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Drugs

What you will learn about in this topic:

1.What drugs are

2.Why people take them

3.Doping

4.The effects of taking drugs in sport

5.Banned substances

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Learning objectives

By the end of this presentation you should be able to:

• Understand the effects of different drugs used illegally in sport

• Describe why sportspeople take drugs

• Explain what doping is

To recover from injury more quickly

or to mask pain

Desire to be the best at all costs; winning brings

financial rewards

Making the most of a short sporting life

Influenced by others

The will to win overrides moral

conscience

Desire to meet expectations of

others

Willing to risk cheating for public

acclaim

Natural ability isn’t good enough

Better results lead to better sponsors and endorsement

contracts

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Why sports performers take drugs:

Drugs

A drug is any chemical substance you take that affects the way your body works.

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Most drugs are developed for medical purposes, but…

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…doping means taking drugs to improve sporting performance.

It is a growing problem in sport.

Performance-enhancing drugs

Anabolic agents are the most commonly used drugs in sport. They mimic testosterone, a male hormone. Examples of this drug include: testosterone, nandrolone, stanozolol, boldenone and clenbuterol. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MCSfCINnszE

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Effects can include:

• Increases muscle mass

• Develops bone growth

• Increases strength, allowing the athlete to train harder

• Has a quick effect so there is rapid improvement

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• Increases aggression, so seen as good for competitive contact sports

• Prevents muscle wastage

• Are an aid to rehabilitation.

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Side-effects can include:

• Kidney problems

• Mood swings

• Anxiety

• Aggression

•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sj3De6s3ZjQ

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• High blood pressure

• Heart attacks

• Strokes

• Impotence in men

• Infertility, deepened voice, increased facial hair and irregular periods in women.

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There is also an increased risk of muscle injury and liver disease when anabolic agents are injected into the blood stream.

Recent research by the NIDA (National Institute for Drug Abuse) indicates long-term users show signs of addiction.

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Winning at all costs: is it worth it?

Dwain Chambers suffered a two-year ban for taking anabolic steroids.http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LxidHmRnUc4&feature=related

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Stimulants are the second most commonly used drugs in sports.

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Examples of these drugs include: amphetamines, ephedrine, cocaine and caffeine.

Effects can include:

• Reduces feelings of tiredness so a person can train for longer.

• Stimulates the central nervous system (CNS) making people more alert.

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Side-effects can include:

User becomes irritable and is unable to sleep.

• High blood pressure

• Irregular and faster heartbeat.

Some stimulants, such as amphetamines, are addictive.

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Narcotic analgesics are addictive drugs and are usually injected into the blood stream.

Examples of these drugs include: heroin, methadone, pethidine, morphine and codeine.

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Effects can include:• Reduces the sensation of the

central nervous system (CNS) so helps pain relief.

• Masks pain so athlete is back from injury sooner.

Side-effects can include:• Loss of concentration.

• Loss of balance.

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Side-effects can include:

• Loss of concentration.

• Loss of balance.

• Loss of coordination making sport dangerous.

Using these drugs can make an injury worse. They are also highly addictive.

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Diuretics are drugs which increase the rate of water loss from the body.

Examples of these drugs include: furosemide, triamterene and chlortalidone. Mannitol is prohibited in sport if intravenously injected.

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Effects can include:

• Speeds up work of kidneys by producing more urine. This reduces fluid retention, which causes rapid weight loss.

• Diuretics are used in sports where there are weight categories. Sportspeople use diuretics to ‘make the weight’.

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Side-effects can include:

• Dehydration and possibly dizziness.

• Muscle cramps.

• Headaches, nausea and fatigue.

• Kidney illness can develop.

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Peptide hormones, mimetics and analogues are synthetic substances that copy natural hormones in the body.

Examples of these drugs include: Human Growth Hormone (HGH) and erythropoietin (EPO).

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HGH acts like an anabolic steroid. It develops muscle, makes the body use fat and helps reduce tiredness.

An athlete who has taken HGH recovers from injury more quickly, as it increases red blood cells. HGH also speeds up training, helping the endurance athlete.

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EPO promotes the production of red blood cells and therefore increases the amount of oxygen the blood can transport at any one time. More oxygen is provided to the muscles which allows the athlete to work longer and harder.

EPO thickens the blood, inhibiting circulation, which can lead to a heart attack or stroke.

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Spanish cyclist Eladio Jimenez (34) has been banned for two years for doping with the blood-boosting hormone EPO.The International Cycling Union says the suspension was imposed by Spain’s national federation, which also fined him.$11,000. Jimenez failed a doping test after winning Stage 6 of the Tour of Portugal for the CC Loule team in August 2009.

Beta-blockers are used as a relaxant.

Examples of this drug include atenolol and nodolol.

Some beta-blockers are available on prescription to treat angina and have a similar effect to alcohol.

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Their use is subject to certain restrictions in some sports and banned completely in others.

Effects can include:

• Users maintain a slow heart rate and low blood pressure which is useful in tense situations.

• Their calming effect also helps in high-risk sports where speed is involved.

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• They steady the hand, which is important to competitors in target sports.

However, they can reduce the heart rate so much that there is a danger that the heart may stop.

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• Kim Jong Su, a silver and bronze medalist in beijing 2008 olympics. Kim jong competed in shooting for North Korea. Kim used propranolol, a drug that has been known to quell tremors. Obviously, this would offer quite an advantage in shooting. Kim has been stripped of his medals.

Masking agents are taken to hide the presence of another drug, which would otherwise disqualify the performer.

Examples of this drug include epitestosterone, probenecid and diuretics.

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Some masking agents do not appear on the list of banned substances for particular sports, so their presence is legal.

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Task 1

If an athlete tests positive for a banned drug, they can face a ban from their sport for at least two years.

With a partner, research into current athletes who have been connected to drugs.

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Substance What do they do?

What are the dangers?

Examples

Stimulants

Narcotic analgesics

Anabolic steroids

Task 2

Copy and complete the following table in your workbook:

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Task 3

Design an A4 poster with a slogan for the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to use in a campaign against drug abuse in sport.

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Exam questions

1. What effects would a sportsperson experience in their performance if they used stimulants?

2. Which sportspeople are more likely to use beta-blockers? Provide examples.

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What you have learntin this topic:

1. What drugs are

2. Why people take them

3. Doping

4. The effects of taking drugs in sport

5. Banned substances

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Learning objectives

You should now be able to:

• Understand the effects of different drugs used illegally in sport

• Describe why sportspeople take drugs

• Explain what doping is