Dr.R.Narayanasamy - Power Point on Formability of Stainless Steels
Dr.R.Narayanasamy - Bending of sheet metals
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Transcript of Dr.R.Narayanasamy - Bending of sheet metals
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BENDING OF SHEET METALS
Dr.R.Narayanasamy,B.E.,M.Tech.,M.Engg.,Ph.D.,(D.Sc) Professor, Department of Production Engineering ,
National Institute of Technology,Tiruchirappalli - 620015,
Tamil Nadu, India.
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Basic
• A straight length is converted into a curved length.
• Neutral axis passes through zero strain.• Neutral axis is at the center of the
thickness.• After bending, t < to
Where, t -metal thickness after bend
to - metal thickness before bend
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Bending…
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Continued….
• As radius of bend (r) increases, thinning increases.
• Bend length (B) = Where, α – bend angle
• Above neutral axis, stress is tensile.• Below neutral axis, stress is compressive.
tR 45.0360
2
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Principal directions
• εθ is always greater. Where, ‘θ’ is longitudinal direction
• When α > 900, εθ is uniform. (Where,α is bend angle)
• εθ is greater at the edges.
• When w/t > 8, εtransverse is zero.
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ε1Circumferential
ε2Transverse
ε3Radial
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Bend radius
• For many parts, sharp bend radius is required.
• Sharp bend leads to fracture.• Bend radius < t, should be avoided
otherwise fracture takes place.• For a given metal and ‘t’, the bend radius
cannot be below some minimum value.
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Continued….• Rmin depends on
1. angle of bend (α)2. width of bend (w)
• As bend angle increases, Rmin decreases.• As bend width (w) increases, Rmin decreases.• Rmin depends on sheet thickness (t).• Rmin/t is independent of the metal.• Rmin/t increases as sheet thickness (t) increases.• Rmin varies from metal to metal.
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Annealed metals
• Rmin is equal to sheet thickness (t).
• For good annealed metals, Rmin < 0.5t
• For hard metals, Rmin
≈4 to 5t
Temper Rmin
Annealed1/4 hard1/2 hard3/4 hard
Full
0.5t-1.0t1.0t-2.5t2.5t-4t3t-5t4t-6t
Rmin for Austenitic stainless steels :
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1
2
3
4
Circumferential Strain
Percentage
Angle of Bend30 60 90 120 1500
10
20
30
40
50
Minimum bend angle for producing constant strain
For Increasing
TR
R T1. 0.090 0.1252. 0.375 0.2503. 0.500 0.2504. 0.625 0.250
Minimum R for Austenitic Stainless Steels
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Continued….
• When bend angle, α < 900, εθ is proportional to the bend angle.
• εθ reaches a maximum value when
α ≈900
• Rmin/t increases when εθ decreases.• As bend width (w) decreases, failure at smaller
strain.• When w > 8t, Rmin is constant.
• Rmin depends upon cut-edge condition.
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Effect of edge
• Smooth edge permits larger Rmin
• Bad edge does not permit larger Rmin
• These affect particularly in Aluminum alloys
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Effect of bend width on R min
TW
7075 - T
2024 - TTRmin
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Effect of edge condition on Rmin
TRmin
TW
New Saw
Dull Saw7075 - T
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Pinching method of sharp bending
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Effect of ductility on Rmin
• High ductility increases Rmin
• High reduction in area in tensile test increases Rmin
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Rmin/T
% Elongation
Rmin/T
% Reduction in area (q)
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A1 AB
R1
R
Spring Back
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Spring back• After release of load, bent part assumes different shape• Elastic distortion is called spring back• After spring back, the radius of curvature increases• Assume bend length (B) is constant,
B = (R + 0.5t) A → under loadB = (R1 + 0.5t) A1 → after release of load
Bend length (B) is equal for bothK = (R1 + 0.5t) / (R + 0.5t) = A / A1
Where ‘K’ is the spring back factor
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Aluminium alloy 2024.0, 7075-0
Annealed Aust stainless steel (ASS)2024 T
¼ hand A.S.S.
½ hand A.S.S.
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.0 20
Sprin
g B
ack
K
R/T ratio in log scale
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Continued….
• ‘K’ is independent of Rmin/t• For small bend radius, K≈ 1.0• For larger bend radius, K is very less.• If bend radius larger, deformation or
bending will be elastic.
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Stress State
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
10
20
30
40
50
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Bending Strain %
Bending Strain
w/t
σ2/σ1
σ2/σ1
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Stress state
• (σ1/σ2)ratio decreases with the decrease in ductility.
• (σ1/σ2) ratio increases with increasing ratio of (w/t) where, σ2 → Transverse Stress σ1 → Circumferential (or) Longitudinal Stress
• For low (w/t) ratio, (σ1/σ2) decreases(i.e.) Stress state is pure tension
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Continued….
• As (w/t) = 8, (σ1/σ2) is maximum
• (σ1/σ2) ratio is maximum of 0.50• As (w/t) increases, cracking takes place at
the centre• As (w/t) decreases, cracking takes place
at the edge
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Distance along circumference
(ε1)C
ircum
fere
ntia
l St
rain
%
0
10
20
30
40
30°
60°
90°
120°
150°
Bend Angle
R/T = 0.7
2024 – T Al alloy
1/8” thick
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Distance along circumference
Bend Angle
R/T = 2.5
2024T Al alloy 1/4” thick
30° 70° 110° 150°(ε1)
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-20
0
20
40
% T
rans
vers
e st
rain
2024-T Al. alloy sheet
Distance across specimen (along width)
ε1ε2
30
10
2024 Al. alloy
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- 0.5
- 0.4
- 0.3
- 0.2
- 0.1
0
ε2/ε1
Distance across specimen
12
w/t = 4
w/t =8
Al alloy 2024 T
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Experimentalresults
w/t = 1
2
4
ε2
(theoretical circumferential strain)
Curvature T/R
Nat
ural
str
ain
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Tool design aspects
• Spring back allowance depends on young’s modulus
• Spring back is 5 to 6° for cold rolled metals
• Spring back is 3 to 4° for annealed metals
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Thank You