DISEASES OF THE

EPITHELIUM

DONE BY: ASLAM, SHUMAYLA

General Features of

Epithelium1. Closely packed cells with little

extracellular material between them arranged in sheets

2. Surfaces:◦ Apical Surface – exposed to a body

cavity, the outside of the body or lining an internal organ

◦ Lateral Surface – Face adjacent cells◦ Basal Surface – bottom layer attached to a

basement membrane3. Avascular – no blood vessels. Epithelial

cells must get their nutrients from underlying connective tissue through diffusion

4. Innervated (have a nerve supply)5. High mitotic rate – high capacity for cell

division because of wear and tear and

2 types:◦ Covering and Lining Epithelium Forms the outer covering of the skin and some

internal organs. It also lines body cavities, blood vessels, ducts, and the interiors of many of the body systems.

◦ Glandular Epithelium Makes the secreting portion of glands

DISEASES OF THE EPITHELIUM

1. ECZEMA (Atopic

dermatitis) a form of chronic, itchy

inflammation of the skin

most often begins in childhood before age 5 and may persist into adulthood.

Non contagious

CAUSE:

The cause is unknown, but it may result from a combination of inherited tendencies for sensitive skin and malfunction in the body's immune system.

Areas affected

Most commonly affects:◦ hands and feet,

◦ in the front of the bend of the elbow,

◦ Behind the knees,

◦ Ankles

◦ Wrists

◦ Face,

◦ Neck

◦ Upper chest.

Signs and symptoms

include: Red to brownish-gray

colored patches Itching, which may be

severe, especially at night Small, raised

bumps, which may leak fluid and crust over when scratched

Thickened, cracked or scaly skin

Raw, sensitive skin from scratching

Tests and diagnosis

There is no test to definitively

diagnose atopic dermatitis (eczema).

Instead, it's typically diagnosed based

on an examination of your skin and a

review of your medical history.

Treatments and drugs Medications:

◦ Corticosteroid creams or ointments.

◦ Antibiotics.

◦ Oral antihistamines Diphenhydramine

◦ Oral or injected corticosteroids.

◦ Immunomodulators tacrolimus (Protopic)

◦ Moisturizers

Light therapy (phototherapy)◦ use of artificial ultraviolet A (UVA) or

ultraviolet B (UVB)

Princess Kate Middleton of great Britain suffered from eczema (atopic dermatitis)

2. PSORIASIS is a common skin disease

that affects the life cycle of skin cells.

is a persistent, long-lasting (chronic) disease.

causes cells to build up rapidly on the surface of the skin, forming thick silvery scales and itchy, dry, red patches

Non contagious

CAUSE:

The cause of psoriasis isn’t fully known, but it's thought to be related to the immune system and its interaction with the environment in people who have the genetic

Factors that may trigger

psoriasis include:

Infections, such as strep throat or oral thrush

Injury to the skin, such as a cut or scrape, bug bite, or a severe sunburn

Stress

Cold weather

Smoking

Heavy alcohol consumption

Certain medications — including lithium, which is prescribed for bipolar disorder; high blood pressure medications such as beta blockers; antimalarial drugs; and iodides

Signs and Symptoms

can vary from person to

person but may include one

or more of the following:

◦ Red patches of skin covered

with silvery scales

◦ Small scaling spots

(commonly seen in children)

◦ Dry, cracked skin that may

bleed

◦ Itching, burning or soreness

◦ Thickened, pitted or ridged

nails

◦ Swollen and stiff joints

Tests and diagnosis

diagnosis of psoriasis

is fairly straightforward.

Physical exam and

medical history

Skin biopsy

Treatments and drugs

Psoriasis treatments can be divided into three main types:

topical treatments Topical corticosteroids

Vitamin D analogues.

Anthralin

Topical retinoids.

Salicylic acid

Moisturizers

light therapy use of artificial ultraviolet A (UVA) or ultraviolet B (UVB) light

Photochemotherapy, or psoralen plus ultraviolet A (PUVA).

Excimer laser

systemic medications Retinoids, Methotrexate, Immunomodulator drugs (biologics)

Kim kardashian, a famous celebrity suffered from psoriasis

3. VITILIGO

is a condition in which skin loses melanin,

occurs when the cells that produce melanin die or no longer form melanin, causing slowly enlarging white patches of irregular shapes to appear on skin.

Vitiligo affects all races, but may be more noticeable in people with darker skin.

There is no cure for vitiligo.

Signs

The main sign of vitiligo is:◦ Pigment loss that produces milky-

white patches (depigmentation) on skin

Other less common signs may include:◦ Premature whitening or graying of

the hair on scalp, eyelashes, eyebrows or beard

◦ Loss of color in the tissues that line the inside of mouth (mucous membranes)

◦ Loss of or change in color of the inner layer of eye (retina)

Patterns

Vitiligo generally appears in one of three patterns:

Generalized.◦ this most common subtype,

◦ pigment loss is widespread across many parts of body, often symmetrically.

Segmental.◦ Loss of skin color occurs on only one side of

body.

◦ This type tends to occur at a younger age, progress for a year or two, then stop.

Focal.◦ Depigmentation is limited to one or a few areas

of your body.

Tests and diagnosis

A family history of vitiligo or an autoimmune disease

A personal history of sun sensitivity or other skin conditions

A rash, sunburn or other skin trauma within two to three months of the start of pigment loss

A history of melanoma or multiple, atypical moles

Premature graying of the hair (before age 35)

Stress or physical illness

May suggest the diagnosis of vitiligo.

Skin biopsy

Treatments and drugs

Treatment for vitiligo may take as long as six to 18 months

Treatment is given to limit the spread the disease

In some cases treatment may not be necessary

Medical therapies Topical corticosteroid therapy

Topical psoralen plus ultraviolet A (PUVA)

Excimer laser

Surgical therapies Autologous skin grafts.

Blister grafting

Tattooing (micropigmentation)

Cosmetic treatment

Michael Jackson suffered from vitiligo

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