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When Should Testing Be Done?Depending on the age, critical nature, and complexity of

the system, this criterion certainly varies. In most cases annualshutdown testing is standard practice. The next most prominentmaintenance period is every two years. To utilize a period inexcess of three years is not recommended, since the potential forproblems increases as time from last maintenance increases.

Restrictions for testing of equipment are not limited to pref-erence of the owner. Budgetary and operational requirementsare also key determining factors. Work is typically scheduled atnonregular hours to accommodate this and can add signicantcost to the maintenance program. The NETA MTS specication,appendix B provides useful matrix for determining when peri-odic tests and inspections should be performed.

What Should Be Done?Usually the most cost-effective approach is taken. An evalua-

tion of potential loss is weighed against the cost of preventativemaintenance. Usually the major distribution components such ashigh-voltage equipment, large distribution transformers, switch-gear, and larger-horsepower motors are easily justied under thisevaluation. In order to be cost-effective, the scope of work must

be matched to the equipment, based on critical importance andreplacement cost, including procurement time and operatingconditions. In some cases a full and complete maintenance-test-ing program is initiated, since the cost is easily justied underthe preceding criteria.

How Is Testing Done?Maintenance testing is performed via inspection, function

testing, and simulation of operation. Also, specic testing equip-ment has been developed to allow for evaluation ofequipment condition. The results of these tests aresometimes quantitative, sometimes comparative, andusually combine both aspects.

Nondestructive testing allows for evaluation ofequipment condition and can, in many cases, allowfor remedial action to prevent unscheduled loss ofservice and equipment. As part of a testing companysassistance package, it is usually standard practice toinclude cleaning and lubrication as applicable. Thisnormally goes a long way towards providing safe andreliable service.

The basic types of shutdown testing are as follows:

Insulation Tests: Normally carried out at some mul-tiple of actual operating voltage to stress insulation. Adc high potential test is the usual test instrument. Thistest is especially critical for high-voltage equipment.Recently, low frequency ac testing has been added as anew diagnostic tool.

Conductivity Tests: Normally carried out at 100 Adc.This indicates the condition of joints, contacts, etc. Itis of special concern where high currents are encountered suchas air circuit breakers and bus ducts. This is an alternative toinfrared without some of the drawbacks.

Medium-Voltage Arc-Magnetic Breaker, 1970

DC Insulation Testing

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Relay Calibration: A simulation of fault conditions toconrm operation of protective devices. This testinginsures that the electrical system operates in accor-dance with the coordination in the event of a fault.A well-coordinated system will minimize the effectto power distribution in the event of upset. Meteringequipment and SCADA are normally tested at thesame time.

Function Test/Inspection: Function tests includemanual and electrical operation, including trip test

by simulated fault. This conrmation of operation isalso useful in ensuring mechanical performance andlubrication.

Who Should Do The Work?The maintenance company should have the follow-

ing experience and capabilities:

Has provided successful assistance to numerousclients for many years to ensure experience

Promotes and requires safety to be the cornerstoneof all electrical work

Has sufcient test equipment and has developedprocedures which allows for testing of equipmentat identical or nearly identical conditions to operat-ing

Specializes in the eld of electrical power and quali-es that expertise through the highest credentialssuch as membership in NETA, APPEGA, andASET.

Contact Resistance Testing

DC CONDUCTIVITY RESISTANCE TEST

The DUCTOR test used to determine contact resistance of draw-out

contacts of high current devices (breakers, MCC contactors, etc. )and bus bar interconnections. Poor or lose connections can resultin heat build-up eventually resulting in carbon deposits which canresult in a phase to ground or phase to phase fault. The DUCTORtest can be used to isolate a faulty connectin allowing correctiveaction to be taken.

Relay Testing

Outdoor Fused Loadbreak Switch 13,800 Volts

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This quality of testing ability and knowledge willprovide the client with a high level of condence onthe integrity of the distribution system.

The value of experienced personnel will becomereadily evident when reviewing engineering reportsand recommendations. These observations basedon site work and test results will itemize concerns,indicate priority, and provide constructive solutions,usually with budgetary costs included. A good report

will include suggestions for systems improvement re-lating to performance, energy efciency, and potentialupgrade.

John Hodson is an Engineering Technologist in both electron-ics and electricity as well as a journeyman electrician. He startedhis career in electronics but since 1980 has concentrated on theelectrical eld and in building the Magna Group of Companies.He has been instrumental in the start up of several new ofces,including Calgary where he now resides as Manager. Mr. Hodsonis a director of Magna Group and is the NETA representative forMagna Group of Companies. John has recently added the role ofsafety manager in Calgary to his general manager duties.