Dunn Ch01 Lecture-1
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Transcript of Dunn Ch01 Lecture-1
INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
Chapter 1
Introduction to Human Development
• Refers to changes over time in a person’s body, thought, and behavior due to biological and environmental influences
Development
• Focus on common features of human development
• Usually divide lifespan into developmental periods or stages that most people share
Developmental psychologists
Introduction to Human Development
Developmental Periods in the Human Lifespan
Stop and Think!
Do you think that the developmental
periods that comprise typical
lifespan development in the United States today
will shift over the next few decades?
Why or why not?
Human development is result of several
interacting forces
Interdisciplinary approach is
necessary to fully understand all
forces that impact the lifespan
Forces include biological potentials,
social and environmental factors, and
individual responses to those
circumstances
Interaction of Developmental Forces
Guiding Themes in Human Development
Individual biology and environment interact
Development is deeply embedded in sociocultural context
Children are viewed more favorably today than in past as a result of a changing historical context
Collectivist cultures stress interdependence and cooperation Individualistic cultures stress competition and personal achievement
Individualistic cultures emphasize individual achievement and competition
The Nature of Human Development
What Do You Think?
Do you think culture-based expectations placed on children growing up in the United States today
are becoming more relaxed or more strict?
Why?
Phy
sica
l
Changes in physical shape, size, sensory capabilities, motor skills
Cog
nitiv
e Acquisition of skills in perceiving, thinking, reasoning, problem solving, language
Per
sona
lity
Acquisition of stable and enduring personality traits
Soc
iocu
ltura
l
Processes of socialization and enculturation
The Domains of Human Development
Changing Perspectives
Children and War • Immediate and obvious impact
– Demoralization, depression, and a chronic sense of fear and uncertainty
– High rates of PTSD and related symptoms
• Child soldiers – Fifty regions around the world at war during 1990s – More than two-thirds of conflicts involved use of
underage soldiers who sometimes were as young as age 5 and who often had not reached puberty
The Effects of War on Children
Interview with UNICEF executive director about the effect of war on children in Gaza: http://www.cnn.com/video/#/video/world/2009/01/16/curnow.gaza.children.veneman.intv.cnn
Theories
• Broad frameworks of understanding • Organized, coherent sets of ideas that
help us understand, explain, and make predictions
Theoretical Frameworks for Human Development
Basic Ideas About Theories
Rol
e of
The
ory No theory is either right or wrong
It is best to consider what each theory contributes and to use knowledge to better understand the
phenomenon being studies
Theories are based on data
All theories change over time
Major types of theories
Biological
Psychodynamic Behavioral
Cognitive
Theoretical Frameworks for Human Development
• Genetics • Studies biological
instructions encoded in human genome
• Developmental neuroscience • Focuses on links between
brain function, behavior, and thought
• Evolution and natural selection • Focus on adaptation of a
species to its environment
Biologically determined processes
and events exert important influences
on development
Biological Views of Human Development
• Sigmund Freud • Three processes (id,
ego, superego) and five psychosexual stages
• Erik Erikson • Psychosocial theory,
emphasizing individual and social interactions, in which people pass through eight stages.
Role of unconscious mind and interactions of psychic processes
emphasized
Psychodynamic Approach
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages Trust versus mistrust – birth to 1 year
Autonomy versus shame and doubt – 12 to 36 months
Initiative versus guilt – 3 to 6 years
Industry versus inferiority – 6 to 12 years
Ego identity versus ego diffusion – 12 to 18 years
Intimacy versus isolation – 18 to 40 years
Generativity versus self-absorption – 40 to 65 years
Integrity versus despair – 65 years and older
• Pavlov • Classical Conditioning:
biologically-based responses to environment
• B.F. Skinner • Operant Conditioning:
how rewards and punishment influence our behavior
• Albert Bandura • Social Learning Theory:
what we learn from observing others
Processes that produce observable
behavior are highlighted
Behavioral Views
• Jean Piaget • Posited processes of
assimilation, accommodation, and schemes, or frameworks of knowledge
• Lev Vygotsky • Emphasized the
importance of learning from other people
Processes that underlie
development of thinking,
reasoning, and problem solving
are key
Cognitive Views
Sensorimotor • Birth to 2 years
Preoperational • 2 years to 7 years
Concrete operational • 7 years to 11 or
12 years
Formal operational • 11 or 12 years
and up
Can you identify the developmental milestones of each of these stages?
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
• Lev Vygotsky • Proposed cognitive
development is “apprenticeships”
• Argued learning is transmitted through shared meanings of objects and events
• Emphasized role of experts or more skilled other in guided participation
Broader focus on all contexts in which humans develop
are involved
Integrative Approaches
• Urie Bronfenbrenner • Developed
bioecological model that emphasizes interaction between individual and family and societal forces
• Systems approach • Integrates biological,
psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and ecological perspectives
Broader focus on all contexts in which humans
develop is central
Integrative Approaches
The Bioecological Model • Each person’s
development is influenced by a broad set of biological and environmental factors that continually interact as development unfolds across time.
• Iinfluences of family and culture are especially important.
Description of Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological model: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=me7103oIE-g
The Bioecological Model
Important Principles
Lifespan development
is: Lifelong
Multi-dimensional
Multi-directional Plastic
Context-dependent
Historically and culturally
embedded
Multidisciplinary
The Scientific Approach to Studying Human Development
Case study
• Compilation of detailed information on individual, family, or community through interview, observations, and formal testing • Baby biography
Systematic observation
• Observational method in which researchers go into everyday settings and observe and record behavior while being as unobtrusive as possible • Naturalistic
observation • Laboratory
observation
Descriptive Methods
Questionnaire
• Paper and pencil method that asks respondents to answer questions
Survey
• Questionnaire administered to a large group
Interview
• Questionnaire that is administered verbally, usually in a one on one setting
Descriptive Methods
What role does representative sampling play
in the construction, administration, and interpretation of results in survey and
interview research?
Do You Know?
Psychological tests
• Often involve measurement of intelligence or personality traits
• Must be carefully constructed and administered so that accurate results are obtained
Descriptive Methods
Longitudinal design
• Same participants are studied at various points in time to see how they change with age
Cross-sectional design
• Compares individuals of different ages at one point in time • Confounding • Cohort effects
Sequential cohort design
• Several overlapping cohorts of different ages are studied longitudinally
Studying Development Across Time
Developmental Research Designs Compared
Current Issues
• What unexpected findings emerged from the Fragile Families and Child Well-Being Study?
• In what ways might such findings impact policy-makers and child welfare workers?
Correlation
• Research technique that describes relationship between two variables
Correlation coefficient
• Research technique that describes relationship, or correspondence, between two variables
Causation
• Correlation tells us nothing about causation
Correlational Research
Experiments Focusing on
Groups
Random assignment
Independent variable
Dependent variable
Experimental Research Study of Cause and Effect
Experimental Research
Quasi-Experimental
Method
Involves selecting groups, upon which variable is tested,
without any random pre-selection
processes
Ideally utilizes replication or
repetition of studies to insure
consistency of results
Org
aniz
atio
nal
ethi
cal g
uide
lines
Organizations
American Psychological Association (APA)
Society for Research in Child Development
(SRCD)
Recommendations and laws
Ethical guidelines are not merely
recommendations; they are backed up by law
Ethics in Developmental Research
Moral Foundations of Ethical Research with Human Participants
Mor
al F
ound
atio
ns
IRB
s
Protection from Harm
Informed Consent
Privacy and Confidentiality
Knowledge of Results
Beneficial Treatments