Drug Consumption on Drug Consumption on women in some countries women in some countries

in Latin Americain Latin America. .

Dr. Luis Caris U. de Chile Dr. Luis Caris U. de Chile CICAD, ConsultantCICAD, Consultant

Lisbon 23 September 04Lisbon 23 September 04

Changes at social level Changes at social level Globalization process: many thing that happen Globalization process: many thing that happen

in developed countries get now very soon to all in developed countries get now very soon to all others countries and it changes the way to see others countries and it changes the way to see the world. the world.

Technological changes Technological changes – Communication (cellular phone) Communication (cellular phone) – CD, DVD, Cable T.V. CD, DVD, Cable T.V. – Personal computers and Internet. Personal computers and Internet.

Free Market Economy.Free Market Economy. Change or less importance of old paradigm: politics, Change or less importance of old paradigm: politics,

religion, integration.religion, integration.

Changes at social level Changes at social level The migration of people to live in other countries. The migration of people to live in other countries. There is also an internal migration from people that are There is also an internal migration from people that are

moving from the rural communities to more urban moving from the rural communities to more urban cities.cities.

The concept of type of work used to be transmitted The concept of type of work used to be transmitted through generations or at least for many years, now is through generations or at least for many years, now is more common to change work constantly. more common to change work constantly.

Change in societal view: before It was justice Change in societal view: before It was justice and opportunity of all and now is for open and opportunity of all and now is for open society. society.

Changes at biological levelChanges at biological level

Change in the concept of youth now is from 15 Change in the concept of youth now is from 15 years old to 25- 30 years old. years old to 25- 30 years old.

Changes in puberty at lower age. Changes in puberty at lower age. Change in the relationship male-female. Friend Change in the relationship male-female. Friend

with advantage, living together. with advantage, living together. Increase the age to get married Increase the age to get married The couple live with other person before married. The couple live with other person before married. Increase the number of years of education and Increase the number of years of education and

collage, specially for women. collage, specially for women. Increase the life expectancy in many countriesIncrease the life expectancy in many countries

Changes in the family systemChanges in the family system

The family in many countries is changing fromThe family in many countries is changing from Extended family or nuclear family with clear Extended family or nuclear family with clear

role for males and females to role for males and females to ::

Nuclear family with small number of children orNuclear family with small number of children or

Family with only parent usually the mother.Family with only parent usually the mother.

Family not married. Family not married.

Living alone. Living alone.

Transformation on the women Transformation on the women role in the society role in the society

There is a transition from previous concept to There is a transition from previous concept to new identity.new identity.

At the beginning At the beginning The women keep all the duties and roles such The women keep all the duties and roles such

as: been responsible for care, making the as: been responsible for care, making the foods, education, health of all members of the foods, education, health of all members of the family. family.

The women have others roles such as is also The women have others roles such as is also responsible to get money for the family.responsible to get money for the family.

The women that are working outside the house The women that are working outside the house and also at home. and also at home.

Transformation on the women Transformation on the women role in the society. role in the society.

At the end of the transition period the women At the end of the transition period the women is having more control on herself. is having more control on herself.

The women can control the number of children The women can control the number of children with birth control mechanism. with birth control mechanism.

With the increase of education and wide range With the increase of education and wide range of jobs, they could be able to increase the of jobs, they could be able to increase the social status and self steam. social status and self steam.

They could feel more in control of her life. They could feel more in control of her life.

Social and personal tensionsSocial and personal tensions

It is important for individuals to build as sense It is important for individuals to build as sense of meaning to their lives in a society that the of meaning to their lives in a society that the family is getting weaker, and they do not have family is getting weaker, and they do not have political or religious values. political or religious values.

There is lonely feeling, lack of communication, There is lonely feeling, lack of communication, less family members. less family members.

The community and the neighborhood does The community and the neighborhood does not give the emotional support and the feeling not give the emotional support and the feeling that belong to the group.that belong to the group.

Family consequences in many Family consequences in many countries in Latin America countries in Latin America

1.1. There are less weddingThere are less wedding

2.2. There are more divorce or split marriagesThere are more divorce or split marriages

3.3. There are more people living together without There are more people living together without

been married. been married.

4.4. There are more birth out of the married. There are more birth out of the married.

Risk Factors for women drug Risk Factors for women drug consumptionconsumption

Family disintegrated.Family disintegrated. Couples usually in conflictsCouples usually in conflicts Overwhelming feeling with regards to work at Overwhelming feeling with regards to work at

home and also at work place, without having social home and also at work place, without having social support.support.

With the feeling that the work at home it is not With the feeling that the work at home it is not appreciatedappreciated

Identity crisis that is clear when the children get Identity crisis that is clear when the children get independence. independence.

Risk Factors of drug consumption Risk Factors of drug consumption among womenamong women

Unsatisfactory sexual and affective relationship. Unsatisfactory sexual and affective relationship. Withdraw from social and recreational activitiesWithdraw from social and recreational activities Inadequate use of the free time. Inadequate use of the free time. Lack of opportunities for training and developed. Lack of opportunities for training and developed. To do routine task and with low profile. To do routine task and with low profile. Feeling emptiness and lonelinessFeeling emptiness and loneliness

Risk Factors of drug consumption Risk Factors of drug consumption among womenamong women

Men pressing toward the women to make her the party Men pressing toward the women to make her the party companion.companion.

To be scare of been rejected by friends and work mates To be scare of been rejected by friends and work mates that use and abuse illicit drugs.that use and abuse illicit drugs.

To have close friendship with drug dealers.To have close friendship with drug dealers. Lack of knowledge about the harm of liqueur and Lack of knowledge about the harm of liqueur and

others drugs in the organism.others drugs in the organism. Superficial Models of identification, wiliness of loss Superficial Models of identification, wiliness of loss

weight.weight.

Relation between drug consumption and sexual Relation between drug consumption and sexual behaviorbehavior

  SAMPLE SIZE Year and Country

RELATION: DEPENDENCE-PROSTITUTION

ROMERO, L. y Quintanilla, A.

25 prostitutes 1981, Mexico. Not always

ZAPATA, Coty 9 marijuana abusers Clinical cases..

1985, Peru. Not always.

ROJAS, Milton 

65 Coca paste abuser 1996, Peru. Predispose behavior

GONZALES, Leonel y OSSA, Luis 

7 abusers of coca paste 1996, Chile. relationship

MOLLA, Miguel y RAGUZ, María

 

50 abuser of drugs and 45 non abusers.

1997, Peru.   relationship

ROJAS, Milton 

627 Abuse of illicit drugs 1999, Peru. Highly significant

The prevalence of psychiatrics The prevalence of psychiatrics disorder is double on female in disorder is double on female in

Santiago, ChileSantiago, Chile

Women 569.079 33.6

Men 242.671 15.7

Total 811.749 25.1

Sex N° of people %

Mental Heathl in Santiago, 1998

Some psychiatrics disorders Some psychiatrics disorders among womenamong women

Anxiety and depression disorder Anxiety and depression disorder 18%18%

Depression Depression 7,8%7,8%

Generalize anxiety Generalize anxiety 4,7%4,7%

More prevalence among widow or separated More prevalence among widow or separated women, or house wife, or unemployed. women, or house wife, or unemployed.

Women Men TotalMarijuana 2.9 9.1 5.7Coca Paste 0.2 1.3 0.7Cocaine 0.5 2.7 1.5Anphetamine 0.2 0.6 0.4Inhalants 0.0 0.2 0.1Any illicit drug last year 3.2 10.3 6.4none in the last year 96.8 89.7 93.6Source: CONACE, National Household survey 2002

2000Tipo de droga

Last year Prevalence of drug Last year Prevalence of drug (percentage)(percentage)

Data from Chile, Treatment Data from Chile, Treatment population, 2004 population, 2004

Plan outpatient

Total 1600 100%

Women 361 23%

Men 1239 77%

Plan Outpatient Intensive

Total 533 100%

Women 116 22%

Men 417 78%

Data from Chile, Treatment Data from Chile, Treatment population, 2004population, 2004

Plan Inpatient

Total 371 100%

Women 44 12%

Men 327 88%

All Treatment

Total 3214 100%

Women 700 22%

Men 2514 78%

Data from Mexico, Treatment Data from Mexico, Treatment population, 2002population, 2002

Sexo Cases %

Men 15389 85.6

Women 2589 14.4

Total 17978* 100,0

Data from Ecuador, Treatment Data from Ecuador, Treatment population, 2004population, 2004

Sexo Cases %

Men 839 90.5

Women 88 9.5

Total 927* 100,0

Gender is a variable that has Gender is a variable that has implication in:implication in:

The motivation toward the The motivation toward the consumption.consumption. the characteristics of consumption the characteristics of consumption (How much, when, with whom)(How much, when, with whom)Substances that are usedSubstances that are usedStigma for consumptionStigma for consumptionPossibility of prevention, treatment Possibility of prevention, treatment and rehabilitation. and rehabilitation.

Natalia, 15 years old, uses mainly coca Natalia, 15 years old, uses mainly coca paste. She is with Jorge, they lived on the paste. She is with Jorge, they lived on the street, both used drugs for 5 years they street, both used drugs for 5 years they

start with inhalants.start with inhalants.Women girls with consumption of inhalants and or coca paste on street. Health problems (nutritional, obstetrician )Are at risk of pregnancy, abortion, and or STD. Physical damage as consequences of the consumption School drop out, without formal training Without family support.

Paulina, 22 years old, abuse of alcohol and cocaine, Paulina, 22 years old, abuse of alcohol and cocaine, She lives with her parents. Her boyfriend also abuse She lives with her parents. Her boyfriend also abuse

of cocaine, She works at bar since he graduated of cocaine, She works at bar since he graduated from high school, she helps to maintain her familyfrom high school, she helps to maintain her family

With high school completed. With high school completed. Without labor training Without labor training Father or mother with consumption of drugs, Father or mother with consumption of drugs, violence Bad relationship among the family. violence Bad relationship among the family. Heavy consumption during the last month, Heavy consumption during the last month, age of first use of alcohol is at 12 years of age of first use of alcohol is at 12 years of age, age,

Head of the family for years. Head of the family for years. Double time at work. Double time at work. With difficulties to manage the With difficulties to manage the adolescence of their Children. adolescence of their Children. She knows her emotional problems, but She knows her emotional problems, but the alcohol consumption does not see as the alcohol consumption does not see as problem. problem. She cannot enter in treatment because She cannot enter in treatment because she does not have family support for her she does not have family support for her children.children.

Isabel, 40 years old, she used tranquilizers, and alcohol. House wife, Head of the family, with 3 adolescents..

Marjorie,27 years old, with 5 year of Marjorie,27 years old, with 5 year of sentence 2 children are with mother in law. sentence 2 children are with mother in law.

She early are in the drug use, and dealer. She early are in the drug use, and dealer. High school incomplete, without training High school incomplete, without training Husband is on jail Husband is on jail She have not see their children for many She have not see their children for many months Charge for drug traffics months Charge for drug traffics Without assuming her drug problem. Without assuming her drug problem.

Claudia, 16 years old, student, use alcohol also Claudia, 16 years old, student, use alcohol also marijuana and cocaine. She has school problems marijuana and cocaine. She has school problems

and family problems. and family problems.

Consumption link to free timeConsumption link to free timewithout perception of the problem. without perception of the problem. Parents away from the problem. Parents away from the problem. With episode of anorexia and bulimia. With episode of anorexia and bulimia.

Characteristics ………Characteristics ………

They come late to treatment, with long They come late to treatment, with long process of consumption. process of consumption. Social StigmaSocial StigmaAlone without social support. Alone without social support. With emotional problems With emotional problems With low self esteemWith low self esteem

Characteristics ………Characteristics ………

Higher tolerance to violence (I Higher tolerance to violence (I deserve it)deserve it)Self destructive behavior Self destructive behavior When they have children they are When they have children they are not taking care of them not taking care of them Many times they ask for help due to Many times they ask for help due to suicide attemptsuicide attempt

They are single of the relationship it is They are single of the relationship it is deteriorate deteriorate They were abused as kid emotional, They were abused as kid emotional, physical, and or sexualphysical, and or sexualWith history of drug use by parentsWith history of drug use by parentsWith Anorexia or bulimia With Anorexia or bulimia They have been abandoned by the They have been abandoned by the mother. mother.

Characteristics ………

There is a need to assume the complexity There is a need to assume the complexity and dynamics of the problem. and dynamics of the problem. They are increasing in many countries. They are increasing in many countries. Important to promote the early detection. Important to promote the early detection. Intervention according to the specifics Intervention according to the specifics need.need.Increase the number of facilities. Increase the number of facilities.

Next Steps

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