%*% , !0%6%,57)', &',8( /012'6'$9%,':8#*%!)')81
+# ;'1* 2+'$6'+%,50'8,178$*%#/08$09
*)')%5)'$ $58,%+&+?)'( /0@
)86'($ ,509# ,#0/1'1*)8*0%!'# ,+%+*+'++',*%8009%,*)' $58,%+8A
*% ,
!#'00+-
B)'(89* 1%+# 6'$*)%+7'$&8,',*C5','$80'0'&',*%+#0'8$09
, ** 5 *)$ /5)800*) +'8#*+()%#))86'2'',1'+%5,8*'18+
#$%&'+8*800*%&'+8,1%,800708#'+C%, $1'$* , *'*)'
#)8$8#*'$%+*%#+*)'97$'+',*=D $C1'+7%*'()8*)8+2'',+*8*'1C%!
*)'$'8$'8#*+*)8*)86'2'',/,%6'$+8009$'58$1'18+#$%&%,80C*)'+'
# ,+*%*/*'8*%,9&%, $%*9EB)/++/#)8&'*) 1( /017$ 6%1'/+
(%*) ,098+%,5/08$091%+* $*'1, *% , !*)'7)', &', ,C2'#8/+'
%*( /0187709 ,09* ':#'7*% ,+EFB)'68$%8*% ,+%,$'7$'++%6'08(
8**)'+8&'*%&'7$ 6'*)8**)%+/,#)8,5%,5#)8$8#*'$%+, ** 2'
! /,1%,*)'%,*$%,+%#7$ 7'$*%'+ !8#*+%&7 +'1 $7$ )%2%*'1
297',80$/0'+C2'#8/+'*)'+'1%+7089+ 5$'8*81%6'$+%*9C2/*
%,*)'$'08*% ,+)%7*)'9',*'$*8%,(%*)+ &'# ,1%*% , /*+%1'
*)'&+'06'+G
B)%+$'08*% ,+)%7(8+2'0%'6'1* 0%'%,*)'4%,1 !8,*85 ,%+&
':%+*%,52'*('',*)'+'8#*+8,1*)'08$5'$%,*'$'+*+ !+ #%'*9EH*)8+
2'',#08%&'1*)8*7',80$/0'+)86'':7I'++'1! $'8#)*97' !
+ #%'*9*)'28+%## ,1%*% ,+! $# 00'#*%6'0%!'-B)'%$8/*) $%*9*)/+
+7$8,5!$ &,'#'++%*9JK $' 6'$C+%,#'*)'+',''1+68$98## $1%,5
*
+ #%'*%'+C ,'# /01%,*)%+(89':708%,*)'68$%8*% ,+%,
$'7$'++%6'08(LM')86'80$'8195%6', /$6%'(+ ,*)%+7 %,*EN/#)
8
*)' $98+#$%2'+&/#)* 08$5'878$** 1'0%2'$8*'#80#/08*% ,8,1
$'O'#*% ,
%,1%$'#*%,5+ #%80'6 0/*% ,EB)'$'8$'8() 0') +* !
8#*+
()%#))86'2'',C8,1+*%008$'C$'58$1'18+#$%&%,80C(%*) /*%,
*)'&+'06'+2'%,5)8$&!/0* + #%'*9EB)'8#* !* /#)%,58, 2P'#*
*)8*
%+*82 C $8,8,%&80 $&8,() %+
%&7/$' $
# ,+'#$8*'1C !
0'**%,5
*)'+8#$'1!%$'1%' /*C !'8*%,5#'$*8%,4%,1+ !&'8*C !, *
!!'$%,5*)'*$81%*% ,80+8#$%!%#' , ,'Q+78$',*+R5$86'C
, *
7$ , /,#%,5*)'7$'#%+'$%*/80! $&/08C $
!, *#'0'2$8*%,5
!'8+*+C'*#E>) ()86'8,9 !*)'+''6'$S ,+*%*/*'1818,5'$*
+ #%'*9T
U'*('4, (*)'
7$ &%,',*V+%*% , ##/7%'1%,*)'
$'7$'++%6'08( !808$5',/&2'$ !7' 70'+29+/#)8$'5/08*% , !
$%*/80C'*%W/'**'C#'$'& ,%808,1$'0%5% /+7$8#*%#'+-M',''1 ,09
7',*)'X',*8*'/#)* 2'# ,6%,#'1 !%*EK $' 6'$C8+*)'+'!8#*+
8$'! /,1, $&8009%,#'$*8%,+ #%80+7'#%'+C('#8,, *$'58$1*)'&
-
!"#$#% # %&$"$&
'(
)*% ###$& +,$#&-
'"+'"#,++."",&
&+#,(/ %+
#*$',',*$&"'' "+
#
(0###-# #11-*
.1,#&-#'" .'$,# ,$&
$'#+ #'(2,'&,'%&
*$-., "* "*(3 '
,." $#&45#$+%
"46' ,.$#+&%,$'.'"'
+,,+ #',, '(7,+%# '"
+'"- %*&.- $&- 1"
'(2$- #8,#' % ##
.',+#&% ,,+9" " (
5- +- '++#':,(
;'+&" '+-#.' ##
+, #& 4- #'$
#$$+-., ??. ",.*"
,$40,# >$>$ "@'$%,
,''% &--# *1$&
+#'##% # *%*,+,$(6
'
"', .$$$&,,(
6+
# ++#*&'*',$.& ,
$&.#,A-" $&%"&- & '
>#
.'#.'.-""&,(B
+#'%,&" #' ,$
#&.#, &' #&C3 % ,'.
&"% & &8,'" #&D6+ *% $'.&
#%.', .8#*#&+#*
, -$, ,$&- %,'.
>$(7, "" +#- .
,$*'(
E%*- F &% ,+,'(/
##1" #' #,#$&
#+ '*',D6''- &+,#
$
# -*">#.>'
$- #,*$$''.& .+
-
!"#$%&'(#"$$(&$
'#)''('*'#"$$("&*#'+"(*,
&-'
(.))(,'(((( /&"'#'*&'$'
&$#&'01("(,'2#()'"$($3
+454"$$&*#+ 6$(*'&(1$1"$78&
+*$#''+#-O 5$()#&(+$
1*'2$'''-1(+1&'#'7(
$*$'&':
;'#()'''$("$'&(1$')'
'(#1'$)'(*'$(-*-&(-01($
-&(-$77(#'1'*0'#'7(2' '#"'#*(AB'&'("$(1*'21($)'($**
*75#'()1CDEFGH(&$2'(*'#2''A
B'#)(&'(#''&**7**#$-I-*&'*$
$)'2(A6$&"''#("&-*2&1$
')'$7*'1"$$'&$()'*:J&$
1*'2('#'2&$+*1()$(071('$((=
K$($(#+)7(2'#7#&*'$)
6$&$(&*1(+##'2$1("$$$-'**"
-(7#''($*'"$$$*+(#*2*
L)5M!)'-(&)#2'('1$*"N0'+--*#
"$&L22(' J'$(&*('(+#&-'7('N
'&'5**("(1$)'#1*$(1&'##&-'
(2$
O*$(&1($'()*'#'PB1#&*(
'&'(#"$(2'('1$+(&*((1&
(2'$(&$(0&$2'('((1&*
&+
Q
(
((1&+*)-)1-$*2*7(' R(1+$'
-'*(&*-(1())*$&2$#-&S+7('5
+&1'8&''1L-'*(&)'0"$$(
'%&'*+'()*T'#&$1U(''7(
'#&(:
6$L-*'$-*)''('"$$-'**"+)
#V1#:O**"('*"(7#&*-&(-W-((+('
-
!!"#"$"%%$"!$"&'(%)
*!&+"""+,")"+,-!#**$"+"%+"
+".+,$""+//+%$"!+")"$""*
/+"&"/+",01+,$"!""+&"$".+"#$"
"2%,/"3,$"!"$""$"&"+
*$%$%$.!"//"!01+"2&/"$"%$/"+
#$"1+"%$%)%!"!")"!$"+"/"%)"!."#$.!
!*#"$""+$!!."+"/"./)"*,.
$!*$$//"*$"$""!."+"#.#"!
,"+$"$"+/+,04$"%&.".$""*$"+"
$"5!"06%%,$"%")"-",#+
+"!04$.7+%"89:#$"%)%!"/+"%+"$$"*#"
&;)"*$$"+$.!3"&,!"!.%"$$"$.!%
"$"++".+$"&+$&".$%
*$"+"#+&,!!*04$$"!.,3."&&"!",>4$
$"/.$&"'?!."!,#%/.$"!"%."
%++,&!+,+.".$+.""2/+",/"
.04$"+"%","+"#+$@"%."$"+."
-*!%%"/"!,")"+,!,'A$"%.&+,*%B.+"
$".#*+"*!%!#"!"%.".
B."+"B.+".&+"%",!"#"!0(#$"%.&
%."!B.",#.%/+)-+.&"+!##%.,
$"+"*.C"+"#+.!"+$+#+&D=
E%"/"*,%!#"!"$!%"#
/""$"+"#+""%."%.&,"#%)"+"
!.'5)"+",#+."*$")"/.$&"""!
F.+!%"2/+""%."$",+".F"%#
!/."!"%."")"+,"#""$"+.$+,0G
(+."$&"&"$"H"".%$!",!*
%$.$*"$""%"""$/"
+."'4$$"%"#+$"4"5&&!&"$",+"
#+&."!IJ2!.8K!L"."+&,M
-
!"!$ !!$%& '()**%!("*+,'*("-(!"!%&%"*%.+
!$ &%/%%"' 0"), !!$%* +%!(+%12!* /&% 34 *)++ '5
!$%!' !"* 346"*!$')-$0$$!$%7%0*%8,3 ("%!
!$%+*%4&%*9 ""!$%('0"0 59!$%'-("*!$%0'49!$%('
*(%!5 "!$%('+ ("* 3,' !(%*1:$)*!$%;%"! !%)$
%")" !%*%'! (")!(%*!0$($,)"
-
!"#$#$%#'#&$()*+
(*#$!$*$!(")*"#$ , -" .
#"&"$"# $(*#%#&$ %-(//*0
1#&)!#$//*%.-& #$2
#$"#$!!+#$"$"##$!//#$%$(/"#)
((#"#*'3%#%/$" %&-."#$/$2
!")#$"#.'+#" #%-
#$/(#"*)"#$#%$0
4"#%$-$&(#$&+$+
"$#($#$, .&$")*"#$#%$'#$"%(
%.-+ $&&+5 $."#%#$!-$"%%#&0
1
#$"#(#).!$*).$-,"(#$'$&.##
/ *.#%%*"61%*&!&(-"(3 *
$ "%%#&-.+%$ #&%#!'#-..#*$!
)#-. ).$-."##$! $&(#
)#-.71 ")*"#$#%$+#""#%"/$&
% -#$! #&(%$#%$-.%#8#$!
""##"9.% -("#$!#$$#.0:$*.
.+#$ /$"$"# $(.$'- .
&/*.+#$01.#$$+.%)#$!' /(#";*
"/#"(+#**'- %#$$&/##$$!).&
+##$ 013%*+$+#+#"/$**+*
&%$#0
-
!"#$"%&'(")*!$+,"-.""(&&'("/*,* $!&0*!
&0'!("1("!!*2"3*%*!"!!"%*&&' !"(2%*2"-4+*!$+,"5&"
+(%"(
61"&/0") !%(%"!%+"!%(",%+ 6("!*!%"
"7"(%"
5'%+" &/"%*2"!"%*)"%!% 0+*+*%
(("!1 !-
8 9"(!"&':%+",("%"()&&"5*&*%' 61$("&') (&&0!%+"
("&%*2"!0*6%"!!0*%+0+*+%+"'"2 &2"") !%(%"!%+"/"!!"(
!%(",%+ 6%+"!"%*)"%!$"(&'*,%+")-4+"'+2""*%+"(
"2"& 1") ("(""%&'+2" %'"%+%*)"% 1""%(%"
""1&'%+"**2*$/ !* $!"!!: (%+"*(( %!("*!%%" 6
"'("6/ %*,% %+"!$(6";
6:*
,""(&:%+"!"%*)"%!%+%1$("/') (&!%* !1( %"%:%+%*!:
"!%+%("*66$!":("&"!!*%"!"/"!!! &*/' (,*!"
%+%+ !"1( %"%"5'1$*!+)"%!1( 1"(:"7"1%* !!%*&/(")*;
4+$!%+"("*! ("! % ""%+% ()/6*&*/1*"%' ("2"
%+""/")"%('6 ()! 6 )1!!* 6 (%+") !%5/%%6 ()! 6
)*!"('(" 0'!) ("!$1"(6**&!"%*)"%!%+*!%+"("!1"%
6 (1( 1"(%' (1$5&*$%+ (*%'-?"%%+"0'0(! "2"%+"
) !%((%", *!%(" %%("%"!@(*)*/!-8 !"#$"%&'*%*!
%" $,+6 (%+"!"!"%*)"%!% 5"!%( ,&'+"&A%+"')$!%5"
1("*!"=>"":"2"('!*,/" "("/B"!% 2"('&"(/'"6*"
1(%*"CD$+1(%*")'5"!*)1&" ( )1/"7E1 !*%*2" (
",%*2":%+%*!: !*!%*,*%* $"(%F" (2 *"G5$%
*%*!/0'!"%"()*%"->%*!#$"!%* 6 *, ( % *,%+*! (
%+%: 6 %F*//*, (0 $*,: ($%%"(*,1(%*$&(6 ()$/: (
)1&*!+*,1(%*$&((*%":"%-H' %(!%:!"%*)"%!!$+!
6*&*/& 2" (+(*%'("2,$"!1*(%* !% 2"(',""(& 5I"%!-
4+$!1"/($&"!(" %5&"6 (%+"*(/(*%'1("*!* :0+*&!%
1$("&') (/($&"!(",""(&&'! )"0+%J$**+(%"(;4+K*(
*"%"()*%"%$(" %*6("#$"%&')F"!*%+(% 6 ()$&%"
'/"("6**%* 6%+")=L")'!%%"2"(',""(&&'%+%
1" 1&"
!+ $&0 (F: (+2" )1!!* 6 ( %+"(!:"%=:5$%0"
%"%"()*"1("*!"&'%+")"( ("7%"%% 0+*+M+"'
!+ $/ ! =8 !"#$"%&'%+"("*!( )+"("6 (2(*%* !
!+"! 6)"*,NH' %(!%:5"$!"%+"!"%*)"%!")5 *"
*1"&($&"!(""%"()*%":%+"'1 !!"!!)$+,("%"(
$*6 ()*%'-L"
(" 0*1 !*%* % /$"-
4+"% %/*%' 65"/*"6!!"%*)"%! )) % %+"2"(,"
-
!" # ! $ %&
$#'( # " %&& )##*#'
+#"* ",!
%* * %#*#"# #
#-&-#'.!"# # "/*") !$%&0
* ## %,11% % 2
" # )& !'(# #"1#"# %1 *&
#" ##$%%#")"*,#" %,)'(#")"*&1#0
* "'( %## %#"* %0#&- $##"#
&&0
#"#"# 1#342$ "# %#-$ %
)!-# #* 0# %# !0*)-# #
## %'5%* 6%#- ,7!"/# %
#*##")"*&0, %*-% #&!&"#
#")"*&'( %1!%,-& !1 !0#$%%%
11 0#" #8 ##""")&1# 09*
#")"*& !1"0* #"# %#': %#
% %-% "-# "!1, '( * % %#
$%)1&!")# $ %* -* !';# %
-
"#$%#&' ()*( +,-( (.&( (#%'$.'/0-(
)() ,')"(.&((.)#%#&')($& (#%(. 1#)%2#*(.
3#45)&'&(-#2(.&3(+6.)3.3 7-('$ ()'8#5&) 6.''$
(,2)/9() () 1-((.&(&$3#)*)&'&3(:3)(
-)"# &'
) &11#"&'+,-()() (&;2#%#&((.&((.) # -'(
2#*)( 3#)*)&8&(-#/
-
! "#$%&&' #! ( !! )&
&*)+,*#-.)$/& &)+ (0!),&- ,-#
&-&-!1/* ,!#0&-!(&!0*)&20.'
0))0! !!)!+-* )+0 !*#! *0
3+ )((&0!!14,0&& (#!5 !-
&
)! #'0- #! &* ,& 0!+3!)))+
0(),!5)'**#)#*(
6-()78) *&00! ( !!*,!59!0
)+)!:(&!0*) #! ( !! )+6! '
(&!###! !0003!!&&!5!)*&1
;&&0 3&6()!# ((&
(()+1/&&0 &&(& #3!5&& &!+
&5,!&0#-!+(*)!0(!!$/*
0-!! 3,,!0!) '0&0-+2*#!0!)
*&!! #-!! &!(3& '&+&)!5!* *(
0*)&,*0! &20,&(& !3!0! #! (&(&%%'#
,,!#"!+%##%7%"# !7#"!#$!#40
P3-!%!#%('-!2#+.!!!3%# ',"!-!%
,!#$%&$(.&!,!"((!"%&%Q
-
!"#$%!%&'&(%)$)*+(,!"-(-./%$0&!
1"+-"1"&2/%!&+345"&!-"&&-!$%%&-+'+%!"&!$!
3!'$(%!"6/(+%"'(!47"/%+)/1(3)+(+!+()-+'$%
#&-!+!'/%!&--/(!)&8.!"-"&&-9+%!$-%)!"6/(+%"'(!4
5%"&886-3!+)*!"+%4
:+%!.*"11'/%!%!&;.+%"1"&!!"%-"&&-!+%!+-%&
@(!")+%!6.&-6/(+%"'(!-(%!$!/!%&('!+(&.&-!+(