Drug resistant Staphylococcal infectious Disease

Proceedings of International Seminar on Emerging Trends in Chemistry Held on 24-Jan-2020

Drug resistant Staphylococcal infectious Disease

M.MuruganandamDept. of Zoology,Syed Ammal Arts and Science College,Ramanathapuram-623513..Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Bacterial infectious diseases are important cause of mortality in developing countries. These

infections mainly spread through poor hygiene and poor environment conditions. Many

pathogens develop antibiotic resistance. These pathogenic populations are slowly increases

in an around the world. The control of these pathogens is very difficult and also expensive.

The important prevention method is vaccination; the vaccine development research is going

on in many countries, now scientist very close to develops appropriate vaccine for

Staphylococcus aureus.

Key words: Antibiotic resistance, vaccine. Staphylococcus aureus

Introduction

Bacterial infectious diseases mainly spread through contaminated food and water. The main

reason for spreading diseases are poor hygiene, practice, over explosion of the population

and poor environmental conditions .Nowadays, due to improper use of antibiotics pathogen

develops antibiotic resistance. So it is difficult to eradicate these pathogens from people.

They survival long term, gives lot of illness to people. For control these pathogens, new

antibiotic discoveries are must. Our marine resources have many unexplored bioactive

compounds. Nowadays the drug industries screening new drugs from various marine

resources.

Staph Infections

Staphylococcus aureus infections range from mild to life threatening. The most common

Staph infections are Skin infections, often causing abscesses. However bacteria can travel

through the blood stream called bacteremia.and infect almost any site in the body,

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particularly heart valves endocarditic and bones called osteomylitis.The bacteria also tend to

accumulate on medical devices in the body, such as artificial heart valves or joints ,heart

pacemakers and catheters inserted through the skin into blood vessels. Certain conditions

increase the risk of getting a Staphylococcal infections, such as Influenza,Tumour,chronic

lung disorder,leukemia,burn,An open wound or sore, chronic skin disorders, surgery,

diabetes mellitus,etc. There are many strains of staphylococcus aureus. Some strains

produce toxins that can cause staphylococcal food poisoning, toxic shock syndrome. The

toxic shock syndrome is also produced by Streptococci. This syndrome causes rapidly

progressive and severe symptoms that in clued fever, rash, dangerously low blood pressure

and failure of several organs.

Antibiotic Resistance

The Antibiotic resistance mechanism are emerging and spreading globally, threatening our

ability to treat common infectious diseases, resulting in prolonged illness, disability and

death. It also increases the cost of health care with longer stays in hospital and more

intensive care required. Due to poor infection control, inadequate sanitary conditions and

inappropriate food handling encourages the spread of antimicrobial resistance pathogens.

People with MRSA (Methgicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.) are estimated to be 64%

more likely to die than people with a non-resistant from the infection.

Prevention and control

Some people always thoroughly washing their hands with soap and water or applying an

alcohol based sanitizer can be protected from spread of these bacteria. People with

staphylococcal skin infection should not handle food. Taking old food is not good, it may be

contaminated, so better avoid old food items. Boiling drinking water help to prevent water

borne infections. Staph infection also spread through wounds. So carefully maintain wound

up to complete healing. Discovery of new drugs help to control these infections. If maintain

good immunity by using natural immunostimulants, fruits, vegetables,etc.help to prevent

these infections and also use best disinfectants to use our surrounding to destroy the

pathogens..The effective tools for preventing infection in human and animals. These include

immunization, safe water and sanitation, maintance of good hygiene in hospitals and animal

husbandry. Appropriate use of existing and new antibiotics is also essential.


Diagnosis and Treatment

Staphylococcal skin infections are usually diagnosed based on their appearance. Other

infections require samples of blood or infected fluids, which are send to a laboratory to

grow, identify and test the bacteria. Laboratory results confirm the diagnosis and determine

which antibiotics can kill the staphylococci called Susceptibility testing .In the Bone

infections, Xrays, C.T scan, MRI scan, Radionuclide bone scanning or combination is also

done. This test can show the damaged area and determine how severe it is. Bone biopsy is

done to obtain a sample for testing. The sample may be removed with a needle or during

surgery. Staphylococcus aureus infections are treated with antibiotics that are effective

against MRSA which includes vancomycin linezolid, tedizolid, quinupristin plus dalfopristin,

ceftaroline, telavancin or daptomycin.Depending of the severity of the infection antibiotics

may be given for weeks. Usually, infected bone and foreign materials has to be removed

surgically to cure the infection.

Vaccine Development

The vaccine development still going on around the world, because there are different

virulence factors, and different strains are present. So still there is difficult to prepare

successful vaccine. In our lab works, various types of vaccine trails going on such as Mutant

strain inactivated vaccine, Plasmid DNA vaccine, Engineered Plasmid DNA vaccine, and Heat

shock protein vaccine. All these vaccines produce good immunity. The plasmid DNA and

their fragments produces good immune responces.The Heat shock protein induce good

immunity. If plasmid DNA is combined with Heat shock protein or any antigenic protein, it

will produce long term immunity.

Vaccine Delivery Methods

The are many methods are used in nowadays such as Intramuscular injection, Intradermal

particle Bombardment, Intranasal drops, Tattooing, Oral vaccination, Skin cream, Skin

Patches ,etc Based on the nature of the vaccine and the target number, the vaccination

method is selected. Nowadays Needle free vaccinations are followed around the world.


Bibliography

Muruganandam and K.N.Veerayee Kanna.(2010) Mutant Strains vaccine for

Staphylococcus aureus.J.curr.Sci:15(1):239-232(2010)

Manoj.J.,and M.muruganandam.(2010) Wild Plasmid DNA vaccine for Staphylococcus

aureus.-presented in A Two days conference on Innovation in Biotechnology and clinical

research organised by Dept.of Biotechnology,Addiyaman Engg college,Hosur.held at

march 11th and 12th ,2010.

Muruganandam and Kochet George ray (2009) A DNA Vaccine for Staphylococcus

aureus-presented at VERVE-09 International Conference on Impact of Microbial

biotechnology on Indian Industry.Organiz.by.Mets School of Engg.Thirussur,Kerala held

on3rd &4th Feb-2009.

Muruganandam (2013) Engineered Plasmid DNA Vaccine-Book-Pub -Einsteein

Bioengineering research Foundation, Ramanathapuram. South India.

Muruganandam (2017) Current Trends in Vaccine Biotechnology-Book-Pub-Einsteein


Muruganandam (2014) Short Sequence in DNA vaccine-Book-Pub .Einsteein


www.wkipedia.com


Antifungal activity screening in Latex

M.Muruganandam, K.Janai, Sathya priya, K , A.Sowiya and S.Udhaya RaniDept. of Zoology,Syed Ammal Arts and Science College,Ramanathapuram-623513..Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Phyto-therapy is practised in most of the developing countries. Because the

traditional medicine is cheap and highly effective. In this study, four plants were selected for

latex collection and test their antifungal activity. The higher range of activity observed in

Banyan tree latex and Papaya latex. The lower plant latex observed in Erukan plant latex.

Based on this study, the Banyan and Papaya latex are recommended to preparation of

antifungal drugs.

Key words Antifungal drugs, Latex, Phytotherapy.

Introduction

Herbal medicine is most important in developing countries. This herbal

medicine traditionally saves many people life. The herbal medicine has many unexplored

bioactive compounds which destroy many dangerous pathogens. The antifungal activity

screening studies going on in many industrial laboratories. Our previous studies of antifungal

screening activity in flowers (Muruganandam and Tamizhazhan,2019a) Vegetable Oils,

( MuruganandamandTamizhazhan,2019b),MarineFishes(Muruganandam,2018),Marine

shrimp( Muruganandam et al.,2018 a),Insects(Muruganandam et al.,2018 b),etc In this study,

latex was collected from four different plants and antifungal activity was studied.

Materials and Methods

Latex is a product of higher plants. In this study, latex from four plants such as

Papaya, Erukan plant, Banyan tree, and Sapodilla were collected. Take 0.5 ml of latex milk

and add 1ml of yeast culture(,48 hours) then make up to 10ml by using 3%sterlized peptone

water. This mixture was incubated for 48 hours. One control treatment was always

maintained. After incubation, all the cells were harvested by centrifugation then biomass



production were calculated in all the treatment. Based on biomass production antifungal

activity was calculated.

Results

The maximum antifungal activity was observed in Banyan tree latex treatment

(0.22 gm).The second higher activity observed in Papaya tree latex treatment (0.67gm) .The

lowest activity was observed in Erukan plant latex (1.52gm).The control treatment has

2.31gm of biomass production. The sapodilla latex induces the fungal growth (3.43gm).In

this study, the banyan and papaya latex have best antifungal activity compared to other two

plants. So these two plants are recommended to prepare antifungal drugs.

Table.1Different plant’S latex influence on Biomass production of Yeast.

S.No Latex’S plant Name Biomass

production

of yeast(gm)

1 Sapodilla 3.43

2 Banyan 0.22

3 Papaya 0.67

4 Erukan plants 1.52

5 Control Treatment 2.31

Discussion

Natural products of higher plants may give a new source of antimicrobial agents

with possible novel mechanism of action (Hamil et al.,2003,Barbour et al.,2004.,Ramzi et

al.,2005)Latex is a important metabolic products of higher plants. It improves the survival

rate of plants. In this study, antifungal property was observed in latex of four different

plants.Phytotherapy is practiced in most of the developing countries in our globe. The herbal

medicine are cheap and lesser side effects and also universally available. The fungal skin

infection is common in developing countries. If prepare antifungal skin cream, the screening

of antifungal drug is essential step. In this study, higher antifungal activity observed in

Banyan tree latex and papaya latex treatment. The Sapodilla latex and control treatment has

lesser activity.. The Banyan and papaya latex is recommended to prepare antifungal drugs.


Reference

1.Muruganandam.M(2019) Marine fish protein influenceon biomass production of yeast-Proceeding of the International Conference on Recent trends in Biodiversity conservation and utilization held on 22 aug 2019.ISBN-978-81-907579-6-6.

2.Muruganandam.M and Tamizhazhagan.V (2019)a Different Vegetable oil sources effect on Biomass production of yeast.Mintage.J.Phama and Med.Sci.Vol.8.Issue3,july-Sep pp:35-36.

3. 2.Muruganandam.M and Tamizhazhagan.V (2019)b Antifungal Sceening in various flowers extracts Mintage.J..phama.Med.Sci.vol.8.Issue 3,july-Sep-pp:33-34.

4.Muruganandam.M.,K.palaniselvam.,G,Nagananthini.G and G.saranya (2018)Antifungal activity screening in marine shrimp-Proceedings of the national seminar on marine Fisheries and Aquaculture held on Sep-20-2018-pp50-52.

5.muruganandam.M., Durgadevi and M.Sowmiya (2018) Insect protein Sources effect on Biomass production of yeast- Proceedings of the national seminar on marine Fisheries and Aquaculture held on Sep-20-2018-pp 116-118.

6.Barbour.E.K,Al.Shari.M,Sagherian.U.K.,Habre.A.N.Talhowk.N (2004).Screening of selected indigenous plant of Lebanon for antimicrobial activity.J.Ethanopharmac.93:1-7.

7.Hamil.F.A,Apio.S,Mubiru.N.K,Bukenya-zirabo,R.,Mosango.MMogangi and Soejarta.D.D(2003) Traditional Herbal drugs of Sourthen Uganda.II literature analysis and Antimicrobial assay.J.Ehano.Pharma.:84 57-78.

8.Ramzi.A.A.,Mothane and Ulrike Lindquist.(2005) Antimicrobial activity of Some medicinal plants of the Island Soqotra. J Etho.Phar 96-177-181.


Screening of antifungal activity in Marine animals

M.Muruganandam, N.Thirukumari and S.Sharmila banuDept. of Zoology,Syed Ammal Arts and Science College,Ramanathapuram-623513..Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Marine organisms have many unexposed bioactive compounds. In this study, five marine

invertebrates were selected and with the help of various organic solvents extracts were

prepared. After that, antifungal activity of all the extracts was studied. The maximum activity

observed in Star fish and Sea horse compared to other animals. These antifungal compounds

are recommended to drugs preparation.

Key words: Star fish, sea horse, sea fan, Antifungal activity.

Introduction

Bioactive compounds present in most of the living organisms, which will enhance the

survival rate of the organisms. The terrestrial origin of the bioactive compounds is exposed

by many researchers in past decades. The antifungal compounds screening in marine

resources is a current research in many drug industry. However there are limited reports

present in bioactive compounds of Marine animals. Egorov (1985) reported that there is a

mixture of antimicrobial protein present in fish tissue. Muruganandam (2017) also reported

that antimicrobial peptides present in the internal organs of fish. Muruganandam et al., (2018)

also reported that Marine shrimp muscles and exoskeleton extracts contain antifungal

activity. In this study, various marine animals are collected and prepared cold extracts, then

study the antifungal activity.

Materials and methods

Marine animals develop various bioactive compounds for their survival. In this study, various

marine animals such as Star fish, Sea fan, Sponge and Red coral were collected from

Mandapam sea shore area, Ramanathapuram District., and these were shadow dried in

laboratory, After that, one gram tissue with 2ml of various organic solvent such as water,

chloroform, acetone, n-butanol, benzene and ethanol were completely mixed then collect cold

extracts were individually prepared. First take 4ml of three present peptone water with 0.5ml



test animal tissue extract and 0.5 ml of yeast culture (24 hours) was thoroughly mixed and

incubated up to 48 hours in room temperature. One control treatment was always

maintained .After that centrifuged and harvested the yeast cells and biomass production was

analysed individually. Based on the observation the antifungal effects were analysed.

Results

Most of the marine invertebrates contain various bioactive compounds. In this study, five

different animals were selected. In the Seafan, maximum antifungal activity was observed in

chloroform extract treatment. Very lesser activity observed in benzene extract treatment. In

the red coral, aqueous extract and benzene extract treatment has higher activity. The n-

butanol and ethanol extract has more or less equal activity. In the sponges, maximum activity

observed in acetone treatment, the benzene and n-butanol extracts have second maximum

activity. They are also more or less equal activity. In the sea horse, maximum antifungal

activity observed in n-butanol and benzene extract treatments. In the Star fish, maximum

activity was observed in ethanol extract treatment compare to all these five animals. The

control treatment has 125mg biomass production of yeast. Star fish and Sea horse extracts has

properties of bioactive compounds. So it will useful to prepare antifungal drug preparation.

Discussion

Antimicrobial compound in marine animal origin was reported at very lesser level in

literature. Antimicrobial substances identified from fish called ecomolin.It is mainly consist

of mixture of proteins.(Egorov,1985).The Callyoden fish muscle aqueous extract has very

good antifungal activity. But some marine fish like silver belly induces cell growth

(Muruganandam et al .,2019).Muruganandam (2017) was reported antimicrobial properties

present in the internal organs of fish especially higher range activity observed in brain and

muscle tissue of fish. The muscle and exoskeleton of marine shrimp contains bioactive

compounds.(Muruganandam et al.,2018) .In this study maximum antifungal activity was

observed in star fish (ethanol extract ) and Sea horse(n-butanol extract ).Most of the lower

invertebrates has very good bioactive compounds. These marine invertebrates mostly live in

bottom of the sea that region may contain more fungus due to presence of many dead,

degradable organisms. So for their survival, it may develop strong bioactive compounds of

antifungal activity.


Reference

1. Egorov.N.S.(1985) Antibiotics a Scientific approach book Pub. in Mir

publishers,Moscow,Russia.

2. Mureuganandam.M (2017) Antibacterial peptides observed in various internal organs of

fish –proceedings of the state level seminar on the microbes and man kind held on 30-

Aug2017. Pp:61-62.

3. Mureuganandam.M, palaniselvam.V, Nagananthini.G and g.saranya (2018)+Anifugal

activity screening in Marine shrimp-Proceeding of the National seminar on marine fisheries

and Aquaculture-Sep-20-2018-pp50-52.

4.Muruganandam.M,Muthulaximi,S,Sharmila banu,keerthiga.m, Somiya.m,gokila.B and

sathiya priya (2019) Marine Fish protein profile influence on Biomass production of yeast

Proceeding of the international Conference on recent Treands in Biodiversity Conservation

and Utilization. Held on Aug-22-2010.pp:60-63.

Table.1. Various Marine invertebrates extracts influence on Biomass production of Yeast.

S.No Name of the

marine animals

Solvent extract-Biomass production of Yeast.(mg)

water chlorofor

m

Acetone n-

butanol

Benzene Ethanol

1 Sea Fan(Gorgonia) 55 30 60 90 40 70

2 Red

Coral(Corallium)

60 167 105 80 65 75

3 Sponge(Haliclona) 200 100 70 75 75 95

4 Sea horse (Hippo

campus )

65 60 35 25 30 40

5 Star fish(Asterias) 50 55 85 75 85 20


Antifungal Activity studies in common spices

M.Muruganandam, Dept. of Zoology,Syed Ammal Arts and Science College,Ramanathapuram-623513..Email: [email protected]

Abstract All the spices in our traditional food items have very well anti microbial activity. in

this study, ten spicy materials were selected for analysis of antifungal activity .The maximum

activity was observed in onion especially small onion and second maximum activity

observed in big onian.The pepper, cumin, Anise and clove have more or less equal activity.

But the antifungal activity is good, very lesser activity was observed in mustard. These

compounds are recommended to prepare antifungal medicine.

Key words: Spices, Antifungal activity, Onion.

Introduction

Phototherapy is best way to treat many diseases in developing countries. The herbal

medicines are universally available and give promising cure, in the meantime very lesser

side effects. Herbal medicinal plants are easy to cultivate in our garden. The herbal medicine

has many unexposed valuable bioactive compounds. Thus they will cure many infectious

diseases. Our previous studies proves that anti fungal compounds universally present in

many parts of plant and animals sources, such as Flowers (Muruganandam and

Tamilzhazhan,2019a) Vegetable oils (Muruganandam and Tamilzhazhan,2019b) Marine

shrimp (Muruganandam et al.,2018),Marine fishes (Muruganandam.2019) etc.In this study,

ten traditionally used common spicy materials are selected for studies of antifungal activity.

Materials and methods

Ten different spices were selected then aqueous extract was prepared, First 0.5gm of spice

sample mixed with 1ml of distilled water then extract was prepared. These extracts were

individually mixed with five ml of 3% peptone water and 0.5 ml of 24 hours yeast broth.

After 48 hours incubation, biomass production was analysed, based on the biomass

production, the antifungal activity was analysed.



ResultsAll the spices have antifungal activity. In this stydy, maximum antifungal activity was

observed in onion especially small onion and second maximum activity observed in big

onion, Ginger and Big onion has more or less equal level of antifungal activity..The least

activity observed in Mustard and cardamum.In this work; all the spices materials have good

antifungal activity. The maximum activity present in small onion. So it is good for our health

and also all the spices are suitable for antifungal drug development.

Table.1Spices aqueous extracts effects on Biomass production of yeast.

S.No Name of the Spices Biomass production of Yeast(mg)

1. Mustard 2002. Pepper 1253. Cumin 1254. Anise 1205. Cardamum 1706. Clove 1157. Small Onion 858. Big Onion 1009. Garlic 15510 Ginger 10511. Control Treatment 225

Discussion

Most of the higher plants and their products have very good herbal medicine. Our traditional

food items have more spicy materials; all are mostly antimicrobial activity, These spicy

materials helps to avoid pathogenic microbes contamination in our digestive system. Our

traditional food items are not only food, it is also act as medicine, it will prevent many

infectious diseases. Even our edible marine Fishes (Muruganandam, 2019) and Marine

shrimp (Muruganandam et al., 2018) has good antifungal activity. In the present study, small

onion has good antifungal activity compared to other spicy materials. But White onion is

used in Chinese rational medicines for their anti microbial activity (Egorov, 1985).The

pepper, cumin, Anise and clove has very good antifungal activity. If prepare antifungal drug

based on these materials, it is very effective and it has no side effects.


Reference

1. Muruganandam.M (2019) Marine fishes protein influence on Biomass production of yeast-Proceedings of the International conference on Recent trends in Biodiversity conservation and Utilization held on 22-Aug-2019.ISBN-978-81-907579-6-6.

2. Muruganandam.M and Tamizhazhagen.V (2019 a) Different vegetable oil sources effect on Biomass production of yeast.Mintage.j.Pharma and Med.Sci.vol.8, Issue.3,july sep.pp:35-36.

3. Muruganandam and Tamizhazhagen.V (2019 b) Antifungal screening in various flowers extracts .Mintage.j.Pharma and Med.Sci.vol.8, Issue.3, July sep.pp:33-34

4. Muruganandam.M, K.Palniselvam, G.Nagananthini and G.Saranya (2018) Antifungal activity screening in marine shrimp-Proceedings of the National Seminar on Marine fisheries and Aquaculture held on Sep-20-2018-pp 50-52.

5.Egorov.N.S.

(1985)AntibioticsAScientificapproachbookPub.Mir.Publishers,Moscow,Russia.


Mosquito larvicidal activity screening in spices

M.Muruganandam , M.Einsteein , * M.Keerthiga , G.Saranya , and S.Muthu lakshmi

Dept of zoology Syed Ammal Arts and Science College Ramanathapuram- 623513,Email; [email protected], *Einsteein Bioengineering Research foundation Ramanathapuram, South India,

Abstract

Mosquito spread many dangerous diseases in all around the world. If reduces the

mosquito population by suitable ecofriently methods, we can control disease spreading

ranges. In this study twelve common spices are used to screen mosquito larvicidal activity,

fennel and ginger has more larvicidal activity compared to other spices. Cardamom, star anise

and pepper have second range of larvicidal activity. If prepare the appropriate mix of those

spices extracts, we will develop new larvicide and control the mosquito larval population, this

control method is also ecofriently.

Keywords Biolarvicide, spices, mosquito

Introduction

In developing countries, human explosion is now uncontrolled, the environment is

not clean, everywhere waste materials not properly disposed, so the harmful vector insect

population slowly increased. These harmful insect spread many dangerous virus and parasites

to poor people, still malaria kill thousands of people in Africa, South America and some

regions of Asia. The mosquito spreading diseases are climate sensitive

(Muruganandam. 2016) If increases the environmental temperature, the mosquito population

will rise, so the number diseases cases will also rise.

If control mosquito population, we will reduce the disease burden. Chemical control

is good to reduce insect population. But very soon resistant verities will be developed. So we

will find out alternative way and these chemicals are also not ecofriendly. The biological

control is one of the best ways to reduce mosquito population. Usually larvivorous fishes are

introduced in water bodies. It will control mosquito larval population. In this study common

spices are used to screen for mosquito larvicidal activity.



Material and methods

Mosquito larva is purely live in aquatic environment; natural chemical compounds

are ecofriently and easily eradiate the larval population. In this study various spices were

individually taken for prepare aqueous extract. First 0.5 gm of any one spice with 3 ml of

distilled water was mixed then completely grand. After that extract was filtered. These

extract was mixed with 250 ml of water which contain ten Anophelus.sp fourth instars

mosquito larvae in glass container. All the treatment was observed in various time intervals

such as 0, 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 hours. During observation, larval behaviour and mortality range

was recorded.

Result

Naturally all the spices have medicinal value that is why they are added in our

regular food items. Here spices effect on larval mortality was screened. In this study, among

12 spices only 8 spices have larvicidal activity, higher larvicidal activity observed in fennel

which kills the larvae within two hours. Very slow and lesser activity observed in ginger,

mustard and clove. But they kill the entire larva within 24 hours. The pepper and clove has

medium activity and more or less equal level. In these treatments all the larvae died within

six hours. After apply these extracts the larval activity was slowly decreased and finally all

are died. In the star anise treatment all the larvae died within four hours, some epically

materials such as red chills, turmeric, mint and coriander has no larvicidal activity

Table.1 Spices effect on Mortality time of Mosquito larvae.

S.No Name of the spices Time for100% mortality (hours)

1 Fennel 022 Pepper 063 Mustard 244 Garlic 125 Star anise 046 Ginger 247 Cardamom 068 Clove 069 Red chilli No mortality10 Turmeric No mortality11 Mint No mortality

12 Coriander No mortality


Discussion

Insects are only flying invertebrates. Their population is mainly climate sensitive

(Muruganandam. 2016). Many insects act as vectors for many dangerous diseases, mosquito

is one among them. Mosquito carry many dangerous virus and parasites. Still vaccine is not

discovering for many parasitic pathogens. Best example is malaria, this parasite enhances the

morbitality and mortality rate in many poor countries .Parasites has many stages in life cycle.

So vaccine development is very difficult (Muruganandam. 2019). But drugs are discovered to

eradicate these diseases.

Now a day’s antibiotics resistance pathogens population is slowly increased in all

over the world. If control the mosquito population, very soon, we will reduce the number of

cases of diseases infected persons. The chemical control is good, however if affects

environmental conditions and also it produces chemical resistant insect for avoid this

condition, biological control is best. It has no side effects and also ecofriendly. In this study

various aqueous extracts of spices are screened for larvicidal activity. The fennel aqueous

extract has very powerful larvicidal within two hours, it was kill the entire mosquito larvae.

The clove, ginger and mustard have very lesser larvicidal activity but it produces 100%.

Mortality of mosquito larvae. The pepper, clove and star arise have medium activity however,

it also produce 100% mortality of mosquito larvae. If mix more than are extract at appropriate

level, we can produce new larvicidal produced to control mosquito larvae. This product is

ecofriendly preparation cost low and preparation method is also easily. These spices are also

not harmful to our environment and our self.

Reference

* Muruganandam. M (2016) malaria –A climate sensitive disease- proceedings of seminar on Global warming and climate changes 19th Aug 2016. PP; 75-77

* Muruganandam. M (2019) Human parasitic vaccine. Book pub. by. Einsteein Bioengineering research foundation, south India.

Drug resistant Staphylococcal infectious Disease

Science

Transcript of Drug resistant Staphylococcal infectious Disease