Duration Required for Mold Growth Arising from ...
Transcript of Duration Required for Mold Growth Arising from ...
IAQA 19th Annual MeetingIAQA 19th Annual Meeting
Duration Required for Mold
Growth Arising from
Condensation Development
on Interior Surfaces
Christopher Martinez, MSME, EI, CIE, MRSA
Holmes Engineering Group
Office Number: 727-873-3907
IAQA 19th Annual Meeting
Acknowledgements
• IAQA
• Co-Author:
Ralph E. Moon, Ph.D. CIAQP, CHMM
• Reviewers:
Julie Kahn, MSBE
Ross Montgomery, PE
Raymond Patenaude, PE– only their names and affiliations can be listed ( John Doe – Acme Company)
• No Images or Logos allowed
• No emails or phone numbers allowed
IAQA 19th Annual Meeting
Overview
1. Introduction
2. Building Material Properties
3. Condensation
4. Microbial Growth
5. Condensation and Microbial Growth
6. Limitations and Future Work
7. Conclusionsontent
IAQA 19th Annual Meeting
Condensation
Relative humidity (RH) is just that, its
relative!
• Dew Point
• Humidity Ratio
IAQA 19th Annual Meeting
• Non-porous condensation means aw = 1.0
• Some fungi aw <0.65
• Most filamentous fungi aw >0.90
Microbial Growth
Water Activity
(Aw)
Moisture Content
(MC)
Moisture available Moisture within
0 to 1 0 to 100%
Porous or non-porous Porous only
IAQA 19th Annual Meeting
Interior Moisture Sources
• Occupants (Perspiration and respiration)
• Their activities (Cooking and sanitation)
• Free water releases (Plumbing leaks)
Condensation and
Microbial Growth
IAQA 19th Annual Meeting
Locations Vulnerable to Condensation
• AC components
• Window assemblies
• Poorly ventilated areas
• Overcrowded areas
• Exterior walls, especially those with thermal
bridges and thermal breaks
Condensation and
Microbial Growth
IAQA 19th Annual Meeting
Thermal Bridging – Passing highly conductive
materials through insulation layers …
Condensation and
Microbial Growth
IAQA 19th Annual Meeting
• A glimpse at condensation modeling with
Nusselt number based estimations
• 3 ft. by 3 ft. non-porous material
symbolizing a window
• Various dew point and surface
temperatures
Modeling Condensation
IAQA 19th Annual Meeting
Modeling Condensation
Dew Point
(°F)
Surface Temp.
(°F)
Maximum
condensation
film depth
(mils)
Total
condensation
rate
(oz./min.)
62.5 40.0 7.54 34.8
62.5 60.0 4.27 7.04
65.0 60.0 5.03 12.0
67.5 60.0 5.57 16.3
82.5 60.0 7.17 40.2
85.0 60.0 7.10 47.1
87.5 60.0 7.22 51.5
82.5 80.0 4.04 7.74
IAQA 19th Annual Meeting
Modeling Condensation
• 8,000 ft3 space with 62.5°F dew point and
air temperature has 14 oz. of water
• So when windows do feature 1/16 in. of
condensation …
• Condensation results from a sequence …
Moisture Source
Moisture
Diffusion
Persistent
Conditions
IAQA 19th Annual Meeting
Modeling Microbial Growth
Model/study assumptions:
• No previous microbial growth
• Limited environmental variables
• Scenario and variability limitations
IAQA 19th Annual Meeting
Modeling Microbial Growth
Despite these limitations ...
• 70% RH = Summer season
• 85% RH = Within a week
For condensation, benefit can come from
understanding the fungal genus Cladosporium
IAQA 19th Annual Meeting
Modeling Microbial Growth
Cladosporium
• 0.80 Aw 0.90
• Frequents areas of condensation
– Goldstein 2011
– Internal case study review
• 20 samples surfaced, present in 18
• Aspergillus second most frequent, present in 3
IAQA 19th Annual Meeting
Modeling Microbial Growth
Cladosporium
• Clinical detection:
– 7 day average
– 14 day maximum
• Growth identified on wetted building
materials on day 14
• Growth diameters:
– 0.008 to 48 mm in 14 days
– 32 to 64 mm in one month
IAQA 19th Annual Meeting
Relating the microbial studies to residential
condensation
• A failure must occur
• Latent time period
• Microbial studies are often ideal or worst-
case scenarios
• Therefore, the mold growth timelines are
often extended
Condensation and
Microbial Growth
IAQA 19th Annual Meeting
Cladosporium growth arising from
condensation development on interior
building surfaces requires a two-week
minimum duration of elevated moisture
exposure. This duration includes the
time required for moisture accumulation
and mold growth.
Condensation and
Microbial Growth
IAQA 19th Annual Meeting
Limitations and
Future Work
Limitations
• Hot and humid U.S. climate
• Residential activity and occupancy
• Cooled and dehumidified by an air-
conditioning system
IAQA 19th Annual Meeting
Limitations and
Future Work
Future Work
• Experimentally verified condensation
references
• Hygrothermal analysis
– Building components
– Transient behavior
• Encourage Standard and Guideline
adherence
IAQA 19th Annual Meeting
Conclusions
• Mold can be costly
• Buildings are dynamic
• Sequence of events
• Cladosporium
• Two-week duration
• Hot and humid U.S. climate
IAQA 19th Annual Meeting
Bibliography
• ASHRAE. 2013 Handbook: Fundamentals. Atlanta: ASHRAE, 2013.
• ASHRAE. 2015 ASHRAE Handbook: HVAC Applications. Atlanta: ASHRAE, 2015.
• ASHRAE. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55-2013 Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human
Occupancy. Standard, Atlanta: ASHRAE, 2013.
• Bensch, K., U. Braun, J. Z. Groenewald, and P. W. Crous. The genus Cladosporium.
doi:10.3114/sim0003, Utrecht: www.studiesinmycology.org, 2012.
• Building Technologies Program. Building America Top Innovations Hall of Fame Profile:
Building Science-Based Climate Maps. U.S. Department of Energy, 2013.
• Callister, Jr., W. D. Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction, 7th Edition. New
York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007.
• Cooper, S. C. The Truth About Mold. Chicago: Dearborn Real Estate Education, 2004.
• EPA. A brief guide to mold, moisture, and your home. Guide, Washington, DC: U.S>
Environmental Protection Agency, 2010.
• Flannigan, B., R. Samson, and J. Miller. Microorganisms in Home and Indoor Work
Environments. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2011.
• Florida Building Commission. 2004 Florida Building Code, Building. Illinois: International
Code Council, Inc., 2004.
• Georgia-Pacific Gypsum LLC. 2014. ToughRock. Material Specifications, Atlanta: Georgia-
Pacific Gypsum LLC.
• Goldstein, W. E. Sick Building Syndrome and Related Illness: Prevention and Remediation
of Mold Contamination. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2011.
IAQA 19th Annual Meeting
Bibliography
• Harriman, L. G., and J. W. Lstiburek. The ASHRAE Guide for Buildings in Hot and Humid
Climates, 2nd Edition. Atlanta: American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air-
Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 2009.
• IICRC. IICRC S520 Standard and Reference Guide for Professional Mold Remediation, 2nd
Edition. Standard and Reference Guide, Vancouver: Institute of Inspection, Cleaning, and
Restoration Certification (IICRC), 2008.
• Incropera, F. P., D. P. Dewitt, T. L. Bergman, and A. S. Lavine. Introduction to Heat Transfer,
5th Edition. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007.
• Moon, R., M. Bass, and C. Yang. "Fungal Growth Sequence on Gypsum Board Wall
Assemblies." IN Indoor Air Quality Association Conference Proceedings. Tampa: HSA
Scientists & Engineers, 2012.
• Moran, M. J., and H. N. Shapiro. Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, 6th
Edition. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008.
• Morris, A. J., T. C. Byrne, J. F. Madden, and L. B. Reller. "Duration of Incubation of Fungal
Cultures." Journal of Clinical Microbiology (Journal of Clinical Microbiology), 1996: p. 1583-
1585.
• Petty, S. E. Forensic Engineering: Damage Assessments for Residential and Commercial
Structures. Hoboken: CRC Press, 2013.
• Salisbury, J. K. Kent's Mechanical Engineers' Handbook, Power Volume 12th Edition. New
York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1950.
IAQA 19th Annual Meeting
Bibliography
• Senn, M. A. Commercial Real Estate Transactions Handbook, 4th Edition. New York:
Wolters Kluwer Law & Business, 2014.
• Shu, J. "Laminar Film Condensation Heat Transfer on a Vertical, Non-Isothermal, Semi-
Infinite Plate." Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 2012: 1711-1721.
• Spicer, C. "Handling Building Contamination Claims: Beware of the pitfalls of mold testing."
Claims Management, 2013: October.
• Trechsel, H. A. Moisture Analysis and Condensation Control in Building Envelopes. West
Conshohocken: American Society for Testing and Materials, 2001.
• United States Environmental Protection Agency. Mold Testing or Sampling. October 23,
2013. http://www2.epa.gov/mold/mold-testing-or-sampling (accessed November 6, 2015).
• Vereecken, E., and S. Roels. "Review of mould prediction models and their influence on
mould risk evaluation." Building and Environment, 2012: 296-310.e referencing any
publications, list them here
IAQA 19th Annual Meeting
Questions?
Name
Instruction – this slide cannot have
logo or images. Only what is shown
Thank you!
Addendum (Created by Christopher Martinez on 1/27/2016) – This “image citation slide” was not
included in the original presentation delivered at the January 25, 2016 IAQA Conference in Orlando
Image citation:
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http://hikingartist.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/4-money-fight.jpg
Slide 5: Building Technologies Program. 2013. Building America Top Innovations Hall of Fame Profile: Building Science-Based Climate Maps. U.S. Department of Energy.
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