Drug Recognition Evaluator (DRE)

A Drug Recognition Evaluator (DRE) is a police officer who claims they  can

recognize whether someone is on drugs, what kind of drugs they are  on, and

whether their ability to drive has been impaired. The theory of  the DRE is that they

claim to be able to determine whether someone is  under the influence of drugs

through a visual evaluation. Lawyers  Weekly USA , "Growing New Practice Area for

Drunk Driving Lawyers" dated  September 20, 1999, p. 19. There are few Appellate

courts that have called them experts.

 DREs frequently administer their tests when someone is arrested for  drunk driving,

but passes a breath test. The DRE's testimony may  provide better evidence for the

prosecution than toxicology reports.  Blood tests may not measure the quantity of

drugs taken and, even if  they do, may not show a level high enough to prove

impairment. Urine  tests do not accurately pinpoint when the drugs were ingested

and may  not show the quantity. Therefore blood and urine tests alone may not be

sufficient to prove the person was affected by drugs when they were  driving. The

DRE argues they can provide the link between the  toxicology report and the Driving

Under the Influence charge. The DRE  offers testimony that the defendant failed the

physical tests  administered by the DRE, showing that the defendant may be

impaired by  the drugs in his system. Lawyers Weekly USA , "Growing New Practice 

Area for Drunk Driving Lawyers" dated September 20, 1999, p. 20.  The DRE advises

that their examination of the suspect is broken into 5  parts:   1. Coordination tests. 

The suspect must perform the "walk and turn," "one leg stand," "finger  to nose,"

and "Romberg balance" test (where he must estimate when 30  seconds have

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passed while standing with his head tilted back and his  eyes closed).

 2. Eye tests.  The DRE checks the suspect's pupil size under various lighting

conditions. He checks for "horizontal gaze nystagmus" where the eyes  twitch when

looking off to the side and "vertical nystagmus" where the  eyes twitch when looking

up. The DRE also checks to see if the eyes  cross normally when looking down at the

nose.

 3. Vital signs.  The DRE measures the suspect's pulse, temperature and blood

pressure.

 4. Muscle tone.  The DRE feels the suspects arm muscles to see if the are loose and

rubbery or tense.

 5. Visual inspection.  The DRE inspects the suspect’s mouth and nose for signs of

drug  ingestion, the presence of drug debris and discoloration. The DRE   checks the

suspect's arms for needle marks. Lawyers Weekly USA ,   "Growing New Practice

Area for Drunk Driving Lawyers" dated September   20, 1999, p. 20.

 The DRE determines whether the results of the exam performed on the  suspect

match symptoms associated with 7 drug classes. The drug classes  used are central

nervous system (CNS) depressants, CNS stimulants,  hallucinogens, phencyclidine,

narcotic analgesics, inhalants, and  cannabis. Journal of Analytical Toxicology,

"Laboratory Validation Study  of Drug Evaluation and Classification Program:

Ethanol, Cocaine, and  Marijuana", Vol. 20, October 1996, p. 468. For example, a

person on a  depressant should have normal pupils, but twitching eyes on the  

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nystagmus tests, a slow pulse rate, low blood pressure, drowsiness, and   slurred

speech. Persons on cannabis should have dilated pupils, no eye   twitching, a high

pulse rate and blood pressure, their eyes may not  cross normally when they look

down their nose, and they may have  disorientation. The DRE also interviews the

arresting officer, reviews  the breathalyzer results and asks the suspect if he has

been using  drugs. Finally, the DRE concludes whether the suspect is behaviorally

impaired, if the impairment is drug-related, and the drug class or   combination of

classes likely to be causing the impairment. Lawyers  Weekly USA , "Growing New

Practice Area for Drunk Driving Lawyers" dated   September 20, 1999, p. 20.

 Drug Recognition Experts are Not Recognized by New Jersey Courts  There is no

decision from the New Jersey Supreme Court recognizing the  reliability of DRE

testimony as proof of driving under the influence.  The written opinions which

permit the admission of DRE testimony either  say the evidence is "non-scientific" or

do not address this issue.  However, the recent U.S. Supreme Court case, Kumho

Tire Co. v.  Carmichael, 119 S.Ct. 1167 (1999), extends the Daubert screening test   

for expert testimony to "non-scientific" testimony. Therefore, if the N.J. Supreme

Court adopts Kumho, the DRE's testimony would not qualify  as reliable evidence

using the Daubert test. See Lawyers Weekly USA ,

 "Growing New Practice Area for Drunk Driving Lawyers" dated September  20,

1999, p. 20.

 Generally, the party offering results of a scientific test as evidence  is required to

show that the scientific technique has gained general  acceptance within the

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scientific community. Romano v. Kimmelman, 96  N.J. 66 (1984); State v. Kelly, 97

N.J. 178 (1984); State v. Spann, 130  N.J. 484 (1993).  There are three ways to show

general acceptance within  the scientific community of a particular procedure. (1)

Testimony of  knowledgeable experts. (2) Authoritative scientific literature. (3)   

Persuasive judicial decision.  Windmere, Inc. v. International Ins. Co.,   105 N.J. 373

(1987).  A proponent of scientific evidence must show that   the procedure or

experiments are generally accepted in their field.    Frye v. United States, 293 F.

1013 (D.C. Cir., 1923).

 In pre-trial motions and at trial, defense lawyers can challenge the   accuracy of the

evaluation and the DRE's qualifications to perform the  tests. Lawyers Weekly USA ,

"Growing New Practice Area for Drunk  Driving Lawyers" dated September 20, 1999,

p. 21.  Laboratory studies were done in 1996 and 1998. The 1996 studies were 

undertaken to determine the validity of the variables of the Drug   Evaluation and

Classification (DEC) evaluation in predicting whether  research volunteers had been

administered ethanol, cocaine or marijuana  and to determine the accuracy of DREs

in detecting whether subjects had  been dosed with ethanol, cocaine, or marijuana.

Using discriminant  function analysis, it was found that 17-28 variables of the DEC 

evaluation predicted the presence or absence of each of the three drugs  (ethanol,

cocaine and marijuana) with a high degree of sensitivity and  specificity and low

rates of false-positive and false-negative errors.  The five best predictive variables

were nearly as accurate as the entire  subsets of 17-28 variables. When DREs

concluded subjects were impaired  by ethanol or drugs or both, their predictions

were consistent with  toxicological analysis in 51% of cases. When ethanol-only

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decisions,  which were guaranteed to be consistent with toxicology, were excluded, 

DREs' predictions were consistent in 44% of cases. Journal of Analytical  Toxicology,

"Laboratory Validation Study of Drug Evaluation and   Classification Program:

Ethanol, Cocaine, and Marijuana", Vol. 20,   October 1996, p. 475. This study

provides a list of the symptoms that  were found to be the best predictors of

impairment by a particular class  of drug. Journal of Analytical Toxicology,

"Laboratory Validation Study  of Drug Evaluation and Classification Program:

Ethanol, Cocaine, and  Marijuana", Vol. 20, October 1996, p. 470, 472, 474. If these

symptoms  are not consistent with those found present in the client on the DRE

report, this may call into question the validity of the DRE's  conclusion.  Challenges

to the DRE  Aside from challenging the accuracy of the DEC, the defense attorney 

can challenge the DRE's qualifications. It may be argued that the DRE  is not a

medical doctor and has only had a nine day course and is  therefore not qualified to

make a subjective evaluation of the suspect's  physiological symptoms. A lawyer

can inquire into what training the DRE   has been given in distinguishing the effects

of drugs from those of  other medical conditions. It should be pointed out that only

one and a  half pages of the 570 page DRE training manual covers medical

conditions  that can be confused with drug impairment. The defense attorney

should  get the DRE's training history to see how well he did in the course and  what

continued training he has had. The attorney should also try to  find out what the

DRE's track record is by requesting  a copy of the running log which DREs are

supposed to keep. Lawyers  Weekly USA , "Growing New Practice Area for Drunk

Driving Lawyers" dated  September 20, 1999, p. 21.  The defense attorney can also

try to explain the suspect's symptoms.    For example, high blood pressure, high

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pulse rate and muscle rigidity   can be caused by the stress of an arrest. Other

symptoms may be caused  by mental conditions such as attention deficit disorder or

mania or  delirium, or a medical condition such as diabetes, hypertension or an 

abnormal movement disorder. There are many natural causes for  nystagmus. In

cases involving accidents, symptoms may be due to a  concussion. Lawyers Weekly

USA , "Growing New Practice Area for Drunk  Driving Lawyers" dated September 20,

1999, p. 21.  By reading the DRE manual, the defense should be able to find

potential  mistakes made by the DRE while conducting the test. The manual warns 

that any deviation from the protocol affects the conclusion. So if the  DRE does not

administer the evaluation under the conditions recommended  by the manual, this

presents the defense with a good argument that the  results are not reliable.

Lawyers Weekly USA , "Growing New Practice   Area for Drunk Driving Lawyers"

dated September 20, 1999, p. 21.  Other possible arguments may emerge by

comparing the DRE's report with  the notes of the arresting officer. There may be

inconsistencies.  Another potential argument is that, even if the DRE correctly

determines  that the suspect was affected by drugs, that does not necessarily mean

the suspect's driving ability was impaired. Lawyers Weekly USA ,  "Growing New

Practice Area for Drunk Driving Lawyers" dated September  20, 1999, p. 21.

 For more information, see Lawyers Weekly USA dated September 20,  1999. Copies

of the above referenced 1996 and 1998 studies are  available by fax from Lawyers

Weekly USA. The 1996 study is "Laboratory  Validation Study of Drug Evaluation and

Classification Program: Ethanol,  Cocaine, and Marijuana," Lawyers Weekly USA No.

9916532 (16 pages). The  1998 study is "Laboratory Validation Study of Drug

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Evaluation and  Classification Program: Alprazolam, d-Amphetamine, Codeine, and 

Marijuana," Lawyers Weekly USA No. 9916533 (12 pages).

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

alcohol gaze nystagmus (AGN) - Gaze nystagmus caused by the effects of alcohol

upon the nervous system.

caloric nystagmus - A vestibular system nystagmus caused by differences in

temperature between the ears, e.g., one ear is irrigated with warm water and the

other irrigated with cold water.

epileptic nystagmus - Nystagmus evident during an epileptic seizure.

field sobriety test (FST) - Any number of tests used by law enforcement officers,

usually on the roadside, to determine whether a driver is impaired. Most FSTs test

balance, coordination and the ability of the driver to divide his or her attention

among several tasks as once. Other tests, such as the horizontal gaze nystagmus

test, are used to measure a subject's impairment level.

fixation - ability of the eye to focus on one point.

gaze nystagmus - Nystagmus that occurs when the eyes gaze or fixate upon an

object or image. Usually caused by a disruption of the nervous system.

horizontal gaze nystagmus (HGN) - Gaze nystagmus that occurs when the eyes gaze

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or move to the side along a horizontal plane.

jerk nystagmus - Nystagmus where the eye drifts slowly away from a point of focus

and then quickly corrects itself with a saccadic movement back to the point of

focus.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) - The agency within the

United States Department of Transportation that administers traffic safety

programs. NHTSA's duties include funding studies on field sobriety tests and

training law enforcement officers in the administration of the standardized field

sobriety test battery.

natural nystagmus - Nystagmus that occurs without any apparent physiological,

vestibular, or neurological disturbance. Natural nystagmus occurs in approximately

2%-4% of the population.

neurological nystagmus - Nystagmus caused by some disturbance in the nervous

system.

nystagmus - An involuntary bouncing or jerking of the eye caused by any number of

vestibular, neurological or physiological disturbances.

oculomotor - Movement of the eyeball.

one-leg-stand (OLS) test - One of the three tests that make up the standardized field

sobriety test battery. This test requires a subject to stand on one leg, look at his or

her foot and count out loud to thirty. The subject is assessed on the ability to

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understand and follow instructions as well as the ability to maintain balance for

thirty seconds. [post-publication note (August 1999), sentence should read: "...count

out loud until told to stop."]

optokinetic nystagmus - A nystagmus evident when an object that the eye fixates

upon moves quickly out of sight or passes quickly through the field of vision, such

as occurs when a subject watches utility poles pass by while in a moving car.

Optokinetic nystagmus is also caused by watching alternating moving images, such

as black and white spokes on a spinning wheel.

oscillate - to move back and forth at a constant rate between two points

pathological disorder - Disruptions of the normal functions of organs of the body due

to disease, illness, or damage.

pendular nystagmus - Nystagmus where the eye oscillates or swings equally in two

directions.

physiological nystagmus - A nystagmus that occurs so that light entering the eye

will continually fall on non-fatigued cells on the retina. Physiological nystagmus is so

slight that it cannot be detected without the aid of instruments and it occurs in

everyone.

positional alcohol nystagmus (PAN) - Positional nystagmus when the foreign fluid is

alcohol. Pan I - The alcohol concentration is higher in the blood than in the

vestibular system. Pan II - The alcohol concentration is lower in the blood than in the

vestibular system.

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positional nystagmus - Nystagmus that occurs when a foreign fluid is in unequal

concentrations between the blood and the fluid in the semi-circular canals of the

vestibular system.

post-rotational nystagmus - Nystagmus caused by disturbances in the vestibular

system fluid when a person spins around. Post-rotational nystagmus lasts for only a

few seconds after a person stops spinning.

resting nystagmus - Nystagmus that occurs as the eye are looking straight ahead.

rotational nystagmus - Nystagmus caused by disturbances in the vestibular system

fluid when a person spins around. Rotational nystagmus occurs while the person is

spinning.

saccadic - Movement of the eye from one fixation point to another.

smooth pursuit - The eye's course as it tracks a moving image.

Southern California Research Institute (SCRI) - A research organization that

conducted the first two research studies that eventually produced the standardized

field sobriety test battery. SCRI has conducted subsequent field sobriety test

validation studies as well as drug recognition evaluation studies.

standardized field sobriety test (SFST) battery - A group of tests selected as the best

field sobriety tests to increase the ability of law enforcement officers to detect

driver impairment. The results of this battery, usually administered along the

roadside, contribute extensively to a law enforcement officer's decision to arrest a

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person for impaired driving.

walk-and-turn (WAT) test - One of the three tests that make up the standardized

field sobriety battery. This test requires a person to take nine heel to toe steps down

a straight line, turn and take nine heel to toe steps back up the line. The subject is

assessed on the ability to understand and follow instructions as well as the ability to

maintain balance during the instruction stage and walking stage.

vertical nystagmus - nystagmus that occurs when the eyes gaze or move upward

along a vertical plane.

vestibular system - The system of fluid-filled canals located in the inner ear that

assists in balance, coordination and orientation.

vestibular system nystagmus - Nystagmus caused by a disturbance in the vestibular

system.

Consequences of a Criminal Guilty Plea

1. You will have to appear in open court and tell the judge what you did that makes

you guilty of the particular offense(s)

2. Do you understand that if you plead guilty:

a. You will have a criminal record

b. You may go to Jail or Prison.

c. You will have to pay Fines and Court Costs.

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3. If you are on Probation, you will have to submit to random drug and urine testing.

If you violate Probation, you often go to jail.

4. In indictable matters, you will be required to provide a DNA sample, which could

be used by law enforcement for the investigation of criminal activity, and pay for

the cost of testing.

5. You must pay restitution if the court finds there is a victim who has suffered a

loss and if the court finds that you are able or will be able in the future to pay

restitution.

6. If you are a public office holder or employee, you can be required to forfeit your

office or job by virtue of your plea of guilty.

7. If you are not a United States citizen or national, you may be deported by virtue

of your plea of guilty.

8. You must wait 5-10 years to expunge a first offense. 2C:52-3

9. You could be put on Probation.

10. In Drug Cases, a mandatory DEDR penalty of $500-$1,000, and lose your

driver's license for 6 months - 2years. You must pay a Law Enforcement Officers

Training and Equipment Fund penalty of $30.

11. You may be required to do Community Service.

12. You must pay a minimum Violent Crimes Compensation Board assessment of

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$50 ($100 minimum if you are convicted of a crime of violence) for each count to

which you plead guilty.

13. You must pay a $75 Safe Neighborhood Services Fund assessment for each

conviction.

14. If you are being sentenced to probation, you must pay a fee of up to $25 per

month for the term of probation.

15. You lose the presumption against incarceration in future cases. 2C:44-1

16. You may lose your right to vote.

The defense of a person charged with a criminal offense is not impossible. There are

a number of viable defenses and arguments which can be pursued to achieve a

successful result. Advocacy, commitment, and persistence are essential to

defending a client accused of a criminal offense.

Jail for Crimes and Disorderly Conduct:

If someone pleads Guilty or is found Guilty of a criminal offense, the following is the

statutory Prison/Jail terms.

NJSA 2C: 43-8 (1) In the case of a crime of the first degree, for a specific term of

years which shall be fixed by the court and shall be between 10 years and 20 years;

(2) In the case of a crime of the second degree, for a specific term of years which

shall be fixed by the court and shall be between five years and 10 years;

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(3) In the case of a crime of the third degree, for a specific term of years which shall

be fixed by the court and shall be between three years and five years;

(4) In the case of a crime of the fourth degree, for a specific term which shall be

fixed by the court and shall not exceed 18 months.

2C:43-3 Fines have been increased recently! 2C:43-3. Fines and Restitutions. A

person who has been convicted of an offense may be sentenced to pay a fine, to

make restitution, or both, such fine not to exceed:

a. (1) $200,000.00 when the conviction is of a crime of the first degree;

(2) $150,000.00 when the conviction is of a crime of the second degree;

b. (1) $15,000.00 when the conviction is of a crime of the third degree;

(2) $10,000.00 when the conviction is of a crime of the fourth degree;

c. $1,000.00, when the conviction is of a disorderly persons offense;

d. $500.00, when the conviction is of a petty disorderly persons offense;

If facing any criminal charge, retain an experienced attorney immediately to determine you rights and obligations to the court. Current criminal charge researched by Kenneth Vercammen, Esq. 732-572-0500

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