Drug-induced UrticariaHow often is it?

Drug-induced UrticariaHow often is it?What does it look like?

Drug-induced UrticariaHow often is it?What does it look like?What does it not look like?

Drug-induced UrticariaHow often is it?What does it look like?What does it not look like?What drugs can do it?

Drug-induced UrticariaHow often is it?What does it look like?What does it not look like?What drugs can do it?Which ones most often?

Drug-induced UrticariaHow often is it?What does it look like?What does it not look like?What drugs can do it?Which ones most often?Which urticaria do drugs induce?

Drug-induced UrticariaHow often is it?What does it look like?What does it not look like?What drugs can do it?Which ones most often?Which urticaria do drugs induce?How do they do it?

Drug-induced UrticariaHow often is it?What does it look like?What does it not look like?What drugs can do it?Which ones most often?Which urticaria do drugs induce?How do they do it?What is its relevance?

Drug-induced cutaneous adverse reactions (CAR)

CARs are most common adverse events attributed to drugs.

1 of 50 patients will experience a drug-induced CAR.

1 of 8 patients with a drug-induced CAR develops Urticaria.

Urticaria is the third most common drug-induced CAR.

Drug-induced cutaneous adverse reactions (CAR)

CARs are most common adverse events attributed to drugs.

1 of 50 patients will experience a drug-induced CAR.

1 of 8 patients with a drug-induced CAR develops Urticaria.

Urticaria is the third most common drug-induced CAR.

Drug-induced cutaneous adverse reactions (CAR)

CARs are most common adverse events attributed to drugs.

1 of 50 patients will experience a drug-induced CAR.

1 of 8 patients with a drug-induced CAR develops Urticaria.

Urticaria is the third most common drug-induced CAR.

Drug-induced cutaneous adverse reactions (CAR)

CARs are most common adverse events attributed to drugs.

1 of 50 patients will experience a drug-induced CAR.

1 of 8 patients with a drug-induced CAR develops Urticaria

Urticaria is the third most common drug-induced CAR.

Generalised wheal and flareAngioedemaDrug-induced Urticaria clinical features

Burning, painful sensationSeveral daysSevere pruritusSeveral hoursDrug-induced Urticaria clinical features

Maculopapular rashDrug-induced Urticaria vs. other CARsUrticaria

Within minutes to 24 hSometimes respiratory compromiseDrug-induced Urticaria vs. other CARsWithin 3 days to 3 weeksSometimes fever, malaise, lymphadenopahty

Macules PapulesDrug-induced Urticaria vs. other CARsWheals

Drug-induced Urticaria

Urticaria skin reactions can be induced by a total of 468 drugs. ACARBOSE ACEBUTOLOL ACETAMINOPHEN ACETAZOLAMIDE ACETOHEXAMIDE ACETYLCYSTEINE ACITRETIN ACYCLOVIR ALBENDAZOLE ALBUTEROL ALDESLEUKIN ALEFACEPT ALEMTUZUMAB ALFENTANIL ALLOPURINOL ALPRAZOLAM ALPROSTADIL ALTEPLASE AMANTADINE AMIKACIN AMILORIDE AMINOCAPROIC ACID AMINOGLUTETHIMIDE AMINOPHYLLINE AMINOSALICYLATE SODIUM AMIODARONE AMITRIPTYLINE AMLODIPINE AMOBARBITAL AMOXAPINE AMOXICILLIN AMPHOTERICIN B AMPICILLIN ANAGRELIDE ANISINDIONE ANISTREPLASE ANTHRAX VACCINE APREPITANT APROBARBITAL APROTININ ARIPIPRAZOLE ARSENIC ASPARAGINASE ASPARTAME ASPIRIN ATAZANAVIR ATENOLOL ATOMOXETINE ATORVASTATIN ATRACURIUM ATROPINE SULFATE AZATADINE AZATHIOPRINE AZITHROMYCIN AZTREONAM BACAMPICILLIN BACLOFEN BENACTYZINE BENAZEPRIL BENDROFLUMETHIAZIDE BENZPHETAMINE BENZTHIAZIDE BENZTROPINE BETAXOLOL BIPERIDEN BISACODYL BISOPROLOL BLEOMYCIN BOTULINUM TOXIN (A & B) BRINZOLAMIDE BROMOCRIPTINE BUMETANIDE BUPROPION BUSPIRONE BUSULFAN BUTABARBITAL BUTALBITAL BUTORPHANOL CAFFEINE CALCITONIN CAPSICUM CAPTOPRIL CARAWAY CARBAMAZEPINE CARBENICILLIN CARBOPLATIN CARISOPRODOL CEFACLOR CEFADROXIL CEFAMANDOLE CEFAZOLIN CEFDINIR CEFDITOREN CEFEPIME CEFIXIME CEFMETAZOLE CEFONICID CEFOPERAZONE CEFOTAXIME CEFOTETAN CEFOXITIN CEFPODOXIME CEFPROZIL CEFTAZIDIME CEFTIBUTEN CEFTIZOXIME CEFTRIAXONE CEFUROXIME CELECOXIB CEPHALEXIN CEPHALOTHIN CEPHAPIRIN CEPHRADINE CETIRIZINE CHASTEBERRY CHLORAL HYDRATE CHLORAMBUCIL CHLORAMPHENICOL CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE CHLORHEXIDINE CHLORMEZANONE CHLOROQUINE CHLOROTHIAZIDE CHLOROTRIANISENE CHLORPROMAZINE CHLORPROPAMIDE CHLORTHALIDONE CHLORZOXAZONE CHOLESTYRAMINE CIDOFOVIR CILOSTAZOL CIMETIDINE CINOXACIN CIPROFLOXACIN CISPLATIN CITALOPRAM CLARITHROMYCIN CLEMASTINE CLIDINIUM CLINDAMYCIN CLOFAZIMINE CLOFIBRATE CLOMIPHENE CLOMIPRAMINE CLONAZEPAM CLONIDINE CLOPIDOGREL CLORAZEPATE CLOTRIMAZOLE CLOXACILLIN CLOZAPINE CO-TRIMOXAZOLE COCAINE CODEINE COLCHICINE COLESTIPOL COLLAGEN CORTICOSTEROIDS CROMOLYN CYANOCOBALAMIN CYCLAMATE CYCLOBENZAPRINE CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE CYCLOSERINE CYCLOSPORINE CYCLOTHIAZIDE CYPROHEPTADINE CYTARABINE DACARBAZINE DACTINOMYCIN DANAZOL DANTROLENE DAPSONE DARBEPOETIN ALFA DAUNORUBICIN DEFEROXAMINE DELAVIRDINE DEMECLOCYCLINE DENILEUKIN DESIPRAMINE DEXCHLORPHENIRAMINE DEXTROAMPHETAMINE DIAZEPAM DIAZOXIDE DICLOFENAC DICLOXACILLIN DICUMAROL DICYCLOMINE DIDANOSINE DIETHYLPROPION DIETHYLSTILBESTROL DIFLUNISAL DIGOXIN DILTIAZEM DIMENHYDRINATE DIPHENHYDRAMINE DIPHENOXYLATE DIPYRIDAMOLE DIRITHROMYCIN DISOPYRAMIDE DISULFIRAM DOCETAXEL DOLASETRON DOMPERIDONE DONEPEZIL DOPAMINE DOXACURIUM DOXAZOSIN DOXEPIN DOXORUBICIN DOXYCYCLINE ECHINACEA EDROPHONIUM EFAVIRENZ ELETRIPTAN ENALAPRIL ENOXACIN ENOXAPARIN EPHEDRINE EPINEPHRINE EPIRUBICIN EPOETIN ALFA ERTAPENEM ERYTHROMYCIN ESMOLOL ESOMEPRAZOLE ESTAZOLAM ESTRAMUSTINE ESTROGENS ETANERCEPT ETHACRYNIC ACID ETHAMBUTOL ETHCHLORVYNOL ETHIONAMIDE ETHOSUXIMIDE ETIDRONATE ETODOLAC ETOPOSIDE FAMOTIDINE FELBAMATE FELODIPINE FENOFIBRATE FENOPROFEN FENTANYL FINASTERIDE FLAVOXATE FLECAINIDE FLUCONAZOLE FLUCYTOSINE FLUMAZENIL FLUOROURACIL FLUOXETINE FLUOXYMESTERONE FLUPHENAZINE FLURAZEPAM FLURBIPROFEN FLUTAMIDE FLUVASTATIN FLUVOXAMINE FOLIC ACID FORMOTEROL FOSCARNET FOSINOPRIL FURAZOLIDONE FUROSEMIDE GABAPENTIN GANCICLOVIR GARLIC GATIFLOXACIN GEMFIBROZIL GEMIFLOXACIN GENTAMICIN GLATIRAMER GLIMEPIRIDE GLIPIZIDE GLUCAGON GLYBURIDE GLYCOPYRROLATE GOLD and GOLD COMPOUNDS GOSERELIN GRANISETRON GRANULOCYTE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR (GCSF) GREPAFLOXACIN GRISEOFULVIN GUANETHIDINE GUANFACINE HALOPERIDOL HALOTHANE HENNA HEPARIN HEPATITIS B VACCINE HEROIN HYDRALAZINE HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE HYDROCODONE HYDROFLUMETHIAZIDE HYDROMORPHONE HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE HYDROXYUREA HYDROXYZINE HYOSCYAMINE IBRITUMOMAB IBUPROFEN IDARUBICIN IMIPENEM/CILASTATIN IMIPRAMINE INDAPAMIDE INDINAVIR INDOMETHACIN INFLIXIMAB INSULIN INTERFERON BETA 1-A INTERFERON BETA-1B INTERFERONS, ALFA-2 IPODATE IPRATROPIUM IRBESARTAN ISONIAZID ISOPROTERENOL ISOTRETINOIN ISRADIPINE ITRACONAZOLE IVERMECTIN KANAMYCIN KETOCONAZOLE KETOPROFEN KETOROLAC LABETALOL LAMIVUDINE LAMOTRIGINE LANSOPRAZOLE LEFLUNOMIDE LEUCOVORIN LEUPROLIDE LEVAMISOLE LEVOBUNOLOL LEVOBUPIVACAINE LEVODOPA LEVOFLOXACIN LEVOTHYROXINE LIDOCAINE LINCOMYCIN LINDANE LIOTHYRONINE LISINOPRIL LITHIUM LOMEFLOXACIN LOPERAMIDE LORACARBEF LORATADINE LORAZEPAM LOSARTAN LOVASTATIN LOXAPINE MAPROTILINE MARIHUANA MAZINDOL MEBENDAZOLE MECHLORETHAMINE MECLIZINE MECLOFENAMATE MEDROXYPROGESTERONE MEFENAMIC ACID MEFLOQUINE MELOXICAM MELPHALAN MEPERIDINE MEPHENYTOIN MEPHOBARBITAL MEPROBAMATE MERCAPTOPURINE MESALAMINE MESNA MESORIDAZINE METAXALONE METFORMIN METHADONE METHAMPHETAMINE METHANTHELINE METHAZOLAMIDE METHENAMINE METHICILLIN METHIMAZOLE METHOCARBAMOL METHOHEXITAL METHOTREXATE METHOXSALEN METHSUXIMIDE METHYCLOTHIAZIDE METHYLDOPA METHYLPHENIDATE METHYLTESTOSTERONE METHYSERGIDE METOCLOPRAMIDE METOLAZONE METOPROLOL METRONIDAZOLE MEXILETINE MEZLOCILLIN MICONAZOLE MIDAZOLAM MILK THISTLE MINOCYCLINE MINOXIDIL MITOMYCIN MITOTANE MITOXANTRONE MOEXIPRIL MONTELUKAST MORICIZINE MOXIFLOXACIN NABUMETONE NADOLOL NAFARELIN NAFCILLIN NALBUPHINE NALIDIXIC ACID NALOXONE NAPROXEN NARATRIPTAN NEFAZODONE NELFINAVIR NEOMYCIN NIACIN NICARDIPINE NICOTINE NIFEDIPINE NISOLDIPINE NITROFURANTOIN NITROGLYCERIN NIZATIDINE NORFLOXACIN NORTRIPTYLINE NYSTATIN OCTREOTIDE OFLOXACIN OLANZAPINE OLSALAZINE OMEPRAZOLE ONDANSETRON ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES ORPHENADRINE OXACILLIN OXALIPLATIN OXAPROZIN OXAZEPAM OXYBUTYNIN OXYCODONE OXYTETRACYCLINE PACLITAXEL PANTOPRAZOLE PANTOTHENIC ACID PAPAVERINE PAROXETINE PEG-INTERFERON ALFA-2B PEGFILGRASTIM PENICILLAMINE PENICILLINS PENTAGASTRIN PENTAMIDINE PENTAZOCINE PENTOBARBITAL PENTOSAN PENTOSTATIN PENTOXIFYLLINE PERGOLIDE PERPHENAZINE PHENDIMETRAZINE PHENELZINE PHENINDAMINE PHENOBARBITAL PHENOLPHTHALEIN PHENTERMINE PHENYTOIN PHYTONADIONE PILOCARPINE PIMOZIDE PINDOLOL PIPECURONIUM PIPERACILLIN PIROXICAM POLYTHIAZIDE POTASSIUM IODIDE PRAVASTATIN PRAZEPAM PRAZIQUANTEL PRAZOSIN PRIMAQUINE PRIMIDONE PROBENECID PROCAINAMIDE PROCARBAZINE PROCHLORPERAZINE PROCYCLIDINE PROGESTINS PROMAZINE PROMETHAZINE PROPAFENONE PROPANTHELINE PROPOFOL PROPOXYPHENE PROPRANOLOL PROPYLTHIOURACIL PROTAMINE PROTAMINE SULFATE PROTRIPTYLINE PSEUDOEPHEDRINE PSORALENS PYRAZINAMIDE PYRILAMINE PYRIMETHAMINE QUAZEPAM QUINACRINE QUINAPRIL QUINESTROL QUINETHAZONE QUINIDINE QUININE QUINUPRISTIN/DALFOPRISTIN RABEPRAZOLE RAMIPRIL RANITIDINE RAPACURONIUM RESERPINE RIBAVIRIN RIBOFLAVIN RIFABUTIN RIFAMPIN RIFAPENTINE RISPERIDONE RITODRINE RITONAVIR RITUXIMAB RIVASTIGMINE ROFECOXIB ROPINIROLE SACCHARIN SALMETEROL SALSALATE SAQUINAVIR SCOPOLAMINE SECOBARBITAL SECRETIN SERMORELIN SERTRALINE SILDENAFIL SIMVASTATIN SMALLPOX VACCINE SOTALOL SPARFLOXACIN SPECTINOMYCIN SPIRONOLACTONE STANOZOLOL STREPTOKINASE STREPTOMYCIN SUCCINYLCHOLINE SUCRALFATE SUFENTANIL SULFADIAZINE SULFADOXINE SULFAMETHOXAZOLE SULFASALAZINE SULFISOXAZOLE SULINDAC SUMATRIPTAN TACRINE TACROLIMUS TAMOXIFEN TARTRAZINE TEMAZEPAM TENECTEPLASE TERBINAFINE TERBUTALINE TERFENADINE TESTOSTERONE TETRACYCLINE THALIDOMIDE THIABENDAZOLE THIAMINE THIMEROSAL THIOPENTAL THIORIDAZINE THIOTEPA THIOTHIXENE TIAGABINE TICARCILLIN TICLOPIDINE TIMOLOL TINZAPARIN TIOPRONIN TIROFIBAN TIZANIDINE TOBRAMYCIN TOLAZAMIDE TOLAZOLINE TOLBUTAMIDE TOLCAPONE TOLMETIN TOPIRAMATE TORSEMIDE TRAMADOL TRANYLCYPROMINE TRAZODONE TRIAMTERENE TRIAZOLAM TRICHLORMETHIAZIDE TRIFLUOPERAZINE TRIHEXYPHENIDYL TRIMEPRAZINE TRIMETHADIONE TRIMIPRAMINE TRIPELENNAMINE TRIPROLIDINE TROLEANDOMYCIN TROVAFLOXACIN UROFOLLITROPIN UROKINASE URSODIOL VALDECOXIB VALPROIC ACID VALSARTAN VANCOMYCIN VASOPRESSIN VENLAFAXINE VERAPAMIL VERTEPORFIN VINBLASTINE VINCRISTINE VITAMIN E VORICONAZOLE WARFARIN YARROW ZALCITABINE ZANAMIVIR ZIDOVUDINE ZIPRASIDONE ZOLMITRIPTAN ZOLPIDEM ZONISAMIDE

ACARBOSE ACEBUTOLOL ACETAMINOPHEN ACETAZOLAMIDE ACETOHEXAMIDE ACETYLCYSTEINE ACITRETIN ACYCLOVIR ALBENDAZOLE ALBUTEROL ALDESLEUKIN ALEFACEPT ALEMTUZUMAB ALFENTANIL ALLOPURINOL ALPRAZOLAM ALPROSTADIL ALTEPLASE AMANTADINE AMIKACIN AMILORIDE AMINOCAPROIC ACID AMINOGLUTETHIMIDE AMINOPHYLLINE AMINOSALICYLATE SODIUM AMIODARONE AMITRIPTYLINE AMLODIPINE AMOBARBITAL AMOXAPINE AMOXICILLIN AMPHOTERICIN B AMPICILLIN ANAGRELIDE ANISINDIONE ANISTREPLASE ANTHRAX VACCINE APREPITANT APROBARBITAL APROTININ ARIPIPRAZOLE ARSENIC ASPARAGINASE ASPARTAME ASPIRIN ATAZANAVIR ATENOLOL ATOMOXETINE ATORVASTATIN ATRACURIUM ATROPINE SULFATE AZATADINE AZATHIOPRINE AZITHROMYCIN AZTREONAM BACAMPICILLIN BACLOFEN BENACTYZINE BENAZEPRIL BENDROFLUMETHIAZIDE BENZPHETAMINE BENZTHIAZIDE BENZTROPINE BETAXOLOL BIPERIDEN BISACODYL BISOPROLOL BLEOMYCIN BOTULINUM TOXIN (A & B) BRINZOLAMIDE BROMOCRIPTINE BUMETANIDE BUPROPION BUSPIRONE BUSULFAN BUTABARBITAL BUTALBITAL BUTORPHANOL CAFFEINE CALCITONIN CAPSICUM CAPTOPRIL CARAWAY CARBAMAZEPINE CARBENICILLIN CARBOPLATIN CARISOPRODOL CEFACLOR CEFADROXIL CEFAMANDOLE CEFAZOLIN CEFDINIR CEFDITOREN CEFEPIME CEFIXIME CEFMETAZOLE CEFONICID CEFOPERAZONE CEFOTAXIME CEFOTETAN CEFOXITIN CEFPODOXIME CEFPROZIL CEFTAZIDIME CEFTIBUTEN CEFTIZOXIME CEFTRIAXONE CEFUROXIME CELECOXIB CEPHALEXIN CEPHALOTHIN CEPHAPIRIN CEPHRADINE CETIRIZINE CHASTEBERRY CHLORAL HYDRATE CHLORAMBUCIL CHLORAMPHENICOL CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE CHLORHEXIDINE CHLORMEZANONE CHLOROQUINE CHLOROTHIAZIDE CHLOROTRIANISENE CHLORPROMAZINE CHLORPROPAMIDE CHLORTHALIDONE CHLORZOXAZONE CHOLESTYRAMINE CIDOFOVIR CILOSTAZOL CIMETIDINE CINOXACIN CIPROFLOXACIN CISPLATIN CITALOPRAM CLARITHROMYCIN CLEMASTINE CLIDINIUM CLINDAMYCIN CLOFAZIMINE CLOFIBRATE CLOMIPHENE CLOMIPRAMINE CLONAZEPAM CLONIDINE CLOPIDOGREL CLORAZEPATE CLOTRIMAZOLE CLOXACILLIN CLOZAPINE CO-TRIMOXAZOLE COCAINE CODEINE COLCHICINE COLESTIPOL COLLAGEN CORTICOSTEROIDS CROMOLYN CYANOCOBALAMIN CYCLAMATE CYCLOBENZAPRINE CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE CYCLOSERINE CYCLOSPORINE CYCLOTHIAZIDE CYPROHEPTADINE CYTARABINE DACARBAZINE DACTINOMYCIN DANAZOL DANTROLENE DAPSONE DARBEPOETIN ALFA DAUNORUBICIN DEFEROXAMINE DELAVIRDINE DEMECLOCYCLINE DENILEUKIN DESIPRAMINE DEXCHLORPHENIRAMINE DEXTROAMPHETAMINE DIAZEPAM DIAZOXIDE DICLOFENAC DICLOXACILLIN DICUMAROL DICYCLOMINE DIDANOSINE DIETHYLPROPION DIETHYLSTILBESTROL DIFLUNISAL DIGOXIN DILTIAZEM DIMENHYDRINATE DIPHENHYDRAMINE DIPHENOXYLATE DIPYRIDAMOLE DIRITHROMYCIN DISOPYRAMIDE DISULFIRAM DOCETAXEL DOLASETRON DOMPERIDONE DONEPEZIL DOPAMINE DOXACURIUM DOXAZOSIN DOXEPIN DOXORUBICIN DOXYCYCLINE ECHINACEA EDROPHONIUM EFAVIRENZ ELETRIPTAN ENALAPRIL ENOXACIN ENOXAPARIN EPHEDRINE EPINEPHRINE EPIRUBICIN EPOETIN ALFA ERTAPENEM ERYTHROMYCIN ESMOLOL ESOMEPRAZOLE ESTAZOLAM ESTRAMUSTINE ESTROGENS ETANERCEPT ETHACRYNIC ACID ETHAMBUTOL ETHCHLORVYNOL ETHIONAMIDE ETHOSUXIMIDE ETIDRONATE ETODOLAC ETOPOSIDE FAMOTIDINE FELBAMATE FELODIPINE FENOFIBRATE FENOPROFEN FENTANYL FINASTERIDE FLAVOXATE FLECAINIDE FLUCONAZOLE FLUCYTOSINE FLUMAZENIL FLUOROURACIL FLUOXETINE FLUOXYMESTERONE FLUPHENAZINE FLURAZEPAM FLURBIPROFEN FLUTAMIDE FLUVASTATIN FLUVOXAMINE FOLIC ACID FORMOTEROL FOSCARNET FOSINOPRIL FURAZOLIDONE FUROSEMIDE GABAPENTIN GANCICLOVIR GARLIC GATIFLOXACIN GEMFIBROZIL GEMIFLOXACIN GENTAMICIN GLATIRAMER GLIMEPIRIDE GLIPIZIDE GLUCAGON GLYBURIDE GLYCOPYRROLATE GOLD and GOLD COMPOUNDS GOSERELIN GRANISETRON GRANULOCYTE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR (GCSF) GREPAFLOXACIN GRISEOFULVIN GUANETHIDINE GUANFACINE HALOPERIDOL HALOTHANE HENNA HEPARIN HEPATITIS B VACCINE HEROIN HYDRALAZINE HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE HYDROCODONE HYDROFLUMETHIAZIDE HYDROMORPHONE HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE HYDROXYUREA HYDROXYZINE HYOSCYAMINE IBRITUMOMAB IBUPROFEN IDARUBICIN IMIPENEM/CILASTATIN IMIPRAMINE INDAPAMIDE INDINAVIR INDOMETHACIN INFLIXIMAB INSULIN INTERFERON BETA 1-A INTERFERON BETA-1B INTERFERONS, ALFA-2 IPODATE IPRATROPIUM IRBESARTAN ISONIAZID ISOPROTERENOL ISOTRETINOIN ISRADIPINE ITRACONAZOLE IVERMECTIN KANAMYCIN KETOCONAZOLE KETOPROFEN KETOROLAC LABETALOL LAMIVUDINE LAMOTRIGINE LANSOPRAZOLE LEFLUNOMIDE LEUCOVORIN LEUPROLIDE LEVAMISOLE LEVOBUNOLOL LEVOBUPIVACAINE LEVODOPA LEVOFLOXACIN LEVOTHYROXINE LIDOCAINE LINCOMYCIN LINDANE LIOTHYRONINE LISINOPRIL LITHIUM LOMEFLOXACIN LOPERAMIDE LORACARBEF LORATADINE LORAZEPAM LOSARTAN LOVASTATIN LOXAPINE MAPROTILINE MARIHUANA MAZINDOL MEBENDAZOLE MECHLORETHAMINE MECLIZINE MECLOFENAMATE MEDROXYPROGESTERONE MEFENAMIC ACID MEFLOQUINE MELOXICAM MELPHALAN MEPERIDINE MEPHENYTOIN MEPHOBARBITAL MEPROBAMATE MERCAPTOPURINE MESALAMINE MESNA MESORIDAZINE METAXALONE METFORMIN METHADONE METHAMPHETAMINE METHANTHELINE METHAZOLAMIDE METHENAMINE METHICILLIN METHIMAZOLE METHOCARBAMOL METHOHEXITAL METHOTREXATE METHOXSALEN METHSUXIMIDE METHYCLOTHIAZIDE METHYLDOPA METHYLPHENIDATE METHYLTESTOSTERONE METHYSERGIDE METOCLOPRAMIDE METOLAZONE METOPROLOL METRONIDAZOLE MEXILETINE MEZLOCILLIN MICONAZOLE MIDAZOLAM MILK THISTLE MINOCYCLINE MINOXIDIL MITOMYCIN MITOTANE MITOXANTRONE MOEXIPRIL MONTELUKAST MORICIZINE MOXIFLOXACIN NABUMETONE NADOLOL NAFARELIN NAFCILLIN NALBUPHINE NALIDIXIC ACID NALOXONE NAPROXEN NARATRIPTAN NEFAZODONE NELFINAVIR NEOMYCIN NIACIN NICARDIPINE NICOTINE NIFEDIPINE NISOLDIPINE NITROFURANTOIN NITROGLYCERIN NIZATIDINE NORFLOXACIN NORTRIPTYLINE NYSTATIN OCTREOTIDE OFLOXACIN OLANZAPINE OLSALAZINE OMEPRAZOLE ONDANSETRON ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES ORPHENADRINE OXACILLIN OXALIPLATIN OXAPROZIN OXAZEPAM OXYBUTYNIN OXYCODONE OXYTETRACYCLINE PACLITAXEL PANTOPRAZOLE PANTOTHENIC ACID PAPAVERINE PAROXETINE PEG-INTERFERON ALFA-2B PEGFILGRASTIM PENICILLAMINE PENICILLINS PENTAGASTRIN PENTAMIDINE PENTAZOCINE PENTOBARBITAL PENTOSAN PENTOSTATIN PENTOXIFYLLINE PERGOLIDE PERPHENAZINE PHENDIMETRAZINE PHENELZINE PHENINDAMINE PHENOBARBITAL PHENOLPHTHALEIN PHENTERMINE PHENYTOIN PHYTONADIONE PILOCARPINE PIMOZIDE PINDOLOL PIPECURONIUM PIPERACILLIN PIROXICAM POLYTHIAZIDE POTASSIUM IODIDE PRAVASTATIN PRAZEPAM PRAZIQUANTEL PRAZOSIN PRIMAQUINE PRIMIDONE PROBENECID PROCAINAMIDE PROCARBAZINE PROCHLORPERAZINE PROCYCLIDINE PROGESTINS PROMAZINE PROMETHAZINE PROPAFENONE PROPANTHELINE PROPOFOL PROPOXYPHENE PROPRANOLOL PROPYLTHIOURACIL PROTAMINE PROTAMINE SULFATE PROTRIPTYLINE PSEUDOEPHEDRINE PSORALENS PYRAZINAMIDE PYRILAMINE PYRIMETHAMINE QUAZEPAM QUINACRINE QUINAPRIL QUINESTROL QUINETHAZONE QUINIDINE QUININE QUINUPRISTIN/DALFOPRISTIN RABEPRAZOLE RAMIPRIL RANITIDINE RAPACURONIUM RESERPINE RIBAVIRIN RIBOFLAVIN RIFABUTIN RIFAMPIN RIFAPENTINE RISPERIDONE RITODRINE RITONAVIR RITUXIMAB RIVASTIGMINE ROFECOXIB ROPINIROLE SACCHARIN SALMETEROL SALSALATE SAQUINAVIR SCOPOLAMINE SECOBARBITAL SECRETIN SERMORELIN SERTRALINE SILDENAFIL SIMVASTATIN SMALLPOX VACCINE SOTALOL SPARFLOXACIN SPECTINOMYCIN SPIRONOLACTONE STANOZOLOL STREPTOKINASE STREPTOMYCIN SUCCINYLCHOLINE SUCRALFATE SUFENTANIL SULFADIAZINE SULFADOXINE SULFAMETHOXAZOLE SULFASALAZINE SULFISOXAZOLE SULINDAC SUMATRIPTAN TACRINE TACROLIMUS TAMOXIFEN TARTRAZINE TEMAZEPAM TENECTEPLASE TERBINAFINE TERBUTALINE TERFENADINE TESTOSTERONE TETRACYCLINE THALIDOMIDE THIABENDAZOLE THIAMINE THIMEROSAL THIOPENTAL THIORIDAZINE THIOTEPA THIOTHIXENE TIAGABINE TICARCILLIN TICLOPIDINE TIMOLOL TINZAPARIN TIOPRONIN TIROFIBAN TIZANIDINE TOBRAMYCIN TOLAZAMIDE TOLAZOLINE TOLBUTAMIDE TOLCAPONE TOLMETIN TOPIRAMATE TORSEMIDE TRAMADOL TRANYLCYPROMINE TRAZODONE TRIAMTERENE TRIAZOLAM TRICHLORMETHIAZIDE TRIFLUOPERAZINE TRIHEXYPHENIDYL TRIMEPRAZINE TRIMETHADIONE TRIMIPRAMINE TRIPELENNAMINE TRIPROLIDINE TROLEANDOMYCIN TROVAFLOXACIN UROFOLLITROPIN UROKINASE URSODIOL VALDECOXIB VALPROIC ACID VALSARTAN VANCOMYCIN VASOPRESSIN VENLAFAXINE VERAPAMIL VERTEPORFIN VINBLASTINE VINCRISTINE VITAMIN E VORICONAZOLE WARFARIN YARROW ZALCITABINE ZANAMIVIR ZIDOVUDINE ZIPRASIDONE ZOLMITRIPTAN ZOLPIDEM ZONISAMIDE

NSAIDs (ASS, ibuprofen, diclofenac)

ACARBOSE ACEBUTOLOL ACETAMINOPHEN ACETAZOLAMIDE ACETOHEXAMIDE ACETYLCYSTEINE ACITRETIN ACYCLOVIR ALBENDAZOLE ALBUTEROL ALDESLEUKIN ALEFACEPT ALEMTUZUMAB ALFENTANIL ALLOPURINOL ALPRAZOLAM ALPROSTADIL ALTEPLASE AMANTADINE AMIKACIN AMILORIDE AMINOCAPROIC ACID AMINOGLUTETHIMIDE AMINOPHYLLINE AMINOSALICYLATE SODIUM AMIODARONE AMITRIPTYLINE AMLODIPINE AMOBARBITAL AMOXAPINE AMOXICILLIN AMPHOTERICIN B AMPICILLIN ANAGRELIDE ANISINDIONE ANISTREPLASE ANTHRAX VACCINE APREPITANT APROBARBITAL APROTININ ARIPIPRAZOLE ARSENIC ASPARAGINASE ASPARTAME ASPIRIN ATAZANAVIR ATENOLOL ATOMOXETINE ATORVASTATIN ATRACURIUM ATROPINE SULFATE AZATADINE AZATHIOPRINE AZITHROMYCIN AZTREONAM BACAMPICILLIN BACLOFEN BENACTYZINE BENAZEPRIL BENDROFLUMETHIAZIDE BENZPHETAMINE BENZTHIAZIDE BENZTROPINE BETAXOLOL BIPERIDEN BISACODYL BISOPROLOL BLEOMYCIN BOTULINUM TOXIN (A & B) BRINZOLAMIDE BROMOCRIPTINE BUMETANIDE BUPROPION BUSPIRONE BUSULFAN BUTABARBITAL BUTALBITAL BUTORPHANOL CAFFEINE CALCITONIN CAPSICUM CAPTOPRIL CARAWAY CARBAMAZEPINE CARBENICILLIN CARBOPLATIN CARISOPRODOL CEFACLOR CEFADROXIL CEFAMANDOLE CEFAZOLIN CEFDINIR CEFDITOREN CEFEPIME CEFIXIME CEFMETAZOLE CEFONICID CEFOPERAZONE CEFOTAXIME CEFOTETAN CEFOXITIN CEFPODOXIME CEFPROZIL CEFTAZIDIME CEFTIBUTEN CEFTIZOXIME CEFTRIAXONE CEFUROXIME CELECOXIB CEPHALEXIN CEPHALOTHIN CEPHAPIRIN CEPHRADINE CETIRIZINE CHASTEBERRY CHLORAL HYDRATE CHLORAMBUCIL CHLORAMPHENICOL CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE CHLORHEXIDINE CHLORMEZANONE CHLOROQUINE CHLOROTHIAZIDE CHLOROTRIANISENE CHLORPROMAZINE CHLORPROPAMIDE CHLORTHALIDONE CHLORZOXAZONE CHOLESTYRAMINE CIDOFOVIR CILOSTAZOL CIMETIDINE CINOXACIN CIPROFLOXACIN CISPLATIN CITALOPRAM CLARITHROMYCIN CLEMASTINE CLIDINIUM CLINDAMYCIN CLOFAZIMINE CLOFIBRATE CLOMIPHENE CLOMIPRAMINE CLONAZEPAM CLONIDINE CLOPIDOGREL CLORAZEPATE CLOTRIMAZOLE CLOXACILLIN CLOZAPINE CO-TRIMOXAZOLE COCAINE CODEINE COLCHICINE COLESTIPOL COLLAGEN CORTICOSTEROIDS CROMOLYN CYANOCOBALAMIN CYCLAMATE CYCLOBENZAPRINE CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE CYCLOSERINE CYCLOSPORINE CYCLOTHIAZIDE CYPROHEPTADINE CYTARABINE DACARBAZINE DACTINOMYCIN DANAZOL DANTROLENE DAPSONE DARBEPOETIN ALFA DAUNORUBICIN DEFEROXAMINE DELAVIRDINE DEMECLOCYCLINE DENILEUKIN DESIPRAMINE DEXCHLORPHENIRAMINE DEXTROAMPHETAMINE DIAZEPAM DIAZOXIDE DICLOFENAC DICLOXACILLIN DICUMAROL DICYCLOMINE DIDANOSINE DIETHYLPROPION DIETHYLSTILBESTROL DIFLUNISAL DIGOXIN DILTIAZEM DIMENHYDRINATE DIPHENHYDRAMINE DIPHENOXYLATE DIPYRIDAMOLE DIRITHROMYCIN DISOPYRAMIDE DISULFIRAM DOCETAXEL DOLASETRON DOMPERIDONE DONEPEZIL DOPAMINE DOXACURIUM DOXAZOSIN DOXEPIN DOXORUBICIN DOXYCYCLINE ECHINACEA EDROPHONIUM EFAVIRENZ ELETRIPTAN ENALAPRIL ENOXACIN ENOXAPARIN EPHEDRINE EPINEPHRINE EPIRUBICIN EPOETIN ALFA ERTAPENEM ERYTHROMYCIN ESMOLOL ESOMEPRAZOLE ESTAZOLAM ESTRAMUSTINE ESTROGENS ETANERCEPT ETHACRYNIC ACID ETHAMBUTOL ETHCHLORVYNOL ETHIONAMIDE ETHOSUXIMIDE ETIDRONATE ETODOLAC ETOPOSIDE FAMOTIDINE FELBAMATE FELODIPINE FENOFIBRATE FENOPROFEN FENTANYL FINASTERIDE FLAVOXATE FLECAINIDE FLUCONAZOLE FLUCYTOSINE FLUMAZENIL FLUOROURACIL FLUOXETINE FLUOXYMESTERONE FLUPHENAZINE FLURAZEPAM FLURBIPROFEN FLUTAMIDE FLUVASTATIN FLUVOXAMINE FOLIC ACID FORMOTEROL FOSCARNET FOSINOPRIL FURAZOLIDONE FUROSEMIDE GABAPENTIN GANCICLOVIR GARLIC GATIFLOXACIN GEMFIBROZIL GEMIFLOXACIN GENTAMICIN GLATIRAMER GLIMEPIRIDE GLIPIZIDE GLUCAGON GLYBURIDE GLYCOPYRROLATE GOLD and GOLD COMPOUNDS GOSERELIN GRANISETRON GRANULOCYTE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR (GCSF) GREPAFLOXACIN GRISEOFULVIN GUANETHIDINE GUANFACINE HALOPERIDOL HALOTHANE HENNA HEPARIN HEPATITIS B VACCINE HEROIN HYDRALAZINE HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE HYDROCODONE HYDROFLUMETHIAZIDE HYDROMORPHONE HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE HYDROXYUREA HYDROXYZINE HYOSCYAMINE IBRITUMOMAB IBUPROFEN IDARUBICIN IMIPENEM/CILASTATIN IMIPRAMINE INDAPAMIDE INDINAVIR INDOMETHACIN INFLIXIMAB INSULIN INTERFERON BETA 1-A INTERFERON BETA-1B INTERFERONS, ALFA-2 IPODATE IPRATROPIUM IRBESARTAN ISONIAZID ISOPROTERENOL ISOTRETINOIN ISRADIPINE ITRACONAZOLE IVERMECTIN KANAMYCIN KETOCONAZOLE KETOPROFEN KETOROLAC LABETALOL LAMIVUDINE LAMOTRIGINE LANSOPRAZOLE LEFLUNOMIDE LEUCOVORIN LEUPROLIDE LEVAMISOLE LEVOBUNOLOL LEVOBUPIVACAINE LEVODOPA LEVOFLOXACIN LEVOTHYROXINE LIDOCAINE LINCOMYCIN LINDANE LIOTHYRONINE LISINOPRIL LITHIUM LOMEFLOXACIN LOPERAMIDE LORACARBEF LORATADINE LORAZEPAM LOSARTAN LOVASTATIN LOXAPINE MAPROTILINE MARIHUANA MAZINDOL MEBENDAZOLE MECHLORETHAMINE MECLIZINE MECLOFENAMATE MEDROXYPROGESTERONE MEFENAMIC ACID MEFLOQUINE MELOXICAM MELPHALAN MEPERIDINE MEPHENYTOIN MEPHOBARBITAL MEPROBAMATE MERCAPTOPURINE MESALAMINE MESNA MESORIDAZINE METAXALONE METFORMIN METHADONE METHAMPHETAMINE METHANTHELINE METHAZOLAMIDE METHENAMINE METHICILLIN METHIMAZOLE METHOCARBAMOL METHOHEXITAL METHOTREXATE METHOXSALEN METHSUXIMIDE METHYCLOTHIAZIDE METHYLDOPA METHYLPHENIDATE METHYLTESTOSTERONE METHYSERGIDE METOCLOPRAMIDE METOLAZONE METOPROLOL METRONIDAZOLE MEXILETINE MEZLOCILLIN MICONAZOLE MIDAZOLAM MILK THISTLE MINOCYCLINE MINOXIDIL MITOMYCIN MITOTANE MITOXANTRONE MOEXIPRIL MONTELUKAST MORICIZINE MOXIFLOXACIN NABUMETONE NADOLOL NAFARELIN NAFCILLIN NALBUPHINE NALIDIXIC ACID NALOXONE NAPROXEN NARATRIPTAN NEFAZODONE NELFINAVIR NEOMYCIN NIACIN NICARDIPINE NICOTINE NIFEDIPINE NISOLDIPINE NITROFURANTOIN NITROGLYCERIN NIZATIDINE NORFLOXACIN NORTRIPTYLINE NYSTATIN OCTREOTIDE OFLOXACIN OLANZAPINE OLSALAZINE OMEPRAZOLE ONDANSETRON ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES ORPHENADRINE OXACILLIN OXALIPLATIN OXAPROZIN OXAZEPAM OXYBUTYNIN OXYCODONE OXYTETRACYCLINE PACLITAXEL PANTOPRAZOLE PANTOTHENIC ACID PAPAVERINE PAROXETINE PEG-INTERFERON ALFA-2B PEGFILGRASTIM PENICILLAMINE PENICILLINS PENTAGASTRIN PENTAMIDINE PENTAZOCINE PENTOBARBITAL PENTOSAN PENTOSTATIN PENTOXIFYLLINE PERGOLIDE PERPHENAZINE PHENDIMETRAZINE PHENELZINE PHENINDAMINE PHENOBARBITAL PHENOLPHTHALEIN PHENTERMINE PHENYTOIN PHYTONADIONE PILOCARPINE PIMOZIDE PINDOLOL PIPECURONIUM PIPERACILLIN PIROXICAM POLYTHIAZIDE POTASSIUM IODIDE PRAVASTATIN PRAZEPAM PRAZIQUANTEL PRAZOSIN PRIMAQUINE PRIMIDONE PROBENECID PROCAINAMIDE PROCARBAZINE PROCHLORPERAZINE PROCYCLIDINE PROGESTINS PROMAZINE PROMETHAZINE PROPAFENONE PROPANTHELINE PROPOFOL PROPOXYPHENE PROPRANOLOL PROPYLTHIOURACIL PROTAMINE PROTAMINE SULFATE PROTRIPTYLINE PSEUDOEPHEDRINE PSORALENS PYRAZINAMIDE PYRILAMINE PYRIMETHAMINE QUAZEPAM QUINACRINE QUINAPRIL QUINESTROL QUINETHAZONE QUINIDINE QUININE QUINUPRISTIN/DALFOPRISTIN RABEPRAZOLE RAMIPRIL RANITIDINE RAPACURONIUM RESERPINE RIBAVIRIN RIBOFLAVIN RIFABUTIN RIFAMPIN RIFAPENTINE RISPERIDONE RITODRINE RITONAVIR RITUXIMAB RIVASTIGMINE ROFECOXIB ROPINIROLE SACCHARIN SALMETEROL SALSALATE SAQUINAVIR SCOPOLAMINE SECOBARBITAL SECRETIN SERMORELIN SERTRALINE SILDENAFIL SIMVASTATIN SMALLPOX VACCINE SOTALOL SPARFLOXACIN SPECTINOMYCIN SPIRONOLACTONE STANOZOLOL STREPTOKINASE STREPTOMYCIN SUCCINYLCHOLINE SUCRALFATE SUFENTANIL SULFADIAZINE SULFADOXINE SULFAMETHOXAZOLE SULFASALAZINE SULFISOXAZOLE SULINDAC SUMATRIPTAN TACRINE TACROLIMUS TAMOXIFEN TARTRAZINE TEMAZEPAM TENECTEPLASE TERBINAFINE TERBUTALINE TERFENADINE TESTOSTERONE TETRACYCLINE THALIDOMIDE THIABENDAZOLE THIAMINE THIMEROSAL THIOPENTAL THIORIDAZINE THIOTEPA THIOTHIXENE TIAGABINE TICARCILLIN TICLOPIDINE TIMOLOL TINZAPARIN TIOPRONIN TIROFIBAN TIZANIDINE TOBRAMYCIN TOLAZAMIDE TOLAZOLINE TOLBUTAMIDE TOLCAPONE TOLMETIN TOPIRAMATE TORSEMIDE TRAMADOL TRANYLCYPROMINE TRAZODONE TRIAMTERENE TRIAZOLAM TRICHLORMETHIAZIDE TRIFLUOPERAZINE TRIHEXYPHENIDYL TRIMEPRAZINE TRIMETHADIONE TRIMIPRAMINE TRIPELENNAMINE TRIPROLIDINE TROLEANDOMYCIN TROVAFLOXACIN UROFOLLITROPIN UROKINASE URSODIOL VALDECOXIB VALPROIC ACID VALSARTAN VANCOMYCIN VASOPRESSIN VENLAFAXINE VERAPAMIL VERTEPORFIN VINBLASTINE VINCRISTINE VITAMIN E VORICONAZOLE WARFARIN YARROW ZALCITABINE ZANAMIVIR ZIDOVUDINE ZIPRASIDONE ZOLMITRIPTAN ZOLPIDEM ZONISAMIDE

NSAIDs (ASS, ibuprofen, diclofenac)Antibiotics (mainly penicillins)

ACARBOSE ACEBUTOLOL ACETAMINOPHEN ACETAZOLAMIDE ACETOHEXAMIDE ACETYLCYSTEINE ACITRETIN ACYCLOVIR ALBENDAZOLE ALBUTEROL ALDESLEUKIN ALEFACEPT ALEMTUZUMAB ALFENTANIL ALLOPURINOL ALPRAZOLAM ALPROSTADIL ALTEPLASE AMANTADINE AMIKACIN AMILORIDE AMINOCAPROIC ACID AMINOGLUTETHIMIDE AMINOPHYLLINE AMINOSALICYLATE SODIUM AMIODARONE AMITRIPTYLINE AMLODIPINE AMOBARBITAL AMOXAPINE AMOXICILLIN AMPHOTERICIN B AMPICILLIN ANAGRELIDE ANISINDIONE ANISTREPLASE ANTHRAX VACCINE APREPITANT APROBARBITAL APROTININ ARIPIPRAZOLE ARSENIC ASPARAGINASE ASPARTAME ASPIRIN ATAZANAVIR ATENOLOL ATOMOXETINE ATORVASTATIN ATRACURIUM ATROPINE SULFATE AZATADINE AZATHIOPRINE AZITHROMYCIN AZTREONAM BACAMPICILLIN BACLOFEN BENACTYZINE BENAZEPRIL BENDROFLUMETHIAZIDE BENZPHETAMINE BENZTHIAZIDE BENZTROPINE BETAXOLOL BIPERIDEN BISACODYL BISOPROLOL BLEOMYCIN BOTULINUM TOXIN (A & B) BRINZOLAMIDE BROMOCRIPTINE BUMETANIDE BUPROPION BUSPIRONE BUSULFAN BUTABARBITAL BUTALBITAL BUTORPHANOL CAFFEINE CALCITONIN CAPSICUM CAPTOPRIL CARAWAY CARBAMAZEPINE CARBENICILLIN CARBOPLATIN CARISOPRODOL CEFACLOR CEFADROXIL CEFAMANDOLE CEFAZOLIN CEFDINIR CEFDITOREN CEFEPIME CEFIXIME CEFMETAZOLE CEFONICID CEFOPERAZONE CEFOTAXIME CEFOTETAN CEFOXITIN CEFPODOXIME CEFPROZIL CEFTAZIDIME CEFTIBUTEN CEFTIZOXIME CEFTRIAXONE CEFUROXIME CELECOXIB CEPHALEXIN CEPHALOTHIN CEPHAPIRIN CEPHRADINE CETIRIZINE CHASTEBERRY CHLORAL HYDRATE CHLORAMBUCIL CHLORAMPHENICOL CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE CHLORHEXIDINE CHLORMEZANONE CHLOROQUINE CHLOROTHIAZIDE CHLOROTRIANISENE CHLORPROMAZINE CHLORPROPAMIDE CHLORTHALIDONE CHLORZOXAZONE CHOLESTYRAMINE CIDOFOVIR CILOSTAZOL CIMETIDINE CINOXACIN CIPROFLOXACIN CISPLATIN CITALOPRAM CLARITHROMYCIN CLEMASTINE CLIDINIUM CLINDAMYCIN CLOFAZIMINE CLOFIBRATE CLOMIPHENE CLOMIPRAMINE CLONAZEPAM CLONIDINE CLOPIDOGREL CLORAZEPATE CLOTRIMAZOLE CLOXACILLIN CLOZAPINE CO-TRIMOXAZOLE COCAINE CODEINE COLCHICINE COLESTIPOL COLLAGEN CORTICOSTEROIDS CROMOLYN CYANOCOBALAMIN CYCLAMATE CYCLOBENZAPRINE CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE CYCLOSERINE CYCLOSPORINE CYCLOTHIAZIDE CYPROHEPTADINE CYTARABINE DACARBAZINE DACTINOMYCIN DANAZOL DANTROLENE DAPSONE DARBEPOETIN ALFA DAUNORUBICIN DEFEROXAMINE DELAVIRDINE DEMECLOCYCLINE DENILEUKIN DESIPRAMINE DEXCHLORPHENIRAMINE DEXTROAMPHETAMINE DIAZEPAM DIAZOXIDE DICLOFENAC DICLOXACILLIN DICUMAROL DICYCLOMINE DIDANOSINE DIETHYLPROPION DIETHYLSTILBESTROL DIFLUNISAL DIGOXIN DILTIAZEM DIMENHYDRINATE DIPHENHYDRAMINE DIPHENOXYLATE DIPYRIDAMOLE DIRITHROMYCIN DISOPYRAMIDE DISULFIRAM DOCETAXEL DOLASETRON DOMPERIDONE DONEPEZIL DOPAMINE DOXACURIUM DOXAZOSIN DOXEPIN DOXORUBICIN DOXYCYCLINE ECHINACEA EDROPHONIUM EFAVIRENZ ELETRIPTAN ENALAPRIL ENOXACIN ENOXAPARIN EPHEDRINE EPINEPHRINE EPIRUBICIN EPOETIN ALFA ERTAPENEM ERYTHROMYCIN ESMOLOL ESOMEPRAZOLE ESTAZOLAM ESTRAMUSTINE ESTROGENS ETANERCEPT ETHACRYNIC ACID ETHAMBUTOL ETHCHLORVYNOL ETHIONAMIDE ETHOSUXIMIDE ETIDRONATE ETODOLAC ETOPOSIDE FAMOTIDINE FELBAMATE FELODIPINE FENOFIBRATE FENOPROFEN FENTANYL FINASTERIDE FLAVOXATE FLECAINIDE FLUCONAZOLE FLUCYTOSINE FLUMAZENIL FLUOROURACIL FLUOXETINE FLUOXYMESTERONE FLUPHENAZINE FLURAZEPAM FLURBIPROFEN FLUTAMIDE FLUVASTATIN FLUVOXAMINE FOLIC ACID FORMOTEROL FOSCARNET FOSINOPRIL FURAZOLIDONE FUROSEMIDE GABAPENTIN GANCICLOVIR GARLIC GATIFLOXACIN GEMFIBROZIL GEMIFLOXACIN GENTAMICIN GLATIRAMER GLIMEPIRIDE GLIPIZIDE GLUCAGON GLYBURIDE GLYCOPYRROLATE GOLD and GOLD COMPOUNDS GOSERELIN GRANISETRON GRANULOCYTE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR (GCSF) GREPAFLOXACIN GRISEOFULVIN GUANETHIDINE GUANFACINE HALOPERIDOL HALOTHANE HENNA HEPARIN HEPATITIS B VACCINE HEROIN HYDRALAZINE HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE HYDROCODONE HYDROFLUMETHIAZIDE HYDROMORPHONE HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE HYDROXYUREA HYDROXYZINE HYOSCYAMINE IBRITUMOMAB IBUPROFEN IDARUBICIN IMIPENEM/CILASTATIN IMIPRAMINE INDAPAMIDE INDINAVIR INDOMETHACIN INFLIXIMAB INSULIN INTERFERON BETA 1-A INTERFERON BETA-1B INTERFERONS, ALFA-2 IPODATE IPRATROPIUM IRBESARTAN ISONIAZID ISOPROTERENOL ISOTRETINOIN ISRADIPINE ITRACONAZOLE IVERMECTIN KANAMYCIN KETOCONAZOLE KETOPROFEN KETOROLAC LABETALOL LAMIVUDINE LAMOTRIGINE LANSOPRAZOLE LEFLUNOMIDE LEUCOVORIN LEUPROLIDE LEVAMISOLE LEVOBUNOLOL LEVOBUPIVACAINE LEVODOPA LEVOFLOXACIN LEVOTHYROXINE LIDOCAINE LINCOMYCIN LINDANE LIOTHYRONINE LISINOPRIL LITHIUM LOMEFLOXACIN LOPERAMIDE LORACARBEF LORATADINE LORAZEPAM LOSARTAN LOVASTATIN LOXAPINE MAPROTILINE MARIHUANA MAZINDOL MEBENDAZOLE MECHLORETHAMINE MECLIZINE MECLOFENAMATE MEDROXYPROGESTERONE MEFENAMIC ACID MEFLOQUINE MELOXICAM MELPHALAN MEPERIDINE MEPHENYTOIN MEPHOBARBITAL MEPROBAMATE MERCAPTOPURINE MESALAMINE MESNA MESORIDAZINE METAXALONE METFORMIN METHADONE METHAMPHETAMINE METHANTHELINE METHAZOLAMIDE METHENAMINE METHICILLIN METHIMAZOLE METHOCARBAMOL METHOHEXITAL METHOTREXATE METHOXSALEN METHSUXIMIDE METHYCLOTHIAZIDE METHYLDOPA METHYLPHENIDATE METHYLTESTOSTERONE METHYSERGIDE METOCLOPRAMIDE METOLAZONE METOPROLOL METRONIDAZOLE MEXILETINE MEZLOCILLIN MICONAZOLE MIDAZOLAM MILK THISTLE MINOCYCLINE MINOXIDIL MITOMYCIN MITOTANE MITOXANTRONE MOEXIPRIL MONTELUKAST MORICIZINE MOXIFLOXACIN NABUMETONE NADOLOL NAFARELIN NAFCILLIN NALBUPHINE NALIDIXIC ACID NALOXONE NAPROXEN NARATRIPTAN NEFAZODONE NELFINAVIR NEOMYCIN NIACIN NICARDIPINE NICOTINE NIFEDIPINE NISOLDIPINE NITROFURANTOIN NITROGLYCERIN NIZATIDINE NORFLOXACIN NORTRIPTYLINE NYSTATIN OCTREOTIDE OFLOXACIN OLANZAPINE OLSALAZINE OMEPRAZOLE ONDANSETRON ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES ORPHENADRINE OXACILLIN OXALIPLATIN OXAPROZIN OXAZEPAM OXYBUTYNIN OXYCODONE OXYTETRACYCLINE PACLITAXEL PANTOPRAZOLE PANTOTHENIC ACID PAPAVERINE PAROXETINE PEG-INTERFERON ALFA-2B PEGFILGRASTIM PENICILLAMINE PENICILLINS PENTAGASTRIN PENTAMIDINE PENTAZOCINE PENTOBARBITAL PENTOSAN PENTOSTATIN PENTOXIFYLLINE PERGOLIDE PERPHENAZINE PHENDIMETRAZINE PHENELZINE PHENINDAMINE PHENOBARBITAL PHENOLPHTHALEIN PHENTERMINE PHENYTOIN PHYTONADIONE PILOCARPINE PIMOZIDE PINDOLOL PIPECURONIUM PIPERACILLIN PIROXICAM POLYTHIAZIDE POTASSIUM IODIDE PRAVASTATIN PRAZEPAM PRAZIQUANTEL PRAZOSIN PRIMAQUINE PRIMIDONE PROBENECID PROCAINAMIDE PROCARBAZINE PROCHLORPERAZINE PROCYCLIDINE PROGESTINS PROMAZINE PROMETHAZINE PROPAFENONE PROPANTHELINE PROPOFOL PROPOXYPHENE PROPRANOLOL PROPYLTHIOURACIL PROTAMINE PROTAMINE SULFATE PROTRIPTYLINE PSEUDOEPHEDRINE PSORALENS PYRAZINAMIDE PYRILAMINE PYRIMETHAMINE QUAZEPAM QUINACRINE QUINAPRIL QUINESTROL QUINETHAZONE QUINIDINE QUININE QUINUPRISTIN/DALFOPRISTIN RABEPRAZOLE RAMIPRIL RANITIDINE RAPACURONIUM RESERPINE RIBAVIRIN RIBOFLAVIN RIFABUTIN RIFAMPIN RIFAPENTINE RISPERIDONE RITODRINE RITONAVIR RITUXIMAB RIVASTIGMINE ROFECOXIB ROPINIROLE SACCHARIN SALMETEROL SALSALATE SAQUINAVIR SCOPOLAMINE SECOBARBITAL SECRETIN SERMORELIN SERTRALINE SILDENAFIL SIMVASTATIN SMALLPOX VACCINE SOTALOL SPARFLOXACIN SPECTINOMYCIN SPIRONOLACTONE STANOZOLOL STREPTOKINASE STREPTOMYCIN SUCCINYLCHOLINE SUCRALFATE SUFENTANIL SULFADIAZINE SULFADOXINE SULFAMETHOXAZOLE SULFASALAZINE SULFISOXAZOLE SULINDAC SUMATRIPTAN TACRINE TACROLIMUS TAMOXIFEN TARTRAZINE TEMAZEPAM TENECTEPLASE TERBINAFINE TERBUTALINE TERFENADINE TESTOSTERONE TETRACYCLINE THALIDOMIDE THIABENDAZOLE THIAMINE THIMEROSAL THIOPENTAL THIORIDAZINE THIOTEPA THIOTHIXENE TIAGABINE TICARCILLIN TICLOPIDINE TIMOLOL TINZAPARIN TIOPRONIN TIROFIBAN TIZANIDINE TOBRAMYCIN TOLAZAMIDE TOLAZOLINE TOLBUTAMIDE TOLCAPONE TOLMETIN TOPIRAMATE TORSEMIDE TRAMADOL TRANYLCYPROMINE TRAZODONE TRIAMTERENE TRIAZOLAM TRICHLORMETHIAZIDE TRIFLUOPERAZINE TRIHEXYPHENIDYL TRIMEPRAZINE TRIMETHADIONE TRIMIPRAMINE TRIPELENNAMINE TRIPROLIDINE TROLEANDOMYCIN TROVAFLOXACIN UROFOLLITROPIN UROKINASE URSODIOL VALDECOXIB VALPROIC ACID VALSARTAN VANCOMYCIN VASOPRESSIN VENLAFAXINE VERAPAMIL VERTEPORFIN VINBLASTINE VINCRISTINE VITAMIN E VORICONAZOLE WARFARIN YARROW ZALCITABINE ZANAMIVIR ZIDOVUDINE ZIPRASIDONE ZOLMITRIPTAN ZOLPIDEM ZONISAMIDE

NSAIDs (ASS, ibuprofen, diclofenac)Antibiotics (mainly penicillins)barbituratescaptoprillevamisolequininerifampinsulfonamidesthiopentalvancomycin

Drug-induced forms of UrticariaSpontaneous UrticariaPhysical UrticariaOther forms of Urticaria

Drug-induced forms of UrticariaSpontaneous UrticariaPhysical UrticariaOther forms of Urticaria

Cold contact Urticaria Delayed pressure UrticariaHeat contact Urticaria Solar UrticariaUrticaria factitia / dermographic UrticariaVibratory Urticaria /angioedema

Acute Urticaria (< 6 weeks)Chronic Urticaria (> 6 weeks)

Aquagenic UrticariaCholinergic UrticariaContact UrticariaExercise induced anaphylaxis / Urticaria

Drug-induced forms of UrticariaSpontaneous UrticariaPhysical UrticariaOther forms of Urticaria

Cold contact Urticaria Delayed pressure UrticariaHeat contact Urticaria Solar UrticariaUrticaria factitia / dermographic UrticariaVibratory Urticaria /angioedema

Acute Urticaria (< 6 weeks)Chronic Urticaria (> 6 weeks)

Aquagenic UrticariaCholinergic UrticariaContact UrticariaExercise induced anaphylaxis / Urticaria

Acute Urticaria

Drug-induced spontaneous Urticaria

Acute UrticariaVery common (1 in 4)< 6 weeks> 95% spontaneous remission

Drug-induced spontaneous Urticaria

Acute UrticariaVery common (1 in 4)< 6 weeks> 95% spontaneous remission

Anti-inflammatory, symptomatic TherapieDrug-induced spontaneous Urticaria

Triggers of Acute Urticaria:

50%unresolved40%infections10%drugsDrug-induced spontaneous Urticaria

MCHistamine

FceRIDrug + IgE +Drug-induced mast cell activation

MCHistamine

Drug + triggerDrug-induced mast cell activation

MCUrticaria PathogenesisMast cells are the key effector cells in the induction of urticaria symptoms.

MCIL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, TNFa, MIPs, IFN-g, GM-CSF, TGF-b, bFGF, VPF/VEGF, PGD2, LTB4, LTC4, PAF, histamine, serotonin,heparin,chondroitin-sulfate,chymase, tryptase, carboxy- peptidaseUrticaria PathogenesisMast cells are the key effector cells in the induction of urticaria symptoms.

MCIL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, TNFa, MIPs, IFN-g, GM-CSF, TGF-b, bFGF, VPF/VEGF, PGD2, LTB4, LTC4, PAF, histamine, serotonin,heparin,chondroitin-sulfate,chymase, tryptase, carboxy- peptidase

activationUrticaria PathogenesisMast cells are the key effector cells in the induction of urticaria symptoms.

MCIL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, TNFa, MIPs, IFN-g, GM-CSF, TGF-b, bFGF, VPF/VEGF, PGD2, LTB4, LTC4, PAF, histamine, serotonin,heparin,chondroitin-sulfate,chymase, tryptase, carboxy- peptidaseextravasationvasodilation

activationUrticaria PathogenesisMast cells are the key effector cells in the induction of urticaria symptoms.

MCrecruitmentIL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, TNFa, MIPs, IFN-g, GM-CSF, TGF-b, bFGF, VPF/VEGF, PGD2, LTB4, LTC4, PAF, histamine, serotonin,heparin,chondroitin-sulfate,chymase, tryptase, carboxy- peptidaseextravasationvasodilation

activationUrticaria PathogenesisMast cells are the key effector cells in the induction of urticaria symptoms.

Skin Airways Gut Mast cells are preferentially located at host-environment interfaces.

Mast cells / mm2 Skin 020406080EpidermisSubcutisSkin layersArms LegsTrunkHands FeetHeadBr. J. Dermatol. 2003: 148; 224-225 Distribution of mast cells in the skin

MCDrug-induced mast cell activation is annoying, dangerous, and sometimes deadly.

MCDrug-induced mast cell activation is annoying, dangerous, and sometimes deadly.

MCDrug-induced mast cell activation is annoying, dangerous, and sometimes deadly.

Acute UrticariaVery common (1 in 4)< 6 weeks> 95% spontaneous remission

Anti-inflammatory, symptomatic Therapie

Chronic UrticariaCommon (~ 1%)

Drug-induced spontaneous Urticaria

Acute UrticariaVery common (1 in 4)< 6 weeks> 95% spontaneous remission

Anti-inflammatory, symptomatic Therapie

Chronic UrticariaCommon (~ 1%)

Identification of triggers and causescausal / curative therapy

Drug-induced spontaneous Urticaria

Chronic Urticaria - classification

Chronic Urticaria - classification

Chronic Urticaria - classification

Chronic Urticaria - classification

Chronic Urticaria - classification

Chronic Urticaria - classification

Causes of Chronic UrticariaCU due to other causesCU due to autoreactivityCU due to intoleranceIdiopathic CUCU due to infectionn = 280

Drugs as triggers in Chronic Urticariayesoftenrareno

Drug-induced Chronic UrticariaDrugs are common and specific triggers of CU due to intolerance.Drugs are frequent and unspecific triggers of CU due to infection.Drugs are sometimes unspecific triggers of all other forms of CU.

Pseudoallergens change mast cell releasability lower activation thresholdResting mast cellActivated mast cells release histamine and other proinflammatorymediatorsMast cells are now readily activated by signals such as complement or neuropeptidesChronic Urticaria due to intoleranceMC

Avoid all drugs that can induce urticaria keep a diet that is low in pseudoallergens and histamine for at least 14 days.

Placebo controlled double blind challenge (foods > drugs)CU due to intolerance Diagnostic work up

Elimination 14 days

Challenge2 4 days

CU due to intolerance Diagnostic work up

CU due to intolerance Diagnostic work upSuspected+020406080100CU Patients (in %)n = 1603763

Suspected+020406080100CU Patients (in %)n = 160Proven

+01020304050CU Patients (in %)n = 16037633429CU due to intolerance Diagnostic work up

Potential MC activating signals

Pathogen derived (e.g. toxins) Chronic Urticaria due to infection

Potential MC activating signals

Pathogen derived (e.g. toxins) Pathogen/host interaction (e.g. immune complexes, sIGE) Chronic Urticaria due to infection

Potential MC activating signals

Pathogen derived (e.g. toxins) Pathogen/host interaction (e.g. immune complexes, sIGE) Host derived (e.g. complement, neuropeptides)Chronic Urticaria due to infection

Potential MC activating signals

Pathogen derived (e.g. toxins) Pathogen/host interaction (e.g. immune complexes, sIGE) Host derived (e.g. complement, neuropeptides)Chronic Urticaria due to infection

Potentially relevant infection+020406080100CU patients (in %)n = 234Chronic Urticaria due to infection4357

Potentially relevant infection+020406080100CU patients (in %)n = 234Sites of potentially relevant infectionsTHPENTCA 0CU patients (in %)204060n = 234Chronic Urticaria due to infection4357

Potentially relevant infection+020406080100CU patients (in %)n = 234Sites of potentiallyrelevant infectionsTHPENTCA 0CU patients (in %)204060n = 234Relevant infection+01020304050CU patients (in %)n = 234Chronic Urticaria due to infection43572928

Chronic Urticaria due to autoreactivity MC

Chronic Urticaria due to autoreactivity MCanti-IgE

Chronic Urticaria due to autoreactivity MCanti-IgEanti-FceRI

Chronic Urticaria due to autoreactivity MCanti-IgEanti-FceRIcirculating MC secretagogues

Chronic Urticaria due to autoreactivity MCanti-IgEanti-FceRIcirculating MC secretagogues

1: histamine 2: serum 3: salineChronic Urticaria due to autoreactivity/autoimmunity Autologous serum skin test (ASST)

020406080100ASST-ASST+CU patients (in %)Chronic Urticaria due to autoreactivity (ASST+)n = 2033466

Quality of life(DLQI Score)

8.5 1.0

9.3 1.6

Antihistamines(per week)

11.1 2.5

4.5 1.1

Duration(in months)

108.7 31.0

29.7 9.2

Anti-FceRIAnti-IgE

6 of 342 of 34

4 of 210 of 21Total IgE

162.2 42.9

197.2 66.6

ASST ASST+Serum wealHistamine wealAlbumin weal

91.6 22.2 mm2 173.3 44.5 mm2 0.9 0.8 mm2

0.2 0.2 mm2116.5 17.2 mm23.7 3.7 mm2Urticaria activity

20.8 2.0

19.7 2.2WealsNumber Size Duration

1.3 0.21.4 0.21.4 0.2

1.2 0.21.3 0.21.2 0.2ErythemasNumber Size Duration

1.0 0.11.2 0.21.2 0.2

1.2 0.21.5 0.21.4 0.2AngioedemasNumber Size Duration

0.5 0.10.7 0.20.6 0.2

0.3 0.10.5 0.20.5 0.2PruritusIntensity Duration

1.7 0.11.7 0.1

1.6 0.21.6 0.1ASST ASST+CU due to autoreactivity clinical profile

Potential MC activating signals

Pathogen derived (e.g. toxins) Chronic Urticaria due to infection

Potential MC activating signals

Pathogen derived (e.g. toxins) Pathogen/host interaction (e.g. immune complexes, sIGE) Chronic Urticaria due to infection

Summary IgEantigenanti-IgEcomplement- receptorcomplement- factorIgGneuropeptide-receptorneuropeptidedrugdrugdrugFcgRFceRIanti-FceRIMZUrticaria is a very frequent adverse drug reaction.

Drugs are often triggers of spontaneous urticaria.