Drupal theme development
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DRUPAL THEME DEVELOPMENT By Rajeev Ranjan
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Transcript of Drupal theme development
DRUPAL THEME DEVELOPMENTBy
Rajeev Ranjan
Drupal is an open source content management system (CMS) written in PHP. It is a publishing platform and used to create blog and enterprise applications. Drupal gives a strong base for organizing, structuring, creating, developing and managing web presence. Drupal has standard structure which makes it easier to access basic functionalities and source code to anyone who wants to work on it. It comes with multiple user features which allow creating multiple users and each can be assigned different roles and permission. Drupal has thousands of add-on modules and designs which enable to you to create a unique website that you desire. Its PHP based platform allows the safe and secure management of websites.
INTRODUCTION
Making a custom Drupal theme is actually quite easy. A Drupal theme is just a few PHP files, a CSS file, and an info file. I prefer the PHP template theme engine (the default one) but you have several choices.
The following information was originally written for Drupal 7.1
Now We will Go to an Overview to how to make a template in drupal.
DRUPAL TEMPLATE DEVELOPMENT Navigate to your /themes
directory. You should have a theme there called /bluemarine. We will use that as an example.
NOTE: before you edit any files you will copy the theme to another directory and rename it. Your custom themes go in the directory/sites/all/themes/. Details about that come later in this tutorial.
Here is a list of the files in the Drupal 6's Bluemarine theme:
THE FILES OF A DRUPAL THEME bluemarine.info — A required file that is new to
Drupal 6 which provides information about the theme.
page.tpl.php — The main template that defines the content on most of the page.
style.css — The CSS file that sets the CSS rules for the template.
node.tpl.php — This file defines the content of the nodes.
block.tpl.php — Defines the content of the blocks.
THE FILES OF A DRUPAL THEME
comment.tpl.php — Defines the content of the comments.
logo.png — Your logo, if you are using one. screenshot.png — This is a screenshot of your
theme that is used in the admin panel and in the user account settings if you have enabled more than one theme so that visitors can choose which theme they want to use.
box.tpl.php — puts a box around things like comments. See also http://drupal.org/node/11814.
style-rtl.css — this file is new to Drupal 6's Bluemarine. I think it's a CSS for right to left languages and can be ignored if you're using a left-to-right language like English.
PAGE.TPL.PHP AND STYLE.CSS The page.tpl.php and style.css files are the main files
for your Drupal theme. The page.tpl.php is a mix of HTML and PHP. Look at the file and notice which snippets of PHP are used where. For example, the following snippet from the page.tpl.php file inserts the site's <head> information. Just copy that snippet into your own custom Drupal template.
The Above code from the Bluemarine page.tpl.php file use PHP if statements to print out optional information such as primary links, secondary links, and site slogan. You control whether those display in the Drupal control panel. The Bluemarine template uses tables, but you can easily remove the tables and make it a 100% CSS-based template.
THE DRUPAL STYLES.CSS FILE The style.css file is straightforward. I recommend the
Firefox Web Developer Toolbar for creating the style.css file. Use the toolbars option Display ID & Class Details in the Information menu to view the CSS classes and ID's that Drupal is generating. Then add your own CSS rules to the style.css file.
Other Drupal Theme Files
Other files in the Drupal theme are block.tpl.php, box.tpl.php, comment.tpl.php, and node.tpl.php. Each one controls the layout of certain parts of the template. The comment.tpl.php defines the comment layout as shown below. It is fairly straightforward PHP: "If there is a user picture, print the user picture, etc.
YOUR FIRST CUSTOM DRUPAL THEME Just make a copy of the default Bluemarine template and put it in
your Drupal /sites/all/themes/ directory. That directory doesn't exist by default, so you should create it if you haven't already. See the README file in /sites/all/ for more information. Rename the copy of Bluemarine to the name of your new theme. Enable the new theme.
NOTE: In Drupal 6 there are also theme info files. To change the name of the theme you'll also need to change the name in the bluemarine.info file:
Then strip most of the HTML out of the page.tpl.php file and replace it with the HTML that you would like for your theme. Leave the PHP, modifying it as desired. If you are using Linux for Web development, you can use Quanta Plus as an editor to edit your template files directly on the server. Each time you save the file in Quanta Plus, the remote copy of the file will be updated.
Use the Firefox Web Developer Toolbar's Display ID & Class Details feature to view CSS information on your new template that you are viewing the the browser. Either start a new style.css file from scratch, or modify the existing one to get the template the way you would like. To edit the display of blocks, nodes, and comments, edit the block.tpl.php, node.tpl.php, and comment.tpl.php files respectively.
When you are finished with your template, take a screenshot and resize it to about 150x90 pixels. Upload it to your theme directory as screenshot.png.
DRUPAL TEMPLATE VARIABLES The PHP snippets in the examples above are just
printing PHPtemplate variables. A complete list of available PHPtemplate variables that you can use in your template can be found on Drupal.org's PHPtemplate variables page. Below are the available variables
$breadcrumb- HTML for displaying the breadcrumbs at the top of the page.
$closure- Needs to be displayed at the bottom of the page, for any dynamic javascript that needs to be called once the page has already been displayed.
$content- The HTML content generated by Drupal to be displayed.
$directory- The directory the theme is located in , e.g.themes/box_grey or themes/box_grey/box_cleanslate.
$footer_message- The footer message as defined in the admin settings.
$head- HTML as generated by drupal_get_html_head().
$head_title- The text to be displayed in the page title.
$help- Dynamic help text, mostly for admin pages.
$is_front- True if the front page is currently being displayed. Used to toggle the mission.
$language- The language the site is being displayed in.
$layout-This setting allows you to style different types of layout ('none', 'left', 'right' or 'both') differently, depending on how many sidebars are enabled.
$logo- The path to the logo image, as defined in theme configuration.
$messages- HTML for status and error messages, to be displayed at the top of the page.
$mission- The text of the site mission.
$node- (5.x and after only)If you are in page.tpl.php displaying a node in full page view then $node is available to your template.
$onload_attribute-(4.7 and older only) Onload tags to be added to the head tag, to allow for autoexecution of attached scripts.
$primary links (array)- An array containing the links as they have been defined in the php template specific configuration block.
$scripts- (5.x and after only) HTML to load the JavaScript files and make the JS settings available. Previously, JavaScript files are hardcoded into the page.tpl.php
$search box- True(1) if the search box has been enabled.
$search_button_text- (4.7 and older only)Translated text on the search button.
$search description-(4.7 and older only)Translated description for the search button.
$search_url-(4.7 and older only)URL the search form is submitted to.
$secondary_links (array)-An array containing the links as they have been defined in the phptemplate specific configuration block.
$sidebar_left- The HTML for the left sidebar.
$sidebar_right- The HTML for the right sidebar.
$site- The name of the site, always filled in.
$site name- The site name of the site, to be used in the header, empty when display has been disabled.
$site slogan- The slogan of the site, empty when display has been disabled.
$styles- Required for style sheet switching to work. This prints out the style tags required.
$tabs- HTML for displaying tabs at the top of the page.
$title- Title, different from head title, as this is just the node title most of the time.
There are also other variables available for your Drupal theme.
