DS_LM.pdf

http://www.francisxavier.ac.in

FRANCIS XAVIER ENGINEERING COLLEGE

TIRUNELVELI - 627003

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

PREPARED BY

S. N. ANANTHI AP/CSE

M. JENIGA GEMSY THEPORA AP/CSE

CS6312 – DATABASE MANAGEMENT

SYSTEMS LABORATORY


Ex. No Name of the Experiment

1 Creation of a Database and writing SQL queries to retrieve information from the

database

2 Performing Insertion, Deletion, Modifying, Altering, Updating and Viewing

records based on conditions

3 Creation of Views, Synonyms, Sequence, Indexes , Save point

4 Creating an Employee Database to set various constraints

5 Creating relationship between the databases

6 Study of PL/SQL block

7 Write a PL/SQL block to satisfy some conditions by accepting input from the

user.

8 Write a PL/SQL block that handles all types of exceptions

9 Creation of Procedures

10 Creation of database triggers and Functions

11

Mini Project (Application Development Using Oracle/

Mysql)


INTRODUCTION TO DBMS

OVERVIEW OF RDBMS:

RDBMS is the acronym for Relational Data Base Management System.

The concept of relational database is known since 1980‟s but the idea of Data Base Management

System is definitely old. The most famous RDBMS packages are Oracle, Sybase, and Informix.

What is DBMS?

A Data Base Management System is essentially a collection of interrelated data and a set

of programs to access this data. This collection of data is called the Database. The Primary

objective of a DBMS is to provide a convenient environment to retrieve and store database

information. Database systems support single user and multiuser environment. While on one

hand DBMS permits only one person to access the database at a given time, on the other

RDBMS allows many users simultaneous access to the database.

A Database System consists of two Parts namely, DBMS and Database Application.

DBMS is the program that organizes and maintains the information whereas the Database

Application is the program that lets us view, retrieve and update information stored in the

DBMS.

DBMS has to protect against unintentional changes that could be caused by users and

applications. In case of multi user system, it must be capable of notifying any database change to

the other user.

DBMS offers following services:

Data Definition

Data maintenance

Data Manipulation

Data display

Data Integrity


INTRODUCTION TO ORACLE

Every business enterprise maintains large volumes of data for its operations. With

more and more people accessing this data for their work the need to maintain its integrity and

relevance increases. Normally, with the traditional methods of storing data and information in

files, the chance that the data loses its integrity and validity are very high.

Oracle 8 is an Object Relational Database Management System (ORDBMS). It

offers capabilities of both relational and object oriented data base systems. In general, objects

can be defined as reusable software codes which are location independent and perform a specific

task on any application environment with little or no change to the code.

Oracle products are based on a concept known as the client/Server Technology.

This concept involves segregating the processing of an application between two systems. One

performs all activities related to the database (server) and the other performs activities that help

the user to interact with the application (client).

A Client or front-end database application also interacts with the database by

requesting and receiving information from the database server. It acts as an interface between the

user and the database. Further, it also checks for validation against the data entered by the user.

The commonly used front end tools of oracle are SQL * Plus V 8, Oracle forms 5.0 and Reports

3.0.

The database server or backend is used to manage the database tables optimally

among multiple clients who concurrently request the server for the sane data. It also enforces

data integrity across all client applications and controls database access and other security

requirements.

Tools of Oracle:

The tools provided by Oracle are so user friendly that a person with minimum

skillls in the field of computer can access them with ease. The main tools are

SQL * Plus


PL/SQL

Forms

Reports

SQL * Plus:

SQL * Plus is a Structered Query Language supported by Oracle. Through SQl*

Plus we can store, retrieve, edit, enter and run SQL commands and PL/SQL blocks. Using SQl *

Plus we can perform calculations, list column definitions for any table and can format query

results in the form of a report.

PL/SQL:

PL/SQL is an extension of SQL. PL./SQL statements can contain any number of

SQL statements integrated with flow of control statements. Thus PL/SQL combines the data

manipulating power of SQL with data processing power of procedural languages.

Forms:

This is a graphical tool used for generating and executing form-based aplications.

A form basically comprises blocks and fields. Multiple tables can be accessed over a single form,

based on the application with the help of transaction commands. Oracle Forms Buildet is the

design componennt of Oracle forms. We can build, generate and run an Oracle forms application

from the builder.

Reports:

It is an application development tool of Oracle for developing, executing,

displaying and printing reports. We can create a wide variety of reports, which have various

modes. Oracle reports are powerful, yet easy to use.

The reasons for choosing Oracle 8 as the RDBMS for effectively managing the data are

Ability to retrieve data spread across multiple tables.

Oracle specific SQL *Plus functions used when required to query the database


especially to decide future course of action.

Provisions to maintain integrity of the database to avois data duplication and have

constant checks on the validity of data.

Ability to break the most frequently used object, the table into smaller units thereby

reducing the risk to loss of data.

With a number of clients accessing the database, Oracle allows explicit locking of

data. Concurrent access of data for manipulation can be prevented in this way.

Storing of information out-of-line with the table is also a major advantage. This

allows unstructured information to be stored in a different location with the pointers

to the location present in the table.

It supports OOPs concepts, making it a powerful object oriented database.


INTRODUCTION TO SQL

SQL was invented and developed by IBM in early 1970‟s. SQL stands for

Structured Query Language. IBM was able to demonstrate how to control relational database

using SQL. The SQL implemented by ORACLE CORPORATION is 100% compliant with the

ANSI/ ISO standard SQL data language. Oracle‟s database language is SQL, which is used for

storing and retrieving information in Oracle. A table is a Primary database object of SQL that is

used to store data. A table that holds data in the form of rows and columns.

In order to communicate with the database, SQL supports the following categories

of commands: -

Data Definition Language - create, alter and drop commands.

Data Manipulation Language - insert, select, delete and update commands.

Transaction Control Language - commit, savepoint and rollback commands.

Data control Language - grant and revoke commands.

Data Definition Language:

DDL is used to create an object ( table ), alter the structure of an object

and also to drop the object created. A table is a unit of storage that holds data in the form of rows

and columns. DDL is used for table definition.

Data Manipulation Language:

DML commands are most frequently used SQL commands. They are used

to query and manipulate existing objects like tables.

Transaction Control Language:

A transaction is a logical unit of work. All changes made to the database

can be referred to as a transaction. Transaction changes can be made permanent to a database

only if they are committed. A transaction begins with an executable SQL statement ends

explicitly with either rollback or commit commands and implicitly i.e., automatically, when a


DDL statement is used.

The following are the benefits of SQL:

Non-procedural Language, because more than one record can be accessed rather

than one record at a time.

It is the common language for all relational databases. In other words it is portable

and it requires very few modifications so that it can work on other databases.

Very simple commands for Querying, inserting, deleting and modifying data and

objects.

SQL Vs SQL *Plus:

SQL is a standard language common to all relational databases. SQL is a database

language used for storing and retrieving data from the database. Most relational Database

Management Systems provide extensions to SQL to make it easier for application developers.

SQL *Plus is an Oracle specific Program which accepts SQL commands and

PL/SQL blocks and executes them. SQL *Plus enables manipulation of SQL commands and

PL/SQL blocks. It also performs many additional tasks as well. Through SQL *Plus we can

enter, edit, store, retrieve and run SQL commands and PL/SQL blocks.

format, perform calculations, store and print query results in the form of reports.

list column definitions for any table.

Access and copy data between SQL databases.

Send messages to and accept responses from an end user.


Ex.No:1. CREATION OF A DATABASE AND WRITING SQL QUERIES TO

RETRIEVE INFORMATION FROM THE DATABASE.

AIM:

To create a database and write SQL queries to retrieve information from the database.

DESCRIPTION:

Data Definition Language:

DDL (Data Definition Language) statements are used to create, change the objects of a

database. Typically a database administrator is responsible for using DDL statements or

production databases in a large database system.

The commands used are:

● Create - It is used to create a table.

● Alter - This command is used to add a new column, modify the existing column

definition and to include or drop integrity constraint.

● Drop - It will delete the table structure provided the table should be empty.

● Truncate - If there is no further use of records stored in a table and the structure has to

be retained, and then the records alone can be deleted.

● Desc - This is used to view the structure of the table.

SYNTAX:

CREATE TABLE:

create table <table name> (fieldname-1 data type constraints if any,fieldname-2

data type constraints if any,……. fieldname-n data type constraints if any);

create table <table name> as (select(attribute-list) from <existing table name>);

ALTER TABLE:

alter table <table name> add/modify (fieldname-1 datatype,fieldname-2 data type,…..

fieldname-n data type );

alter table drop column column name;

Table altered.

DESCRIBING TABLE:

desc <table name>;


CHANGING NAME OF AN OBJECT:

To change the name of a table, view, sequence, or synonym, execute the rename

statement.

Syntax: rename old name to new name;

TRUNCATE:

The truncate table statement

● removes all rows from a table

● Release the storage space used by that table

Syntax: truncate table <table name>;

DROP TABLE:

1. All data and structure in the table is deleted

2. Any pending transactions are committed.

3. All indexes are dropped.

Syntax: drop table <table name>;

Table dropped.


SAMPLE OUTPUT:

SQL> create table tbl03 (sno number (2), regno number (12), name varchar2 (10), age number

(2), marks number (2));

Table created.

SQL> desc tbl03;

Name Null? Type

-------------------- ---------------------- --------------------------

SNO NUMBER (2)

REGNO NUMBER (12)

NAME VARCHAR2 (10)

AGE NUMBER (2)

MARKS NUMBER (2)

SQL> alter table tbl03 add (total number (3));

Table altered.

SQL> desc tbl03;

Name Null? Type

-------------------- --------------------- --------------------

SNO NUMBER (2)

REGNO NUMBER (12)

NAME VARCHAR2 (10)

AGE NUMBER (2)

MARKS NUMBER (2)

TOTAL NUMBER (3)

SQL> insert into tbl03 values (&sno, &regno,'&name', &age, &marks, &total);

Enter value for sno: 02


Enter value for regno: 003

Enter value for name: Abishek

Enter value for age: 18

Enter value for marks: 99

Enter value for total: 599

old 1: insert into tbl03 values (&sno, &regno,'&name', &age, &marks, &total)

new 1: insert into tbl03 values (02, 003,'Abishek', 18, 99,599)

1 row created.

SQL> insert into tbl03 values (22, 023,'Isai', 18, 98,598);

1 row created.

SQL> select * from tbl03;

SNO REGNO NAME AGE MARKS TOTAL

---------- ------------- -------------------- ---------- ---------------- --------------

2 003 Abishek 18 99 599

22 023 Iasi 18 98 598

SQL> select name from tbl03;

NAME

----------

Abishek

Isai

SQL> select * from tbl03 where total=599;


---------- ------------- ----------------- ---------- ---------------- --------------

2 003 Abishek 18 99 599


SQL> update tbl03 set age=20 where age=18;

2 rows updated.



---------- ------------- -------------------- ---------- ---------------- --------------

2 003 Abishek 18 99 599

22 023 Isai 20 98 598

SQL> update tbl03 set total=95 where name='Isai';

1 row updated.

SQL> delete from tbl03 where sno=22;

1 row deleted.



---------- ------------- -------------------- ---------- ---------------- --------------

2 003 Abishek 18 99 599

SQL> truncate table tbl03;

Table truncated.

SQL>rename tbl03 to tbl03z;

Table renamed.

SQL> drop table tbl03z;

Table dropped.

SQL> select * from tbl03z;

select * from tbl03z

*

ERROR at line 1:


ORA-00942: table or view does not exist

SQL> desc tbl03z;

*

ERROR:

ORA-04043: object tbl03z does not exist

RESULT:

Thus the creation of a database and writing SQL queries to retrieve information from the

database was implemented.


Ex.No.2. PERFORMING INSERTION, DELETION, MODIFYING, ALTERING,

UPDATING AND VIEWING RECORDS BASED ON CONDITIONS

AIM:

To Perform Insertion, Deletion, Modifying, Altering, Updating and Viewing records

based on conditions in RDBMS.

DESCRIPTION:

Data Manipulation Language

DML commands are the most frequently used SQL commands and is used to query and

manipulate the existing database objects. Some of the commands are

1. Insert

2. Select

3. Update

4. Delete

SYNTAX :

INSERT: This is used to add one or more rows to a table. The values are separated by commas

and the data types char and date are enclosed in apostrophes. The values must br entered in the

same order as they are defined.

Inserting a single row into a table:

insert into <table name> values(fieldvalue-1,fieldvalue-2,…,fieldvalue-n);

Inserting more than one record using a single insert command:

insert into <table name> values(&fieldname-1,&fieldname-2,…&fieldname-n);

Skipping the fields while inserting:

insert into <tablename(coln names to which datas to b inserted)> values (list of values);

Other way is to give null while passing the values.

insert into <table name>(select(att_list) from <existing table name>);

SELECT: - It is used to retrieve information from the table.it is generally refered to as querying

the table. We can either display all columns in a table or only specify column from the table.

SELECT(att_list) FROM <table name> [WHERE <condition/expression>];

Retrieval of all columns from a table:

Select * from tablename; // This query selects all rows from the table.

Retrieval of specific columns from a table:It retrieves the specified columns from the table.

Select column_name1, …..,column_namen from table name;

Elimination of duplicates from the select clause: It prevents retriving the duplicated values

.Distinct keyword is to be used.

Select DISTINCT col1, col2 from table name;


Select command with where clause: To select specific rows from a table we include „where‟

clause in the select command. It can appear only after the „from‟ clause.

Syntax: Select column_name1, …..,column_namen from table name where condition;

Select command with order by clause:

Syntax: Select column_name1, …..,column_namen from table name where condition order

by colmnname;

Select command to create a table:

Syntax: create table tablename as select * from existing_tablename;

Select command to insert records:

Syntax: insert into tablename ( select columns from existing_tablename);

UPDATE - It is used to alter the column values in a table. A single column may be updated or

more than one column could be updated.

update <table name> set (fieldname-1 = value, fieldname-2 = value,…,fieldname-n =

value) [WHERE <condition/expression>];

DELETE - After inserting row in a table we can also delete them if required. The delete

command consists of a from clause followed by an optional where clause.

delete from <table name> [where <condition/expression>];

ALTER TABLE

alter table table_name add column_name datatype

alter table <table name> add (fieldname-1 datatype,fieldname-2 datatype,…..

fieldname-n datatype );

alter table <table name> modify (fieldname-1 data type (new size));

alter table drop column column name;

Table altered.


SAMPLE OUTPUT:

INSERT, SELECT, UPDATE AND DELETE COMMANDS

SQL> create table person(pid int, lastname varchar2(10),firstname varchar(10),

address varchar2(20),age number);

Table created.

INSERTING A SINGLE ROW INTO A TABLE

SQL> insert into person values(1,'Prettina','Anne','Bangalore',14);

1 row created.

SQL> insert into person values(2,'Benitto','Anish','Trichy',24);

1 row created.

SQL> select * from person;

PID LASTNAME FIRSTNAME ADDRESS AGE

---------- ---------- ---------- -------------------- ----------

1 Prettina Anne Bangalore 14

2 Benitto Anish Trichy 24

INSERTING MORE THAN ONE ROW USING A SINGLE INSERT COMMAND

SQL> insert into person values(&pid,'&lastname','&firstname','&address',&age);

Enter value for pid: 3

Enter value for lastname: Raj

Enter value for firstname: Anita

Enter value for address: Chennai


old 1: insert into person values(&pid,'&lastname','&firstname','&address',&age)

new 1: insert into person values(3,'Raj','Anita','Chennai',27)

1 row created.

SQL> /


Enter value for lastname: kumar

Enter value for firstname: Ashok

Enter value for address: Coimbatore


old 1: insert into person values(&pid,'&lastname','&firstname','&address',&age)

new 1: insert into person values(4,'kumar','Ashok','Coimbatore',30)

1 row created.




---------- ---------- ---------- -------------------- ----------



3 Raj Anita Chennai 27

4 kumar Ashok Coimbatore 30

SKIPPING THE FIELDS WHILE INSERTING

SQL> insert into person(pid,lastname,firstname) values(5,Hinn,Benny);

insert into person(pid,lastname,firstname) values(5,'Hinn','Benny')

1 row created.



---------- ---------- ---------- -------------------- ----------





5 Hinn Benny

INSERT VALUES USING MEANINGFUL FIELD NAMES

SQL> insert into person values(&personid,'&lastname','&firstname','&personaddress',&age);

Enter value for personid: 6

Enter value for lastname: Prakash

Enter value for firstname: Bhaskar

Enter value for personaddress: Andhra


old 1: insert into person values(&personid,'&lastname','&firstname','&personaddress',&age)

new 1: insert into person values(6,'Prakash','Bhaskar','Andhra',40)

1 row created.



---------- ---------- ---------- -------------------- ----------





5 Hinn Benny

6 Prakash Bhaskar Andhra 40

6 rows selected.

UPDATE VALUES USING CONDITION

SQL> update person set address='United States'where pid=5;


1 row updated.

UPDATE VALUES USING &

SQL> update person set address ='&address',age=&age where pid=&pid;

Enter value for address: Assam



old 1: update person set address ='&address',age=&age where pid=&pid

new 1: update person set address ='Assam',age=40 where pid=6

1 row updated.

SQL> /

Enter value for address: Britain



old 1: update person set address ='&address',age=&age where pid=&pid

new 1: update person set address ='Britain',age=55 where pid=5

1 row updated.

SELECT COMMAND TO RETRIEVE THE ENTIRE INFORMATION FROM THE TABLE



---------- ---------- ---------- -------------------- ----------





5 Hinn Benny Britain 55

6 Prakash Bhaskar Assam 40

6 rows selected.

SELECT COMMAND USING 'WHERE' CLAUSE

SQL>select * from person where lastname= 'Kumar' and address='Coimbatore';


---------- ---------- ---------- -------------------- ----------

4 Kumar Ashok Coimbatore 30

7 Kumar Chander Coimbatore 45

SELECT COMMAND TO RETRIEVE THE TOP VALUES

SQL> select * from person where rownum<=3;


---------- ---------- ---------- -------------------- ----------





SELECT COMMAND WITH LIKE OPERATOR

SQL> select * from person where address like 'C%';


---------- ---------- ---------- -------------------- ----------



SQL> select * from person where address like '%i%';


---------- ---------- ---------- -------------------- ----------

2 Benitto Anish richy 24




SELECT COMMAND USING IN OPERATOR

SQL> select * from person where lastname in('Prettina');


---------- ---------- ---------- -------------------- ----------


SELECT COMMAND USING BETWEEN OPERATOR

SQL> insert into person values(7,'Kumar','Chander','Coimbatore',45);

1 row created.

SQL> select * from person where lastname between 'Kumar' and 'Kumar';


--------- ---------- ---------- -------------------- ----------



SELECT COMMAND TO ELIMINATE DUPLICATES

SQL> select DISTINCT lastname from person;

LASTNAME

----------

Benitto

Hinn

Kumar

Prakash

Prettina

Raj

6 rows selected.

SELECT COMMAND WITH ORDER BY CLAUSE

SQL> select pid, firstname,age from person order by age;


PID FIRSTNAME AGE

---------- ---------- ----------

1 Anne 14

2 Anish 24

3 Anita 27

4 Ashok 30

6 Bhaskar 40

7 Chander 45

5 Benny 55

7 rows selected.

SELECT COMMAND TO CREATE A TABLE

SQL> create table individual as select * from person;

Table created.

SQL> select * from individual;


---------- ---------- ---------- ------------ --------








7 rows selected.

SELECT COMMAND TO INSERT RECORDS

SQL> insert into individual(select * from person);

7 rows created.

SELECT COMMAND WITH FUNCTIONS

SQL> select count(*) as pid from person;

PID

----------

7

SQL> select count(distinct lastname) as pid from person;

PID

----------

6

SQL> select max(age) from person;

MAX(AGE)

----------

55


SQL> select min(age) from person;

MIN(AGE)

----------

14

SQL> select sum(age) from person;

SUM(AGE)

----------

235

DATA CONTROL LANGUAGE (DCL) COMMANDS



------- ---------- ---------- ------------ --------

1 Prettina Anne BAngalore 14







7 rows selected.

SQL> commit;

Commit complete.

DELETE COMMAND

SQL> delete from person where lastname='Kumar';

2 rows deleted.



------ ---------- ---------- ------------ --------






SQL> rollback;

Rollback complete.



------- ---------- ---------- ------------ -------









7 rows selected.

SQL> savepoint s1;

Savepoint created.

SQL> delete from person;

7 rows deleted.


no rows selected

SQL> rollback to savepoint s1;

Rollback complete.



------ ---------- ---------- ------------- -------








7 rows selected.

RESULT:

Thus the Insertion, Deletion, Modifying, Altering, Updating and Viewing records based on

conditions in RDBMS were executed and verified.


Ex.No.3 CREATION OF VIEWS, SYNONYMS, SEQUENCE, INDEXES, SAVE POINT

AIM:

To create Views, Sequence, Indexes, Save point and Synonyms in SQL.

DESCRIPTION:

VIEWS

In SQL, a view is a virtual table based on the result-set of an SQL statement. A view

contains rows and columns, just like a real table. The fields in a view are fields from one or more

real tables in the database.

A view is an object that gives the user the logical view of data from the underlying table.

Any relation that is not part of the logical model but is made visible to the user as a virtual

relation is called a view. They are generally used to avoid duplication of data.

Views are created for the following reasons,

Data simplicity

To provide data security

Structural simplicity (because view contains only limited number of rows and columns)

TYPES OF VIEWS

Updatable views – Allow data manipulation

Read only views – Do not allow data manipulation

SQL create view

CREATE VIEW view_name AS SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE

condition

SQL updating a view

Update view name set field name=value where condition

SQL create or replace view

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW view_name AS SELECT column_name(s) FROM

table_name WHERE condition.

SQL drop view

DROP VIEW view-name;


INDEXES

Indexes are special lookup tables that the database search engine can use to speed up data

retrieval. An index is a pointer to data in a table. An index in a database is very similar to an

index in the back of a book. An index helps speed up SELECT queries and WHERE clauses, but

it slows down data input, with UPDATE and INSERT statements. Indexes can be created or

dropped with no effect on the data. Index in sql is created on existing tables to retrieve the rows

quickly. When there are thousands of records in a table, retrieving information will take a long

time. Therefore indexes are created on columns which are accessed frequently, so that the

information can be retrieved quickly. Indexes can be created on a single column or a group of

columns. When an index is created, it first sorts the data and then it assigns a ROWID for each

row.

An index can be created in a table to find data more quickly and efficiently.

The users cannot see the indexes, they are just used to speed up searches/queries

Syntax to create Index

CREATE INDEX index_name ON table_name (column_name1,column_name2...);

Syntax to create SQL unique index

CREATE UNIQUE INDEX index_name ON table_name (column_name1,

column_name2...);

index_name is the name of the INDEX.

table_name is the name of the table to which the indexed column belongs.

column_name1, column_name2.. is the list of columns which make up the INDEX.

The Drop Index Command

An index can be dropped using SQL DROP command. Care should be taken when

dropping an index because performance may be slowed or improved.

DROP INDEX index_name;

SEQUENCE

A sequence is a user-defined schema bound object that generates a sequence of numeric

values according to the specification with which the sequence was created. The sequence of

numeric values is generated in an ascending or descending order at a defined interval and can be

configured to restart (cycle) when exhausted. Sequences, unlike identity columns, are not


associated with specific tables. Applications refer to a sequence object to retrieve its next value.

The relationship between sequences and tables is controlled by the application. User applications

can reference a sequence object and coordinate the values across multiple rows and tables.

SYNTAX

CREATE SEQUENCE sequence_name

MINVALUE value

MAXVALUE value

START WITH value

INCREMENT BY value

CACHE value;

Drop Sequence: Syntax: DROP SEQUENCE sequence_name

TRANSACTION CONTROL LANGUAGE

There are following commands used to control transactions:

COMMIT: to save the changes.

ROLLBACK: to rollback the changes.

SAVEPOINT: creates points within groups of transactions in which to ROLLBACK

SET TRANSACTION: Places a name on a transaction.

Transactional control commands are only used with the DML commands INSERT, UPDATE

and DELETE only. They cannot be used while creating tables or dropping them because these

operations are automatically committed in the database.

The COMMIT Command

The COMMIT command is the transactional command used to save changes invoked by a

transaction to the database. The COMMIT command saves all transactions to the database since

the last COMMIT or ROLLBACK command.

Syntax: COMMIT;

The ROLLBACK Command

The ROLLBACK command is the transactional command used to undo transactions that have

not already been saved to the database. The ROLLBACK command can only be used to undo

transactions since the last COMMIT or ROLLBACK command was issued.

Syntax: ROLLBACK;


The SAVEPOINT Command

A SAVEPOINT is a point in a transaction when you can roll the transaction back to a certain

point without rolling back the entire transaction.

Syntax: SAVEPOINT SAVEPOINT_NAME;

This command serves only in the creation of a SAVEPOINT among transactional statements.

The ROLLBACK command is used to undo a group of transactions.

Syntax: ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT_NAME;

Following is an example where you plan to delete the three different records from the

CUSTOMERS table. You want to create a SAVEPOINT before each delete, so that you can

ROLLBACK to any SAVEPOINT at any time to return the appropriate data to its original state:

The RELEASE SAVEPOINT Command

The RELEASE SAVEPOINT command is used to remove a SAVEPOINT that you have created.

Syntax: RELEASE SAVEPOINT SAVEPOINT_NAME;

Once a SAVEPOINT has been released, you can no longer use the ROLLBACK command to

undo transactions performed since the SAVEPOINT.

undo transactions performed since the SAVEPOINT.

SYNONYMS

Synonym is an alternative name for a table, view, sequence, operator, procedure, stored

function, package, materialized view, Java class schema object, user-defined object type, or

another synonym. A synonym places a dependency on its target object and becomes invalid if the

target object is changed or dropped.

CREATE SYNONYM offices

FOR hr.locations;


SAMPLE OUTPUT:

VIEWS

SQL>create table kavi1(name varchar(20),rno number(5),marks number(5),primary key

(rno));

Table created.

SQL> desc kavi1;

NAME NULL? TYPE

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

NAME VARCHAR (20)

RNO NOTNULL NUMBER (5)

MARKS NUMBER (5)

SQL> insert into kavi1 values („prami‟, 1001, 350);

1 row created.

SQL> insert into kavi1 values („kavi‟, 1002, 298);

1 row created.

SQL> insert into kavi1 values („indhu‟, 1003, 375);

1 row created.

SQL> select * from kavi1;

NAME RNO MARKS

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

prami 1001 350

kavi 1002 298

indhu 1003 375

SQL> create table kavi2 (rollno number (5), attendance number (5), primary key (roll no));

Table created.

SQL> desc kavi2;

NAME NULL? TYPE

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ROLLNO NOTNULL NUMBER (5)

ATTENDENCE NUMBER (5)

SQL> insert into kavi2 values (1001, 90);


1 row created.


1 row created.


1 row created.

SQL> select * from kavi2;

ROLLNO ATTENDENCE

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1001 90

1002 75

1003 85

SQL> create view kaviview as select name, rno, marks, attendance from kavi1, kavi2 where

rollno=rno;

view created.

SQL> select * from kaviview;

NAME RNO MARKS ATTENDENCE

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-

prami 1001 350 90

kavi 1002 298 75

indhu 1003 375 85

SQL> update kaviview set name=‟kavi‟ where name=‟priya‟;

1 row updated.

SQL> update kaviview set marks=352 where name=‟prami‟;

1 row updated;

SQL> select * from kaviview;

NAME RNO MARKS ATTENDENCE

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

prami 1001 352 90

priya 1002 298 75

indhu 1003 375 85


INDEX

SQL> create table persons (first name varchar (20), last name varchar(10));

Table created;

SQL> create index plndex on persons (last name);

Index created.

SQL> select * from persons;

No rows selected.

SQL> drop plndex on persons;

Drop index plndex on persons

*

ERROR at line1:

ORA_00950: Invalid DROP option.

SEQUENCE

SQL> create table supplier2 (supplierid number (10), supplier name varchar (20));

Table created.

SQL>insert into supplier2 values (10,‟ganesh‟);

1 row created.

SQL> select * from supplier2;

SUPPLIER ID SUPPLIERNAME

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

10 ganesh

SQL> create sequence supplier2_seq2

2 MINVALUE 1

3 STARTWITH 1

4 INCREMENT BY 1

5 CACHE 20

Sequence created.

SQL> insert into supplier2 (supplier id, supplier name) values

(supplier2_seq.NEXTVAL,‟Kraftfoods‟);

1 row created.


SQL> select*from supplier2;

SUPPLIERID SUPPLIERNAME

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

10 ganesh

1 Kraftfoods

SQL> insert into supplier2 (supplier id, supplier name) values

(supplier2_seq.NEXTVAL,‟parle‟);

1 row created.

SQL> select*from supplier2;

SUPPLIERID SUPPLIERNAME

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

10 ganesh

1 Kraft foods

2 Parley

SQL> select*from supplier2_seq2*;

Error at line1:

ORA-00942: table or view does not exist;

SYNONYMS

create public synonym suppliers for app.suppliers;

Synonym created.

TCL COMMANDS

SQL> create table tb43 (rno number(2),name varchar(10));

Table created;

SQL>insert into tb43 values(2,‟kavi‟);

1 row created.

SQL>insert into tb43 values(3,‟prami‟);

1 row created.

SQL>insert into tb43 values(4,‟geetha‟);

1 row created.


SQL> select * from tb43;

RNO NAME

---------------------------------------------------

2 kavi

3 prami

4 geetha

SQL> commit;

Commit complete.

SQL>insert into tb43 values(5,‟indhu‟);

1 row created.


RNO NAME

-----------------------------------------------------------

2 kavi

3 prami

4 geetha

5 indhu

SQL>rollback;

Rollback complete;


RNO NAME

-----------------------------------------------------

2 kavi

3 prami

4 geetha

SQL>save point s1;

Save point created;

SQL> delete * from tb43 where rno=3;

1 row deleted.



RNO NAME

--------------------------------------------------------

2 kavi

3 prami

SQL> insert into tb43 values(7,‟balu‟);

1 row created.


RNO NAME

------------------------------------------------------

2 kavi

3 prami

7 balu

SQL> rollback to s1;

Rollback complete;


RNO NAME

------------------------------------------------------

2 kavi

3 prami

RESULT:

Thus the Views, Sequence, Indexes, Save point and Synonyms are implemented

in SQL.


Ex. No. 4. CREATING AN EMPLOYEE DATABASE TO SET VARIOUS

CONSTRAINTS

AIM

To create an Employee database with various constraints.

DESCRIPTION:

SQL CONSTRAINTS

Constraints are the rules enforced on data columns on table. These are used to limit the

type of data that can go into a table. This ensures the accuracy and reliability of the data in the

database.

Constraints could be column level or table level. Column level constraints are applied

only to one column, whereas table level constraints are applied to the whole table.

Following are commonly used constraints available in SQL.

NOT NULL Constraint: Ensures that a column cannot have NULL value.

UNIQUE Constraint: Ensures that all values in a column are different.

PRIMARY Key: Uniquely identified each rows/records in a database table.

FOREIGN Key: Uniquely identified a rows/records in any another database table.

CHECK Constraint: The CHECK constraint ensures that all values in a column satisfy

certain conditions.


SAMPLE OUTPUT:

NOT NULL

SQL> CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE (EMP_NO NUMBER(6)NOT NULL,NAME

VARCHAR2(10),BRANCH VARCHAR2(6));

Table created.

SQL> DESC EMPLOYEE;

Name Null? Type

----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------

EMP_NO NOT NULL NUMBER(6)

NAME VARCHAR2(10)

BRANCH VARCHAR2(6)

SQL> INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES(&EMP_NO,'&NAME','&BRANCH');

Enter value for emp_no: 501

Enter value for name: ABHILASH

Enter value for branch: CHENNAI

old 1: INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES(&EMP_NO,'&NAME','&BRANCH')

new 1: INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES(501,'ABHILASH', „CHENNAI‟)

1 row created.



Enter value for name: ABI



new 1: INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES(502,'ABI', „CHENNAI‟)

1 row created.

SQL> SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE;

EMP_NO NAME BRANCH

-------------- -------------- -------------

501 ABHILASH CHENNAI

502 ABI CHENNAI



Enter value for emp_no:

Enter value for name: BHAVYA



new 1: INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES(,'BHAVYA', „CHENNAI‟)

INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES(,'BHAVYA', „CHENNAI‟)

*

ERROR:CANNOT INSERT NULL INTO("SCOTT", EMPLOYEE,EMP_NO)

UNIQUE

SQL> CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE (EMP_NO NUMBER(6) UNIQUE ,NAME


Table created.


Enter value for rollno: 501

Enter value for name: abhilash

Enter value for branch: chennai


new 1: INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES(501,'abhilash', „CHENNAI‟)

1 row created.






new 1: INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES(502,'ABI',' CHENNAI ')

1 row created.







new 1: INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES(502,'BHAVYA','CSE')

INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES(502,'BHAVYA', „CHENNAI‟)*

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-00001: unique constraint (SCOTT.SYS_C001290) violated

PRIMARY KEY

SQL> CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE (EMP_NO NUMBER(6) PRIMARY KEY ,NAME


Table created.



Enter value for name: abhilash



new 1: INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES(501,'abhilash', „chennai‟)

1 row created.






new 1: INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES(502,'ABI','CHENNAI')

1 row created.






new 1: INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES(502,'BHAVYA', 'CHENNAI')


INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES(502,'BHAVYA', 'CHENNAI')

*

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-00001: unique constraint (SCOTT.SYS_C001290) violated


Enter value for emp_no:




new 1: INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES(,'BHAVYA', 'CHENNAI')

INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES(,'BHAVYA', 'CHENNAI')

*

ERROR:CANNOT INSERT NULL INTO("SCOTT", EMPLOYEE,EMP_NO)

SQL> SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE;

ROLLNO NAME BRANCH

---------- ---------- -----------

501 ABHILASH CHENNAI

502 ABI CHENNAI

CHECK

SQL> create table EMPLOYEE (emp_no number(5),name varchar2(10),sal number(10)

constraint no_ck check(sal between 10000 and 30000));

Table created.

SQL> insert into EMPLOYEE values(&emp_no,'&name',&sal);

Enter value for rno: 567

Enter value for name: sachin

Enter value for sal: 29000

old 1: insert into EMPLOYEE values(&emp_no,'&name',&sal)

new 1: insert into EMPLOYEE values(567,'sachin',29000)

1 row created.

SQL> insert into EMPLOYEE values(&emp_no,'&name',&sal);



Enter value for name: rohit

Enter value for sal: 35000

old 1: insert into EMPLOYEE values(&emp_no,'&name',&sal)

new 1: insert into EMPLOYEE values(565,'rohit',35000)

insert into EMPLOYEE values(565,'rohit',35000)

*

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-02290: check constraint (SCOTT.NO_CK) violated

FOREIGN KEY

SOL>create table adm(emp_id number(6) constraint emp_id_pk primary key,ename

varchar2(15),per number(5));

Table created.

SQL> insert into adm values(&emp_id,'&ename',&per);

Enter value for emp_id: 1

Enter value for ename: abi

Enter value for per: 80

old 1: insert into adm values(&emp_id,'&ename',&per)

new 1: insert into adm values(1,'abi',80)

1 row created.



Enter value for ename: rohit



new 1: insert into adm values(2,'rohit',89)

1 row created.



Enter value for ename: sachin




new 1: insert into adm values(3,'sachin',99)

1 row created.



Enter value for ename: naveen



new 1: insert into adm values(4,'naveen',70)

1 row created.

SQL> select * from adm;

EMP_ID ENAME PER

---------- --------------- ----------

1 abi 80

2 rohit 89

3 sachin 99

4 naveen 70

SQL> create table department(emp_id number(6) constraint sid_fk references

adm(emp_id),branch varchar2(5),post_name varchar2(10));

Table created.

SQL> insert into department values(&emp_id,'&branch','&post_name‟);


Enter value for branch: cse

Enter value for post_name: a

old 1: insert into department values(&emp_id,'&branch','&post_name)

new 1: insert into department values(1,'cse','a')

1 row created.

SQL> insert into department values(&emp_id,'&branch','&post_name‟);


Enter value for branch: cse


Enter value for post_name: b

old 1: insert into department values(&emp_id,'&branch','&post_name)

new 1: insert into department values(5,'cse','b')

insert into department values(5,'cse','b')

*

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-02291: integrity constraint (SCOTT.SID_FK) violated - parent key not found

SQL> delete from adm where emp_id=1;

*

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-02292: integrity constraint (SCOTT.SID_FK) violated - child record found

SQL> delete from department where emp_id=1;

1 row deleted.

SQL> delete from adm where emp_id=1;

1 row deleted.

SQL>select * from adm;

EMP_ID ENAME PER

----- --------------- - ----------

2 rohit 89

3 sachin 99

4 naveen 70

RESULT :

Thus an Employee database with various constraints was created and the output was

verified.


Ex.No.5 CREATING RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE DATABASES

AIM:

To create relationship between the databases in Oracle using Structured Query Language

commands.

DESCRIPTION:

PRIMARY KEY: Uniquely identified each rows/records in a database table.

FOREIGN KEY: Uniquely identified a rows/records in any another database table

PRIMARY KEY

The primary key constraint uniquely identifies each record in a database table.

Primary keys must contain unquie values

A primary keys column cannot contain NULL values.

Most tables should have a primary key, and each table can have only ONE

primary key.

SYNTAX:

create table<table name>(fieldname1 datatatype (size) primary key);

FOREIGNKEY

The table containing the foreign key is called the referencing or child table and

the table containing the candidate key is called the referenced or parent table

A foreign key is a key used to link two tables together. This sometimes called

referencing key.

Foreign key is a column or a combination whose values match primary key in

a different table.

The relationship between two tables matches the primary key in one of the

tables with a foreign key in the second table.

If a table has a primary key defined on any fields, then you cannot have two

records having the same value of those fields.

SYNTAX:

create table<table name>(fieldname1 data type(size) constraint first table primary key);


SAMPLE OUTPUT:

Table name: Branch

SQL>Create table branch(branch_name varchar2(30) primary key, branch_city varchar2(20),

assets number);

Table created.

SQL>desc branch;

Name Null? Type

---------------------------------------------------------------------

BRANCH_NAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(30)

BRANCH_CITY VARCHAR2(20)

ASSETS NUMBER

=====================================================================

Table name: Customer

SQL>create table customer(customer_id varchar2(10) primary key, customer_name

varchar2(20), customer_Street varchar2(15), customer_City varchar2(15));

Table created.

SQL>desc customer;

Name Null? Type

--------------------------------------------------------------------

CUSTOMER_ID NOT NULL VARCHAR2(10)

CUSTOMER_NAME VARCHAR2(20)

CUSTOMER_STREET VARCHAR2(15)

CUSTOMER_CITY VARCHAR2(15)

=====================================================================

Table name: Account

SQL>create table account(account_no varchar2(10) primary key, branch_name varchar2(30)

REFERENCES BRANCH(BRANCH_NAME), balance number);

Table created.

SQL>desc account;


Name Null? Type

--------------------------------------------------------------------

ACCOUNT_NO NOT NULL VARCHAR2(10)

BRANCH_NAME VARCHAR2(30)

BALANCE NUMBER

Table name: Loan

SQL>create table loan(loan_no varchar2(20) primary key, branch_name varchar2(20)

REFERENCES BRANCH(BRANCH_NAME), amount number);

Table created.

SQL>desc loan;

Name Null? Type

--------------------------------------------------------------------

LOAN_NO NOT NULL VARCHAR2(4)

BRANCH_NAME VARCHAR2(20)

AMOUNT NUMBER

====================================================================

Table name: borrower

SQL>create table borrower (customer_id varchar2(11) references

customer(customer_id),loan_no varchar2(4) references loan(loan_no))

SQL> desc borrower;

Name Null? Type

----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------

CUSTOMER_ID VARCHAR2(11)

LOAN_NO VARCHAR2(4)

Table name: depositor

SQL>create table depositor(customer_id varchar2(11) references customer(customer_id),

account_no varchar2(11) references account(account_no))


SQL> desc depositor;

Name Null? Type

----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------

CUSTOMER_ID VARCHAR2(11)

ACCOUNT_NO VARCHAR2(11)

=====================================================================

INSERTING RECORDS IN ALL THE SIX CREATED TABLES:

SQL> insert into branch values ('tambaram','chennai-45', 50000)

SQL>insert into customer values ('cus_109','mohammed','southeast_masi','chennai-32')

SQL>insert into account values ('735_105','chrompet', 5000)

SQL>insert into loan values ('ln_106','saidapet', 2000)

SQL>insert into borrower values ('cus_101','ln_101')

SQL>insert into depositor values ('cus_108','735_102')

=====================================================================

1. For all customers who have loan from the bank find their ID‟s, loan number and loan amount.

(Join)

SQL> select borrower.CUSTOMER_ID, loan.LOAN_NO, loan.AMOUNT from loan, borrower

where loan. LOAN_NO=borrower. LOAN_NO

CUSTOMER_ID LOAN_NO AMOUNT

----------- -------------------- -----------------------------------------------

cus_101 ln_101 900

cus_101 ln_106 2000

cus_103 ln_107 500

cus_105 ln_105 1000

cus_103 ln_104 1300

cus_105 ln_102 1500

6 rows selected.


2. For all customers who have loan at tambaram branch find their ID‟s,loan ID,loan

amount.(Join)

SQL> select borrower.CUSTOMER_ID,loan.LOAN_NO,loan.AMOUNT from loan, borrower

where loan. LOAN_NO=borrower. LOAN_NO and loan. BRANCH_NAME='tambaram'

CUSTOMER_ID LOAN_NO AMOUNT

----------- -------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------

cus_103 ln_104 1300

3. Find the number of depositor at each branch.(Join)

SQL> select account.BRANCH_NAME,count(account.BRANCH_NAME) as No_of_Depositor

from account,depositor where account.ACCOUNT_NO=depositor.ACCOUNT_NO group by

account.BRANCH_NAME

BRANCH_NAME NO_OF_DEPOSITOR

------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------

adayar 1

chrompet 2

guindy 1

saidapet 1

tnagar 1

RESULT:

Thus, relationship between the databases in Oracle using Structured Query Language

commands was created successfully.


Ex.No .6 STUDY OF PL/SQL BLOCK

AIM:

To Study about PL/SQL block.

DESCRIPTION:

PL/SQL

PL/SQL stands for Procedural Language extension of SQL.

PL/SQL is a combination of SQL along with the procedural features of programming

languages.

It was developed by Oracle Corporation in the early 90‟s to enhance the capabilities of

SQL.

A Simple PL/SQL Block

Each PL/SQL program consists of SQL and PL/SQL statements which from a PL/SQL

block.

PL/SQL Block consists of three sections

The Declaration section (optional).

The Execution section (mandatory).

The Exception (or Error) Handling section (optional).

Declaration Section

The Declaration section of a PL/SQL Block starts with the reserved keyword DECLARE.

This section is optional and is used to declare any placeholders like variables, constants, records

and cursors, which are used to manipulate data in the execution section. Placeholders may be any

of Variables, Constants and Records, which stores data temporarily. Cursors are also declared in

this section.

Execution Section

The Execution section of a PL/SQL Block starts with the reserved keyword BEGIN and

ends with END. This is a mandatory section and is the section where the program logic is written

to perform any task. The programmatic constructs like loops, conditional statement and SQL

statements from the part of execution section.


Exception Section

The Exception section of a PL/SQL Block starts with the reserved keyword

EXCEPTION. This section is optional. Any errors in the program can be handled in this section,

so that the PL/SQL Blocks terminates gracefully. If the PL/SQL Block contains exceptions that

cannot be handled, the Block terminates abruptly with errors.

Every statement in the above three sections must end with a semicolon ; . PL/SQL blocks

can be nested within other PL/SQL blocks. Comments can be used to document code.

A Sample PL/SQL Block Looks like:

DECLARE

Variable declaration

BEGIN

Program Execution

EXCEPTION

Exception handling

END;

PL/SQL Block Structure:

DECLARE

v_variable VARCHAR2(5);

BEGIN

SELECT column_name

INTO v_variable

FROM table_name;

EXCEPTION

WHEN exception_name THEN

...

END;

Block Types

1. Anonymous

[DECLARE]

BEGIN


--statements

[EXCEPTION]

END;

2. Procedure

PROCEDURE name

IS

BEGIN

--statements

[EXCEPTION]

END;

PROCEDURE name

3. Function

FUNCTION name

RETURN datatype

IS

BEGIN

--statements

RETURN value;

[EXCEPTION]

END;

RESULT:

Thus the PL/SQL blocks are studied.


Ex.No.7 WRITE A PL/SQL BLOCK TO SATISFY SOME CONDITIONS BY

ACCEPTING INPUT FROM THE USER.

AIM:

To write a PL/SQL block to satisfy some conditions by accepting input from the user

using oracle.

DESCRIPTION:

PL/SQL Control Structure provides conditional tests, loops, flow control and branches

that let to produce well-structured programs.

SYNTAX:

DECLARE


BEGIN

Program Execution

EXCEPTION

Exception handling

END;

PL/ SQL GENERAL SYNTAX

SQL> declare

<variable declaration>;

begin

<executable statement >;

end;

PL/ SQL GENERAL SYNTAX FOR IF CONDITION

SQL> declare


begin

if(condition) then

<executable statement >;

end;


PL/ SQL GENERAL SYNTAX FOR IF AND ELSECONDITION

SQL> declare


begin

if (test condition) then

<statements>;

else

<statements>;

end if;

end;

PL/ SQL GENERAL SYNTAX FOR NESTED IF CONDITION

SQL> declare


begin

if (test condition) then

<statements>;

else if (test condition) then

<statements>;

else

<statements>;

end if;

end;

PL/ SQL GENERAL SYNTAX FOR LOOPING STATEMENT

SQL> declare


begin

loop

<statement>;

end loop;

<executable statement>;

end;


PL/ SQL GENERAL SYNTAX FOR LOOPING STATEMENT

SQL> declare


begin

while <condition>

loop

<statement>;

end loop;

<executable statement>;

end;

PL/SQL CODING FOR ADDITION OF TWO NUMBERS

(Write a PL/SQL Program for Addition of Two numbers)

PROCEDURE

STEP 1: Start

STEP 2: Initialize the necessary variables.

STEP 3: Develop the set of statements with the essential operational parameters.

STEP 4: Specify the Individual operation to be carried out.

STEP 5: Execute the statements.

STEP 6: Stop.

PROGRAM

SQL>set serveroutput on

SQL>declare

1 a number;

2 b number;

3 c number;

4 begin

5 a: =&a;

6 b: =&b;

7 c: =a+b;

8 dbms_output.put_line ('sum of'||a||'and'||b||'is'||c);


9 end;

10 /

INPUT

Enter value for a: 23

old 6: a:=&a;

new 6: a:=23;

Enter value for b: 12

old 7: b:=&b;

new 7: b:=12;

OUTPUT

sum of23and12is35

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

PL/ SQL PROGRAM FOR IF CONDITION

( Write a PL/SQL Program to find out the maximum value using if condition)

PROCEDURE

STEP 1: Start


STEP 3: invoke the if condition.


STEP 5: Stop.

PROGRAM


SQL> declare

2 b number;

3 c number;

4 BEGIN

5 B:=10;

6 C:=20;

7 if(C>B) THEN

8 dbms_output.put_line('C is maximum');


9 end if;

10 end;

11 /

OUTPUT

C is maximum


PL/ SQL PROGRAM FOR IF ELSE CONDITION

( Write a PL/SQL Program to check whether the value is less than or greater than 5 using if else

condition)

PROCEDURE

STEP 1: Start


STEP 3: invoke the if else condition.


STEP 5: Stop.

PROGRAM


SQL> declare

2 n number;

3 begin

4 dbms_output. put_line('enter a number');

5 n:=&number;

6 if n<5 then

7 dbms_output.put_line('entered number is less than 5');

8 else

9 dbms_output.put_line('entered number is greater than 5');

10 end if;

11 end;

12 /


INPUT

Enter value for number: 2

old 5: n:=&number;

new 5: n:=2;

OUTPUT

entered number is less than 5


PL/ SQL PROGRAM FOR IF ELSE IF CONDITION

( Write a PL/SQL Program to find the greatest of three numbers using if else if )

PROCEDURE

STEP 1: Start


STEP 3: invoke the if else if condition.


STEP 5: Stop.

PROGRAM

SQL>set server output on

SQL> declare

2 a number;

3 b number;

4 c number;

5 begin

6 a:=&a;

7 b:=&b;

8 c:=&c;

9 if(a>b)and(a>c) then

10 dbms_output.put_line('A is maximum');

11 else if(b>a)and(b>c)then

12 dbms_output.put_line('B is maximum');

13 else

14 dbms_output.put_line('C is maximum');


15 end if;

16 end;

17 /

INPUT


old 7: a:=&a;

new 7: a:=21;


old 8: b:=&b;

new 8: b:=12;


old 9: c:=&b;

new 9: c:=45;

OUTPUT

C is maximum


PL/ SQL PROGRAM FOR LOOPING STATEMENT

( Write a PL/SQL Program to find the summation of odd numbers using for loop)

PROCEDURE

STEP 1: Start


STEP 3: invoke the for loop condition.


STEP 5: Stop.

PROGRAM


SQL> declare

2 n number;

3 sum1 number default 0;

4 end value number;


5 begin

6 end value:=&end value;

7 n:=1;

8 for n in 1..endvalue

9 loop

10 if mod(n,2)=1

11 then

12 sum1:=sum1+n;

13 end if;

14 end loop;

15 dbms_output.put_line('sum ='||sum1);

16 end;

17 /

INPUT

Enter value for end value: 4

old 6: end value:=&end value;

new 6: end value:=4;

OUTPUT

sum =4


PL/ SQL PROGRAM FOR LOOPING STATEMENT

(Write a PL/SQL Program to find the factorial of given number using for loop)

PROCEDURE:

STEP 1: Start


STEP 3: invoke the for loop condition.


STEP 5: Stop.


PROGRAM


SQL>1 declare

2 n number;

3 i number;

4 p number:=1;

5 begin

6 n:=&n;

7 for i in 1..n loop

8 p:=p*i;

9 end loop;

10 dbms_output.put_line(n ||' ! = '||p);

11* end;

Enter value for n: 5

old 6: n:=&n;

new 6: n:=5;

5 ! = 120


RESULT:

Thus a PL/SQL block to satisfy some conditions by accepting input from the user was

created using oracle.


Ex.No.8 WRITE A PL/SQL BLOCK THAT HANDLES ALL TYPES OF

EXCEPTIONS

AIM:

To implement and execute PL/SQL Block that handles all types of exceptions in Oracle

Database using Procedural Language concepts.

DESCRIPTION:

EXCEPTIONS

In PL/SQL, the user can catch certain runtime errors. Exceptions can be internally

defined by Oracle or the user. Exceptions are used to handle errors that occur in your PL/SQL

code. A PL/SQL block contains an EXCEPTION block to handle exception.

There are three types of exceptions:

1. Predefined Oracle errors

2. Undefined Oracle errors

3. User-defined errors

The different parts of the exception.

1. Declare the exception.

2. Raise an exception.

3. Handle the exception.

An exception has four attributes:

1. Name provides a short description of the problem.

2. Type identifies the area of the error.

3. Exception Code gives a numeric representation of the exception.

4. Error message provides additional information about the exception.

The predefined divide-by-zero exception has the following values for the attributes:

1. Name = ZERO_DIVIDE

2. Type = ORA (from the Oracle engine)

3. Exception Code = C01476

Error message = divisor is equal to zero


EXCEPTION HANDLING

PL/SQL provides a feature to handle the Exceptions which occur in a PL/SQL Block

known as exception Handling. Using Exception Handling we can test the code and avoid it from

exiting abruptly.When an exception occurs messages which explains its cause is received.

PL/SQL Exception message consists of three parts.

Type of Exception

An Error Code

A message

STRUCTURE OF EXCEPTION HANDLING

GENERAL SYNTAX FOR CODING THE EXCEPTION SECTION

DECLARE

Declaration section

BEGIN

Exception section

EXCEPTION

WHEN ex_name1 THEN

-Error handling statements

WHEN ex_name2 THEN


WHEN Others THEN


END;

Types of Exception

There are 2 types of Exceptions.

a) System Exceptions

b) User-defined Exceptions

a) System Exceptions

System exceptions are automatically raised by Oracle, when a program violates a RDBMS rule.

There are some system exceptions which are raised frequently, so they are pre-defined and given

a name in Oracle which are known as Named System Exceptions.

For example: NO_DATA_FOUND and ZERO_DIVIDE are called Named System exceptions.


For Example: Suppose a NO_DATA_FOUND exception is raised in a proc, we can write a

code to handle the exception as given below.

BEGIN

Execution section

EXCEPTION

WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN

dbms_output.put_line ('A SELECT...INTO did not return any row.');

END;

b) User-defined Exceptions

PL/SQL allows us to define our own exceptions according to the need of our program. A

user-defined exception must be declared and then raised explicitly, using a RAISE statement.

To define an exception we use EXCEPTION keyword as below:

EXCEPTION_NAME EXCEPTION;

To raise exception that we‟ve defined to use the RAISE statement as follows:

RAISE EXCEPTION_NAME

Raising Exceptions

Exceptions are raised by the database server automatically whenever there is any internal

database error, but exceptions can be raised explicitly by the programmer by using the command

RAISE. Following is the simple syntax of raising an exception:

DECLARE

exception_name EXCEPTION;

BEGIN

IF condition THEN

RAISE exception_name;

END IF;

EXCEPTION

WHEN exception_name THEN

statement;

END;


TYPES OF MORE COMMONLY USED EXCEPTIONS

NO_DATA_FOUND Singleton SELECT statement returned no data.

TOO_MANY_ROWS Singleton SELECT statement returned more than one row of

data.

INVALID_CURSOR Illegal cursor operation occurred.

VALUE_ERROR Arithmetic, conversion, or truncation error occurred.

INVALID_NUMBER Conversion of a number to a character string failed.

ZERO_DIVIDE Attempted to divide by zero.

DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX Attempted to insert a duplicate value into a column that has a

unique index.

CURSOR_ALREADY_OPEN Attempted to open a cursor that was previously opened.

NOT_LOGGED_ON A database call was made without being logged into Oracle.

TRANSACTION_BACKED_OUT Usually raised when a remote portion of a transaction is

rolled back.

LOGIN_DENIED Login to Oracle failed.

PROGRAM_ERROR If PL/SQL encounters an internal problem.

STORAGE_ERROR If PL/SQL runs out of memory or if memory is corrupted.

TIMEOUT_ON_RESOURCE Timeout occurred while Oracle was waiting for a resource.

OTHERS For all of the rest.

PROGRAM

ZERO_DIVIDE EXCEPTION

SQL> BEGIN

2 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(1 / 0);

3 END;

4 /

OUTPUT

begin

*

ERROR at line 1:


ORA-01476: divisor is equal to zero

ORA-06512: at line 2

------------------------------------------------------

BEGIN


3 EXCEPTION

4 WHEN ZERO_DIVIDE THEN

5 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Division by zero');

6 END;

7 /

Division by zero:


INVALID_NUMBER EXCEPTION

1 BEGIN

2 INSERT INTO employees(DEPARTMENT_ID)VALUES('101x');

3 EXCEPTION

4 WHEN INVALID_NUMBER THEN

5 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Conversion of string to number failed');

6* end;

SQL> /

Conversion of string to number failed


OTHERS EXCEPTION

1 BEGIN


3 EXCEPTION

4 WHEN OTHERS THEN

5 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('An exception occurred');

6* END;

7 /

An exception occurred



FIRST CREATE A TABLE NAMED CUSTOMERSS WTH ATTRIBUTE ID, NAME,

ADDRESS AND THEN IMPLEMENT THE FOLLOWING CODE:

SQL>declare

c_id customerss.id%type;

c_name customerss.name%type;

c_addr customerss.address%type;

begin

SELECT name,address INTO c_name,c_addr FROM customerss WHERE id=c_id;

dbms_output.put_line('Name: '|| c_name);

dbms_output.put_line('Address: ' || c_addr);

EXCEPTION

WHEN no_data_found THEN

dbms_output.put_line('No such customer!');

WHEN others THEN

dbms_output.put_line('Error!');

END;

/

OUTPUT:

'No such customer

PROGRAM:

(The following example illustrates the programmer-defined exceptions. Get the salary of an

employee and check it with the job‟s salary range. If the salary is below the range, an exception

BELOW_SALARY_RANGE is raised. If the salary is above the range, exception

ABOVE_SALARY_RANGE is raised)

SET SERVEROUTPUT ON SIZE 100000;

DECLARE

-- define exceptions

BELOW_SALARY_RANGE EXCEPTION;

ABOVE_SALARY_RANGE EXCEPTION;

-- salary variables

n_salary employees.salary%TYPE;

n_min_salary employees.salary%TYPE;

n_max_salary employees.salary%TYPE;

-- input employee id


n_emp_id employees.employee_id%TYPE := &emp_id;

BEGIN

SELECT salary, min_salary max_salary INTO n_salary, n_min_salary, n_max_salary

FROM employees

INNER JOIN jobs ON jobs.job_id = employees.job_id

WHERE employee_id = n_emp_id;

IF n_salary < n_min_salary THEN

RAISE BELOW_SALARY_RANGE;

ELSIF n_salary > n_max_salary THEN

RAISE ABOVE_SALARY_RANGE;

END IF;

dbms_output.put_line('Employee ' || n_emp_id ||

' has salary $' || n_salary );

EXCEPTION WHEN BELOW_SALARY_RANGE THEN


' has salary below the salary range');

WHEN ABOVE_SALARY_RANGE THEN


' has salary above the salary range');

WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee ' || n_emp_id || ' not found');

END;

/

RESULT:

Thus a PL/SQL block that handles all type of exceptions was written, executed and

verified successfully.


Ex.No.9 CREATION OF PROCEDURES

AIM:

To implement and execute Procedures in Oracle Database using Procedural Language

concepts.

DESCRIPTION:

PROCEDURES

1) Procedure is a sub program used to perform an action.

2) Replace-recreates the procedure if it already exists.

3 MODES

1) IN – Means you must specify a value for the argument at the time execution of the

procedure.

2) OUT-passes back a value to its calling program.

3) INOUT – When calling the procedure, yu must specify the value and that procedures

passes value back to the calling procedure.

SYNTAX

Create or replace procedure <procedure_name> (argument {in, out, in out} data type) {is, as}


Begin

Pl/SQL Subprogram body.

Exception

Exception PL/SQL Block.

End;


I) PROCEDURE USING POSITIONAL PARAMETERS:

SQL> set serveroutput on

SQL> create or replace procedure proc1 as

2 begin

3 dbms_output.put_line('hello from procedure...');

4 end;

5 /

OUTPUT

Procedure created.

SQL> EXECUTE proc1

Hello from procedure...


II) PROCEDURE USING NOTATIONAL PARAMETERS:

SQL> create or replace procedure proc2

2 (n1 in number,n2 in number,tot out number) is

3 begin

4 tot := n1 + n2;

5 end;

6 /

OUTPUT

Procedure created.

SQL> variable t number

SQL> EXEC proc2(33,66,:T)


SQL> PRINT T

T

----------

99


III) PROCEDURE TO WRITE PL/SQL PROCEDURE TO REVERSE A NUMBER.

ALGORITHM

Step 1: Start the program

Step 2: Declare the variables n, temp, rem and rev =0

Step 3: Prompt the user to enter the value for n

Step 4: Assign the value of temp as n

Step 5: Check if n > 0. If so, start the while loop for temp > 0

Step 6: rem:=mod(temp,10);

Step 7: rev:=rev*10+rem;

Step 8: temp:=floor(temp/10);

Step 9: Exit the while loop

Step 10: Display the reversed number

Step 11: Exit the if loop

Step 12: Stop the program.

PROCEDURE FOR REVERSING A NUMBER


SQL>create or replace procedure rev(n number) is

2 temp number;

3 rem number;

4 rev number=0;

5 begin

6 temp=n;

7 if n>0 then

8 while temp>0

9 loop

10 rem:=mod(temp,10);

11 rev:=rev*10+rem;

12 temp:=floor(temp/10);

13 end loop;

14 dbms_output.put_line(„the reversed number is‟||rev);

15 else


16 dbms_output.put_line(„invalid‟);

17 end if;

18 end

19 /

Procedure created

SQL>declare

2 n number;

3 begin

4 n:=&n;

5 rev(n);

6 end;

7 /

OUTPUT

Enter value for n:876

The reversed number is 678


IV) PROCEDURE FOR GCD OF NUMBERS

SQL> create or replace procedure pro is

a number(3);

b number(3);

c number(3);

d number(3);

begin

a:=&a;

b:=&b;

if(a>b) then

c:=mod(a,b);

if(c=0) then

dbms_output.put_line('GCD is');

dbms_output.put_line(b);

else



dbms_output.put_line(c);

end if;

else

d:=mod(b,a);

if(d=0) then


dbms_output.put_line(a);

else


dbms_output.put_line(d);

end if;

end if;

end;

/


old 8: a:=&a;

new 8: a:=8;


old 9: b:=&b;

new 9: b:=16;

Procedure created.

SQL> set serveroutput on;

SQL> execute pro;

GCD is

8


V) PROCEDURE FOR CURSOR IMPLEMENATION

create table st13(regno number(4),name varchar2(20),mark1 number(3),mark2 number(3),mark3

numbe r(3),mark4 number(3),mark5 number(3));

insert into st13 values(101,'raji',100,90,97,89,91);


insert into a13 values(102,'kali');

insert into a13 values(103,'jaya');

select * from st13;

REGNO NAME MARK1 MARK2 MARK3 MARK4 MARK5

------ -------- ------------ ---------- ---------- ---------- -------

101 raji 100 90 97 89 91

102 kali 99 77 69 81 99

103 jaya 78 88 77 60 89


declare

ave number(5,2);

tot number(3);

cursor c_mark is select * from st13 where mark1>=40 and mark2>=40 and mark3>=40 and

mark4>=40 and mark5>=40;

begin

dbms_output.put_line('regno name mark1 mark2 mark3 mark4 mark5 total average');

dbms_output.put_line('------------------------------------------------------');

for student in c_mark

loop

tot:=st13.mark1+st13.mark2+st13.mark3+st13.mark4+st13.mark5;

ave:=tot/5;

dbms_output.put_line(st13.regno||rpad(st13.name,15)||rpad(st13.mark1,6)||rpad(st13.mark2,6)||rp

ad(st13.mark3,6)||rpad(st13.mark4,6)||rpad(st13.mark5,6)||rpad(tot,8)||rpad(ave,5));

end loop;

end;

/


regno name mark1 mark2 mark3 mark4 mark5 total average

------------------------------------------------------

101raji 100 90 97 89 91 467 93.4

102kali 99 77 69 81 99 425 85

103jaya 78 88 77 60 89 392 78.4


VI) PROCEDURE FOR EXPLICIT CURSORS AND EXPLICIT CURSORS

IMPLEMENTATION

CREATING A TABLE EMP IN ORACLE

SQL> select * from EMP;

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------

7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80 800 400 20

7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-81 1600 300 30

7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-FEB-81 1250 500 30


---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ----------

7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81 2975 20

7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28-SEP-81 1250 1400 30

7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 01-MAY-81 2850 30


---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ----------

7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 09-JUN-81 2450 10

7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 09-DEC-82 3000

7839 KING PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 5000 10


---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ----------

7844 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 08-SEP-81 1500 0 30

7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 12-JAN-83 1100

7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 03-DEC-81 950 20 30



---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------

7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81 3000 20

7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 23-JAN-82 1300 10

14 rows selected.

IMPLICIT CURSCORS

SQL> DECLARE

2 ena EMP.ENAME%TYPE;

3 esa EMP.SAL%TYPE;

4 BEGIN

5 SELECT ENAME,SAL INTO ENA,ESA FROM EMP

6 WHERE EMPNO = &EMPNO;

7 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('NAME :' || ENA);

8 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('SALARY :' || ESA);

9 EXCEPTION

10 WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN

11 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee no does not exits');

12 END;

13 /

Output:

Enter value for empno: 7844

old 6: WHERE EMPNO = &EMPNO;

new 6: WHERE EMPNO = 7844;


EXPLICIT CURSORS

SQL> DECLARE

2 ena EMP.ENAME%TYPE;

3 esa EMP.SAL%TYPE;

4 CURSOR c1 IS SELECT ename,sal FROM EMP;

5 BEGIN


6 OPEN c1;

7 FETCH c1 INTO ena,esa;

8 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(ena || ' salry is $ ' || esa);

9FETCH c1 INTO ena,esa;


12 FETCH c1 INTO ena,esa;


14 CLOSE c1;

15 END;

16 /

OUTPUT:

SMITH salry is $ 800

ALLEN salry is $ 1600

WARD salry is $ 1250

RESULT:

Thus, Procedures in Oracle Database using Procedural Language concepts were implemented

and executed successfully.


Ex. No 10 CREATION OF DATABASE TRIGGERS AND FUNCTIONS

AIM:

To create database triggers and functions.

DESCRIPTION:

TRIGGER

A trigger is a statement that is executed automatically by the system as a side effect of a

modification to the database. The parts of a trigger are,

Trigger statement: Specifies the DML statements and fires the trigger body. It also

specifies the table to which the trigger is associated.

Trigger body or trigger action: It is a PL/SQL block that is executed when the

triggering statement is used.

Trigger restriction: Restrictions on the trigger can be achieved

The different uses of triggers are as follows,

To generate data automatically

To enforce complex integrity constraints

To customize complex securing authorizations

To maintain the replicate table

To audit data modifications

TYPES OF TRIGGERS

The various types of triggers are as follows,

Before: It fires the trigger before executing the trigger statement.

After: It fires the trigger after executing the trigger statement.

For each row: It specifies that the trigger fires once per row.

For each statement: This is the default trigger that is invoked. It specifies that the trigger

fires once per statement.

VARIABLES USED IN TRIGGERS

:new

:old


These two variables retain the new and old values of the column updated in the database. The

values in these variables can be used in the database triggers for data manipulation.

SYNTAX

create or replace trigger trigger name [before/after] {DML statements}

on [table name] [for each row/statement]

begin

-------------------------

-------------------------

-------------------------

exception

end;

PROCEDURE

Step1:Creates a trigger for insertion of each row.

Step2:Declare a cursor which contains the roll number field

Step3:Before insertion check of the roll number already exists in the table

Step4:If it exists raise an application error and display “roll no exists”.

Step5:Else perform insertion

PROGRAM

SQL>create table poo(rno number(5),name varchar2(10));

Table created.

SQL>insert into poo values (01.‟kala‟);

1 row created.

SQL>select * from poo;

RNO NAME

---------------------------------

01 kala

02 priya

SQL>create or replace trigger pool before insert on poo for each row

2 declare

3 rno poo.rno%type

4 cursor c is select rno from poo;


5 begin

6 open c;

7 loop;

8 fetch c into rno;

9 if:new.rno=rno then

10 raise_application_error(-20005,‟rno already exist‟);

11 end if;

12 exit when c%NOTFOUND

13 end loop;

14 close c;

15 end;

16 /

Trigger created.

OUTPUT

SQL>insert into poo values(01,‟kala‟)

Insert into poo values (01,‟kala‟)

*

ERROR at line1:

ORA-20005:rno already exist

ORA-06512:”SECONDCSEA.POOL”,line 9

ORA-04088:error during execution at trigger “SECONDCSEA.POOL”

FUNCTIONS:

Functions are routines that accept parameters, perform an action such as a complex

calculation and return the result of that action as a value. The return value can either be a single

scalar value or a result set.

PROCEDURE

STEP 1: Start

STEP 2: Create the table with essential attributes.

STEP 3: Initialize the Function to carry out the searching procedure..


STEP 4: Frame the searching procedure for both positive and negative searching.

STEP 5: Execute the Function for both positive and negative result .

STEP 6: Stop

PROGRAM

SQL>create function fnfact(n number)

return number is

b number;

begin

b:=1;

for i in 1..n

loop

b:=b*i;

end loop;

return b;

end;

/

SQL>Declare

n number:=&n;

y number;

begin

y:=fnfact(n);

dbms_output.put_line(y);

end;

/

Function created.

INPUT

Enter value for n: 5

old 2: n number:=&n;

new 2: n number:=5;


OUTPUT

120


ALGORITHM


Step 2: Declare the variables f and i

Step 3: Initialize f to 1

Step 4: Start the for loop i in 1..a

Step 5: Compute f=f*i

Step 6: End the loop

Step 7: Return the factorial value

Step 8: Stop the program

PROGRAM

SQL> create or replace function fact(a number)return number as

2 i number;

3 f number;

4 begin

5 f:=1;

6 for i in 1..a

7 loop

8 f:=f*i;

9 end loop;

10 return f;

11 end fact;

12 /

Function created.

OUTPUT


SQL> begin

2 dbms_output.put_line('the factorial ='||fact(&a));


3 end;

4 /

Enter value for a:4

old 2: dbms_output.put_line('the factorial ='||fact(&a));

new 2: dbms_output.put_line('the factorial ='||fact(4));

the factorial=24


ALGORITHM


Step 2: Declare the variables i and f

Step 3: Initialize the values for f and i as 1

Step 4: Start the while loop 1 <= a

Step 5: Compute f=f*i

Step 6: Compute i=i+1

Step 7: Exit the loop

Step 8: Return the factorial value

Step 9: Stop the program

PROGRAM

SQL> create or replace function fact(a number)return number as

2 i number;

3 f number;

4 begin

5 f:=1;

6 i:=1;

7 while(i<=a)

8 loop

9 f:=f*i;

10 i:=i+1;

11 end loop;

12 return f;

13 end fact;


14 /

Function created.

OUTPUT


SQL> begin

2 dbms_output.put_line('the factorial ='||fact(&a));

3 end;

4 /

Enter value for a:5

old 2: dbms_output.put_line('the factorial ='||fact(&a));

new 2: dbms_output.put_line('the factorial ='||fact(5));

the factorial=120


PROGRAM

SQL> create table phonebook (phone_no number (6) primary key,username

varchar2(30),doorno varchar2(10),

street varchar2(30),place varchar2(30),pincode char(6));

Table created.

SQL> insert into phonebook values(20312,'vijay','120/5D','bharathi street','NGO

colony','629002');

1 row created.

SQL> insert into phonebook values(29467,'vasanth','39D4','RK bhavan','sarakkal vilai','629002');

1 row created.

SQL> select * from phonebook;

PHONE_NO USERNAME DOORNO STREET PLACE PINCODE

------------------------------- ------------- ---------------- --------------------

20312 vijay 120/5D bharathi street NGO colony 629002

29467 vasanth 39D4 RK bhavan sarakkal vilai 629002

SQL> create or replace function findAddress(phone in number) return varchar2 as

address varchar2(100);

begin


select username||','||doorno ||','||street ||','||place||','||pincode into address from phonebook

where phone_no=phone;

return address;

exception

when no_data_found then return 'address not found';

end;

/

Function created.

SQL>declare

2 address varchar2(100);

3 begin

4 address:=findaddress(20312);

5 dbms_output.put_line(address);

6 end;

7 /

OUTPUT 1

Vijay,120/5D,bharathi street,NGO colony,629002


SQL> declare

2 address varchar2(100);

3 begin

4 address:=findaddress(23556);

5 dbms_output.put_line(address);

6 end;

7 /

OUTPUT2

Address not found


RESULT:

Thus the creation of database triggers and functions was implemented and

executed successfully.


Ex.No: 11 MINI PROJECTS (APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT USING ORACLE/

MYSQL)

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PAYROLL PROCESSING SYSTEM:

AIM:

To design the payroll processing system in visual basic using ORACLE as backend

DESCRIPTION:

PROCEDURE FOR CREATING TABLE:

1. Create table with following fields

NAME NULL? TYPE

----------------------------------------------

EID NUMBER(10)

ENAME VARCHAR2(1 0)

DES VARCHAR2(10)

BASICPAY NUMBER(10)

HRA NUMBER(10)

DA NUMBER(10)

MA NUMBER(10)

GROSSPAY NUMBER(10)

DEDUCTION NUMBER(10)

NETPAY NUMBER(10)

2. Insert all possible values into the table.

3. Enter commit work command.

ALGORITHM FOR ADO CONNECTION:

After creating the table in ORACLE, go to start menu

1. Start --> Settings --> Control Panel --> Administrative tools --> Data

Sources(ODBC) --> User DSN --> Add --> Select ORACLE database driver -->

OK.


2. One new window will appear. In that window, type data source name as table

name created in ORACLE. Type user name as secondcsea.

ALGORITHM FOR ADODC IN VISUAL BASIC:

1. In visual basic create tables, command buttons and then text boxes.

2. In visual basic, go to start menu.

3. Projects --> Components --> Microsoft ADO Data Control 6.0 for OLEDB -->

OK.

4. Now ADODC Data Control available in tool box.

5. Drag and drop the ADODC Data Control in the form.

6. Right click in ADODC Data Control, then click ADODC properties.

7. One new window will appear.

8. Choose general tab, select ODBC Data Sources name as the table name created in

ORACLE

9. Choose authentication tab and select username password as secondcsea and

secondcsea

10. Choose record name-->select command type as adcmdTable.

11. Select table or store procedure name as table created in ORACLE.

12. Click Apply-->OK

13. Set properties of each text box.

14. Select the data source as ADODC1.

15. Select the Data field and set the required field name created in table

VB SCRIPT:

ADD:

Private Sub Add_Click()

Adodc1.Recordset.AddNew

Textl.SetFocus

End Sub

DELETE:

Private Sub Delete_Click()

If MsgBox ("DELETE IT?",vb OKCancel)= vbOK Then


Adodc1.Recordset.Delete

End If

MsgBox "ONE ROW DELETED"

Textl.Text - " "

Text2.Text - " "

Text3.Text - " "

Text4.Text - " "

Text5.Text - " "

Text6.Text - " "

Text7.Text - " "

Text8.Text - " "

Text9.Text - " "

Textl0.Text - " "

End Sub

SAVE:

Private Sub Save_Click()

If MsgBox ("SAVE IT?",vbOKCancel ) = vbOK Then

Adodc1.Recordset.Update

Else

Adodc1.Recordset.CancelUpdate

End If

End Sub

FIND:

Private Sub Find_Click()

Dim N as string

N = InputBox ("Enter the accno")

Adodc1.Recordset.Find "accno=" & N

If Adodcl.Recordset.BOF or Adodc1.Recordset.EOF Then

MsgBox "Record not found"

End If

End Sub


UPDATE:

Private Sub Update_Click()

Adodc1.Recordset.EditMode


End Sub

FIRST:

Private Sub First_Click()

Adodc1.Recordset.MoveFirst

End Sub

LAST:

Private Sub Last_Click()

Adodc1.Recordset.MoveLast

End Sub

NEXT:

Private Sub Next_Click()

Adodc1.Recordset.MoveNext

End Sub

PREVIOUS:

Private Sub Previous_Click()

Adodc1.Recordset.MovePrevious

End Sub

DEPOSIT:

Private Sub Deposit_Click0

Dim N1 as string


Adodcl.Recordset.Find "accno=" & N

Nl = InputBox ("Enter the amount")

Text4.Text= val (Text4.Text) + Nl


End Sub


WITHDRAW:

Private Sub Withdraw_Click()

Dim Nl as string



Nl = InputBox ("Enter the amount")

Text4.Text= val (Text4.Text) - Nl

Adodc l.Recordset.Update

End Sub

EXIT:


Unload Me

End Sub

FUNCTION:

Function Calculate()

Text8.Text=val(Text4.Text) + val (Text5.Text) + val (Text6.Text) + val (Text7.Text)

Text9.Text=val(Text5.Text) + val (Text6.Text) + val (Text7.Text)

Text 10.Text=val(Text8.Text) + val (Text9.Text)

End Function

BASICPAY,HRA,DA,MA,GROSSPAY,DEDUCTION,NETPAY:

Private Sub Basicpay_Change()

Call Calculate

End Sub

Private Sub HRA_Change()

Call Calculate

End Sub

Private Sub DA_Change()

Call Calculate

End Sub

Private Sub MA_Change()

Call Calculate


End Sub

Private Sub Grosspay_Change()

Call Calculate

End Sub

Private Sub Deduction_Change()

Call Calculate

End Sub

Private Sub Netpay_Change()

Call Calculate

End Sub


OUTPUT:

STARTUP FORM

ADD FORM


SAVE FORM

RESULT:

Thus the payroll processing system was designed in Visual Basic using ORACLE as

backend and the output was verified.


DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF BANKING SYSTEM

AIM:

To design the banking system in visual basic using ORACLE as backend

DESCRIPTION:

PROCEDURE FOR CREATING TABLE:

1. Create table with following fields

NAME NULL? TYPE

----------------------------------------------

ACCNO NUMBER(10)

CUSTNAME VARCHAR2(1 0)

CUSTCITY VARCHAR2(10)

AMOUNT NUMBER(10)

2.Insert all possible values into the table.

3.Enter commit work command.

ALGORITHM FOR ADO CONNECTION:

After creating the table in ORACLE, go to start menu

1.Start --> Settings --> Control Panel --> Administrative tools --> Data Sources(ODBC) --> User

DSN --> Add --> Select ORACLE database driver --> OK.

2 .One new window will appear. In that window, type data source name as table name created in

ORACLE. Type user name as secondcsea.

ALGORITHM FOR ADODC IN VISUAL BASIC:

1. In visual basic create tables, command buttons and then text boxes.

2. In visual basic, go to start menu.

3. Projects --> Components --> Microsoft ADO Data Control 6.0 for OLEDB -->

OK.

4. Now ADODC Data Control available in tool box.

5. Drag and drop the ADODC Data Control in the form.

6. Right click in ADODC Data Control, then click ADODC properties.

7. One new window will appear.


8. Choose general tab, select ODBC Data Sources name as the table name created in

ORACLE

9. Choose authentication tab and select username password as secondcsea and

secondcsea

10. Choose record name-->select command type as adcmdTable.

11. Select table or store procedure name as table created in ORACLE.

12. Click Apply-->OK

13. Set properties of each text box.

14. Select the data source as ADODC1.

15. Select the Data field and set the required field name created in table

VB SCRIPT:

FIRST:

Private Sub First_Click()

Adodc1.Recordset.MoveFirst

End Sub

LAST:

Private Sub Last_Click()

Adodc1.Recordset.Movelast

End Sub

NEXT:

Private Sub Next_Click()

Adodc1.Recordset.MoveNext

End Sub

PREVIOUS:

Private Sub Previous_Click()

Adodc1.Recordset.MovePrevious

End Sub

DEPOSIT:

Private Sub Deposit_Click()

Dim N1 as string



Adodc1.Recordset.Find "accno=" &

N1 = InputBox ("Enter the amount")

Text4.Text = val (Text4.Text) + N1


End Sub

WITHDRAW:

Private Sub Withdraw_Click()

Dim N1 as string



N1 = InputBox ("Enter the amount")

Text4.Text: val (Text4.Text) - N1


End Sub

EXIT:


Unload Me

End Sub


OUTPUT:

START UP FORM

DEPOSIT FORM


SAVE FORM

RESULT:

Thus the banking system was designed in Visual Basic using ORACLE as backend.

DS_LM.pdf

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Transcript of DS_LM.pdf