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1.3.1 Load values as specified in the Guidelinesfor Packing of Cargo Transport Units

[German version]

This Handbook uses the dynamic load values as specified in the internationallyapplicable Guidelines for Packing of Cargo Transport Units. These Guidelinesdescribe the load values for the road, rail and sea modes of transport. For particulartransport task under consideration, the maximum acceleration forces generated byeach of the modes of transport and acting in the direction of the load must be takeninto account. This acceleration profile is the decisive factor with respect to securingthe packaged goods within the boxes. The design of the box and the load-securingmeasures used are also determined by these acceleration values.

Figure 1: Directions of acceleration

Mode of transportAccelerationacting forwards

Accelerationactingbackwards

Accelerationacting sideways

Road vehicle 1.0 g 0.5 g 0.5 g

RailwaySubject to shuntingCombined (intermodal)transport *

4.0 g1.0 g

4.0 g1.0 g

0.5 g (a)0.5 g (a)

SeaBaltic sea **North sea **Unrestricted

0.3 g (b)0.3 g (c)0.4 g (d)

0.3 g (b)0.3 g (c)0.4 g (d)

0.5 g0.7 g0.8 g

Table 1: Assumed loads as per the Guidelines for Packing of Cargo Transport Units

* Wagons with containers, swap-bodies, semi-trailers and trucks and also "blocktrains"(UIC and RIV)

** Primarily ferry traffic and container feeder services

The values given above must be combined with the downward force of gravity of 1 gand any dynamic fluctuations (vertical) as follows:

(a) = ± 0.3 g (b) = ± 0.5 g (c) = ± 0.7 g (d) = ± 0.8 g

Sample calculation: Dynamic fluctuations

Ocean-going vessel (d) = ± 0.8 g

A package with a mass of 1,000 kg is subject to an acceleration force of ± 0.8 gadditional to the force of gravity, for instance as a result of pitching of the ship.This results in a change in the force exerted by the weight of the package:

Acceleration due to gravity 1 g Acceleration due to gravity 1 g + 0.8 g Acceleration due to gravity 1 g - 0.8 g

= Weight force = 1,000 daN= Weight force = 1,800 daN= Weight force = 200 daN

This means that the package fluctuates between being heavier and lighter. This inturn has an impact on the friction acting between the package and the loading areaand, if the packages are stacked, on the dimensioning of the load-bearingcomponents of the boxes/crates.

In the case of rail transport, figures from Deutsche Bahn show that accelerationforces of 4 g can be caused during hump shunting. This must be taken intoconsideration in particular when securing the goods within the packages. The design,dimensions and the connections between the individual packaging elements must beadequate to absorb these shock loads. It is possible that higher shock loads should beassumed for rail transport outside Europe.

1.3.2 Assumed loads during air transport

The following load values apply for transport in aircraft:

Aircraft 1.5 g 1.5 g vertical + 3.0 g

1.3.3 Calculation of the acceleration forces

Discrepancies in the acceleration forces can occur with all means of transport.

On the basis of these acceleration values, forces can be calculated from the productof the mass (packaged goods/package) and the acceleration. These forces then formthe initial values for dimensioning box components, securing the packaged goods inthe boxes and carrying out any load-securing measures:

F = m · g

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where:

F = acceleration force [N]

m = mass [kg]

g = acceleration [m/s²], see Table 1

Sample calculation: Sideways displacement force, maritime transport

The goods in a package have a mass of 1,000 kg and must be secured to the floorof the box. The coefficient of friction µ is assumed to be 0.1.

To perform the calculation, the following must be known: the force that candisplace the packaged item during transportation, for instance sideways, and thecoefficient of friction for the material pair packaged item/package material. Thepackage is to be transported by sea.

Calculation of the displacement force:

Lateral acceleration of ship = 0.8 g = 8 m/s² F = m · g F = 1,000 kg · 8 m/s² F = 8,000 kgm/s² [N]

Result: The displacement force acting sideways on the packaged item is 8,000 N.The basis for calculating be necessary securing measures is then derived bysubtracting the frictional force of 800 N acting between the packaged item and thepackage material.

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