School of Architecture, Building and Design

ARCHITECTURE, CULTURE AND HISTORY 2

(ARC60203)

Project 2: ReportDewan Tunku Canselor, Universiti Malaya, Petaling Jaya.

Tutor: Ms. Shahrianne

Group Members:

Foo Ji Sun 0323550

Heng Rui Ying 0326639

Heng Sy Hua 0321999

Ho Zi Yan 0323698

Hong SeoTaek 0322045

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CONTENT

1.0 Introduction [3]

1.1 Fast Facts of the Building

1.2 Location

1.3 History of the Building

1.4 The Architect

2.0 Site Context Analysis (Hong SeoTaek 0322045) [10]

2.1 Accessibility

2.2 Relation to the Natural Environment

2.3 Comparison to Surrounding Buildings

3.0 Architectural Layout of the Building (Heng Sy Hua 0321999) [17]

3.1 Plan to Section Analysis

3.2 Circulation

3.3 Spatial Organization

3.4 Hierarchy

3.5 Building Architectural Analysis

3.6 Summary - Comparison of Buildings

3.7 Appendix - Scanned Original Plan

4.0 Architectural Style Analysis (Foo Ji Sun 0323550) [49]

5.0 Building Construction, Structure & Material Analysis (Ho Zi Yan 0323689) [52]

5.1 Building Construction

5.2 Building Materials

6.0 Architectural Elements Analysis (Heng Rui Ying 0326639) [60]

6.1 Superstructure

6.2 Finishes

7.0 Conclusion [69]

8.0 References [70]

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1.0 INTRODUCTIONUniversity Malaya is the oldest university in Malaysia, it is located at the southwest of

Kuala Lumpur and was established in 1962. Dewan Tunku Canselor (DTC) is located within the

campus of University Malaya, constructed in 1965-1966. Dewan Tunku Canselor was opened by

the first Prime Minister of Malaysia and the first Chancellor of the University, the Hon. Tunku

Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj. The building was an influence of the International style, Brutalist

Architecture. Famously known by Le Corbusier’s works, similarities can be distinguished from

the buildings in Chandigarh, India with the Dewan Tunku Canselor.

Dewan Tunku Canselor in PJ, Malaysia. Chandigarh in India, by Le Corbusier.

Most of the modern buildings in Malaysia were inspired by brutalist architecture where

the designs consists more of repetitives and angular geometries. The usage of raw concrete

materials was common as it was functionable and affordable. Example of modern Malaysian

buildings are the Bank Negara Malaysia, Bangunan KWSP and many more.

Bank Negara Malaysia. Bangunan KWSP.

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1.1 Fast Facts of the Building

Building Name Dewan Tunku Canselor

Address Dewan Tunku Canselor, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Selangor.

Construction Period 1956 - 1966

Architect Dato’ Kington Loo

Capacity 6000 people

Main Functions ConvocationsConcertsSemester examinationsTheatre performancesSeminarsConferences

Historical Events

1966Officially commenced by the first Prime Minister of Malaysia and the first Chancellor of the University, Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj.

1966The first ever convocation conducted in Dewan Tunku Canselor.

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2001A fire broke out in the Dewan Tunku Canselor. Damages caused by the fire was estimated to be RM12 million.

2002Officially reopened for the second time by Datuk Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi.

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1.2 Location

Location of Universiti Malaya.

Location of Dewan Tunku Canselor in Universiti Malaya.

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1.3 History of the Building

Dewan Tunku Canselor is the convention center of University Malaya which is built in 1965 by

Datuk Kington Loo who is from BEP Architect. It is renowned as the landmark of the university

and also influenced by Brutalism and modernism architecture. Dewan Tunku Canselor was

declared in 25th Jun 1996 by our first prime minister AL MARHUM TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN AL-

HAJ who was the chancellor of University Malaya during that period of time.

The building first vernissage of ceremony was managed in 1996 to contribute the credential

letter of the graduated students in various graduations of diploma, degree, masters and PHD.

Since that year, students are assembled annually in this building for examinations and

graduations. In addition, there was an incident on 29th Jun 2001 where 90% of the internal

building was on fire. It was then retrieved by the faculty of environment and it was opened

again one year later by Datuk Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi.

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1.4 The Architect

Name Kington Loo

Date of Birth 17 October 1930

Graduated University University of Melbourne

Buildings designed 1. Rex cinema2. Subang International Airport3. Dayabumi complex4. Dewan Tunku Canselor, UM

Achievements 1. Chairman of Malaysia Institute of Architect Advisory Committee

2. President of Selangor Club3. Chairman of Bukit Bintang MCA4. President of Federation of Malaya Society of Architects

(FMSA)5. Committees of PAM and BBAM6. First PAM’s inaugural Gold Medal winner7. Chairman of Malaysian Zoological Society8. Chairman of Malaysian Arts Council9. Committee for National Art Gallery

Kington Loo was a professional architect during the world war II era and is the person which

brings modernism to Southeast Asia. His mother names Lok Soh June and was a famous piano

player who was also the sixth daughter of Loke Chow Kit, a millionaire businessman.

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Nonetheless, Kington loo’s father was an engineer who was the grandson of Loke Yew, a late

successful businessman. Kington hads only one daughter named Ysa Loo. Kinton was born in

Malaysia but had grown up in different places which included Singapore and India to avoid the

Japanese invasion.

He was then continued his form four education in Victorian Institution after returning to Kuala

Lumpur. He had studied in Government commercial Day School and took engineering course in

Technology College before his great-grandmother, Loke Yew decided to finance his studies to

University of Melbourne in Australia. During his studies of Architecture, he was the best student

by winning the internal competition to design the Dean of Architecture’s Holiday House.

Loo finally graduated in 1953 and he joined the firm of Booty, Edwards & Partners (BEP) after

returning to Kuala Lumpur. He worked in the firm transforming from a graduated architect to a

full-fledged architect and finally become one of the partners in the firm. During his practise, the

involved in the construction various significant landmarks for example Subang International

Airport, Standard Chartered building in kl and also the Dewan Tunku Canselor.

As conclusion, Kington Loo was always a kind hearted and soft spoken man as he also

contributed his time in various preserving society which included the nature and arts. He was

also passionate throughout his career life by constantly improving and innovating his mindset in

design. Lastly, Kington Loo can be said is the role model of all professions in the country who

served himself to the fullness for the society.

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2.0 SITE CONTEXT ANALYSIS Hong SeoTaek 0322045

Site Analysis Diagram

- Sun path rise from Kuala Lumpur and set towards Petaling Jaya

- Northwest wind direction with average of 7.7 kph (October 2016 data)

- Average temperature of 28.8 degree Celsius and around 33 degree Celsius during the

hottest time of the day (12-2pm)

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2.1 Accessibility

Site map of DTC indicated with mass pathway and boundary

Amongst the multiple high educational institution around Malaysia, Universiti Malaya is the first

post-independence national university built on 750 acre land in between Kuala Lumpur and

Petaling Jaya. Such huge area of campus is divided into many divisions, each division serving

purpose of educating and leading a certain field of education to contribute in country growth by

well-structured specific education.

The magnificent aspect of design of Universiti Malaya (UM) compared to other high educational

institution is in terms of scale of the building. In the masterplan of UM, is structured in a way to

accommodate multiple types of building required for each division such as administrative,

educational building (lecture halls), students’ accommodation, commercial buildings and faculty

building. The site context of the building shows the potential empty land provided for potential

further extension and expansion of the building as the population and scale of university grows.

Site Context – Circulation around the Building Hong SeoTaek 0322045

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Site map showing the convenient accessibility to other university buildings around DTC

In addition, there are pedestrian movement and traffic patterns that creates effective

circulation around the whole campus. The distance from student accommodation to different

parts of the university is kept to minimum distance to reduce the discomfort for the students by

reducing the distance to walk and provides shelter from sunlight and rain. Such short distances

between different types of building, creates efficient flow of circulation around the university.

Dewan Tunku Canselor (DTC) is located at the site of Universiti Malaya. DTC is placed in the

center of UM, acting as a signature building of the university serving the purpose of holding

large scaled events such as ceremonies and exams, where the distance between other buildings

of university is kept under a kilometer.

Mode of Transport from Outside

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Public Bus Personal Vehicle Transportation

Mode of Internal Transportation (in campus)

Pedestrian Walk Cycling University Shuttle Bus

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2.2 Relation to the Natural Environment

Map of vegetation density and water area

UM intends to create harmony with the natural environment. The placement have to have an

interaction with the environment and also should create obstacles. The major site of UM is

located at an area of high forest density which was not developed after independence. DTC,

being the centralizing building is placed on an area where the forest density is relatively low,

there are still decent amount of green density for visual pleasure with the clear view of DTC.

Also the greenery area all around the UM is the potential land for extension of the university

mentioned above.

The lake and river stream flow on the southern side of DTC provides natural aesthetics and cool

prevailing breeze. It acts as natural drainage system for regular heavy tropical rain in Malaysia

along with the thick vegetation around it to prevent potential water hazard in the campus.

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2.3 Comparison to Surrounding Buildings

Examples of Surrounding Educational Buildings

Faculty of Business and Accounting Faculty of Education High Impact Research CenterExamples of Surrounding Commercial Buildings

Pejabat Pos UM CIMB Bank UM Art Gallery

DTC being the center axis of the UM campus as mentioned earlier in the contents above, the

arrangement of the surrounding is located in a sort of a radial pattern. DTC is where big events

of the university such as final exam, graduation and etc is organized, categorized as an

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educational building block. These facts indicates that, often high population density is held at

the location including students and staff of UM and external visitors. Due to such reasoning,

most of the major commercial component of the campus is located radially around DTC within

100m range for people to conveniently access and fulfil their necessity during the visit to DTC.

Meanwhile, the arrangement shows the functional contrast between the chancellor and other

buildings. DTC would be mainly categorized as an educational block of the campus, however

there are some interesting mixtures. DTC is an educational building which has slight portion of

commercial use. While commercial block and educational block is designated for specific

purpose which could be identified in the name. Every surrounding commercial and educational

buildings share similar characteristics to each other in same category but the fact that DTC is

neither of these 2 is what makes it unique and different from its surrounding.

Pedestrians around DTC

External Visitors UM Students

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3.0 ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT ANALYSIS Heng Sy Hua 0321999

3.1 Plan to Section Analysis

3.1.1 Location analysis

Dewan Tunku Canselor is actually located at the top of the hill inside UM which made it become

the iconic landmark of the building. Due to its special topography, its concrete foundation can

be seen slanted from the elevation plan in order to create a flat surface. Moreover, Dewan

Tunku Canselor is built more than 80% using concrete, hence, its location at a higher sea level

has actually an advantage of having a better light penetration and wind ventilation. With this,

DTC has a various architectural element which is both for aesthetic but also practical purpose.

The whole DTC area is actually consist of 4 main buildings which is Dewan Tunku Canselor,

Amphitheatre, Canseleri and a small court room

Figure 1 shows the location and topography of DTC

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Topography increasedHeight increased

Diagram 2 shows the influences of topography towards the elevation of building

3.1.2 Location of openings

The opening of DTC is actually according to the direction of its facing part. Openings located at

the North and South area is larger, longer and with bigger openings while the openings in East

and west side are comparatively shorter and smaller with smaller openings or covered with

certain façades and designs. As the area of DTC is also including the Pusat kebudayaan beside it,

different from the Dewan, the Canseleri has actually a large openings in the middle of the

building which leads to a half closure style for the building. Hence, the whole building actually

portrays a half closure and exposure architectural style with a brilliant used of different types of

opening to create the ambiance , wind and light quality that is demanded by the architect.

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Highest point of the hill

Increasing concrete foundation

NORTH

Diagram 3 shows the direction of DTC in compass

Diagram 4 shows the windows and openings of different direction of the main building

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Opening of:Left upper: EastLeft Lower: WestRight first: NorthRight second: South

3.1.3 Natural light penetration and wind ventilation

Continuing from the above, the architect has actually created a lot of architectural element

which is exclusively for DTC in order to achieve the highest amount of wind blow and optimum

light penetration. All these designs are mainly located at the openings at the exteriors and

around the staircases for the interior.

Diagram 5 shows the general penetration of wind and sunlight.

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Light penetration

Wind ventilation

3.1.3.1 Natural light penetration

The brilliant design of allowing optimum light penetration of entre the interior compound can

be clearly seen in slanted façade above the main entrance. The façade is carefully measure and

calculate where half of the opening side of the façade is facing the morning sunlight while the

other half is facing the evening sunlight. The flat surface will be facing the afternoon sunlight.

With this, there will be optimum of sunlight penetration throughout the day without

overheating the interior space. While for the secondary light diffusing area will be all the glass

doors and small opening between 2 concrete façade. These openings are also important to

create a soft and warm ambiance for the interior spaces.

Diagram 6 shows the percentage of sunlight penetration per day and how the façade works to block the excessive sunlight.

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Morning Sunlight 50% penetration

Afternoon Sunlight 0% penetration

Evening sunlight 50% penetration

3.1.3.2 Wind ventilation

Air ventilation is also an important part that is considered by the architect. For the dewan and

amphitheatre double ceiling concept is used to enhance the air ventilation effect. This

architectural concept is being infused into the building due to its main material used is concrete

and it has poor air diffusing characteristics. Hence, double ceiling, concept is introduced where

the ceiling height built at the foyer area is more than 2 storey and almost the same height as

the amphitheatre to allow maximum amount of air flow. Also, the architect has avoided most of

the corner created by flat wall and replaced it with curved wall to make sure that the wind blow

is not being block by all means. Hence, there are 2 curved wall at the side of the foyer (Diagram

7) which is also where the staircase is situated. This is to allow more air to enter the second

flow as minimal air is block by the wall.

Diagram 7 shows the location of curved wall in DTC.

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Curved walls are used in the foyer and staircase area.

3.2 Circulation

3.2.1 Type of plan

The overall architectural plan used by the architect is actually central plan as all the circulations

route are located at the side of the plans while the middle space is used as functional space for

either human activities or ventilation area. For the amphitheatre the central space is where all

chairs are located and is the audience sitting area while the openings are also situated at the

side of the hall. With this, the audience will not be disturbed by the people walking as all the

circulation are situated at the left and right side of the hall. Also, middle area at the foyer will

act as a resting and standing space for the people as most of the human flow is accumulate at

the side. As for the canseleri, an opening skylight is introduced at the centre of the plan as a

way for excellent air and light ventilation. Also, rain water can act as the natural watering

system for the plantation at the small garden area locating at the ground floor of the building.

With this, the ambiance of the building will be more natural and environmental friendly.

Diagram 8 shows the ambience that brought into the space by using a central plan where all the functional and natural element are place in the centre of the plan.

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3.2.2 Point of accessibility

As DTC is built to accommodate a huge amount of visitors, students and also lecturers, there

are quite an amount of entrance act as the point of accessibility to each separated spaces.

However, some of the entrance acts as the primary entrance while some are secondary

entrance. Also, Dewan Tunku Canselor is one of the most important yet huge constructions in

UM, hence, there are more than one type of circulation for easy excess and user friendly.

Diagram 9 shows the position of entrance and the main access way linking the whole building.

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Position of doors

Access way

3.2.2.1 Primary entrance

There are only 5 primary entrances in this building as they are all the main doors connecting

from one space to another. The first entrance is the front door of DTC where it Is the linkage

between exterior and interior. However, the entrance is only opened when there is some

formal event carrying on. Second and third entrance is the links between the foyer and the

amphitheatre which is located at the left and right side of the foyer. These entrance are also the

only entrance in and out of the hall. Next, the link bridge between the hall and the canseleri.

This bridge is also the only linkage between the 2 parts of the buildings. Lastly, the entrance for

the courtroom. As the courtroom Is a private space, there is only one entrance for I and out

purpose.

Diagram 10 shows the primary entrance of DTC.

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Position of doors

Access way

3.2.2.2 Public circulation

About 60% of the circulation in DTC is actually public circulation as circulation is the main

element that connects all the spaces with each other. The foyer of DTC as well as the canseleri

is where the public circulation is placed as both these serves as a study and practising places for

the students in UM. Also, the walkway that connects the foyer and canseleri acts as a shortcut

for UM students to pass through.

Diagram 11 shows the main public circulation in DTC.

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Position of doors

Access way

3.2.2.3 Private circulation

Throughout the history, DTC acts as the place for formal functions and activities, hence, VIP

guests and backstage workers will have their own circulation pathway to ensure the safety of te

guests and to ensure a smooth working environment. The entrance to the backstage of the

amphitheatre and stairs to second floor of DTC are actually considered as private circulation.

Also, another private circulation in this area is the entrance to the VIP room and the court room

as it is used for special purposes and guests only.

Diagram 12 shows the private circulation in DTC .

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Position of doors

Access way

3.2.2.4 Position of staircase and fire escape

There a 2 circular staircases situated at the left and right side of the staircase in order to

provide a smooth circulation as well as creating a balance and symmetry architectural plan.

Another staircase is position at the canseleri which act as the only connection to each floor in

the building. However, the staircase had designed in a way that it is more users friendly. From

the diagram below it can be seen that dog-legged stairs is used where user will only require

walking a shorter distance to reach the next staircase compared to the normal staircase.

Moreover, the fire escape introduced in DTC is also nicely considered as there are more than

one connections are designed to excess to each spaces especially when stairs and smaller

entrance are used. For instance, there are 2 circular staircases located at both sides of second

floor to provide a quicker and smoother exit if there is an emergency as well the entrance and

exit for the amphitheatre. All the fire escape will be directed to the space outside DTC and act

as a temporarily gathering area.

Diagram 13 shows the position of fire escape exit and the position of stiacases.

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Fire escape exit

Position of staircase

3.3 Spatial organization

3.3.1. Spatial planning

A good spatial planning is essential to create both, healthy environment and eliminates as much

threats as possible, hence both natural and man-made elements are both considered.

3.3.1.1 Natural element

The architect designed the building in a way that he tried to conserve as much natural

elements as possible while blending the nature in to the building. Hence, a central garden is

being designed to increase the nature element in the building as the architect believed that

greeneries are able recreate a calm and peaceful ambience to the user. Also, the exterior wall

of the courtroom is also planted with climbing plant to create a fusion of nature and man-

made element. It also bring upon a mysterious hint to the space as the court room is the most

private space in the building.

Diagram 14 shows the effect of natural element towards the building.

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The cylindrical façade are mostly covered with climbing plants to enhance the natural element and mysterious effect.

Natural element is added into the building compound as a relax and resting area

3.3.1.2 Spatial experience

On the other hand, impactful spatial experience is created by the changing of volume and

ambiance from one space to another. The spaces are planned and arranged in a way that the

users will feel comfortable and majestic at the while walking t through the spaces as the

architect wanted to bring out the ambience of the holiness of a university. Hence, double

volume is largely used in the hall area as well as large architectural elements for instance, the

slanted façade and the circular wall by the walkway. The other part of the building is designed

half opened as a metaphor of the freeness in the journey searching for knowledge.

Diagram 15 shows how the architecture influences the spatial experience to the viewers.

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Enlarged architectural elements is used to let the viewer feels majestic and holy.

Doubled ceiling is introduced to the foyer in increase the freeness and openness of the space

3.3.2 Spatial relation between each spaces Spatial relation is define as the certainty of a space is placed in relation to one another.

Different types of relation are introduced in DTC to create a highly linked building.

Type 1: Space within a space

Natural space and man-made space are fused together by this relation as the courtyard is

created within the canseleri. With this, the courtyard not only act as the function to filter the air

but also create an eye pleasing view as well as a perfect resting area for the students.

Diagram 16 shows how the courtyard and canseleri is related to one another.

Type 2: Adjacent space

The foyer of DTC and the amphitheatre actually shared a common wall and is link together by

the specific wall. This can be a way to avoid the wastage of spaces and creates a more

functional circulation

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Diagram 17 shows one of the entrance from the foyer toward the amphitheatre and how an

adjacent space related to one another.

Type 3: Spaces linked by a common space

Both the foyer and canseleri is link together by the bridge in the middle. This space acts as the

only connecting for the 2 other spaces. With this, the connecting space will also aid in

enhancing the spatial effect and the ambiance of the architecture.

Diagram 18 shows the enhancement of the ambience that is created by the connecting space.

3.3.3 Spatial relation between site

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The topography, height, ventilation and exterior circulation. DTC is situated on top of a hill,

hence to avoid slanted stairs, and preserving the hill, the architect placed the entrance at the

flat surface and leave the back of the building by the edge of the hill. Also, in order to prevent

traffic congestion when there is function being held In the building, there is no entrance at the

side of the building which is facing the road side. All the architecture elements and position of

the windows are also placed according to the wind direction and sun path.

Diagram 19 shows the site analysis of how the site influences the architecture.

3.3.4 Private and public spaces

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Slope

Slope

Stairs is built according the slope in order to preserve the hill as make DTC at the highest point.

A huge square is built to act as a gathering area for high population. Also, to direct the visitor to the main entrance.

Flat surface

Vehicles passing route

In order to create a smooth vehicle circulation, main entrance is placed avoiding the passing route.

Due to its architectural style, all the public and private space distribution are in a very orderly

and geometrical manner. About 50% of the area are public space, 30% of semi-public space and

20% of the spaces are private space. The most private space would be the court room at the

edge of the building as the space has totally no windows with only a door connecting to a

narrow hallway. The court room also situated inside the private VIP resting room for the guests

including sometimes the Prime Minister of Malaysia. While for the semi-public area, the spaces

are often separated by doors and wall, for example the management office, backstage and

storeroom. As for the public spaces, they are also commonly used as part of the circulation and

also common resting area for all the students. These spaces also mainly situated near the main

entrance for instance, the foyer, amphitheatre and the garden.

Diagram 21 shows the separation of public and private spaces.

3.4 Hierarchy

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Public

Semi public

Private

3.4.1 Spatial flow

As the building is part of the modernism architecture, the spatial flow is often very gentle in an

orderly way where a transition volume or ambience will be created by the architect.

3.4.1.1 From public to private

The private and public spaces are being separated clearly in DTC and the architect will give a

clear hint by changing the surrounding architecture. The way from the canseleri to the court

room is the perfect example. A VIP resting room is created as a transitional space from the

public space to private area as the wall of the room is mimic as a display cabinet while the

entrance of the room is situated at the side. Upon reaching the court room, users will have to

pass through a walkway which height is only about 2.3metres and a width of about 1.3 metres.

The sudden changed of volume imposed a clear sense of privacy and mysterious. There are also

no window in the courtroom and the space is designed in a circular shape where it mimic as a

maintenance area looking from the outside.

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3.4.1.2 From interior to exterior

The architect brilliantly used the change of ambience by manipulating the light penetration and

wind ventilation to allow the user has a more comfortable experience. For instance, the

amphitheatre is darker and more sorrow in the ambience as light penetration is limited by the

curtains and walls. However, while walking towards the foyer which acts as a transitional space

from the interior and exterior, more opened windows and glass walls are used to allow more

light entering the space. The user will be able to adapt to the gentle change before expose

themselves under the sunlight.

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Private

Diagram 22 shows the volume of space shows a strong sense of hierarchy as it goes from public to private space.

Public Double ceiling height

Normal ceiling height

Lower ceiling height

Diagram 23 shows the hierarchy of natural light intensity

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Interior

Exterior

Low natural light intensity which makes the users feel enclosed.

Optimum natural light intensity as a transitional space for the users to adapt.

High natural light intensity where the users are exposed

3.4.2 Spatial function and purpose

The architecture of the building will change and adapt to the spatial function and purpose. DTC

has 4 main spaces in the building and each of it has its own purpose served to the users.

Foyer: This space acts as a gathering area for the guests before entering the amphitheatre. Also

acts as the practising area for the performers.

Amphitheatre: Large hall which can accommodate 25000 people. Venue for most of the formal

function organized by UM for instance, convocation, annual dinner and musical performance.

Canseleri: Former canseleri, currently has changed into classrooms and management office for

DTC, also named as Pusat Kebudayaan where some culture artefacts are exhibited here.

Court room: A small, enclosed, private place which act as a court room to discuss about legal

cases in UM and also making classified discussion within the leaders of the University.

Diagram 24 shows the main spatial function of DTC.

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Canseleri Court room

Foyer Amphitheatre

3.4.3 Person-container relationship

The volume of the space is determined by the amount of user that will accommodate the space

and the publicity of the space. Hence, public space like the foyer and amphitheatre will have

double volume and more exposed space while space that will only need to accommodate lesser

people like the court room will have lower ceiling height and a more enclose surrounding.

Diagram 25 shows the relationship of space volume and publicity.

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As the publicity of the space become higher, the volume of the space will increase to accommodate more human and kinds of activity which includes passive and active activities.

As the publicity of the space become lower, the volume of the space will decrease less human activity will be achieved for example, passive activities.

3.5 Building Architectural Analysis

3.5.1 Repetition

Due to its modernism architectural period, the architecture element used in DTC are often

repeated. From the exterior design, repeated concrete shapes can be seen as a part of aesthetic

as well as functioned as to control the light intensity of the interior spaces. As influenced by the

architecture period, the architecture aims to achieve a more harmonious ambience hence,

repeated concrete slabs can be seen around the building with only a slight change of width and

height. A unity can be seen as all the materials and architectural elements used are constantly

repeated.

Diagram 26 shows the repetition of architecture elements available at the elevation of DTC.

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3.5.2 Symmetry and balance

The plan of the building is symmetry and balance which also reflects to mission of UM,

representing the balanced development in producing talent. Beside to achieve an aesthetically

balanced architecture, the balanced and symmetry plan will also ensure a smoother and direct

circulation which is also user friendly to the visitors.

Diagram 27 shows how the plan of DTC is being sectioned symmetrically.

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3.5.3 Repetitive to unique

Although simple and repeated geometric shapes are used for the plan, however, the architect

experimented with different combining method by overlapping, intersecting and fusing the

shapes with each other to create a unique yet harmonious plan. For instance, the courtyard

which is situated in the centre of the canseleri is a result of overlapping 2 different size of

squares with each other. The circular stairs are also the production of intersection of circle and

rectangular.

Diagram 28 shows how repetitive geometric are arranged in a unique way to create special

architectural effect.

3.5.4 Additive and subtractive

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overlapping

Intersecting

Additive and subtractive method is imposed into the building associate with the geometric plan.

A cuboid is subtracted from the plan to create the courtyard while a cylinder is added in to the

cuboid courtyard as stairs. A contrast between straight and curvilinear lines can be seen by

adding the cylinders around the cuboid plan.

Diagram 29 shows how 3 dimensional geometric shapes are added or subtracted to create the

desired architectural effect.

3.5.5 Geometric

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Subtracted method is used to create the courtyard

Additional method is used for the cylindrical parts.

The building emerges from the combinations of geometric circles and rectangular shapes. The

shapes are placed in orderly manner without having any organic shapes which is also influenced

by the architectural style. The spatial function and organization can easily be determined as it is

planned according to the simple repeated geometric shapes.

Diagram30 shows how geometric shapes are planned in the plan and the space organisation.

3.5.6 Building massing

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Rectangle 1 space 1 Rectangle 2 space 2

Rectangle 3 space 4

Rectangle 4 space 6

Circle 1 space 3

Circle 1 space 5

Circle 1 space 7

The building massing is created by overlapping cylinders and cuboid while its volume and height

is determined by its function and publicity. Apart from that, the massing is further furnished by

brise soleil which acts as the design and façade of the building.

Diagram 31 shows how publicity and human activities determine the massing of the building.

3.6 Summary – Comparison of buildings

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Volume: largeHeight: highPublicity: highUsage: to create multiple floors for mass usage

Volume: smallHeight: lowPublicity: lowUsage: for private discussions

Volume: largeHeight: highPublicity: highUsage: for public function which involve large human count

Volume: largeHeight: highPublicity: highUsage: as gathering area before function

3.6.1 Chandigarh by Le Corbusier

Dewan Tunku Canselor Chandigarh

Exterior

The balanced development in

producing talent

Building

concept

The majestic of law and the power of

fear of law

Usage of both circular and rectangular

geometric shapes

Architectura

l Plan

Only rectangular geometric shapes

available

Amphitheatre, canseleri and court

room

Function High court, Offices

All circulation is linked together with

each other

Circulation Each courtroom has individual

entrance from outside

Courtyard Sub space Car park

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available

All the window and opening size

changed in a hierarchy

Exterior

opening size

Window and opening size changed in

huge distinguish

Involved linear and curvilinear shapes Building

massing

Only linear shapes are involved

As conclusion, both DTC and Chandigarh share some common architectural element like the

huge façade and oversize style. However, DTC is richer in its hierarchy, harmony and ambience

which can be said that DTC is a more sensational, considerate yet majestic ones.

3.7 Appendix- Scanned original plan

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Amphitheatre floor plan

Canseleri floor plan

Right elevation

Left elevation

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4.0 ARCHITECTURE STYLE ANALYSIS Foo Ji Sun 0323550

Brutalist architecture gained momentum in the mid-twentieth century. Communities

that were facing economic depression had to rely on low cost construction methods. Brutalism

stretches the limit of how concrete can be used. However, these buildings lack the appearance

of international style buildings due to the prominent use of raw concrete.

The Dewan Tunku Canselor adopts the Brutalist style of the 1950s and 60s. It is one of

the first structures that is influenced by Swiss-French architect Le Corbusier. This style

incorporates the use of appropriate building materials, without using ornamentation of the

building. British architects saw the success of Le Corbusier’s work and started stepping into

brutalism.

Facade of the DTC facing the main road. Facade of the main entrance of the DTC.

As seen in the pictures above, concrete is very prominent because it is said to reveal the

raw nature of its construction.

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Vertical louvres. Brise Soleil.

The building is also designed with repetition of modular elements forming a unified

mass. This gives the building a massive and blocky appearance.

Prominent water tower at Hunstanton School. Exterior staircase at the DTC.

A common feature in brutalist architecture is the exposure of the building’s functions,

ranging from structure and services to human use. For example, the Hunstanton School in

Norfolk, England, placed the facility’s water tank on a prominent and visible tower, instead of

keeping it hidden like other building’s service features.

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Other examples of brutalism in Malaysia

Bank Negara Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. Menara DBKL, Kuala Lumpur.

Wisma Equity, Kuala Lumpur. Dewan Sri Pinang, Georgetown.

Brutalist architecture saw a rise in Malaysia when the colonial era was coming to an end.

Brutalism became popular mostly with governmental and institutional buildings. Another one

of the more notable architects that adopted brutalist architecture in Malaysia is Hijjas Kasturi,

who designed one of the most prominent brutalist buildings in Malaysia, Wisma Equity.

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5.0 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, STRUCTURE AND MATERIAL ANALYSIS

5.1 Building Construction Ho Zi Yan 0323698

Figure 5.1: the panoramic view of Dewan Tunku Canselor.

Dewan Tunku Canselor is a building that was constructed with raw concrete or bare concrete

that is named as “betron brut” along with “egg-crate” concrete. The main purpose of using

these materials is to enhance the durability of the building. Moreover, precast concrete is used

because it has made the construction work easier since it implemented repetitive elements in

the architecture.

Figure 5.2: the facade view of Dewan Tunku Canselor.

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5.1.1 Concrete Ribbed Slab Ceilings

The concrete ribbed slab ceilings are being used in the building. Ribbed floors consist of equally

spaced ribs that are supported by columns. This construction is common due to the formwork

costs and the low fire rating. The ribbed slabs are for supporting medium to heavy loads. From

the ribs to the soffit of the slab, it actually reduces the quantity of concrete and the weight of

the floor.

Figure 5.3: the ribbed slab ceiling of the interior. Figure 5.4: zoom in view of the ceiling.

Figure 5.5: the drawing details of the ribbed ceilings.

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CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE:

1. Arranging the framework2. Fixing the connectors3. Fixing the framework4. Providing a horizontal

connector5. Placing the Pods6. Fixing pods to the

connectors7. Removing framework8. Removing connectors 9. Removing pods10. Providing stacking

5.1.2 Precast Concrete

Precast concrete is a product that is factory-made piece manufactured with concrete and later,

together with other pieces, will become a larger structure. It is a 20th century development, it is

believed that precasting increases the strength and decreases time and construction costs.

Precast concrete components consists of slabs, beams, columns, walls, stairways, modular

boxes and bathrooms that is featured with precast figures.

THE SIMILARITIES BETWEEN THE MODERN BUILDINGS IN THE WEST

BOSTON CITY HALL

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The Boston City Hall is one of the building that meets the similarity in Tunku Dewan Canselor where both of the buildings is brutalism architecture. The city hall is constructed with precast Portland cement concrete and some masonry.

Figure 5.6: one of the façade view that shows precast concrete material.

Figure 5.7: the picture of the Boston City Hall

5.1.3 Béton Brut

Béton brut is a smooth architectural surface that is made of concrete. After casting, the

concrete is left unfinished and remained exposed visually. The final state of the surface where

the framework is removed, the framework joints are reflected on the concrete surface. It is

used in Dewan Tunku Canselor as a main part of material of the construction.

THE SIMILARITIES BETWEEN THE MODERN BUILDINGS IN THE WEST

UNITE D’HABITATION

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The Unite d’Habitation is designed by Le Corbusier. The building is constructed in béton brut same as Tunku Dewan Canselor because steel at that period of time was expensive.

Figure 5.8: the pathway to the Canselor.

Figure 5.9: the pathway in Unite D’habitation.

5.1.4 Spiral Staircase

A staircase is used to connect between one levels to another in a building. The building

materials of staircase can be varied from timber, stone, steel or concrete. In brutalism

architecture, concrete is the material that is widely used. Since Dewan Tunku Canselor is

influenced by brutalism, its main material, concrete, is being implemented in the building,

which includes part of the main feature of the building, the spiral staircase.

THE SIMILARITIES BETWEEN THE MODERN BUILDINGS IN THE WEST

VILLA SAVOYE

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One of the most famous brutalist architects is Le Corbusier. The Villa Savoge is one of his renowned work and this residential building features a spiral staircase that is designed by him.

Figure 5.10: the spiral staircase of Dewan Tunku Canselor.

Figure 5.11: the spiral staircase of Villa Savoye.

5.2 Building Materials

5.2.1 Concrete

In brutalist architecture, concrete is mainly used as construction material. It is believed that

concrete is the basic nature of construction. Dewan Tunku Canselor is constructed by

reinforced concrete. The exterior of the building are made out of bare concrete structure,

béton brut and reinforced concrete. The staircase is also made by concrete and its railings

consist a mixture of timber and concrete.

Figure 5.12: the front view of Dewan Tunku Canselor.

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The picture of the building that is made of reinforced concrete.

Figure 5.13: the back view of the spiral staircase.

5.2.2 Glass

The glass is part of the materials that is used in the construction of Dewan Tunku Canselor. It is

implemented in the installation of windows and skylights. Laminated glass, float glass and

stained glass are the 3 types of glass that are used. For the skylights which is the roofing system

of the building is constructed by using laminated glass. It reduces the risk of causing injuries as

laminated glass is a type of safety glass that is able to hold together when shattered. Float glass

is applied in windows installation. It is a decorative and highly transparent glass that enhance

the clarity of the windows. Stained glass is implemented in the foyer as a purpose of

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Spiral staircase that is made of concrete.

decoration. It is a type of glass that is also known as coloured glass. The floral pattern stained

glass adds visual attraction to the building.

5.2.3 Tiles

The tiles on the floor are commonly applied in the building construction of Dewan Tunku

Canselor. There are 2 types of tiles being implemented which is the granite tiles and the

porcelain tiles. The flooring of the building is constructed with granite tiles. Granite tiles are

formed under high heat and they have similar strength to porcelain tiles. The porcelain tiles are

used to cover up the toilet flooring. Porcelain tiles are strong and durable. They are easy to

clean and maintenance as it is one of the stain-proof material.

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Laminated glass used in roofing system

Float glass used in windows

Stained glass used in the foyer

Figure 5.14: the roof system of Dewan Tunku Canselor.

Figure 5.15: the windows of the building.

Figure 5.16: windows of the foyer that uses flowered glass.

Figure 5.17: the tiles of the spiral staircase in the building.

Figure 5.18: the wall tiles of the restrooms in the building.

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Ceramic tiles used in staircases

Porcelain tiles used in restrooms

6.0 ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS/ COMPONENTS ANALYSIS

6.1 Superstructure Heng Rui Ying 0326639

6.1.1. Roof

Extended waffle slabs to the exterior.

Dewan Tunku Canselor has a cantilevered roof surrounding the building. The roof is part of the ceiling slabs which is extended outwards. The slabs also hold and supports the roof.

Flat roofing.

Spaces on the rooftop is utilized.

(Left: Dewan Tunku Canselor ; Right: The Assembly Place, Chandigarh, India)

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Roof Drainage

The roof of the building is flat; presence of drainage system can be found on the roof which prevents the accumulation of rainwater on the flat roof surface. By utilizing the flat spaces above the roof, services are placed on top of the roof. Comparing to Le Corbusier’s building in Chandigarh, The Assembly Place. The roof of the building is also utilized as similar with the Dewan Tunku Canselor.

6.1.2. Ceiling / Slab

Dewan Tunku Canselor’s waffle slab.

Waffle slabs can benefit as it can withstand heavier loads and also span longer distances compared to the usual flat slabs. These systems are light and only the usage of light framework is required. The coffered underside can be seen from the interior to promote aesthetic visual appearances.

6.1.2. Windows

Floral and abstract patterns on the windows of Dewan Tunku Canselor.

The fixed windows located on the ground floor of Dewan Tunku Canselor uses stained glass windows with abstract and floral patterns that the foyer. It gives a pleasant visual

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aesthetic meanwhile it also creates a soft essence rather than just concrete rigid structure and also a welcoming sensation.

Windows at the administration office area.

The windows around the administration area uses normal windows. The area is not exposed to public therefore it emphasizes more on functionality than aesthetics compared to the stained glass used at the foyer of the building.

6.1.3. Doors

Glass double doors located around the side entrance of the building.

(Left: Glass double door at the side entrance of the building’s exterior; Right: Door entrance towards the main

hall of Dewan Tunku Canselor)

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The prominent usage of glass double doors can be seen throughout the building. Apart from walls, doors play an important role in circulating the people throughout the building. The building itself holds functions and certain activities which often brings in a number of crowd. Double doors ease the circulation of the people entering and exiting the building.

The doors are mostly made of glass to bring in natural light into the building. The building is made of concrete which blocks most of the natural lightings. With the usage of glass doors, it enhances the lightings into the building giving it a brighter environment for the interiors.

6.1.4. Staircase

W shape staircase.

3 types of staircases can be seen in the building. The W shape stairs can be seen at the other side of the building where the ‘Pusat Kebudayaan’ is. It connects the levels between the upper floor and lower floor, also allowing the flow of people in two directions.

Half landing staircase.

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The emergency exit from the hall which leads to the half landing staircase. The picture on the right shows the

door exit towards the staircase.

The half landing staircase is located at the exterior of the building which is connected to the grand hall. It is used as an emergency exit.

Spiral staircase.

Left: Unattached steps of stairs.; Right: Studded mosaics at the sides of the step flooring.

The spiral staircase is at both sides of the hall connecting the ground floor to the upper mezzanine floors. The steps of the spiral staircase are not connected but attached to the walls. Presence of slightly studded pieces of mosaics at the edge of each steps which helps to prevent people from slipping. Besides, the lighting around the stairs is a little dull therefore, the when lighting shines upon the mosaic it reflects and tells the user that there’s another step ahead.

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Emergency Exits

6.1.5. Skylight

The skylight can be seen at the cantilevered shade at the side entrance of the building.

The position of the skylights is placed in front of the door entrances.

Skylights were used decades ago by the Ancient Romans. ‘Open’ skylights can be seen in buildings such as the Pantheon where the oculus serves for daylighting purposes. However later during the Industrial Revolution, ‘Closed’ skylights were introduced as machines has lightened the burden people to manufacture glasses.

Skylights are used for the exterior of Dewan Tunku Canselor at the side entrance. The skylight allows more natural sunlight entering the area. As the cantilevered roof is fully covered, the two skylights are placed right in front of the door entrance by increasing the amount of natural lightings and also bringing in a welcoming first impression. The usage of skylights also promotes energy conservation where artificial lightings is not needed much.

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Door Entrance

Door Entrance

6.2 Finishes

6.2.1. ‘Brise Soleil’

The Brise Soleil of Dewan Tunku Canselor.

The interior of the building itself, showing how light affects the interior spaces with the sunscreen on the façade.

The usage of brise soleil is similar as The Palace of Assembly in Chandigarh by Le Corbusier.

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‘Brise Soleil’ also known as sunscreen, is the most prominent element that can be seen from the façade of Dewan Tunku Canselor. The concreted sun shading devices itself stands out compared to other buildings which are present in the area. These sunscreens deflect sunlight, provides the interior a cooler space by reducing its heat gain. Each level of the screen is alternated in the opposite way to allow lights from different direction entering the building. Similarity can be seen between Le Corbusier’s work in Chandigarh.

6.2.2. Tensile Fabric Canopy

Tensile Fabric Canopies can be seen at parts of the building.

The effect of the canopy providing a suitable shading and brightness.

Shading devices were available in the building itself. To shade the open spaces within the buildings, tensile fabric canopies are used to shade the open area where the small rest area and garden is. The fabric is translucent; therefore, it provides a comfortable level of illumination compared to the usual outdoor brightness. The small pores on the fabric not only allows ventilation but it can also hold up rain water.

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6.2.3. Acoustic Panels

The walls of the hall incorporate with part concrete and part of it with acoustic panels.

Acoustic panels are alternately arranged along the walls of the grand hall.

Acoustic panels are excellent soundproofing materials that prevents echoes. The grand hall is a place with functions and events which can accommodate a lot of people. Echoes are likely to happen therefore with the installation of acoustic panels along the wall, it absorbs the sound and reduces the reflection of sound which causes echoes. Without using the panels fully but incorporating with other materials of the wall itself. It gives a pleasant visual appearance to the hall as well.

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Acoustic Panels

7.0 CONCLUSION

Dewan Tunku Canselor (DTC) is one of the first known post-independence architecture of

Malaysia by Datuk Kington Loo, adopting the style of brutalism architecture as a part of

Universiti Malaya campus. Such brutalism architecture were seen and thought as a hard and

monotony architecture style which may not be suitable for such signature building of an

institution on one side of many different perspectives.

Despite that, this brutalism explored on architectural honesty, simplicity and emphasis on

sculptural qualities of the construction material itself, concrete. Texture, colouring and other

internal characteristics of concrete as the major part of design and construction, provided sense

of rigidness to the viewers, but it also symbolized the great and majestic strength. This style of

architecture allowed the extreme expression of external elevations and perspective and whole-

site architectural plan. This was again the application of modernism’s basics.

The interior of DTC has been designed with relation to tradition and culture of post-

independence Malaysia, creating a contrasting harmony with the modern technologies to adapt

to the tropical climate of Malaysia. Overall such achievement from constructing Dewan Tunku

Canselor brought in a major positive influence to modern post-independence architecture in

Malaysian architecture industry.

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