Dr.rinasusilowati.histologi
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Transcript of Dr.rinasusilowati.histologi
Sense organs
rina_susilowatiugmacid
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 2
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 3
Middle ear
1
2 3 4
5 rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 4
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 5
Cochlea
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 6
Length 35 mm Radius 1 mm
Distance from Stapes (mm)
Cochlea is a tube
base high frequency
apex low frequency
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 7
Coiled tube (25 turns) Length 35 mm Radius 1 mm
Cochlea
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 8
Endo- lymph
Perilymph
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 9
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 10
three rows of outer hair cells received signals from efferent axons ndash actively changing the stiffness of tectorial membrane
single row of inner hair cells actual sensory receptors
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 11
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 12
Inner hair cell kinocilium amp stereocilia
Hyperpolarization Depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 13
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 14
Spiral ganglion
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 15
Mid pons
Caudal midbrain
Pons-midbrain junction
Rostral midbrain
Cerebrum
Rostral medulla
Cochlea
Primary auditory cortex
Cochlear nuclei
Inferior colliculus
Superior olive
Nucleus of lateral leminiscus
Medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 16
Major causes of acquired hearing loss
bull acoustical trauma ndash extremely loud sound
bull infection of the inner ear bull ototoxic drugs
ndash aminoglycoside antibiotics (such as gentamycin and kanamycin)
ndash ethacrynic acid
bull presbyacusis ndash atherosclerotic damage to the especially fine
microvasculature of the inner ear rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 17
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 18
Cochlear implant Transforms speech and other sounds into electrical energy
stimulates residual nerve fibers and spiral ganglion cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 19
Vision
rina_susilowatiugmacid
1
2
3
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 21
1
2
4
3
5
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 22
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 23
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 24
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 25
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 26
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 27
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 28
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 29
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 30
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 31
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 32
Vision the process of seeing
bull Optics of the eye
bull Transduction of light energy into electrical signals
bull Retinal circuitry
bull Information relayed thalamus Visual cortex
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 33
Wall of the eye
Sclera
Choroid
Retina
1
2
3
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 34
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 35
1 Pigment epithelium 2 Photoreceptors outer
segments 3 Outer limiting
membrane 4 Outer nuclear layer 5 Outer plexiform layer 6 Inner nuclear layer 7 Inner plexiform layer 8 Ganglion cell layer 9 Nerve fiber layer 10 Inner limiting membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 36
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 37
Two types of photoreceptors
A Rod ndash Periphery of the retina ndash Sensitivity ndash Achromatic
B Cone ndash Fovea ndash Acuity ndash Color vision
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 38
Rhodopsin Photoreceptor cell membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 39
Rod
G-protein G D P
PDE
Na+ channel open
Na+
Disc
In the dark Rhodopsin
depolarized
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 40
Rod
G-protein G T P
PDE
Na+ channel close
Na+
Disc
Light
hyperpolarized
light
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 41
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 42
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 43
Fovea greatest visual acuity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 44
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 45
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 46
Optic disk
blind spot
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 47
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 48
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 49
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 50
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 51
Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
bull Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus daynight cycle bull Superior colliculus coordinates head and eye movements
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 52
How do we smell rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 53
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 54
Olfactory system
1
2
3
detect odorant (volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of olfactory cells) rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 55
Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 56
N
C
G
The olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar neurons with a single dendrite that terminates in a knob from which 1020 fine cilia originate
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 57
Axon
Basal cell
Dividing cell
Developing receptor cell
Olfactory knob
Olfactory cilia
Supporting cells
Mature receptor cell
Bowmanrsquos gland
Cribriform plate
Odorants
1
2
5
4
3
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 58
5-a-ANDROST-16-EN-3-ONE urine odor
green bell pepper odor
cherry-almond odor
Odorant molecule
volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of
olfactory cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 59
Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
Olfactory transduction takes place in the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons Odorant molecules bind to odorant receptors located in the ciliary membrane thus activating a G protein (Golf) that stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC) producing an increase in the generation of cAMP from ATP
cAMP directly gates ion channels causing an inward current carried by Na+ and Ca2+ ions Ca2+ entry amplifies the signal by activating a Clndash current These ion fluxes cause a depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 60
How many odorant receptors are there
bull Humans have +- 1000 number of odorant receptors
bull a large fraction of them appear to be pseudogenes
bull only between 300 and 400 are functional genes
bull An individual olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor gene
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 61
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 62
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 2
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 3
Middle ear
1
2 3 4
5 rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 4
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 5
Cochlea
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 6
Length 35 mm Radius 1 mm
Distance from Stapes (mm)
Cochlea is a tube
base high frequency
apex low frequency
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 7
Coiled tube (25 turns) Length 35 mm Radius 1 mm
Cochlea
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 8
Endo- lymph
Perilymph
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 9
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 10
three rows of outer hair cells received signals from efferent axons ndash actively changing the stiffness of tectorial membrane
single row of inner hair cells actual sensory receptors
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 11
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 12
Inner hair cell kinocilium amp stereocilia
Hyperpolarization Depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 13
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 14
Spiral ganglion
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 15
Mid pons
Caudal midbrain
Pons-midbrain junction
Rostral midbrain
Cerebrum
Rostral medulla
Cochlea
Primary auditory cortex
Cochlear nuclei
Inferior colliculus
Superior olive
Nucleus of lateral leminiscus
Medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 16
Major causes of acquired hearing loss
bull acoustical trauma ndash extremely loud sound
bull infection of the inner ear bull ototoxic drugs
ndash aminoglycoside antibiotics (such as gentamycin and kanamycin)
ndash ethacrynic acid
bull presbyacusis ndash atherosclerotic damage to the especially fine
microvasculature of the inner ear rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 17
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 18
Cochlear implant Transforms speech and other sounds into electrical energy
stimulates residual nerve fibers and spiral ganglion cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 19
Vision
rina_susilowatiugmacid
1
2
3
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 21
1
2
4
3
5
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 22
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 23
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 24
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 25
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 26
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 27
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 28
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 29
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 30
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 31
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 32
Vision the process of seeing
bull Optics of the eye
bull Transduction of light energy into electrical signals
bull Retinal circuitry
bull Information relayed thalamus Visual cortex
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 33
Wall of the eye
Sclera
Choroid
Retina
1
2
3
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 34
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 35
1 Pigment epithelium 2 Photoreceptors outer
segments 3 Outer limiting
membrane 4 Outer nuclear layer 5 Outer plexiform layer 6 Inner nuclear layer 7 Inner plexiform layer 8 Ganglion cell layer 9 Nerve fiber layer 10 Inner limiting membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 36
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 37
Two types of photoreceptors
A Rod ndash Periphery of the retina ndash Sensitivity ndash Achromatic
B Cone ndash Fovea ndash Acuity ndash Color vision
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 38
Rhodopsin Photoreceptor cell membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 39
Rod
G-protein G D P
PDE
Na+ channel open
Na+
Disc
In the dark Rhodopsin
depolarized
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 40
Rod
G-protein G T P
PDE
Na+ channel close
Na+
Disc
Light
hyperpolarized
light
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 41
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 42
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 43
Fovea greatest visual acuity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 44
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 45
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 46
Optic disk
blind spot
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 47
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 48
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 49
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 50
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 51
Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
bull Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus daynight cycle bull Superior colliculus coordinates head and eye movements
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 52
How do we smell rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 53
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 54
Olfactory system
1
2
3
detect odorant (volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of olfactory cells) rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 55
Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 56
N
C
G
The olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar neurons with a single dendrite that terminates in a knob from which 1020 fine cilia originate
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 57
Axon
Basal cell
Dividing cell
Developing receptor cell
Olfactory knob
Olfactory cilia
Supporting cells
Mature receptor cell
Bowmanrsquos gland
Cribriform plate
Odorants
1
2
5
4
3
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 58
5-a-ANDROST-16-EN-3-ONE urine odor
green bell pepper odor
cherry-almond odor
Odorant molecule
volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of
olfactory cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 59
Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
Olfactory transduction takes place in the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons Odorant molecules bind to odorant receptors located in the ciliary membrane thus activating a G protein (Golf) that stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC) producing an increase in the generation of cAMP from ATP
cAMP directly gates ion channels causing an inward current carried by Na+ and Ca2+ ions Ca2+ entry amplifies the signal by activating a Clndash current These ion fluxes cause a depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 60
How many odorant receptors are there
bull Humans have +- 1000 number of odorant receptors
bull a large fraction of them appear to be pseudogenes
bull only between 300 and 400 are functional genes
bull An individual olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor gene
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 61
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 62
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 3
Middle ear
1
2 3 4
5 rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 4
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 5
Cochlea
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 6
Length 35 mm Radius 1 mm
Distance from Stapes (mm)
Cochlea is a tube
base high frequency
apex low frequency
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 7
Coiled tube (25 turns) Length 35 mm Radius 1 mm
Cochlea
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 8
Endo- lymph
Perilymph
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 9
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 10
three rows of outer hair cells received signals from efferent axons ndash actively changing the stiffness of tectorial membrane
single row of inner hair cells actual sensory receptors
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 11
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 12
Inner hair cell kinocilium amp stereocilia
Hyperpolarization Depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 13
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 14
Spiral ganglion
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 15
Mid pons
Caudal midbrain
Pons-midbrain junction
Rostral midbrain
Cerebrum
Rostral medulla
Cochlea
Primary auditory cortex
Cochlear nuclei
Inferior colliculus
Superior olive
Nucleus of lateral leminiscus
Medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 16
Major causes of acquired hearing loss
bull acoustical trauma ndash extremely loud sound
bull infection of the inner ear bull ototoxic drugs
ndash aminoglycoside antibiotics (such as gentamycin and kanamycin)
ndash ethacrynic acid
bull presbyacusis ndash atherosclerotic damage to the especially fine
microvasculature of the inner ear rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 17
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 18
Cochlear implant Transforms speech and other sounds into electrical energy
stimulates residual nerve fibers and spiral ganglion cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 19
Vision
rina_susilowatiugmacid
1
2
3
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 21
1
2
4
3
5
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 22
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 23
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 24
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 25
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 26
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 27
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 28
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 29
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 30
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 31
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 32
Vision the process of seeing
bull Optics of the eye
bull Transduction of light energy into electrical signals
bull Retinal circuitry
bull Information relayed thalamus Visual cortex
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 33
Wall of the eye
Sclera
Choroid
Retina
1
2
3
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 34
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 35
1 Pigment epithelium 2 Photoreceptors outer
segments 3 Outer limiting
membrane 4 Outer nuclear layer 5 Outer plexiform layer 6 Inner nuclear layer 7 Inner plexiform layer 8 Ganglion cell layer 9 Nerve fiber layer 10 Inner limiting membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 36
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 37
Two types of photoreceptors
A Rod ndash Periphery of the retina ndash Sensitivity ndash Achromatic
B Cone ndash Fovea ndash Acuity ndash Color vision
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 38
Rhodopsin Photoreceptor cell membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 39
Rod
G-protein G D P
PDE
Na+ channel open
Na+
Disc
In the dark Rhodopsin
depolarized
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 40
Rod
G-protein G T P
PDE
Na+ channel close
Na+
Disc
Light
hyperpolarized
light
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 41
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 42
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 43
Fovea greatest visual acuity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 44
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 45
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 46
Optic disk
blind spot
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 47
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 48
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 49
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 50
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 51
Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
bull Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus daynight cycle bull Superior colliculus coordinates head and eye movements
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 52
How do we smell rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 53
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 54
Olfactory system
1
2
3
detect odorant (volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of olfactory cells) rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 55
Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 56
N
C
G
The olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar neurons with a single dendrite that terminates in a knob from which 1020 fine cilia originate
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 57
Axon
Basal cell
Dividing cell
Developing receptor cell
Olfactory knob
Olfactory cilia
Supporting cells
Mature receptor cell
Bowmanrsquos gland
Cribriform plate
Odorants
1
2
5
4
3
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 58
5-a-ANDROST-16-EN-3-ONE urine odor
green bell pepper odor
cherry-almond odor
Odorant molecule
volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of
olfactory cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 59
Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
Olfactory transduction takes place in the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons Odorant molecules bind to odorant receptors located in the ciliary membrane thus activating a G protein (Golf) that stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC) producing an increase in the generation of cAMP from ATP
cAMP directly gates ion channels causing an inward current carried by Na+ and Ca2+ ions Ca2+ entry amplifies the signal by activating a Clndash current These ion fluxes cause a depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 60
How many odorant receptors are there
bull Humans have +- 1000 number of odorant receptors
bull a large fraction of them appear to be pseudogenes
bull only between 300 and 400 are functional genes
bull An individual olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor gene
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 61
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 62
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
Middle ear
1
2 3 4
5 rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 4
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 5
Cochlea
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 6
Length 35 mm Radius 1 mm
Distance from Stapes (mm)
Cochlea is a tube
base high frequency
apex low frequency
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 7
Coiled tube (25 turns) Length 35 mm Radius 1 mm
Cochlea
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 8
Endo- lymph
Perilymph
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 9
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 10
three rows of outer hair cells received signals from efferent axons ndash actively changing the stiffness of tectorial membrane
single row of inner hair cells actual sensory receptors
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 11
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 12
Inner hair cell kinocilium amp stereocilia
Hyperpolarization Depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 13
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 14
Spiral ganglion
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 15
Mid pons
Caudal midbrain
Pons-midbrain junction
Rostral midbrain
Cerebrum
Rostral medulla
Cochlea
Primary auditory cortex
Cochlear nuclei
Inferior colliculus
Superior olive
Nucleus of lateral leminiscus
Medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 16
Major causes of acquired hearing loss
bull acoustical trauma ndash extremely loud sound
bull infection of the inner ear bull ototoxic drugs
ndash aminoglycoside antibiotics (such as gentamycin and kanamycin)
ndash ethacrynic acid
bull presbyacusis ndash atherosclerotic damage to the especially fine
microvasculature of the inner ear rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 17
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 18
Cochlear implant Transforms speech and other sounds into electrical energy
stimulates residual nerve fibers and spiral ganglion cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 19
Vision
rina_susilowatiugmacid
1
2
3
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 21
1
2
4
3
5
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 22
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 23
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 24
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 25
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 26
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 27
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 28
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 29
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 30
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 31
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 32
Vision the process of seeing
bull Optics of the eye
bull Transduction of light energy into electrical signals
bull Retinal circuitry
bull Information relayed thalamus Visual cortex
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 33
Wall of the eye
Sclera
Choroid
Retina
1
2
3
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 34
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 35
1 Pigment epithelium 2 Photoreceptors outer
segments 3 Outer limiting
membrane 4 Outer nuclear layer 5 Outer plexiform layer 6 Inner nuclear layer 7 Inner plexiform layer 8 Ganglion cell layer 9 Nerve fiber layer 10 Inner limiting membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 36
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 37
Two types of photoreceptors
A Rod ndash Periphery of the retina ndash Sensitivity ndash Achromatic
B Cone ndash Fovea ndash Acuity ndash Color vision
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 38
Rhodopsin Photoreceptor cell membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 39
Rod
G-protein G D P
PDE
Na+ channel open
Na+
Disc
In the dark Rhodopsin
depolarized
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 40
Rod
G-protein G T P
PDE
Na+ channel close
Na+
Disc
Light
hyperpolarized
light
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 41
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 42
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 43
Fovea greatest visual acuity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 44
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 45
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 46
Optic disk
blind spot
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 47
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 48
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 49
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 50
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 51
Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
bull Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus daynight cycle bull Superior colliculus coordinates head and eye movements
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 52
How do we smell rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 53
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 54
Olfactory system
1
2
3
detect odorant (volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of olfactory cells) rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 55
Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 56
N
C
G
The olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar neurons with a single dendrite that terminates in a knob from which 1020 fine cilia originate
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 57
Axon
Basal cell
Dividing cell
Developing receptor cell
Olfactory knob
Olfactory cilia
Supporting cells
Mature receptor cell
Bowmanrsquos gland
Cribriform plate
Odorants
1
2
5
4
3
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 58
5-a-ANDROST-16-EN-3-ONE urine odor
green bell pepper odor
cherry-almond odor
Odorant molecule
volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of
olfactory cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 59
Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
Olfactory transduction takes place in the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons Odorant molecules bind to odorant receptors located in the ciliary membrane thus activating a G protein (Golf) that stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC) producing an increase in the generation of cAMP from ATP
cAMP directly gates ion channels causing an inward current carried by Na+ and Ca2+ ions Ca2+ entry amplifies the signal by activating a Clndash current These ion fluxes cause a depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 60
How many odorant receptors are there
bull Humans have +- 1000 number of odorant receptors
bull a large fraction of them appear to be pseudogenes
bull only between 300 and 400 are functional genes
bull An individual olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor gene
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 61
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 62
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 5
Cochlea
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 6
Length 35 mm Radius 1 mm
Distance from Stapes (mm)
Cochlea is a tube
base high frequency
apex low frequency
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 7
Coiled tube (25 turns) Length 35 mm Radius 1 mm
Cochlea
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 8
Endo- lymph
Perilymph
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 9
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 10
three rows of outer hair cells received signals from efferent axons ndash actively changing the stiffness of tectorial membrane
single row of inner hair cells actual sensory receptors
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 11
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 12
Inner hair cell kinocilium amp stereocilia
Hyperpolarization Depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 13
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 14
Spiral ganglion
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 15
Mid pons
Caudal midbrain
Pons-midbrain junction
Rostral midbrain
Cerebrum
Rostral medulla
Cochlea
Primary auditory cortex
Cochlear nuclei
Inferior colliculus
Superior olive
Nucleus of lateral leminiscus
Medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 16
Major causes of acquired hearing loss
bull acoustical trauma ndash extremely loud sound
bull infection of the inner ear bull ototoxic drugs
ndash aminoglycoside antibiotics (such as gentamycin and kanamycin)
ndash ethacrynic acid
bull presbyacusis ndash atherosclerotic damage to the especially fine
microvasculature of the inner ear rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 17
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 18
Cochlear implant Transforms speech and other sounds into electrical energy
stimulates residual nerve fibers and spiral ganglion cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 19
Vision
rina_susilowatiugmacid
1
2
3
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 21
1
2
4
3
5
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 22
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 23
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 24
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 25
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 26
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 27
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 28
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 29
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 30
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 31
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 32
Vision the process of seeing
bull Optics of the eye
bull Transduction of light energy into electrical signals
bull Retinal circuitry
bull Information relayed thalamus Visual cortex
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 33
Wall of the eye
Sclera
Choroid
Retina
1
2
3
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 34
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 35
1 Pigment epithelium 2 Photoreceptors outer
segments 3 Outer limiting
membrane 4 Outer nuclear layer 5 Outer plexiform layer 6 Inner nuclear layer 7 Inner plexiform layer 8 Ganglion cell layer 9 Nerve fiber layer 10 Inner limiting membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 36
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 37
Two types of photoreceptors
A Rod ndash Periphery of the retina ndash Sensitivity ndash Achromatic
B Cone ndash Fovea ndash Acuity ndash Color vision
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 38
Rhodopsin Photoreceptor cell membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 39
Rod
G-protein G D P
PDE
Na+ channel open
Na+
Disc
In the dark Rhodopsin
depolarized
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 40
Rod
G-protein G T P
PDE
Na+ channel close
Na+
Disc
Light
hyperpolarized
light
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 41
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 42
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 43
Fovea greatest visual acuity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 44
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 45
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 46
Optic disk
blind spot
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 47
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 48
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 49
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 50
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 51
Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
bull Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus daynight cycle bull Superior colliculus coordinates head and eye movements
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 52
How do we smell rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 53
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 54
Olfactory system
1
2
3
detect odorant (volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of olfactory cells) rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 55
Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 56
N
C
G
The olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar neurons with a single dendrite that terminates in a knob from which 1020 fine cilia originate
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 57
Axon
Basal cell
Dividing cell
Developing receptor cell
Olfactory knob
Olfactory cilia
Supporting cells
Mature receptor cell
Bowmanrsquos gland
Cribriform plate
Odorants
1
2
5
4
3
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 58
5-a-ANDROST-16-EN-3-ONE urine odor
green bell pepper odor
cherry-almond odor
Odorant molecule
volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of
olfactory cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 59
Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
Olfactory transduction takes place in the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons Odorant molecules bind to odorant receptors located in the ciliary membrane thus activating a G protein (Golf) that stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC) producing an increase in the generation of cAMP from ATP
cAMP directly gates ion channels causing an inward current carried by Na+ and Ca2+ ions Ca2+ entry amplifies the signal by activating a Clndash current These ion fluxes cause a depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 60
How many odorant receptors are there
bull Humans have +- 1000 number of odorant receptors
bull a large fraction of them appear to be pseudogenes
bull only between 300 and 400 are functional genes
bull An individual olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor gene
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 61
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 62
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
Cochlea
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 6
Length 35 mm Radius 1 mm
Distance from Stapes (mm)
Cochlea is a tube
base high frequency
apex low frequency
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 7
Coiled tube (25 turns) Length 35 mm Radius 1 mm
Cochlea
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 8
Endo- lymph
Perilymph
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 9
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 10
three rows of outer hair cells received signals from efferent axons ndash actively changing the stiffness of tectorial membrane
single row of inner hair cells actual sensory receptors
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 11
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 12
Inner hair cell kinocilium amp stereocilia
Hyperpolarization Depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 13
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 14
Spiral ganglion
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 15
Mid pons
Caudal midbrain
Pons-midbrain junction
Rostral midbrain
Cerebrum
Rostral medulla
Cochlea
Primary auditory cortex
Cochlear nuclei
Inferior colliculus
Superior olive
Nucleus of lateral leminiscus
Medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 16
Major causes of acquired hearing loss
bull acoustical trauma ndash extremely loud sound
bull infection of the inner ear bull ototoxic drugs
ndash aminoglycoside antibiotics (such as gentamycin and kanamycin)
ndash ethacrynic acid
bull presbyacusis ndash atherosclerotic damage to the especially fine
microvasculature of the inner ear rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 17
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 18
Cochlear implant Transforms speech and other sounds into electrical energy
stimulates residual nerve fibers and spiral ganglion cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 19
Vision
rina_susilowatiugmacid
1
2
3
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 21
1
2
4
3
5
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 22
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 23
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 24
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 25
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 26
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 27
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 28
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 29
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 30
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 31
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 32
Vision the process of seeing
bull Optics of the eye
bull Transduction of light energy into electrical signals
bull Retinal circuitry
bull Information relayed thalamus Visual cortex
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 33
Wall of the eye
Sclera
Choroid
Retina
1
2
3
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 34
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 35
1 Pigment epithelium 2 Photoreceptors outer
segments 3 Outer limiting
membrane 4 Outer nuclear layer 5 Outer plexiform layer 6 Inner nuclear layer 7 Inner plexiform layer 8 Ganglion cell layer 9 Nerve fiber layer 10 Inner limiting membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 36
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 37
Two types of photoreceptors
A Rod ndash Periphery of the retina ndash Sensitivity ndash Achromatic
B Cone ndash Fovea ndash Acuity ndash Color vision
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 38
Rhodopsin Photoreceptor cell membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 39
Rod
G-protein G D P
PDE
Na+ channel open
Na+
Disc
In the dark Rhodopsin
depolarized
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 40
Rod
G-protein G T P
PDE
Na+ channel close
Na+
Disc
Light
hyperpolarized
light
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 41
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 42
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 43
Fovea greatest visual acuity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 44
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 45
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 46
Optic disk
blind spot
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 47
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 48
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 49
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 50
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 51
Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
bull Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus daynight cycle bull Superior colliculus coordinates head and eye movements
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 52
How do we smell rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 53
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 54
Olfactory system
1
2
3
detect odorant (volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of olfactory cells) rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 55
Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 56
N
C
G
The olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar neurons with a single dendrite that terminates in a knob from which 1020 fine cilia originate
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 57
Axon
Basal cell
Dividing cell
Developing receptor cell
Olfactory knob
Olfactory cilia
Supporting cells
Mature receptor cell
Bowmanrsquos gland
Cribriform plate
Odorants
1
2
5
4
3
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 58
5-a-ANDROST-16-EN-3-ONE urine odor
green bell pepper odor
cherry-almond odor
Odorant molecule
volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of
olfactory cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 59
Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
Olfactory transduction takes place in the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons Odorant molecules bind to odorant receptors located in the ciliary membrane thus activating a G protein (Golf) that stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC) producing an increase in the generation of cAMP from ATP
cAMP directly gates ion channels causing an inward current carried by Na+ and Ca2+ ions Ca2+ entry amplifies the signal by activating a Clndash current These ion fluxes cause a depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 60
How many odorant receptors are there
bull Humans have +- 1000 number of odorant receptors
bull a large fraction of them appear to be pseudogenes
bull only between 300 and 400 are functional genes
bull An individual olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor gene
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 61
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 62
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
Length 35 mm Radius 1 mm
Distance from Stapes (mm)
Cochlea is a tube
base high frequency
apex low frequency
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 7
Coiled tube (25 turns) Length 35 mm Radius 1 mm
Cochlea
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 8
Endo- lymph
Perilymph
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 9
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 10
three rows of outer hair cells received signals from efferent axons ndash actively changing the stiffness of tectorial membrane
single row of inner hair cells actual sensory receptors
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 11
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 12
Inner hair cell kinocilium amp stereocilia
Hyperpolarization Depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 13
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 14
Spiral ganglion
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 15
Mid pons
Caudal midbrain
Pons-midbrain junction
Rostral midbrain
Cerebrum
Rostral medulla
Cochlea
Primary auditory cortex
Cochlear nuclei
Inferior colliculus
Superior olive
Nucleus of lateral leminiscus
Medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 16
Major causes of acquired hearing loss
bull acoustical trauma ndash extremely loud sound
bull infection of the inner ear bull ototoxic drugs
ndash aminoglycoside antibiotics (such as gentamycin and kanamycin)
ndash ethacrynic acid
bull presbyacusis ndash atherosclerotic damage to the especially fine
microvasculature of the inner ear rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 17
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 18
Cochlear implant Transforms speech and other sounds into electrical energy
stimulates residual nerve fibers and spiral ganglion cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 19
Vision
rina_susilowatiugmacid
1
2
3
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 21
1
2
4
3
5
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 22
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 23
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 24
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 25
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 26
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 27
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 28
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 29
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 30
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 31
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 32
Vision the process of seeing
bull Optics of the eye
bull Transduction of light energy into electrical signals
bull Retinal circuitry
bull Information relayed thalamus Visual cortex
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 33
Wall of the eye
Sclera
Choroid
Retina
1
2
3
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 34
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 35
1 Pigment epithelium 2 Photoreceptors outer
segments 3 Outer limiting
membrane 4 Outer nuclear layer 5 Outer plexiform layer 6 Inner nuclear layer 7 Inner plexiform layer 8 Ganglion cell layer 9 Nerve fiber layer 10 Inner limiting membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 36
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 37
Two types of photoreceptors
A Rod ndash Periphery of the retina ndash Sensitivity ndash Achromatic
B Cone ndash Fovea ndash Acuity ndash Color vision
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 38
Rhodopsin Photoreceptor cell membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 39
Rod
G-protein G D P
PDE
Na+ channel open
Na+
Disc
In the dark Rhodopsin
depolarized
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 40
Rod
G-protein G T P
PDE
Na+ channel close
Na+
Disc
Light
hyperpolarized
light
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 41
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 42
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 43
Fovea greatest visual acuity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 44
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 45
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 46
Optic disk
blind spot
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 47
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 48
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 49
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 50
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 51
Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
bull Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus daynight cycle bull Superior colliculus coordinates head and eye movements
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 52
How do we smell rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 53
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 54
Olfactory system
1
2
3
detect odorant (volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of olfactory cells) rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 55
Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 56
N
C
G
The olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar neurons with a single dendrite that terminates in a knob from which 1020 fine cilia originate
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 57
Axon
Basal cell
Dividing cell
Developing receptor cell
Olfactory knob
Olfactory cilia
Supporting cells
Mature receptor cell
Bowmanrsquos gland
Cribriform plate
Odorants
1
2
5
4
3
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 58
5-a-ANDROST-16-EN-3-ONE urine odor
green bell pepper odor
cherry-almond odor
Odorant molecule
volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of
olfactory cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 59
Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
Olfactory transduction takes place in the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons Odorant molecules bind to odorant receptors located in the ciliary membrane thus activating a G protein (Golf) that stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC) producing an increase in the generation of cAMP from ATP
cAMP directly gates ion channels causing an inward current carried by Na+ and Ca2+ ions Ca2+ entry amplifies the signal by activating a Clndash current These ion fluxes cause a depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 60
How many odorant receptors are there
bull Humans have +- 1000 number of odorant receptors
bull a large fraction of them appear to be pseudogenes
bull only between 300 and 400 are functional genes
bull An individual olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor gene
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 61
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 62
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
Coiled tube (25 turns) Length 35 mm Radius 1 mm
Cochlea
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 8
Endo- lymph
Perilymph
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 9
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 10
three rows of outer hair cells received signals from efferent axons ndash actively changing the stiffness of tectorial membrane
single row of inner hair cells actual sensory receptors
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 11
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 12
Inner hair cell kinocilium amp stereocilia
Hyperpolarization Depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 13
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 14
Spiral ganglion
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 15
Mid pons
Caudal midbrain
Pons-midbrain junction
Rostral midbrain
Cerebrum
Rostral medulla
Cochlea
Primary auditory cortex
Cochlear nuclei
Inferior colliculus
Superior olive
Nucleus of lateral leminiscus
Medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 16
Major causes of acquired hearing loss
bull acoustical trauma ndash extremely loud sound
bull infection of the inner ear bull ototoxic drugs
ndash aminoglycoside antibiotics (such as gentamycin and kanamycin)
ndash ethacrynic acid
bull presbyacusis ndash atherosclerotic damage to the especially fine
microvasculature of the inner ear rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 17
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 18
Cochlear implant Transforms speech and other sounds into electrical energy
stimulates residual nerve fibers and spiral ganglion cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 19
Vision
rina_susilowatiugmacid
1
2
3
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 21
1
2
4
3
5
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 22
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 23
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 24
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 25
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 26
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 27
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 28
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 29
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 30
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 31
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 32
Vision the process of seeing
bull Optics of the eye
bull Transduction of light energy into electrical signals
bull Retinal circuitry
bull Information relayed thalamus Visual cortex
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 33
Wall of the eye
Sclera
Choroid
Retina
1
2
3
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 34
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 35
1 Pigment epithelium 2 Photoreceptors outer
segments 3 Outer limiting
membrane 4 Outer nuclear layer 5 Outer plexiform layer 6 Inner nuclear layer 7 Inner plexiform layer 8 Ganglion cell layer 9 Nerve fiber layer 10 Inner limiting membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 36
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 37
Two types of photoreceptors
A Rod ndash Periphery of the retina ndash Sensitivity ndash Achromatic
B Cone ndash Fovea ndash Acuity ndash Color vision
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 38
Rhodopsin Photoreceptor cell membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 39
Rod
G-protein G D P
PDE
Na+ channel open
Na+
Disc
In the dark Rhodopsin
depolarized
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 40
Rod
G-protein G T P
PDE
Na+ channel close
Na+
Disc
Light
hyperpolarized
light
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 41
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 42
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 43
Fovea greatest visual acuity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 44
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 45
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 46
Optic disk
blind spot
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 47
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 48
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 49
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 50
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 51
Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
bull Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus daynight cycle bull Superior colliculus coordinates head and eye movements
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 52
How do we smell rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 53
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 54
Olfactory system
1
2
3
detect odorant (volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of olfactory cells) rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 55
Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 56
N
C
G
The olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar neurons with a single dendrite that terminates in a knob from which 1020 fine cilia originate
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 57
Axon
Basal cell
Dividing cell
Developing receptor cell
Olfactory knob
Olfactory cilia
Supporting cells
Mature receptor cell
Bowmanrsquos gland
Cribriform plate
Odorants
1
2
5
4
3
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 58
5-a-ANDROST-16-EN-3-ONE urine odor
green bell pepper odor
cherry-almond odor
Odorant molecule
volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of
olfactory cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 59
Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
Olfactory transduction takes place in the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons Odorant molecules bind to odorant receptors located in the ciliary membrane thus activating a G protein (Golf) that stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC) producing an increase in the generation of cAMP from ATP
cAMP directly gates ion channels causing an inward current carried by Na+ and Ca2+ ions Ca2+ entry amplifies the signal by activating a Clndash current These ion fluxes cause a depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 60
How many odorant receptors are there
bull Humans have +- 1000 number of odorant receptors
bull a large fraction of them appear to be pseudogenes
bull only between 300 and 400 are functional genes
bull An individual olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor gene
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 61
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 62
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
Endo- lymph
Perilymph
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 9
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 10
three rows of outer hair cells received signals from efferent axons ndash actively changing the stiffness of tectorial membrane
single row of inner hair cells actual sensory receptors
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 11
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 12
Inner hair cell kinocilium amp stereocilia
Hyperpolarization Depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 13
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 14
Spiral ganglion
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 15
Mid pons
Caudal midbrain
Pons-midbrain junction
Rostral midbrain
Cerebrum
Rostral medulla
Cochlea
Primary auditory cortex
Cochlear nuclei
Inferior colliculus
Superior olive
Nucleus of lateral leminiscus
Medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 16
Major causes of acquired hearing loss
bull acoustical trauma ndash extremely loud sound
bull infection of the inner ear bull ototoxic drugs
ndash aminoglycoside antibiotics (such as gentamycin and kanamycin)
ndash ethacrynic acid
bull presbyacusis ndash atherosclerotic damage to the especially fine
microvasculature of the inner ear rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 17
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 18
Cochlear implant Transforms speech and other sounds into electrical energy
stimulates residual nerve fibers and spiral ganglion cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 19
Vision
rina_susilowatiugmacid
1
2
3
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 21
1
2
4
3
5
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 22
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 23
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 24
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 25
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 26
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 27
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 28
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 29
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 30
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 31
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 32
Vision the process of seeing
bull Optics of the eye
bull Transduction of light energy into electrical signals
bull Retinal circuitry
bull Information relayed thalamus Visual cortex
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 33
Wall of the eye
Sclera
Choroid
Retina
1
2
3
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 34
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 35
1 Pigment epithelium 2 Photoreceptors outer
segments 3 Outer limiting
membrane 4 Outer nuclear layer 5 Outer plexiform layer 6 Inner nuclear layer 7 Inner plexiform layer 8 Ganglion cell layer 9 Nerve fiber layer 10 Inner limiting membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 36
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 37
Two types of photoreceptors
A Rod ndash Periphery of the retina ndash Sensitivity ndash Achromatic
B Cone ndash Fovea ndash Acuity ndash Color vision
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 38
Rhodopsin Photoreceptor cell membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 39
Rod
G-protein G D P
PDE
Na+ channel open
Na+
Disc
In the dark Rhodopsin
depolarized
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 40
Rod
G-protein G T P
PDE
Na+ channel close
Na+
Disc
Light
hyperpolarized
light
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 41
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 42
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 43
Fovea greatest visual acuity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 44
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 45
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 46
Optic disk
blind spot
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 47
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 48
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 49
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 50
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 51
Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
bull Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus daynight cycle bull Superior colliculus coordinates head and eye movements
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 52
How do we smell rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 53
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 54
Olfactory system
1
2
3
detect odorant (volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of olfactory cells) rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 55
Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 56
N
C
G
The olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar neurons with a single dendrite that terminates in a knob from which 1020 fine cilia originate
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 57
Axon
Basal cell
Dividing cell
Developing receptor cell
Olfactory knob
Olfactory cilia
Supporting cells
Mature receptor cell
Bowmanrsquos gland
Cribriform plate
Odorants
1
2
5
4
3
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 58
5-a-ANDROST-16-EN-3-ONE urine odor
green bell pepper odor
cherry-almond odor
Odorant molecule
volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of
olfactory cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 59
Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
Olfactory transduction takes place in the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons Odorant molecules bind to odorant receptors located in the ciliary membrane thus activating a G protein (Golf) that stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC) producing an increase in the generation of cAMP from ATP
cAMP directly gates ion channels causing an inward current carried by Na+ and Ca2+ ions Ca2+ entry amplifies the signal by activating a Clndash current These ion fluxes cause a depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 60
How many odorant receptors are there
bull Humans have +- 1000 number of odorant receptors
bull a large fraction of them appear to be pseudogenes
bull only between 300 and 400 are functional genes
bull An individual olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor gene
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 61
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 62
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 10
three rows of outer hair cells received signals from efferent axons ndash actively changing the stiffness of tectorial membrane
single row of inner hair cells actual sensory receptors
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 11
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 12
Inner hair cell kinocilium amp stereocilia
Hyperpolarization Depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 13
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 14
Spiral ganglion
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 15
Mid pons
Caudal midbrain
Pons-midbrain junction
Rostral midbrain
Cerebrum
Rostral medulla
Cochlea
Primary auditory cortex
Cochlear nuclei
Inferior colliculus
Superior olive
Nucleus of lateral leminiscus
Medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 16
Major causes of acquired hearing loss
bull acoustical trauma ndash extremely loud sound
bull infection of the inner ear bull ototoxic drugs
ndash aminoglycoside antibiotics (such as gentamycin and kanamycin)
ndash ethacrynic acid
bull presbyacusis ndash atherosclerotic damage to the especially fine
microvasculature of the inner ear rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 17
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 18
Cochlear implant Transforms speech and other sounds into electrical energy
stimulates residual nerve fibers and spiral ganglion cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 19
Vision
rina_susilowatiugmacid
1
2
3
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 21
1
2
4
3
5
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 22
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 23
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 24
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 25
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 26
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 27
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 28
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 29
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 30
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 31
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 32
Vision the process of seeing
bull Optics of the eye
bull Transduction of light energy into electrical signals
bull Retinal circuitry
bull Information relayed thalamus Visual cortex
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 33
Wall of the eye
Sclera
Choroid
Retina
1
2
3
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 34
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 35
1 Pigment epithelium 2 Photoreceptors outer
segments 3 Outer limiting
membrane 4 Outer nuclear layer 5 Outer plexiform layer 6 Inner nuclear layer 7 Inner plexiform layer 8 Ganglion cell layer 9 Nerve fiber layer 10 Inner limiting membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 36
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 37
Two types of photoreceptors
A Rod ndash Periphery of the retina ndash Sensitivity ndash Achromatic
B Cone ndash Fovea ndash Acuity ndash Color vision
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 38
Rhodopsin Photoreceptor cell membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 39
Rod
G-protein G D P
PDE
Na+ channel open
Na+
Disc
In the dark Rhodopsin
depolarized
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 40
Rod
G-protein G T P
PDE
Na+ channel close
Na+
Disc
Light
hyperpolarized
light
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 41
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 42
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 43
Fovea greatest visual acuity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 44
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 45
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 46
Optic disk
blind spot
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 47
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 48
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 49
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 50
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 51
Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
bull Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus daynight cycle bull Superior colliculus coordinates head and eye movements
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 52
How do we smell rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 53
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 54
Olfactory system
1
2
3
detect odorant (volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of olfactory cells) rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 55
Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 56
N
C
G
The olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar neurons with a single dendrite that terminates in a knob from which 1020 fine cilia originate
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 57
Axon
Basal cell
Dividing cell
Developing receptor cell
Olfactory knob
Olfactory cilia
Supporting cells
Mature receptor cell
Bowmanrsquos gland
Cribriform plate
Odorants
1
2
5
4
3
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 58
5-a-ANDROST-16-EN-3-ONE urine odor
green bell pepper odor
cherry-almond odor
Odorant molecule
volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of
olfactory cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 59
Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
Olfactory transduction takes place in the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons Odorant molecules bind to odorant receptors located in the ciliary membrane thus activating a G protein (Golf) that stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC) producing an increase in the generation of cAMP from ATP
cAMP directly gates ion channels causing an inward current carried by Na+ and Ca2+ ions Ca2+ entry amplifies the signal by activating a Clndash current These ion fluxes cause a depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 60
How many odorant receptors are there
bull Humans have +- 1000 number of odorant receptors
bull a large fraction of them appear to be pseudogenes
bull only between 300 and 400 are functional genes
bull An individual olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor gene
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 61
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 62
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
three rows of outer hair cells received signals from efferent axons ndash actively changing the stiffness of tectorial membrane
single row of inner hair cells actual sensory receptors
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 11
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 12
Inner hair cell kinocilium amp stereocilia
Hyperpolarization Depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 13
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 14
Spiral ganglion
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 15
Mid pons
Caudal midbrain
Pons-midbrain junction
Rostral midbrain
Cerebrum
Rostral medulla
Cochlea
Primary auditory cortex
Cochlear nuclei
Inferior colliculus
Superior olive
Nucleus of lateral leminiscus
Medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 16
Major causes of acquired hearing loss
bull acoustical trauma ndash extremely loud sound
bull infection of the inner ear bull ototoxic drugs
ndash aminoglycoside antibiotics (such as gentamycin and kanamycin)
ndash ethacrynic acid
bull presbyacusis ndash atherosclerotic damage to the especially fine
microvasculature of the inner ear rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 17
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 18
Cochlear implant Transforms speech and other sounds into electrical energy
stimulates residual nerve fibers and spiral ganglion cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 19
Vision
rina_susilowatiugmacid
1
2
3
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 21
1
2
4
3
5
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 22
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 23
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 24
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 25
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 26
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 27
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 28
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 29
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 30
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 31
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 32
Vision the process of seeing
bull Optics of the eye
bull Transduction of light energy into electrical signals
bull Retinal circuitry
bull Information relayed thalamus Visual cortex
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 33
Wall of the eye
Sclera
Choroid
Retina
1
2
3
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 34
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 35
1 Pigment epithelium 2 Photoreceptors outer
segments 3 Outer limiting
membrane 4 Outer nuclear layer 5 Outer plexiform layer 6 Inner nuclear layer 7 Inner plexiform layer 8 Ganglion cell layer 9 Nerve fiber layer 10 Inner limiting membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 36
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 37
Two types of photoreceptors
A Rod ndash Periphery of the retina ndash Sensitivity ndash Achromatic
B Cone ndash Fovea ndash Acuity ndash Color vision
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 38
Rhodopsin Photoreceptor cell membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 39
Rod
G-protein G D P
PDE
Na+ channel open
Na+
Disc
In the dark Rhodopsin
depolarized
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 40
Rod
G-protein G T P
PDE
Na+ channel close
Na+
Disc
Light
hyperpolarized
light
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 41
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 42
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 43
Fovea greatest visual acuity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 44
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 45
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 46
Optic disk
blind spot
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 47
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 48
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 49
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 50
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 51
Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
bull Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus daynight cycle bull Superior colliculus coordinates head and eye movements
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 52
How do we smell rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 53
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 54
Olfactory system
1
2
3
detect odorant (volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of olfactory cells) rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 55
Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 56
N
C
G
The olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar neurons with a single dendrite that terminates in a knob from which 1020 fine cilia originate
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 57
Axon
Basal cell
Dividing cell
Developing receptor cell
Olfactory knob
Olfactory cilia
Supporting cells
Mature receptor cell
Bowmanrsquos gland
Cribriform plate
Odorants
1
2
5
4
3
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 58
5-a-ANDROST-16-EN-3-ONE urine odor
green bell pepper odor
cherry-almond odor
Odorant molecule
volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of
olfactory cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 59
Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
Olfactory transduction takes place in the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons Odorant molecules bind to odorant receptors located in the ciliary membrane thus activating a G protein (Golf) that stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC) producing an increase in the generation of cAMP from ATP
cAMP directly gates ion channels causing an inward current carried by Na+ and Ca2+ ions Ca2+ entry amplifies the signal by activating a Clndash current These ion fluxes cause a depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 60
How many odorant receptors are there
bull Humans have +- 1000 number of odorant receptors
bull a large fraction of them appear to be pseudogenes
bull only between 300 and 400 are functional genes
bull An individual olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor gene
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 61
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 62
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 12
Inner hair cell kinocilium amp stereocilia
Hyperpolarization Depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 13
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 14
Spiral ganglion
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 15
Mid pons
Caudal midbrain
Pons-midbrain junction
Rostral midbrain
Cerebrum
Rostral medulla
Cochlea
Primary auditory cortex
Cochlear nuclei
Inferior colliculus
Superior olive
Nucleus of lateral leminiscus
Medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 16
Major causes of acquired hearing loss
bull acoustical trauma ndash extremely loud sound
bull infection of the inner ear bull ototoxic drugs
ndash aminoglycoside antibiotics (such as gentamycin and kanamycin)
ndash ethacrynic acid
bull presbyacusis ndash atherosclerotic damage to the especially fine
microvasculature of the inner ear rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 17
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 18
Cochlear implant Transforms speech and other sounds into electrical energy
stimulates residual nerve fibers and spiral ganglion cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 19
Vision
rina_susilowatiugmacid
1
2
3
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 21
1
2
4
3
5
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 22
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 23
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 24
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 25
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 26
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 27
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 28
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 29
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 30
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 31
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 32
Vision the process of seeing
bull Optics of the eye
bull Transduction of light energy into electrical signals
bull Retinal circuitry
bull Information relayed thalamus Visual cortex
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 33
Wall of the eye
Sclera
Choroid
Retina
1
2
3
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 34
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 35
1 Pigment epithelium 2 Photoreceptors outer
segments 3 Outer limiting
membrane 4 Outer nuclear layer 5 Outer plexiform layer 6 Inner nuclear layer 7 Inner plexiform layer 8 Ganglion cell layer 9 Nerve fiber layer 10 Inner limiting membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 36
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 37
Two types of photoreceptors
A Rod ndash Periphery of the retina ndash Sensitivity ndash Achromatic
B Cone ndash Fovea ndash Acuity ndash Color vision
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 38
Rhodopsin Photoreceptor cell membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 39
Rod
G-protein G D P
PDE
Na+ channel open
Na+
Disc
In the dark Rhodopsin
depolarized
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 40
Rod
G-protein G T P
PDE
Na+ channel close
Na+
Disc
Light
hyperpolarized
light
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 41
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 42
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 43
Fovea greatest visual acuity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 44
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 45
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 46
Optic disk
blind spot
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 47
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 48
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 49
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 50
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 51
Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
bull Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus daynight cycle bull Superior colliculus coordinates head and eye movements
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 52
How do we smell rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 53
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 54
Olfactory system
1
2
3
detect odorant (volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of olfactory cells) rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 55
Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 56
N
C
G
The olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar neurons with a single dendrite that terminates in a knob from which 1020 fine cilia originate
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 57
Axon
Basal cell
Dividing cell
Developing receptor cell
Olfactory knob
Olfactory cilia
Supporting cells
Mature receptor cell
Bowmanrsquos gland
Cribriform plate
Odorants
1
2
5
4
3
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 58
5-a-ANDROST-16-EN-3-ONE urine odor
green bell pepper odor
cherry-almond odor
Odorant molecule
volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of
olfactory cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 59
Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
Olfactory transduction takes place in the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons Odorant molecules bind to odorant receptors located in the ciliary membrane thus activating a G protein (Golf) that stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC) producing an increase in the generation of cAMP from ATP
cAMP directly gates ion channels causing an inward current carried by Na+ and Ca2+ ions Ca2+ entry amplifies the signal by activating a Clndash current These ion fluxes cause a depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 60
How many odorant receptors are there
bull Humans have +- 1000 number of odorant receptors
bull a large fraction of them appear to be pseudogenes
bull only between 300 and 400 are functional genes
bull An individual olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor gene
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 61
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 62
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
Hyperpolarization Depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 13
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 14
Spiral ganglion
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 15
Mid pons
Caudal midbrain
Pons-midbrain junction
Rostral midbrain
Cerebrum
Rostral medulla
Cochlea
Primary auditory cortex
Cochlear nuclei
Inferior colliculus
Superior olive
Nucleus of lateral leminiscus
Medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 16
Major causes of acquired hearing loss
bull acoustical trauma ndash extremely loud sound
bull infection of the inner ear bull ototoxic drugs
ndash aminoglycoside antibiotics (such as gentamycin and kanamycin)
ndash ethacrynic acid
bull presbyacusis ndash atherosclerotic damage to the especially fine
microvasculature of the inner ear rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 17
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 18
Cochlear implant Transforms speech and other sounds into electrical energy
stimulates residual nerve fibers and spiral ganglion cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 19
Vision
rina_susilowatiugmacid
1
2
3
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 21
1
2
4
3
5
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 22
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 23
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 24
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 25
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 26
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 27
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 28
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 29
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 30
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 31
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 32
Vision the process of seeing
bull Optics of the eye
bull Transduction of light energy into electrical signals
bull Retinal circuitry
bull Information relayed thalamus Visual cortex
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 33
Wall of the eye
Sclera
Choroid
Retina
1
2
3
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 34
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 35
1 Pigment epithelium 2 Photoreceptors outer
segments 3 Outer limiting
membrane 4 Outer nuclear layer 5 Outer plexiform layer 6 Inner nuclear layer 7 Inner plexiform layer 8 Ganglion cell layer 9 Nerve fiber layer 10 Inner limiting membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 36
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 37
Two types of photoreceptors
A Rod ndash Periphery of the retina ndash Sensitivity ndash Achromatic
B Cone ndash Fovea ndash Acuity ndash Color vision
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 38
Rhodopsin Photoreceptor cell membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 39
Rod
G-protein G D P
PDE
Na+ channel open
Na+
Disc
In the dark Rhodopsin
depolarized
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 40
Rod
G-protein G T P
PDE
Na+ channel close
Na+
Disc
Light
hyperpolarized
light
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 41
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 42
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 43
Fovea greatest visual acuity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 44
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 45
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 46
Optic disk
blind spot
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 47
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 48
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 49
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 50
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 51
Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
bull Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus daynight cycle bull Superior colliculus coordinates head and eye movements
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 52
How do we smell rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 53
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 54
Olfactory system
1
2
3
detect odorant (volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of olfactory cells) rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 55
Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 56
N
C
G
The olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar neurons with a single dendrite that terminates in a knob from which 1020 fine cilia originate
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 57
Axon
Basal cell
Dividing cell
Developing receptor cell
Olfactory knob
Olfactory cilia
Supporting cells
Mature receptor cell
Bowmanrsquos gland
Cribriform plate
Odorants
1
2
5
4
3
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 58
5-a-ANDROST-16-EN-3-ONE urine odor
green bell pepper odor
cherry-almond odor
Odorant molecule
volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of
olfactory cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 59
Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
Olfactory transduction takes place in the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons Odorant molecules bind to odorant receptors located in the ciliary membrane thus activating a G protein (Golf) that stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC) producing an increase in the generation of cAMP from ATP
cAMP directly gates ion channels causing an inward current carried by Na+ and Ca2+ ions Ca2+ entry amplifies the signal by activating a Clndash current These ion fluxes cause a depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 60
How many odorant receptors are there
bull Humans have +- 1000 number of odorant receptors
bull a large fraction of them appear to be pseudogenes
bull only between 300 and 400 are functional genes
bull An individual olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor gene
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 61
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 62
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 14
Spiral ganglion
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 15
Mid pons
Caudal midbrain
Pons-midbrain junction
Rostral midbrain
Cerebrum
Rostral medulla
Cochlea
Primary auditory cortex
Cochlear nuclei
Inferior colliculus
Superior olive
Nucleus of lateral leminiscus
Medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 16
Major causes of acquired hearing loss
bull acoustical trauma ndash extremely loud sound
bull infection of the inner ear bull ototoxic drugs
ndash aminoglycoside antibiotics (such as gentamycin and kanamycin)
ndash ethacrynic acid
bull presbyacusis ndash atherosclerotic damage to the especially fine
microvasculature of the inner ear rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 17
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 18
Cochlear implant Transforms speech and other sounds into electrical energy
stimulates residual nerve fibers and spiral ganglion cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 19
Vision
rina_susilowatiugmacid
1
2
3
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 21
1
2
4
3
5
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 22
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 23
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 24
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 25
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 26
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 27
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 28
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 29
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 30
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 31
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 32
Vision the process of seeing
bull Optics of the eye
bull Transduction of light energy into electrical signals
bull Retinal circuitry
bull Information relayed thalamus Visual cortex
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 33
Wall of the eye
Sclera
Choroid
Retina
1
2
3
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 34
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 35
1 Pigment epithelium 2 Photoreceptors outer
segments 3 Outer limiting
membrane 4 Outer nuclear layer 5 Outer plexiform layer 6 Inner nuclear layer 7 Inner plexiform layer 8 Ganglion cell layer 9 Nerve fiber layer 10 Inner limiting membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 36
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 37
Two types of photoreceptors
A Rod ndash Periphery of the retina ndash Sensitivity ndash Achromatic
B Cone ndash Fovea ndash Acuity ndash Color vision
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 38
Rhodopsin Photoreceptor cell membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 39
Rod
G-protein G D P
PDE
Na+ channel open
Na+
Disc
In the dark Rhodopsin
depolarized
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 40
Rod
G-protein G T P
PDE
Na+ channel close
Na+
Disc
Light
hyperpolarized
light
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 41
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 42
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 43
Fovea greatest visual acuity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 44
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 45
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 46
Optic disk
blind spot
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 47
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 48
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 49
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 50
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 51
Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
bull Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus daynight cycle bull Superior colliculus coordinates head and eye movements
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 52
How do we smell rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 53
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 54
Olfactory system
1
2
3
detect odorant (volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of olfactory cells) rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 55
Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 56
N
C
G
The olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar neurons with a single dendrite that terminates in a knob from which 1020 fine cilia originate
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 57
Axon
Basal cell
Dividing cell
Developing receptor cell
Olfactory knob
Olfactory cilia
Supporting cells
Mature receptor cell
Bowmanrsquos gland
Cribriform plate
Odorants
1
2
5
4
3
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 58
5-a-ANDROST-16-EN-3-ONE urine odor
green bell pepper odor
cherry-almond odor
Odorant molecule
volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of
olfactory cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 59
Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
Olfactory transduction takes place in the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons Odorant molecules bind to odorant receptors located in the ciliary membrane thus activating a G protein (Golf) that stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC) producing an increase in the generation of cAMP from ATP
cAMP directly gates ion channels causing an inward current carried by Na+ and Ca2+ ions Ca2+ entry amplifies the signal by activating a Clndash current These ion fluxes cause a depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 60
How many odorant receptors are there
bull Humans have +- 1000 number of odorant receptors
bull a large fraction of them appear to be pseudogenes
bull only between 300 and 400 are functional genes
bull An individual olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor gene
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 61
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 62
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
Spiral ganglion
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 15
Mid pons
Caudal midbrain
Pons-midbrain junction
Rostral midbrain
Cerebrum
Rostral medulla
Cochlea
Primary auditory cortex
Cochlear nuclei
Inferior colliculus
Superior olive
Nucleus of lateral leminiscus
Medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 16
Major causes of acquired hearing loss
bull acoustical trauma ndash extremely loud sound
bull infection of the inner ear bull ototoxic drugs
ndash aminoglycoside antibiotics (such as gentamycin and kanamycin)
ndash ethacrynic acid
bull presbyacusis ndash atherosclerotic damage to the especially fine
microvasculature of the inner ear rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 17
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 18
Cochlear implant Transforms speech and other sounds into electrical energy
stimulates residual nerve fibers and spiral ganglion cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 19
Vision
rina_susilowatiugmacid
1
2
3
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 21
1
2
4
3
5
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 22
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 23
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 24
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 25
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 26
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 27
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 28
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 29
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 30
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 31
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 32
Vision the process of seeing
bull Optics of the eye
bull Transduction of light energy into electrical signals
bull Retinal circuitry
bull Information relayed thalamus Visual cortex
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 33
Wall of the eye
Sclera
Choroid
Retina
1
2
3
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 34
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 35
1 Pigment epithelium 2 Photoreceptors outer
segments 3 Outer limiting
membrane 4 Outer nuclear layer 5 Outer plexiform layer 6 Inner nuclear layer 7 Inner plexiform layer 8 Ganglion cell layer 9 Nerve fiber layer 10 Inner limiting membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 36
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 37
Two types of photoreceptors
A Rod ndash Periphery of the retina ndash Sensitivity ndash Achromatic
B Cone ndash Fovea ndash Acuity ndash Color vision
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 38
Rhodopsin Photoreceptor cell membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 39
Rod
G-protein G D P
PDE
Na+ channel open
Na+
Disc
In the dark Rhodopsin
depolarized
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 40
Rod
G-protein G T P
PDE
Na+ channel close
Na+
Disc
Light
hyperpolarized
light
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 41
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 42
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 43
Fovea greatest visual acuity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 44
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 45
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 46
Optic disk
blind spot
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 47
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 48
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 49
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 50
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 51
Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
bull Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus daynight cycle bull Superior colliculus coordinates head and eye movements
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 52
How do we smell rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 53
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 54
Olfactory system
1
2
3
detect odorant (volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of olfactory cells) rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 55
Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 56
N
C
G
The olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar neurons with a single dendrite that terminates in a knob from which 1020 fine cilia originate
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 57
Axon
Basal cell
Dividing cell
Developing receptor cell
Olfactory knob
Olfactory cilia
Supporting cells
Mature receptor cell
Bowmanrsquos gland
Cribriform plate
Odorants
1
2
5
4
3
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 58
5-a-ANDROST-16-EN-3-ONE urine odor
green bell pepper odor
cherry-almond odor
Odorant molecule
volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of
olfactory cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 59
Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
Olfactory transduction takes place in the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons Odorant molecules bind to odorant receptors located in the ciliary membrane thus activating a G protein (Golf) that stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC) producing an increase in the generation of cAMP from ATP
cAMP directly gates ion channels causing an inward current carried by Na+ and Ca2+ ions Ca2+ entry amplifies the signal by activating a Clndash current These ion fluxes cause a depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 60
How many odorant receptors are there
bull Humans have +- 1000 number of odorant receptors
bull a large fraction of them appear to be pseudogenes
bull only between 300 and 400 are functional genes
bull An individual olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor gene
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 61
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 62
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
Mid pons
Caudal midbrain
Pons-midbrain junction
Rostral midbrain
Cerebrum
Rostral medulla
Cochlea
Primary auditory cortex
Cochlear nuclei
Inferior colliculus
Superior olive
Nucleus of lateral leminiscus
Medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 16
Major causes of acquired hearing loss
bull acoustical trauma ndash extremely loud sound
bull infection of the inner ear bull ototoxic drugs
ndash aminoglycoside antibiotics (such as gentamycin and kanamycin)
ndash ethacrynic acid
bull presbyacusis ndash atherosclerotic damage to the especially fine
microvasculature of the inner ear rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 17
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 18
Cochlear implant Transforms speech and other sounds into electrical energy
stimulates residual nerve fibers and spiral ganglion cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 19
Vision
rina_susilowatiugmacid
1
2
3
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 21
1
2
4
3
5
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 22
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 23
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 24
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 25
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 26
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 27
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 28
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 29
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 30
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 31
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 32
Vision the process of seeing
bull Optics of the eye
bull Transduction of light energy into electrical signals
bull Retinal circuitry
bull Information relayed thalamus Visual cortex
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 33
Wall of the eye
Sclera
Choroid
Retina
1
2
3
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 34
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 35
1 Pigment epithelium 2 Photoreceptors outer
segments 3 Outer limiting
membrane 4 Outer nuclear layer 5 Outer plexiform layer 6 Inner nuclear layer 7 Inner plexiform layer 8 Ganglion cell layer 9 Nerve fiber layer 10 Inner limiting membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 36
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 37
Two types of photoreceptors
A Rod ndash Periphery of the retina ndash Sensitivity ndash Achromatic
B Cone ndash Fovea ndash Acuity ndash Color vision
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 38
Rhodopsin Photoreceptor cell membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 39
Rod
G-protein G D P
PDE
Na+ channel open
Na+
Disc
In the dark Rhodopsin
depolarized
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 40
Rod
G-protein G T P
PDE
Na+ channel close
Na+
Disc
Light
hyperpolarized
light
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 41
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 42
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 43
Fovea greatest visual acuity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 44
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 45
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 46
Optic disk
blind spot
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 47
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 48
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 49
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 50
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 51
Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
bull Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus daynight cycle bull Superior colliculus coordinates head and eye movements
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 52
How do we smell rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 53
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 54
Olfactory system
1
2
3
detect odorant (volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of olfactory cells) rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 55
Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 56
N
C
G
The olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar neurons with a single dendrite that terminates in a knob from which 1020 fine cilia originate
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 57
Axon
Basal cell
Dividing cell
Developing receptor cell
Olfactory knob
Olfactory cilia
Supporting cells
Mature receptor cell
Bowmanrsquos gland
Cribriform plate
Odorants
1
2
5
4
3
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 58
5-a-ANDROST-16-EN-3-ONE urine odor
green bell pepper odor
cherry-almond odor
Odorant molecule
volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of
olfactory cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 59
Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
Olfactory transduction takes place in the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons Odorant molecules bind to odorant receptors located in the ciliary membrane thus activating a G protein (Golf) that stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC) producing an increase in the generation of cAMP from ATP
cAMP directly gates ion channels causing an inward current carried by Na+ and Ca2+ ions Ca2+ entry amplifies the signal by activating a Clndash current These ion fluxes cause a depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 60
How many odorant receptors are there
bull Humans have +- 1000 number of odorant receptors
bull a large fraction of them appear to be pseudogenes
bull only between 300 and 400 are functional genes
bull An individual olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor gene
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 61
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 62
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
Major causes of acquired hearing loss
bull acoustical trauma ndash extremely loud sound
bull infection of the inner ear bull ototoxic drugs
ndash aminoglycoside antibiotics (such as gentamycin and kanamycin)
ndash ethacrynic acid
bull presbyacusis ndash atherosclerotic damage to the especially fine
microvasculature of the inner ear rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 17
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 18
Cochlear implant Transforms speech and other sounds into electrical energy
stimulates residual nerve fibers and spiral ganglion cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 19
Vision
rina_susilowatiugmacid
1
2
3
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 21
1
2
4
3
5
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 22
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 23
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 24
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 25
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 26
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 27
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 28
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 29
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 30
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 31
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 32
Vision the process of seeing
bull Optics of the eye
bull Transduction of light energy into electrical signals
bull Retinal circuitry
bull Information relayed thalamus Visual cortex
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 33
Wall of the eye
Sclera
Choroid
Retina
1
2
3
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 34
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 35
1 Pigment epithelium 2 Photoreceptors outer
segments 3 Outer limiting
membrane 4 Outer nuclear layer 5 Outer plexiform layer 6 Inner nuclear layer 7 Inner plexiform layer 8 Ganglion cell layer 9 Nerve fiber layer 10 Inner limiting membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 36
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 37
Two types of photoreceptors
A Rod ndash Periphery of the retina ndash Sensitivity ndash Achromatic
B Cone ndash Fovea ndash Acuity ndash Color vision
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 38
Rhodopsin Photoreceptor cell membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 39
Rod
G-protein G D P
PDE
Na+ channel open
Na+
Disc
In the dark Rhodopsin
depolarized
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 40
Rod
G-protein G T P
PDE
Na+ channel close
Na+
Disc
Light
hyperpolarized
light
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 41
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 42
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 43
Fovea greatest visual acuity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 44
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 45
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 46
Optic disk
blind spot
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 47
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 48
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 49
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 50
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 51
Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
bull Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus daynight cycle bull Superior colliculus coordinates head and eye movements
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 52
How do we smell rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 53
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 54
Olfactory system
1
2
3
detect odorant (volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of olfactory cells) rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 55
Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 56
N
C
G
The olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar neurons with a single dendrite that terminates in a knob from which 1020 fine cilia originate
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 57
Axon
Basal cell
Dividing cell
Developing receptor cell
Olfactory knob
Olfactory cilia
Supporting cells
Mature receptor cell
Bowmanrsquos gland
Cribriform plate
Odorants
1
2
5
4
3
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 58
5-a-ANDROST-16-EN-3-ONE urine odor
green bell pepper odor
cherry-almond odor
Odorant molecule
volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of
olfactory cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 59
Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
Olfactory transduction takes place in the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons Odorant molecules bind to odorant receptors located in the ciliary membrane thus activating a G protein (Golf) that stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC) producing an increase in the generation of cAMP from ATP
cAMP directly gates ion channels causing an inward current carried by Na+ and Ca2+ ions Ca2+ entry amplifies the signal by activating a Clndash current These ion fluxes cause a depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 60
How many odorant receptors are there
bull Humans have +- 1000 number of odorant receptors
bull a large fraction of them appear to be pseudogenes
bull only between 300 and 400 are functional genes
bull An individual olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor gene
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 61
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 62
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 18
Cochlear implant Transforms speech and other sounds into electrical energy
stimulates residual nerve fibers and spiral ganglion cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 19
Vision
rina_susilowatiugmacid
1
2
3
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 21
1
2
4
3
5
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 22
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 23
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 24
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 25
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 26
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 27
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 28
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 29
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 30
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 31
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 32
Vision the process of seeing
bull Optics of the eye
bull Transduction of light energy into electrical signals
bull Retinal circuitry
bull Information relayed thalamus Visual cortex
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 33
Wall of the eye
Sclera
Choroid
Retina
1
2
3
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 34
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 35
1 Pigment epithelium 2 Photoreceptors outer
segments 3 Outer limiting
membrane 4 Outer nuclear layer 5 Outer plexiform layer 6 Inner nuclear layer 7 Inner plexiform layer 8 Ganglion cell layer 9 Nerve fiber layer 10 Inner limiting membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 36
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 37
Two types of photoreceptors
A Rod ndash Periphery of the retina ndash Sensitivity ndash Achromatic
B Cone ndash Fovea ndash Acuity ndash Color vision
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 38
Rhodopsin Photoreceptor cell membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 39
Rod
G-protein G D P
PDE
Na+ channel open
Na+
Disc
In the dark Rhodopsin
depolarized
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 40
Rod
G-protein G T P
PDE
Na+ channel close
Na+
Disc
Light
hyperpolarized
light
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 41
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 42
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 43
Fovea greatest visual acuity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 44
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 45
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 46
Optic disk
blind spot
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 47
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 48
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 49
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 50
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 51
Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
bull Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus daynight cycle bull Superior colliculus coordinates head and eye movements
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 52
How do we smell rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 53
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 54
Olfactory system
1
2
3
detect odorant (volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of olfactory cells) rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 55
Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 56
N
C
G
The olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar neurons with a single dendrite that terminates in a knob from which 1020 fine cilia originate
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 57
Axon
Basal cell
Dividing cell
Developing receptor cell
Olfactory knob
Olfactory cilia
Supporting cells
Mature receptor cell
Bowmanrsquos gland
Cribriform plate
Odorants
1
2
5
4
3
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 58
5-a-ANDROST-16-EN-3-ONE urine odor
green bell pepper odor
cherry-almond odor
Odorant molecule
volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of
olfactory cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 59
Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
Olfactory transduction takes place in the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons Odorant molecules bind to odorant receptors located in the ciliary membrane thus activating a G protein (Golf) that stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC) producing an increase in the generation of cAMP from ATP
cAMP directly gates ion channels causing an inward current carried by Na+ and Ca2+ ions Ca2+ entry amplifies the signal by activating a Clndash current These ion fluxes cause a depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 60
How many odorant receptors are there
bull Humans have +- 1000 number of odorant receptors
bull a large fraction of them appear to be pseudogenes
bull only between 300 and 400 are functional genes
bull An individual olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor gene
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 61
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 62
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
Cochlear implant Transforms speech and other sounds into electrical energy
stimulates residual nerve fibers and spiral ganglion cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 19
Vision
rina_susilowatiugmacid
1
2
3
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 21
1
2
4
3
5
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 22
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 23
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 24
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 25
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 26
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 27
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 28
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 29
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 30
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 31
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 32
Vision the process of seeing
bull Optics of the eye
bull Transduction of light energy into electrical signals
bull Retinal circuitry
bull Information relayed thalamus Visual cortex
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 33
Wall of the eye
Sclera
Choroid
Retina
1
2
3
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 34
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 35
1 Pigment epithelium 2 Photoreceptors outer
segments 3 Outer limiting
membrane 4 Outer nuclear layer 5 Outer plexiform layer 6 Inner nuclear layer 7 Inner plexiform layer 8 Ganglion cell layer 9 Nerve fiber layer 10 Inner limiting membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 36
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 37
Two types of photoreceptors
A Rod ndash Periphery of the retina ndash Sensitivity ndash Achromatic
B Cone ndash Fovea ndash Acuity ndash Color vision
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 38
Rhodopsin Photoreceptor cell membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 39
Rod
G-protein G D P
PDE
Na+ channel open
Na+
Disc
In the dark Rhodopsin
depolarized
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 40
Rod
G-protein G T P
PDE
Na+ channel close
Na+
Disc
Light
hyperpolarized
light
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 41
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 42
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 43
Fovea greatest visual acuity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 44
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 45
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 46
Optic disk
blind spot
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 47
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 48
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 49
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 50
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 51
Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
bull Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus daynight cycle bull Superior colliculus coordinates head and eye movements
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 52
How do we smell rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 53
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 54
Olfactory system
1
2
3
detect odorant (volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of olfactory cells) rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 55
Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 56
N
C
G
The olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar neurons with a single dendrite that terminates in a knob from which 1020 fine cilia originate
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 57
Axon
Basal cell
Dividing cell
Developing receptor cell
Olfactory knob
Olfactory cilia
Supporting cells
Mature receptor cell
Bowmanrsquos gland
Cribriform plate
Odorants
1
2
5
4
3
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 58
5-a-ANDROST-16-EN-3-ONE urine odor
green bell pepper odor
cherry-almond odor
Odorant molecule
volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of
olfactory cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 59
Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
Olfactory transduction takes place in the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons Odorant molecules bind to odorant receptors located in the ciliary membrane thus activating a G protein (Golf) that stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC) producing an increase in the generation of cAMP from ATP
cAMP directly gates ion channels causing an inward current carried by Na+ and Ca2+ ions Ca2+ entry amplifies the signal by activating a Clndash current These ion fluxes cause a depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 60
How many odorant receptors are there
bull Humans have +- 1000 number of odorant receptors
bull a large fraction of them appear to be pseudogenes
bull only between 300 and 400 are functional genes
bull An individual olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor gene
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 61
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 62
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
Vision
rina_susilowatiugmacid
1
2
3
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 21
1
2
4
3
5
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 22
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 23
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 24
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 25
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 26
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 27
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 28
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 29
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 30
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 31
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 32
Vision the process of seeing
bull Optics of the eye
bull Transduction of light energy into electrical signals
bull Retinal circuitry
bull Information relayed thalamus Visual cortex
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 33
Wall of the eye
Sclera
Choroid
Retina
1
2
3
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 34
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 35
1 Pigment epithelium 2 Photoreceptors outer
segments 3 Outer limiting
membrane 4 Outer nuclear layer 5 Outer plexiform layer 6 Inner nuclear layer 7 Inner plexiform layer 8 Ganglion cell layer 9 Nerve fiber layer 10 Inner limiting membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 36
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 37
Two types of photoreceptors
A Rod ndash Periphery of the retina ndash Sensitivity ndash Achromatic
B Cone ndash Fovea ndash Acuity ndash Color vision
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 38
Rhodopsin Photoreceptor cell membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 39
Rod
G-protein G D P
PDE
Na+ channel open
Na+
Disc
In the dark Rhodopsin
depolarized
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 40
Rod
G-protein G T P
PDE
Na+ channel close
Na+
Disc
Light
hyperpolarized
light
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 41
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 42
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 43
Fovea greatest visual acuity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 44
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 45
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 46
Optic disk
blind spot
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 47
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 48
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 49
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 50
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 51
Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
bull Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus daynight cycle bull Superior colliculus coordinates head and eye movements
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 52
How do we smell rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 53
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 54
Olfactory system
1
2
3
detect odorant (volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of olfactory cells) rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 55
Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 56
N
C
G
The olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar neurons with a single dendrite that terminates in a knob from which 1020 fine cilia originate
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 57
Axon
Basal cell
Dividing cell
Developing receptor cell
Olfactory knob
Olfactory cilia
Supporting cells
Mature receptor cell
Bowmanrsquos gland
Cribriform plate
Odorants
1
2
5
4
3
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 58
5-a-ANDROST-16-EN-3-ONE urine odor
green bell pepper odor
cherry-almond odor
Odorant molecule
volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of
olfactory cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 59
Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
Olfactory transduction takes place in the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons Odorant molecules bind to odorant receptors located in the ciliary membrane thus activating a G protein (Golf) that stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC) producing an increase in the generation of cAMP from ATP
cAMP directly gates ion channels causing an inward current carried by Na+ and Ca2+ ions Ca2+ entry amplifies the signal by activating a Clndash current These ion fluxes cause a depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 60
How many odorant receptors are there
bull Humans have +- 1000 number of odorant receptors
bull a large fraction of them appear to be pseudogenes
bull only between 300 and 400 are functional genes
bull An individual olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor gene
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 61
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 62
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
1
2
3
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 21
1
2
4
3
5
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 22
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 23
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 24
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 25
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 26
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 27
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 28
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 29
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 30
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 31
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 32
Vision the process of seeing
bull Optics of the eye
bull Transduction of light energy into electrical signals
bull Retinal circuitry
bull Information relayed thalamus Visual cortex
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 33
Wall of the eye
Sclera
Choroid
Retina
1
2
3
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 34
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 35
1 Pigment epithelium 2 Photoreceptors outer
segments 3 Outer limiting
membrane 4 Outer nuclear layer 5 Outer plexiform layer 6 Inner nuclear layer 7 Inner plexiform layer 8 Ganglion cell layer 9 Nerve fiber layer 10 Inner limiting membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 36
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 37
Two types of photoreceptors
A Rod ndash Periphery of the retina ndash Sensitivity ndash Achromatic
B Cone ndash Fovea ndash Acuity ndash Color vision
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 38
Rhodopsin Photoreceptor cell membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 39
Rod
G-protein G D P
PDE
Na+ channel open
Na+
Disc
In the dark Rhodopsin
depolarized
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 40
Rod
G-protein G T P
PDE
Na+ channel close
Na+
Disc
Light
hyperpolarized
light
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 41
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 42
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 43
Fovea greatest visual acuity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 44
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 45
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 46
Optic disk
blind spot
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 47
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 48
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 49
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 50
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 51
Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
bull Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus daynight cycle bull Superior colliculus coordinates head and eye movements
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 52
How do we smell rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 53
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 54
Olfactory system
1
2
3
detect odorant (volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of olfactory cells) rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 55
Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 56
N
C
G
The olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar neurons with a single dendrite that terminates in a knob from which 1020 fine cilia originate
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 57
Axon
Basal cell
Dividing cell
Developing receptor cell
Olfactory knob
Olfactory cilia
Supporting cells
Mature receptor cell
Bowmanrsquos gland
Cribriform plate
Odorants
1
2
5
4
3
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 58
5-a-ANDROST-16-EN-3-ONE urine odor
green bell pepper odor
cherry-almond odor
Odorant molecule
volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of
olfactory cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 59
Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
Olfactory transduction takes place in the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons Odorant molecules bind to odorant receptors located in the ciliary membrane thus activating a G protein (Golf) that stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC) producing an increase in the generation of cAMP from ATP
cAMP directly gates ion channels causing an inward current carried by Na+ and Ca2+ ions Ca2+ entry amplifies the signal by activating a Clndash current These ion fluxes cause a depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 60
How many odorant receptors are there
bull Humans have +- 1000 number of odorant receptors
bull a large fraction of them appear to be pseudogenes
bull only between 300 and 400 are functional genes
bull An individual olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor gene
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 61
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 62
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
1
2
4
3
5
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 22
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 23
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 24
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 25
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 26
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 27
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 28
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 29
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 30
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 31
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 32
Vision the process of seeing
bull Optics of the eye
bull Transduction of light energy into electrical signals
bull Retinal circuitry
bull Information relayed thalamus Visual cortex
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 33
Wall of the eye
Sclera
Choroid
Retina
1
2
3
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 34
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 35
1 Pigment epithelium 2 Photoreceptors outer
segments 3 Outer limiting
membrane 4 Outer nuclear layer 5 Outer plexiform layer 6 Inner nuclear layer 7 Inner plexiform layer 8 Ganglion cell layer 9 Nerve fiber layer 10 Inner limiting membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 36
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 37
Two types of photoreceptors
A Rod ndash Periphery of the retina ndash Sensitivity ndash Achromatic
B Cone ndash Fovea ndash Acuity ndash Color vision
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 38
Rhodopsin Photoreceptor cell membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 39
Rod
G-protein G D P
PDE
Na+ channel open
Na+
Disc
In the dark Rhodopsin
depolarized
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 40
Rod
G-protein G T P
PDE
Na+ channel close
Na+
Disc
Light
hyperpolarized
light
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 41
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 42
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 43
Fovea greatest visual acuity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 44
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 45
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 46
Optic disk
blind spot
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 47
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 48
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 49
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 50
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 51
Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
bull Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus daynight cycle bull Superior colliculus coordinates head and eye movements
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 52
How do we smell rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 53
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 54
Olfactory system
1
2
3
detect odorant (volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of olfactory cells) rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 55
Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 56
N
C
G
The olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar neurons with a single dendrite that terminates in a knob from which 1020 fine cilia originate
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 57
Axon
Basal cell
Dividing cell
Developing receptor cell
Olfactory knob
Olfactory cilia
Supporting cells
Mature receptor cell
Bowmanrsquos gland
Cribriform plate
Odorants
1
2
5
4
3
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 58
5-a-ANDROST-16-EN-3-ONE urine odor
green bell pepper odor
cherry-almond odor
Odorant molecule
volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of
olfactory cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 59
Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
Olfactory transduction takes place in the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons Odorant molecules bind to odorant receptors located in the ciliary membrane thus activating a G protein (Golf) that stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC) producing an increase in the generation of cAMP from ATP
cAMP directly gates ion channels causing an inward current carried by Na+ and Ca2+ ions Ca2+ entry amplifies the signal by activating a Clndash current These ion fluxes cause a depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 60
How many odorant receptors are there
bull Humans have +- 1000 number of odorant receptors
bull a large fraction of them appear to be pseudogenes
bull only between 300 and 400 are functional genes
bull An individual olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor gene
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 61
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 62
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 23
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 24
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 25
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 26
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 27
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 28
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 29
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 30
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 31
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 32
Vision the process of seeing
bull Optics of the eye
bull Transduction of light energy into electrical signals
bull Retinal circuitry
bull Information relayed thalamus Visual cortex
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 33
Wall of the eye
Sclera
Choroid
Retina
1
2
3
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 34
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 35
1 Pigment epithelium 2 Photoreceptors outer
segments 3 Outer limiting
membrane 4 Outer nuclear layer 5 Outer plexiform layer 6 Inner nuclear layer 7 Inner plexiform layer 8 Ganglion cell layer 9 Nerve fiber layer 10 Inner limiting membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 36
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 37
Two types of photoreceptors
A Rod ndash Periphery of the retina ndash Sensitivity ndash Achromatic
B Cone ndash Fovea ndash Acuity ndash Color vision
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 38
Rhodopsin Photoreceptor cell membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 39
Rod
G-protein G D P
PDE
Na+ channel open
Na+
Disc
In the dark Rhodopsin
depolarized
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 40
Rod
G-protein G T P
PDE
Na+ channel close
Na+
Disc
Light
hyperpolarized
light
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 41
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 42
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 43
Fovea greatest visual acuity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 44
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 45
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 46
Optic disk
blind spot
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 47
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 48
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 49
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 50
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 51
Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
bull Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus daynight cycle bull Superior colliculus coordinates head and eye movements
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 52
How do we smell rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 53
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 54
Olfactory system
1
2
3
detect odorant (volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of olfactory cells) rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 55
Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 56
N
C
G
The olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar neurons with a single dendrite that terminates in a knob from which 1020 fine cilia originate
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 57
Axon
Basal cell
Dividing cell
Developing receptor cell
Olfactory knob
Olfactory cilia
Supporting cells
Mature receptor cell
Bowmanrsquos gland
Cribriform plate
Odorants
1
2
5
4
3
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 58
5-a-ANDROST-16-EN-3-ONE urine odor
green bell pepper odor
cherry-almond odor
Odorant molecule
volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of
olfactory cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 59
Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
Olfactory transduction takes place in the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons Odorant molecules bind to odorant receptors located in the ciliary membrane thus activating a G protein (Golf) that stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC) producing an increase in the generation of cAMP from ATP
cAMP directly gates ion channels causing an inward current carried by Na+ and Ca2+ ions Ca2+ entry amplifies the signal by activating a Clndash current These ion fluxes cause a depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 60
How many odorant receptors are there
bull Humans have +- 1000 number of odorant receptors
bull a large fraction of them appear to be pseudogenes
bull only between 300 and 400 are functional genes
bull An individual olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor gene
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 61
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 62
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 24
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 25
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 26
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 27
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 28
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 29
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 30
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 31
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 32
Vision the process of seeing
bull Optics of the eye
bull Transduction of light energy into electrical signals
bull Retinal circuitry
bull Information relayed thalamus Visual cortex
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 33
Wall of the eye
Sclera
Choroid
Retina
1
2
3
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 34
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 35
1 Pigment epithelium 2 Photoreceptors outer
segments 3 Outer limiting
membrane 4 Outer nuclear layer 5 Outer plexiform layer 6 Inner nuclear layer 7 Inner plexiform layer 8 Ganglion cell layer 9 Nerve fiber layer 10 Inner limiting membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 36
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 37
Two types of photoreceptors
A Rod ndash Periphery of the retina ndash Sensitivity ndash Achromatic
B Cone ndash Fovea ndash Acuity ndash Color vision
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 38
Rhodopsin Photoreceptor cell membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 39
Rod
G-protein G D P
PDE
Na+ channel open
Na+
Disc
In the dark Rhodopsin
depolarized
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 40
Rod
G-protein G T P
PDE
Na+ channel close
Na+
Disc
Light
hyperpolarized
light
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 41
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 42
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 43
Fovea greatest visual acuity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 44
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 45
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 46
Optic disk
blind spot
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 47
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 48
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 49
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 50
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 51
Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
bull Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus daynight cycle bull Superior colliculus coordinates head and eye movements
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 52
How do we smell rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 53
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 54
Olfactory system
1
2
3
detect odorant (volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of olfactory cells) rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 55
Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 56
N
C
G
The olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar neurons with a single dendrite that terminates in a knob from which 1020 fine cilia originate
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 57
Axon
Basal cell
Dividing cell
Developing receptor cell
Olfactory knob
Olfactory cilia
Supporting cells
Mature receptor cell
Bowmanrsquos gland
Cribriform plate
Odorants
1
2
5
4
3
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 58
5-a-ANDROST-16-EN-3-ONE urine odor
green bell pepper odor
cherry-almond odor
Odorant molecule
volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of
olfactory cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 59
Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
Olfactory transduction takes place in the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons Odorant molecules bind to odorant receptors located in the ciliary membrane thus activating a G protein (Golf) that stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC) producing an increase in the generation of cAMP from ATP
cAMP directly gates ion channels causing an inward current carried by Na+ and Ca2+ ions Ca2+ entry amplifies the signal by activating a Clndash current These ion fluxes cause a depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 60
How many odorant receptors are there
bull Humans have +- 1000 number of odorant receptors
bull a large fraction of them appear to be pseudogenes
bull only between 300 and 400 are functional genes
bull An individual olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor gene
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 61
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 62
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 25
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 26
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 27
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 28
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 29
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 30
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 31
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 32
Vision the process of seeing
bull Optics of the eye
bull Transduction of light energy into electrical signals
bull Retinal circuitry
bull Information relayed thalamus Visual cortex
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 33
Wall of the eye
Sclera
Choroid
Retina
1
2
3
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 34
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 35
1 Pigment epithelium 2 Photoreceptors outer
segments 3 Outer limiting
membrane 4 Outer nuclear layer 5 Outer plexiform layer 6 Inner nuclear layer 7 Inner plexiform layer 8 Ganglion cell layer 9 Nerve fiber layer 10 Inner limiting membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 36
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 37
Two types of photoreceptors
A Rod ndash Periphery of the retina ndash Sensitivity ndash Achromatic
B Cone ndash Fovea ndash Acuity ndash Color vision
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 38
Rhodopsin Photoreceptor cell membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 39
Rod
G-protein G D P
PDE
Na+ channel open
Na+
Disc
In the dark Rhodopsin
depolarized
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 40
Rod
G-protein G T P
PDE
Na+ channel close
Na+
Disc
Light
hyperpolarized
light
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 41
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 42
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 43
Fovea greatest visual acuity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 44
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 45
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 46
Optic disk
blind spot
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 47
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 48
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 49
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 50
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 51
Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
bull Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus daynight cycle bull Superior colliculus coordinates head and eye movements
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 52
How do we smell rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 53
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 54
Olfactory system
1
2
3
detect odorant (volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of olfactory cells) rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 55
Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 56
N
C
G
The olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar neurons with a single dendrite that terminates in a knob from which 1020 fine cilia originate
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 57
Axon
Basal cell
Dividing cell
Developing receptor cell
Olfactory knob
Olfactory cilia
Supporting cells
Mature receptor cell
Bowmanrsquos gland
Cribriform plate
Odorants
1
2
5
4
3
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 58
5-a-ANDROST-16-EN-3-ONE urine odor
green bell pepper odor
cherry-almond odor
Odorant molecule
volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of
olfactory cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 59
Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
Olfactory transduction takes place in the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons Odorant molecules bind to odorant receptors located in the ciliary membrane thus activating a G protein (Golf) that stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC) producing an increase in the generation of cAMP from ATP
cAMP directly gates ion channels causing an inward current carried by Na+ and Ca2+ ions Ca2+ entry amplifies the signal by activating a Clndash current These ion fluxes cause a depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 60
How many odorant receptors are there
bull Humans have +- 1000 number of odorant receptors
bull a large fraction of them appear to be pseudogenes
bull only between 300 and 400 are functional genes
bull An individual olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor gene
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 61
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 62
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 26
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 27
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 28
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 29
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 30
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 31
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 32
Vision the process of seeing
bull Optics of the eye
bull Transduction of light energy into electrical signals
bull Retinal circuitry
bull Information relayed thalamus Visual cortex
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 33
Wall of the eye
Sclera
Choroid
Retina
1
2
3
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 34
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 35
1 Pigment epithelium 2 Photoreceptors outer
segments 3 Outer limiting
membrane 4 Outer nuclear layer 5 Outer plexiform layer 6 Inner nuclear layer 7 Inner plexiform layer 8 Ganglion cell layer 9 Nerve fiber layer 10 Inner limiting membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 36
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 37
Two types of photoreceptors
A Rod ndash Periphery of the retina ndash Sensitivity ndash Achromatic
B Cone ndash Fovea ndash Acuity ndash Color vision
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 38
Rhodopsin Photoreceptor cell membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 39
Rod
G-protein G D P
PDE
Na+ channel open
Na+
Disc
In the dark Rhodopsin
depolarized
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 40
Rod
G-protein G T P
PDE
Na+ channel close
Na+
Disc
Light
hyperpolarized
light
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 41
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 42
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 43
Fovea greatest visual acuity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 44
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 45
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 46
Optic disk
blind spot
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 47
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 48
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 49
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 50
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 51
Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
bull Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus daynight cycle bull Superior colliculus coordinates head and eye movements
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 52
How do we smell rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 53
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 54
Olfactory system
1
2
3
detect odorant (volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of olfactory cells) rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 55
Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 56
N
C
G
The olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar neurons with a single dendrite that terminates in a knob from which 1020 fine cilia originate
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 57
Axon
Basal cell
Dividing cell
Developing receptor cell
Olfactory knob
Olfactory cilia
Supporting cells
Mature receptor cell
Bowmanrsquos gland
Cribriform plate
Odorants
1
2
5
4
3
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 58
5-a-ANDROST-16-EN-3-ONE urine odor
green bell pepper odor
cherry-almond odor
Odorant molecule
volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of
olfactory cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 59
Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
Olfactory transduction takes place in the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons Odorant molecules bind to odorant receptors located in the ciliary membrane thus activating a G protein (Golf) that stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC) producing an increase in the generation of cAMP from ATP
cAMP directly gates ion channels causing an inward current carried by Na+ and Ca2+ ions Ca2+ entry amplifies the signal by activating a Clndash current These ion fluxes cause a depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 60
How many odorant receptors are there
bull Humans have +- 1000 number of odorant receptors
bull a large fraction of them appear to be pseudogenes
bull only between 300 and 400 are functional genes
bull An individual olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor gene
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 61
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 62
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 27
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 28
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 29
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 30
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 31
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 32
Vision the process of seeing
bull Optics of the eye
bull Transduction of light energy into electrical signals
bull Retinal circuitry
bull Information relayed thalamus Visual cortex
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 33
Wall of the eye
Sclera
Choroid
Retina
1
2
3
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 34
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 35
1 Pigment epithelium 2 Photoreceptors outer
segments 3 Outer limiting
membrane 4 Outer nuclear layer 5 Outer plexiform layer 6 Inner nuclear layer 7 Inner plexiform layer 8 Ganglion cell layer 9 Nerve fiber layer 10 Inner limiting membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 36
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 37
Two types of photoreceptors
A Rod ndash Periphery of the retina ndash Sensitivity ndash Achromatic
B Cone ndash Fovea ndash Acuity ndash Color vision
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 38
Rhodopsin Photoreceptor cell membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 39
Rod
G-protein G D P
PDE
Na+ channel open
Na+
Disc
In the dark Rhodopsin
depolarized
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 40
Rod
G-protein G T P
PDE
Na+ channel close
Na+
Disc
Light
hyperpolarized
light
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 41
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 42
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 43
Fovea greatest visual acuity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 44
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 45
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 46
Optic disk
blind spot
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 47
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 48
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 49
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 50
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 51
Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
bull Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus daynight cycle bull Superior colliculus coordinates head and eye movements
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 52
How do we smell rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 53
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 54
Olfactory system
1
2
3
detect odorant (volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of olfactory cells) rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 55
Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 56
N
C
G
The olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar neurons with a single dendrite that terminates in a knob from which 1020 fine cilia originate
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 57
Axon
Basal cell
Dividing cell
Developing receptor cell
Olfactory knob
Olfactory cilia
Supporting cells
Mature receptor cell
Bowmanrsquos gland
Cribriform plate
Odorants
1
2
5
4
3
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 58
5-a-ANDROST-16-EN-3-ONE urine odor
green bell pepper odor
cherry-almond odor
Odorant molecule
volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of
olfactory cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 59
Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
Olfactory transduction takes place in the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons Odorant molecules bind to odorant receptors located in the ciliary membrane thus activating a G protein (Golf) that stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC) producing an increase in the generation of cAMP from ATP
cAMP directly gates ion channels causing an inward current carried by Na+ and Ca2+ ions Ca2+ entry amplifies the signal by activating a Clndash current These ion fluxes cause a depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 60
How many odorant receptors are there
bull Humans have +- 1000 number of odorant receptors
bull a large fraction of them appear to be pseudogenes
bull only between 300 and 400 are functional genes
bull An individual olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor gene
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 61
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 62
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 28
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 29
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 30
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 31
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 32
Vision the process of seeing
bull Optics of the eye
bull Transduction of light energy into electrical signals
bull Retinal circuitry
bull Information relayed thalamus Visual cortex
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 33
Wall of the eye
Sclera
Choroid
Retina
1
2
3
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 34
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 35
1 Pigment epithelium 2 Photoreceptors outer
segments 3 Outer limiting
membrane 4 Outer nuclear layer 5 Outer plexiform layer 6 Inner nuclear layer 7 Inner plexiform layer 8 Ganglion cell layer 9 Nerve fiber layer 10 Inner limiting membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 36
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 37
Two types of photoreceptors
A Rod ndash Periphery of the retina ndash Sensitivity ndash Achromatic
B Cone ndash Fovea ndash Acuity ndash Color vision
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 38
Rhodopsin Photoreceptor cell membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 39
Rod
G-protein G D P
PDE
Na+ channel open
Na+
Disc
In the dark Rhodopsin
depolarized
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 40
Rod
G-protein G T P
PDE
Na+ channel close
Na+
Disc
Light
hyperpolarized
light
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 41
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 42
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 43
Fovea greatest visual acuity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 44
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 45
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 46
Optic disk
blind spot
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 47
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 48
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 49
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 50
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 51
Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
bull Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus daynight cycle bull Superior colliculus coordinates head and eye movements
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 52
How do we smell rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 53
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 54
Olfactory system
1
2
3
detect odorant (volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of olfactory cells) rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 55
Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 56
N
C
G
The olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar neurons with a single dendrite that terminates in a knob from which 1020 fine cilia originate
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 57
Axon
Basal cell
Dividing cell
Developing receptor cell
Olfactory knob
Olfactory cilia
Supporting cells
Mature receptor cell
Bowmanrsquos gland
Cribriform plate
Odorants
1
2
5
4
3
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 58
5-a-ANDROST-16-EN-3-ONE urine odor
green bell pepper odor
cherry-almond odor
Odorant molecule
volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of
olfactory cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 59
Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
Olfactory transduction takes place in the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons Odorant molecules bind to odorant receptors located in the ciliary membrane thus activating a G protein (Golf) that stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC) producing an increase in the generation of cAMP from ATP
cAMP directly gates ion channels causing an inward current carried by Na+ and Ca2+ ions Ca2+ entry amplifies the signal by activating a Clndash current These ion fluxes cause a depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 60
How many odorant receptors are there
bull Humans have +- 1000 number of odorant receptors
bull a large fraction of them appear to be pseudogenes
bull only between 300 and 400 are functional genes
bull An individual olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor gene
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 61
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 62
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 29
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 30
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 31
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 32
Vision the process of seeing
bull Optics of the eye
bull Transduction of light energy into electrical signals
bull Retinal circuitry
bull Information relayed thalamus Visual cortex
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 33
Wall of the eye
Sclera
Choroid
Retina
1
2
3
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 34
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 35
1 Pigment epithelium 2 Photoreceptors outer
segments 3 Outer limiting
membrane 4 Outer nuclear layer 5 Outer plexiform layer 6 Inner nuclear layer 7 Inner plexiform layer 8 Ganglion cell layer 9 Nerve fiber layer 10 Inner limiting membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 36
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 37
Two types of photoreceptors
A Rod ndash Periphery of the retina ndash Sensitivity ndash Achromatic
B Cone ndash Fovea ndash Acuity ndash Color vision
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 38
Rhodopsin Photoreceptor cell membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 39
Rod
G-protein G D P
PDE
Na+ channel open
Na+
Disc
In the dark Rhodopsin
depolarized
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 40
Rod
G-protein G T P
PDE
Na+ channel close
Na+
Disc
Light
hyperpolarized
light
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 41
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 42
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 43
Fovea greatest visual acuity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 44
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 45
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 46
Optic disk
blind spot
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 47
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 48
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 49
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 50
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 51
Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
bull Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus daynight cycle bull Superior colliculus coordinates head and eye movements
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 52
How do we smell rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 53
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 54
Olfactory system
1
2
3
detect odorant (volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of olfactory cells) rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 55
Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 56
N
C
G
The olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar neurons with a single dendrite that terminates in a knob from which 1020 fine cilia originate
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 57
Axon
Basal cell
Dividing cell
Developing receptor cell
Olfactory knob
Olfactory cilia
Supporting cells
Mature receptor cell
Bowmanrsquos gland
Cribriform plate
Odorants
1
2
5
4
3
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 58
5-a-ANDROST-16-EN-3-ONE urine odor
green bell pepper odor
cherry-almond odor
Odorant molecule
volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of
olfactory cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 59
Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
Olfactory transduction takes place in the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons Odorant molecules bind to odorant receptors located in the ciliary membrane thus activating a G protein (Golf) that stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC) producing an increase in the generation of cAMP from ATP
cAMP directly gates ion channels causing an inward current carried by Na+ and Ca2+ ions Ca2+ entry amplifies the signal by activating a Clndash current These ion fluxes cause a depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 60
How many odorant receptors are there
bull Humans have +- 1000 number of odorant receptors
bull a large fraction of them appear to be pseudogenes
bull only between 300 and 400 are functional genes
bull An individual olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor gene
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 61
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 62
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 30
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 31
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 32
Vision the process of seeing
bull Optics of the eye
bull Transduction of light energy into electrical signals
bull Retinal circuitry
bull Information relayed thalamus Visual cortex
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 33
Wall of the eye
Sclera
Choroid
Retina
1
2
3
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 34
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 35
1 Pigment epithelium 2 Photoreceptors outer
segments 3 Outer limiting
membrane 4 Outer nuclear layer 5 Outer plexiform layer 6 Inner nuclear layer 7 Inner plexiform layer 8 Ganglion cell layer 9 Nerve fiber layer 10 Inner limiting membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 36
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 37
Two types of photoreceptors
A Rod ndash Periphery of the retina ndash Sensitivity ndash Achromatic
B Cone ndash Fovea ndash Acuity ndash Color vision
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 38
Rhodopsin Photoreceptor cell membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 39
Rod
G-protein G D P
PDE
Na+ channel open
Na+
Disc
In the dark Rhodopsin
depolarized
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 40
Rod
G-protein G T P
PDE
Na+ channel close
Na+
Disc
Light
hyperpolarized
light
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 41
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 42
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 43
Fovea greatest visual acuity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 44
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 45
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 46
Optic disk
blind spot
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 47
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 48
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 49
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 50
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 51
Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
bull Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus daynight cycle bull Superior colliculus coordinates head and eye movements
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 52
How do we smell rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 53
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 54
Olfactory system
1
2
3
detect odorant (volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of olfactory cells) rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 55
Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 56
N
C
G
The olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar neurons with a single dendrite that terminates in a knob from which 1020 fine cilia originate
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 57
Axon
Basal cell
Dividing cell
Developing receptor cell
Olfactory knob
Olfactory cilia
Supporting cells
Mature receptor cell
Bowmanrsquos gland
Cribriform plate
Odorants
1
2
5
4
3
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 58
5-a-ANDROST-16-EN-3-ONE urine odor
green bell pepper odor
cherry-almond odor
Odorant molecule
volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of
olfactory cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 59
Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
Olfactory transduction takes place in the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons Odorant molecules bind to odorant receptors located in the ciliary membrane thus activating a G protein (Golf) that stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC) producing an increase in the generation of cAMP from ATP
cAMP directly gates ion channels causing an inward current carried by Na+ and Ca2+ ions Ca2+ entry amplifies the signal by activating a Clndash current These ion fluxes cause a depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 60
How many odorant receptors are there
bull Humans have +- 1000 number of odorant receptors
bull a large fraction of them appear to be pseudogenes
bull only between 300 and 400 are functional genes
bull An individual olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor gene
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 61
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 62
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 31
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 32
Vision the process of seeing
bull Optics of the eye
bull Transduction of light energy into electrical signals
bull Retinal circuitry
bull Information relayed thalamus Visual cortex
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 33
Wall of the eye
Sclera
Choroid
Retina
1
2
3
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 34
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 35
1 Pigment epithelium 2 Photoreceptors outer
segments 3 Outer limiting
membrane 4 Outer nuclear layer 5 Outer plexiform layer 6 Inner nuclear layer 7 Inner plexiform layer 8 Ganglion cell layer 9 Nerve fiber layer 10 Inner limiting membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 36
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 37
Two types of photoreceptors
A Rod ndash Periphery of the retina ndash Sensitivity ndash Achromatic
B Cone ndash Fovea ndash Acuity ndash Color vision
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 38
Rhodopsin Photoreceptor cell membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 39
Rod
G-protein G D P
PDE
Na+ channel open
Na+
Disc
In the dark Rhodopsin
depolarized
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 40
Rod
G-protein G T P
PDE
Na+ channel close
Na+
Disc
Light
hyperpolarized
light
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 41
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 42
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 43
Fovea greatest visual acuity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 44
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 45
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 46
Optic disk
blind spot
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 47
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 48
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 49
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 50
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 51
Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
bull Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus daynight cycle bull Superior colliculus coordinates head and eye movements
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 52
How do we smell rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 53
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 54
Olfactory system
1
2
3
detect odorant (volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of olfactory cells) rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 55
Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 56
N
C
G
The olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar neurons with a single dendrite that terminates in a knob from which 1020 fine cilia originate
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 57
Axon
Basal cell
Dividing cell
Developing receptor cell
Olfactory knob
Olfactory cilia
Supporting cells
Mature receptor cell
Bowmanrsquos gland
Cribriform plate
Odorants
1
2
5
4
3
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 58
5-a-ANDROST-16-EN-3-ONE urine odor
green bell pepper odor
cherry-almond odor
Odorant molecule
volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of
olfactory cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 59
Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
Olfactory transduction takes place in the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons Odorant molecules bind to odorant receptors located in the ciliary membrane thus activating a G protein (Golf) that stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC) producing an increase in the generation of cAMP from ATP
cAMP directly gates ion channels causing an inward current carried by Na+ and Ca2+ ions Ca2+ entry amplifies the signal by activating a Clndash current These ion fluxes cause a depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 60
How many odorant receptors are there
bull Humans have +- 1000 number of odorant receptors
bull a large fraction of them appear to be pseudogenes
bull only between 300 and 400 are functional genes
bull An individual olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor gene
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 61
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 62
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 32
Vision the process of seeing
bull Optics of the eye
bull Transduction of light energy into electrical signals
bull Retinal circuitry
bull Information relayed thalamus Visual cortex
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 33
Wall of the eye
Sclera
Choroid
Retina
1
2
3
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 34
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 35
1 Pigment epithelium 2 Photoreceptors outer
segments 3 Outer limiting
membrane 4 Outer nuclear layer 5 Outer plexiform layer 6 Inner nuclear layer 7 Inner plexiform layer 8 Ganglion cell layer 9 Nerve fiber layer 10 Inner limiting membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 36
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 37
Two types of photoreceptors
A Rod ndash Periphery of the retina ndash Sensitivity ndash Achromatic
B Cone ndash Fovea ndash Acuity ndash Color vision
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 38
Rhodopsin Photoreceptor cell membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 39
Rod
G-protein G D P
PDE
Na+ channel open
Na+
Disc
In the dark Rhodopsin
depolarized
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 40
Rod
G-protein G T P
PDE
Na+ channel close
Na+
Disc
Light
hyperpolarized
light
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 41
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 42
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 43
Fovea greatest visual acuity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 44
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 45
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 46
Optic disk
blind spot
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 47
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 48
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 49
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 50
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 51
Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
bull Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus daynight cycle bull Superior colliculus coordinates head and eye movements
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 52
How do we smell rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 53
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 54
Olfactory system
1
2
3
detect odorant (volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of olfactory cells) rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 55
Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 56
N
C
G
The olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar neurons with a single dendrite that terminates in a knob from which 1020 fine cilia originate
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 57
Axon
Basal cell
Dividing cell
Developing receptor cell
Olfactory knob
Olfactory cilia
Supporting cells
Mature receptor cell
Bowmanrsquos gland
Cribriform plate
Odorants
1
2
5
4
3
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 58
5-a-ANDROST-16-EN-3-ONE urine odor
green bell pepper odor
cherry-almond odor
Odorant molecule
volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of
olfactory cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 59
Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
Olfactory transduction takes place in the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons Odorant molecules bind to odorant receptors located in the ciliary membrane thus activating a G protein (Golf) that stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC) producing an increase in the generation of cAMP from ATP
cAMP directly gates ion channels causing an inward current carried by Na+ and Ca2+ ions Ca2+ entry amplifies the signal by activating a Clndash current These ion fluxes cause a depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 60
How many odorant receptors are there
bull Humans have +- 1000 number of odorant receptors
bull a large fraction of them appear to be pseudogenes
bull only between 300 and 400 are functional genes
bull An individual olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor gene
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 61
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 62
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
Vision the process of seeing
bull Optics of the eye
bull Transduction of light energy into electrical signals
bull Retinal circuitry
bull Information relayed thalamus Visual cortex
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 33
Wall of the eye
Sclera
Choroid
Retina
1
2
3
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 34
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 35
1 Pigment epithelium 2 Photoreceptors outer
segments 3 Outer limiting
membrane 4 Outer nuclear layer 5 Outer plexiform layer 6 Inner nuclear layer 7 Inner plexiform layer 8 Ganglion cell layer 9 Nerve fiber layer 10 Inner limiting membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 36
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 37
Two types of photoreceptors
A Rod ndash Periphery of the retina ndash Sensitivity ndash Achromatic
B Cone ndash Fovea ndash Acuity ndash Color vision
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 38
Rhodopsin Photoreceptor cell membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 39
Rod
G-protein G D P
PDE
Na+ channel open
Na+
Disc
In the dark Rhodopsin
depolarized
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 40
Rod
G-protein G T P
PDE
Na+ channel close
Na+
Disc
Light
hyperpolarized
light
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 41
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 42
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 43
Fovea greatest visual acuity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 44
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 45
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 46
Optic disk
blind spot
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 47
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 48
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 49
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 50
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 51
Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
bull Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus daynight cycle bull Superior colliculus coordinates head and eye movements
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 52
How do we smell rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 53
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 54
Olfactory system
1
2
3
detect odorant (volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of olfactory cells) rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 55
Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 56
N
C
G
The olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar neurons with a single dendrite that terminates in a knob from which 1020 fine cilia originate
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 57
Axon
Basal cell
Dividing cell
Developing receptor cell
Olfactory knob
Olfactory cilia
Supporting cells
Mature receptor cell
Bowmanrsquos gland
Cribriform plate
Odorants
1
2
5
4
3
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 58
5-a-ANDROST-16-EN-3-ONE urine odor
green bell pepper odor
cherry-almond odor
Odorant molecule
volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of
olfactory cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 59
Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
Olfactory transduction takes place in the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons Odorant molecules bind to odorant receptors located in the ciliary membrane thus activating a G protein (Golf) that stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC) producing an increase in the generation of cAMP from ATP
cAMP directly gates ion channels causing an inward current carried by Na+ and Ca2+ ions Ca2+ entry amplifies the signal by activating a Clndash current These ion fluxes cause a depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 60
How many odorant receptors are there
bull Humans have +- 1000 number of odorant receptors
bull a large fraction of them appear to be pseudogenes
bull only between 300 and 400 are functional genes
bull An individual olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor gene
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 61
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 62
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
Wall of the eye
Sclera
Choroid
Retina
1
2
3
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 34
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 35
1 Pigment epithelium 2 Photoreceptors outer
segments 3 Outer limiting
membrane 4 Outer nuclear layer 5 Outer plexiform layer 6 Inner nuclear layer 7 Inner plexiform layer 8 Ganglion cell layer 9 Nerve fiber layer 10 Inner limiting membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 36
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 37
Two types of photoreceptors
A Rod ndash Periphery of the retina ndash Sensitivity ndash Achromatic
B Cone ndash Fovea ndash Acuity ndash Color vision
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 38
Rhodopsin Photoreceptor cell membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 39
Rod
G-protein G D P
PDE
Na+ channel open
Na+
Disc
In the dark Rhodopsin
depolarized
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 40
Rod
G-protein G T P
PDE
Na+ channel close
Na+
Disc
Light
hyperpolarized
light
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 41
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 42
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 43
Fovea greatest visual acuity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 44
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 45
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 46
Optic disk
blind spot
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 47
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 48
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 49
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 50
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 51
Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
bull Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus daynight cycle bull Superior colliculus coordinates head and eye movements
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 52
How do we smell rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 53
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 54
Olfactory system
1
2
3
detect odorant (volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of olfactory cells) rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 55
Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 56
N
C
G
The olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar neurons with a single dendrite that terminates in a knob from which 1020 fine cilia originate
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 57
Axon
Basal cell
Dividing cell
Developing receptor cell
Olfactory knob
Olfactory cilia
Supporting cells
Mature receptor cell
Bowmanrsquos gland
Cribriform plate
Odorants
1
2
5
4
3
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 58
5-a-ANDROST-16-EN-3-ONE urine odor
green bell pepper odor
cherry-almond odor
Odorant molecule
volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of
olfactory cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 59
Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
Olfactory transduction takes place in the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons Odorant molecules bind to odorant receptors located in the ciliary membrane thus activating a G protein (Golf) that stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC) producing an increase in the generation of cAMP from ATP
cAMP directly gates ion channels causing an inward current carried by Na+ and Ca2+ ions Ca2+ entry amplifies the signal by activating a Clndash current These ion fluxes cause a depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 60
How many odorant receptors are there
bull Humans have +- 1000 number of odorant receptors
bull a large fraction of them appear to be pseudogenes
bull only between 300 and 400 are functional genes
bull An individual olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor gene
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 61
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 62
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 35
1 Pigment epithelium 2 Photoreceptors outer
segments 3 Outer limiting
membrane 4 Outer nuclear layer 5 Outer plexiform layer 6 Inner nuclear layer 7 Inner plexiform layer 8 Ganglion cell layer 9 Nerve fiber layer 10 Inner limiting membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 36
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 37
Two types of photoreceptors
A Rod ndash Periphery of the retina ndash Sensitivity ndash Achromatic
B Cone ndash Fovea ndash Acuity ndash Color vision
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 38
Rhodopsin Photoreceptor cell membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 39
Rod
G-protein G D P
PDE
Na+ channel open
Na+
Disc
In the dark Rhodopsin
depolarized
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 40
Rod
G-protein G T P
PDE
Na+ channel close
Na+
Disc
Light
hyperpolarized
light
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 41
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 42
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 43
Fovea greatest visual acuity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 44
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 45
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 46
Optic disk
blind spot
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 47
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 48
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 49
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 50
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 51
Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
bull Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus daynight cycle bull Superior colliculus coordinates head and eye movements
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 52
How do we smell rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 53
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 54
Olfactory system
1
2
3
detect odorant (volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of olfactory cells) rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 55
Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 56
N
C
G
The olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar neurons with a single dendrite that terminates in a knob from which 1020 fine cilia originate
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 57
Axon
Basal cell
Dividing cell
Developing receptor cell
Olfactory knob
Olfactory cilia
Supporting cells
Mature receptor cell
Bowmanrsquos gland
Cribriform plate
Odorants
1
2
5
4
3
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 58
5-a-ANDROST-16-EN-3-ONE urine odor
green bell pepper odor
cherry-almond odor
Odorant molecule
volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of
olfactory cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 59
Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
Olfactory transduction takes place in the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons Odorant molecules bind to odorant receptors located in the ciliary membrane thus activating a G protein (Golf) that stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC) producing an increase in the generation of cAMP from ATP
cAMP directly gates ion channels causing an inward current carried by Na+ and Ca2+ ions Ca2+ entry amplifies the signal by activating a Clndash current These ion fluxes cause a depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 60
How many odorant receptors are there
bull Humans have +- 1000 number of odorant receptors
bull a large fraction of them appear to be pseudogenes
bull only between 300 and 400 are functional genes
bull An individual olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor gene
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 61
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 62
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
1 Pigment epithelium 2 Photoreceptors outer
segments 3 Outer limiting
membrane 4 Outer nuclear layer 5 Outer plexiform layer 6 Inner nuclear layer 7 Inner plexiform layer 8 Ganglion cell layer 9 Nerve fiber layer 10 Inner limiting membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 36
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 37
Two types of photoreceptors
A Rod ndash Periphery of the retina ndash Sensitivity ndash Achromatic
B Cone ndash Fovea ndash Acuity ndash Color vision
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 38
Rhodopsin Photoreceptor cell membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 39
Rod
G-protein G D P
PDE
Na+ channel open
Na+
Disc
In the dark Rhodopsin
depolarized
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 40
Rod
G-protein G T P
PDE
Na+ channel close
Na+
Disc
Light
hyperpolarized
light
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 41
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 42
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 43
Fovea greatest visual acuity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 44
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 45
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 46
Optic disk
blind spot
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 47
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 48
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 49
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 50
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 51
Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
bull Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus daynight cycle bull Superior colliculus coordinates head and eye movements
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 52
How do we smell rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 53
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 54
Olfactory system
1
2
3
detect odorant (volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of olfactory cells) rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 55
Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 56
N
C
G
The olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar neurons with a single dendrite that terminates in a knob from which 1020 fine cilia originate
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 57
Axon
Basal cell
Dividing cell
Developing receptor cell
Olfactory knob
Olfactory cilia
Supporting cells
Mature receptor cell
Bowmanrsquos gland
Cribriform plate
Odorants
1
2
5
4
3
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 58
5-a-ANDROST-16-EN-3-ONE urine odor
green bell pepper odor
cherry-almond odor
Odorant molecule
volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of
olfactory cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 59
Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
Olfactory transduction takes place in the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons Odorant molecules bind to odorant receptors located in the ciliary membrane thus activating a G protein (Golf) that stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC) producing an increase in the generation of cAMP from ATP
cAMP directly gates ion channels causing an inward current carried by Na+ and Ca2+ ions Ca2+ entry amplifies the signal by activating a Clndash current These ion fluxes cause a depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 60
How many odorant receptors are there
bull Humans have +- 1000 number of odorant receptors
bull a large fraction of them appear to be pseudogenes
bull only between 300 and 400 are functional genes
bull An individual olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor gene
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 61
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 62
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 37
Two types of photoreceptors
A Rod ndash Periphery of the retina ndash Sensitivity ndash Achromatic
B Cone ndash Fovea ndash Acuity ndash Color vision
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 38
Rhodopsin Photoreceptor cell membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 39
Rod
G-protein G D P
PDE
Na+ channel open
Na+
Disc
In the dark Rhodopsin
depolarized
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 40
Rod
G-protein G T P
PDE
Na+ channel close
Na+
Disc
Light
hyperpolarized
light
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 41
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 42
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 43
Fovea greatest visual acuity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 44
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 45
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 46
Optic disk
blind spot
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 47
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 48
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 49
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 50
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 51
Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
bull Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus daynight cycle bull Superior colliculus coordinates head and eye movements
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 52
How do we smell rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 53
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 54
Olfactory system
1
2
3
detect odorant (volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of olfactory cells) rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 55
Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 56
N
C
G
The olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar neurons with a single dendrite that terminates in a knob from which 1020 fine cilia originate
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 57
Axon
Basal cell
Dividing cell
Developing receptor cell
Olfactory knob
Olfactory cilia
Supporting cells
Mature receptor cell
Bowmanrsquos gland
Cribriform plate
Odorants
1
2
5
4
3
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 58
5-a-ANDROST-16-EN-3-ONE urine odor
green bell pepper odor
cherry-almond odor
Odorant molecule
volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of
olfactory cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 59
Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
Olfactory transduction takes place in the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons Odorant molecules bind to odorant receptors located in the ciliary membrane thus activating a G protein (Golf) that stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC) producing an increase in the generation of cAMP from ATP
cAMP directly gates ion channels causing an inward current carried by Na+ and Ca2+ ions Ca2+ entry amplifies the signal by activating a Clndash current These ion fluxes cause a depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 60
How many odorant receptors are there
bull Humans have +- 1000 number of odorant receptors
bull a large fraction of them appear to be pseudogenes
bull only between 300 and 400 are functional genes
bull An individual olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor gene
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 61
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 62
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
Two types of photoreceptors
A Rod ndash Periphery of the retina ndash Sensitivity ndash Achromatic
B Cone ndash Fovea ndash Acuity ndash Color vision
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 38
Rhodopsin Photoreceptor cell membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 39
Rod
G-protein G D P
PDE
Na+ channel open
Na+
Disc
In the dark Rhodopsin
depolarized
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 40
Rod
G-protein G T P
PDE
Na+ channel close
Na+
Disc
Light
hyperpolarized
light
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 41
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 42
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 43
Fovea greatest visual acuity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 44
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 45
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 46
Optic disk
blind spot
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 47
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 48
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 49
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 50
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 51
Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
bull Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus daynight cycle bull Superior colliculus coordinates head and eye movements
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 52
How do we smell rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 53
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 54
Olfactory system
1
2
3
detect odorant (volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of olfactory cells) rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 55
Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 56
N
C
G
The olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar neurons with a single dendrite that terminates in a knob from which 1020 fine cilia originate
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 57
Axon
Basal cell
Dividing cell
Developing receptor cell
Olfactory knob
Olfactory cilia
Supporting cells
Mature receptor cell
Bowmanrsquos gland
Cribriform plate
Odorants
1
2
5
4
3
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 58
5-a-ANDROST-16-EN-3-ONE urine odor
green bell pepper odor
cherry-almond odor
Odorant molecule
volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of
olfactory cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 59
Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
Olfactory transduction takes place in the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons Odorant molecules bind to odorant receptors located in the ciliary membrane thus activating a G protein (Golf) that stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC) producing an increase in the generation of cAMP from ATP
cAMP directly gates ion channels causing an inward current carried by Na+ and Ca2+ ions Ca2+ entry amplifies the signal by activating a Clndash current These ion fluxes cause a depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 60
How many odorant receptors are there
bull Humans have +- 1000 number of odorant receptors
bull a large fraction of them appear to be pseudogenes
bull only between 300 and 400 are functional genes
bull An individual olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor gene
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 61
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 62
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
Rhodopsin Photoreceptor cell membrane
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 39
Rod
G-protein G D P
PDE
Na+ channel open
Na+
Disc
In the dark Rhodopsin
depolarized
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 40
Rod
G-protein G T P
PDE
Na+ channel close
Na+
Disc
Light
hyperpolarized
light
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 41
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 42
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 43
Fovea greatest visual acuity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 44
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 45
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 46
Optic disk
blind spot
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 47
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 48
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 49
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 50
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 51
Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
bull Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus daynight cycle bull Superior colliculus coordinates head and eye movements
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 52
How do we smell rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 53
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 54
Olfactory system
1
2
3
detect odorant (volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of olfactory cells) rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 55
Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 56
N
C
G
The olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar neurons with a single dendrite that terminates in a knob from which 1020 fine cilia originate
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 57
Axon
Basal cell
Dividing cell
Developing receptor cell
Olfactory knob
Olfactory cilia
Supporting cells
Mature receptor cell
Bowmanrsquos gland
Cribriform plate
Odorants
1
2
5
4
3
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 58
5-a-ANDROST-16-EN-3-ONE urine odor
green bell pepper odor
cherry-almond odor
Odorant molecule
volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of
olfactory cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 59
Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
Olfactory transduction takes place in the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons Odorant molecules bind to odorant receptors located in the ciliary membrane thus activating a G protein (Golf) that stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC) producing an increase in the generation of cAMP from ATP
cAMP directly gates ion channels causing an inward current carried by Na+ and Ca2+ ions Ca2+ entry amplifies the signal by activating a Clndash current These ion fluxes cause a depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 60
How many odorant receptors are there
bull Humans have +- 1000 number of odorant receptors
bull a large fraction of them appear to be pseudogenes
bull only between 300 and 400 are functional genes
bull An individual olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor gene
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 61
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 62
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
Rod
G-protein G D P
PDE
Na+ channel open
Na+
Disc
In the dark Rhodopsin
depolarized
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 40
Rod
G-protein G T P
PDE
Na+ channel close
Na+
Disc
Light
hyperpolarized
light
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 41
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 42
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 43
Fovea greatest visual acuity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 44
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 45
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 46
Optic disk
blind spot
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 47
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 48
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 49
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 50
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 51
Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
bull Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus daynight cycle bull Superior colliculus coordinates head and eye movements
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 52
How do we smell rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 53
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 54
Olfactory system
1
2
3
detect odorant (volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of olfactory cells) rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 55
Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 56
N
C
G
The olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar neurons with a single dendrite that terminates in a knob from which 1020 fine cilia originate
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 57
Axon
Basal cell
Dividing cell
Developing receptor cell
Olfactory knob
Olfactory cilia
Supporting cells
Mature receptor cell
Bowmanrsquos gland
Cribriform plate
Odorants
1
2
5
4
3
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 58
5-a-ANDROST-16-EN-3-ONE urine odor
green bell pepper odor
cherry-almond odor
Odorant molecule
volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of
olfactory cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 59
Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
Olfactory transduction takes place in the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons Odorant molecules bind to odorant receptors located in the ciliary membrane thus activating a G protein (Golf) that stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC) producing an increase in the generation of cAMP from ATP
cAMP directly gates ion channels causing an inward current carried by Na+ and Ca2+ ions Ca2+ entry amplifies the signal by activating a Clndash current These ion fluxes cause a depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 60
How many odorant receptors are there
bull Humans have +- 1000 number of odorant receptors
bull a large fraction of them appear to be pseudogenes
bull only between 300 and 400 are functional genes
bull An individual olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor gene
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 61
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 62
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
Rod
G-protein G T P
PDE
Na+ channel close
Na+
Disc
Light
hyperpolarized
light
Signaling in photoreceptor cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 41
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 42
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 43
Fovea greatest visual acuity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 44
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 45
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 46
Optic disk
blind spot
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 47
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 48
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 49
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 50
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 51
Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
bull Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus daynight cycle bull Superior colliculus coordinates head and eye movements
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 52
How do we smell rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 53
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 54
Olfactory system
1
2
3
detect odorant (volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of olfactory cells) rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 55
Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 56
N
C
G
The olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar neurons with a single dendrite that terminates in a knob from which 1020 fine cilia originate
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 57
Axon
Basal cell
Dividing cell
Developing receptor cell
Olfactory knob
Olfactory cilia
Supporting cells
Mature receptor cell
Bowmanrsquos gland
Cribriform plate
Odorants
1
2
5
4
3
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 58
5-a-ANDROST-16-EN-3-ONE urine odor
green bell pepper odor
cherry-almond odor
Odorant molecule
volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of
olfactory cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 59
Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
Olfactory transduction takes place in the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons Odorant molecules bind to odorant receptors located in the ciliary membrane thus activating a G protein (Golf) that stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC) producing an increase in the generation of cAMP from ATP
cAMP directly gates ion channels causing an inward current carried by Na+ and Ca2+ ions Ca2+ entry amplifies the signal by activating a Clndash current These ion fluxes cause a depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 60
How many odorant receptors are there
bull Humans have +- 1000 number of odorant receptors
bull a large fraction of them appear to be pseudogenes
bull only between 300 and 400 are functional genes
bull An individual olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor gene
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 61
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 62
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 42
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 43
Fovea greatest visual acuity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 44
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 45
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 46
Optic disk
blind spot
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 47
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 48
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 49
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 50
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 51
Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
bull Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus daynight cycle bull Superior colliculus coordinates head and eye movements
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 52
How do we smell rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 53
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 54
Olfactory system
1
2
3
detect odorant (volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of olfactory cells) rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 55
Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 56
N
C
G
The olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar neurons with a single dendrite that terminates in a knob from which 1020 fine cilia originate
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 57
Axon
Basal cell
Dividing cell
Developing receptor cell
Olfactory knob
Olfactory cilia
Supporting cells
Mature receptor cell
Bowmanrsquos gland
Cribriform plate
Odorants
1
2
5
4
3
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 58
5-a-ANDROST-16-EN-3-ONE urine odor
green bell pepper odor
cherry-almond odor
Odorant molecule
volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of
olfactory cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 59
Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
Olfactory transduction takes place in the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons Odorant molecules bind to odorant receptors located in the ciliary membrane thus activating a G protein (Golf) that stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC) producing an increase in the generation of cAMP from ATP
cAMP directly gates ion channels causing an inward current carried by Na+ and Ca2+ ions Ca2+ entry amplifies the signal by activating a Clndash current These ion fluxes cause a depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 60
How many odorant receptors are there
bull Humans have +- 1000 number of odorant receptors
bull a large fraction of them appear to be pseudogenes
bull only between 300 and 400 are functional genes
bull An individual olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor gene
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 61
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 62
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 43
Fovea greatest visual acuity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 44
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 45
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 46
Optic disk
blind spot
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 47
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 48
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 49
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 50
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 51
Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
bull Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus daynight cycle bull Superior colliculus coordinates head and eye movements
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 52
How do we smell rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 53
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 54
Olfactory system
1
2
3
detect odorant (volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of olfactory cells) rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 55
Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 56
N
C
G
The olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar neurons with a single dendrite that terminates in a knob from which 1020 fine cilia originate
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 57
Axon
Basal cell
Dividing cell
Developing receptor cell
Olfactory knob
Olfactory cilia
Supporting cells
Mature receptor cell
Bowmanrsquos gland
Cribriform plate
Odorants
1
2
5
4
3
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 58
5-a-ANDROST-16-EN-3-ONE urine odor
green bell pepper odor
cherry-almond odor
Odorant molecule
volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of
olfactory cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 59
Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
Olfactory transduction takes place in the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons Odorant molecules bind to odorant receptors located in the ciliary membrane thus activating a G protein (Golf) that stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC) producing an increase in the generation of cAMP from ATP
cAMP directly gates ion channels causing an inward current carried by Na+ and Ca2+ ions Ca2+ entry amplifies the signal by activating a Clndash current These ion fluxes cause a depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 60
How many odorant receptors are there
bull Humans have +- 1000 number of odorant receptors
bull a large fraction of them appear to be pseudogenes
bull only between 300 and 400 are functional genes
bull An individual olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor gene
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 61
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 62
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
Fovea greatest visual acuity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 44
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 45
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 46
Optic disk
blind spot
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 47
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 48
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 49
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 50
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 51
Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
bull Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus daynight cycle bull Superior colliculus coordinates head and eye movements
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 52
How do we smell rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 53
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 54
Olfactory system
1
2
3
detect odorant (volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of olfactory cells) rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 55
Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 56
N
C
G
The olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar neurons with a single dendrite that terminates in a knob from which 1020 fine cilia originate
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 57
Axon
Basal cell
Dividing cell
Developing receptor cell
Olfactory knob
Olfactory cilia
Supporting cells
Mature receptor cell
Bowmanrsquos gland
Cribriform plate
Odorants
1
2
5
4
3
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 58
5-a-ANDROST-16-EN-3-ONE urine odor
green bell pepper odor
cherry-almond odor
Odorant molecule
volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of
olfactory cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 59
Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
Olfactory transduction takes place in the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons Odorant molecules bind to odorant receptors located in the ciliary membrane thus activating a G protein (Golf) that stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC) producing an increase in the generation of cAMP from ATP
cAMP directly gates ion channels causing an inward current carried by Na+ and Ca2+ ions Ca2+ entry amplifies the signal by activating a Clndash current These ion fluxes cause a depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 60
How many odorant receptors are there
bull Humans have +- 1000 number of odorant receptors
bull a large fraction of them appear to be pseudogenes
bull only between 300 and 400 are functional genes
bull An individual olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor gene
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 61
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 62
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 45
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 46
Optic disk
blind spot
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 47
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 48
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 49
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 50
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 51
Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
bull Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus daynight cycle bull Superior colliculus coordinates head and eye movements
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 52
How do we smell rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 53
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 54
Olfactory system
1
2
3
detect odorant (volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of olfactory cells) rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 55
Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 56
N
C
G
The olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar neurons with a single dendrite that terminates in a knob from which 1020 fine cilia originate
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 57
Axon
Basal cell
Dividing cell
Developing receptor cell
Olfactory knob
Olfactory cilia
Supporting cells
Mature receptor cell
Bowmanrsquos gland
Cribriform plate
Odorants
1
2
5
4
3
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 58
5-a-ANDROST-16-EN-3-ONE urine odor
green bell pepper odor
cherry-almond odor
Odorant molecule
volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of
olfactory cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 59
Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
Olfactory transduction takes place in the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons Odorant molecules bind to odorant receptors located in the ciliary membrane thus activating a G protein (Golf) that stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC) producing an increase in the generation of cAMP from ATP
cAMP directly gates ion channels causing an inward current carried by Na+ and Ca2+ ions Ca2+ entry amplifies the signal by activating a Clndash current These ion fluxes cause a depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 60
How many odorant receptors are there
bull Humans have +- 1000 number of odorant receptors
bull a large fraction of them appear to be pseudogenes
bull only between 300 and 400 are functional genes
bull An individual olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor gene
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 61
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 62
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 46
Optic disk
blind spot
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 47
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 48
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 49
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 50
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 51
Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
bull Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus daynight cycle bull Superior colliculus coordinates head and eye movements
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 52
How do we smell rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 53
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 54
Olfactory system
1
2
3
detect odorant (volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of olfactory cells) rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 55
Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 56
N
C
G
The olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar neurons with a single dendrite that terminates in a knob from which 1020 fine cilia originate
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 57
Axon
Basal cell
Dividing cell
Developing receptor cell
Olfactory knob
Olfactory cilia
Supporting cells
Mature receptor cell
Bowmanrsquos gland
Cribriform plate
Odorants
1
2
5
4
3
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 58
5-a-ANDROST-16-EN-3-ONE urine odor
green bell pepper odor
cherry-almond odor
Odorant molecule
volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of
olfactory cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 59
Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
Olfactory transduction takes place in the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons Odorant molecules bind to odorant receptors located in the ciliary membrane thus activating a G protein (Golf) that stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC) producing an increase in the generation of cAMP from ATP
cAMP directly gates ion channels causing an inward current carried by Na+ and Ca2+ ions Ca2+ entry amplifies the signal by activating a Clndash current These ion fluxes cause a depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 60
How many odorant receptors are there
bull Humans have +- 1000 number of odorant receptors
bull a large fraction of them appear to be pseudogenes
bull only between 300 and 400 are functional genes
bull An individual olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor gene
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 61
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 62
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
Optic disk
blind spot
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 47
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 48
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 49
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 50
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 51
Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
bull Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus daynight cycle bull Superior colliculus coordinates head and eye movements
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 52
How do we smell rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 53
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 54
Olfactory system
1
2
3
detect odorant (volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of olfactory cells) rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 55
Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 56
N
C
G
The olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar neurons with a single dendrite that terminates in a knob from which 1020 fine cilia originate
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 57
Axon
Basal cell
Dividing cell
Developing receptor cell
Olfactory knob
Olfactory cilia
Supporting cells
Mature receptor cell
Bowmanrsquos gland
Cribriform plate
Odorants
1
2
5
4
3
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 58
5-a-ANDROST-16-EN-3-ONE urine odor
green bell pepper odor
cherry-almond odor
Odorant molecule
volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of
olfactory cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 59
Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
Olfactory transduction takes place in the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons Odorant molecules bind to odorant receptors located in the ciliary membrane thus activating a G protein (Golf) that stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC) producing an increase in the generation of cAMP from ATP
cAMP directly gates ion channels causing an inward current carried by Na+ and Ca2+ ions Ca2+ entry amplifies the signal by activating a Clndash current These ion fluxes cause a depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 60
How many odorant receptors are there
bull Humans have +- 1000 number of odorant receptors
bull a large fraction of them appear to be pseudogenes
bull only between 300 and 400 are functional genes
bull An individual olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor gene
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 61
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 62
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 48
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 49
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 50
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 51
Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
bull Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus daynight cycle bull Superior colliculus coordinates head and eye movements
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 52
How do we smell rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 53
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 54
Olfactory system
1
2
3
detect odorant (volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of olfactory cells) rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 55
Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 56
N
C
G
The olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar neurons with a single dendrite that terminates in a knob from which 1020 fine cilia originate
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 57
Axon
Basal cell
Dividing cell
Developing receptor cell
Olfactory knob
Olfactory cilia
Supporting cells
Mature receptor cell
Bowmanrsquos gland
Cribriform plate
Odorants
1
2
5
4
3
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 58
5-a-ANDROST-16-EN-3-ONE urine odor
green bell pepper odor
cherry-almond odor
Odorant molecule
volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of
olfactory cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 59
Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
Olfactory transduction takes place in the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons Odorant molecules bind to odorant receptors located in the ciliary membrane thus activating a G protein (Golf) that stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC) producing an increase in the generation of cAMP from ATP
cAMP directly gates ion channels causing an inward current carried by Na+ and Ca2+ ions Ca2+ entry amplifies the signal by activating a Clndash current These ion fluxes cause a depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 60
How many odorant receptors are there
bull Humans have +- 1000 number of odorant receptors
bull a large fraction of them appear to be pseudogenes
bull only between 300 and 400 are functional genes
bull An individual olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor gene
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 61
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 62
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 49
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 50
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 51
Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
bull Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus daynight cycle bull Superior colliculus coordinates head and eye movements
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 52
How do we smell rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 53
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 54
Olfactory system
1
2
3
detect odorant (volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of olfactory cells) rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 55
Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 56
N
C
G
The olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar neurons with a single dendrite that terminates in a knob from which 1020 fine cilia originate
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 57
Axon
Basal cell
Dividing cell
Developing receptor cell
Olfactory knob
Olfactory cilia
Supporting cells
Mature receptor cell
Bowmanrsquos gland
Cribriform plate
Odorants
1
2
5
4
3
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 58
5-a-ANDROST-16-EN-3-ONE urine odor
green bell pepper odor
cherry-almond odor
Odorant molecule
volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of
olfactory cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 59
Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
Olfactory transduction takes place in the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons Odorant molecules bind to odorant receptors located in the ciliary membrane thus activating a G protein (Golf) that stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC) producing an increase in the generation of cAMP from ATP
cAMP directly gates ion channels causing an inward current carried by Na+ and Ca2+ ions Ca2+ entry amplifies the signal by activating a Clndash current These ion fluxes cause a depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 60
How many odorant receptors are there
bull Humans have +- 1000 number of odorant receptors
bull a large fraction of them appear to be pseudogenes
bull only between 300 and 400 are functional genes
bull An individual olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor gene
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 61
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 62
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 50
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 51
Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
bull Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus daynight cycle bull Superior colliculus coordinates head and eye movements
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 52
How do we smell rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 53
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 54
Olfactory system
1
2
3
detect odorant (volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of olfactory cells) rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 55
Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 56
N
C
G
The olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar neurons with a single dendrite that terminates in a knob from which 1020 fine cilia originate
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 57
Axon
Basal cell
Dividing cell
Developing receptor cell
Olfactory knob
Olfactory cilia
Supporting cells
Mature receptor cell
Bowmanrsquos gland
Cribriform plate
Odorants
1
2
5
4
3
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 58
5-a-ANDROST-16-EN-3-ONE urine odor
green bell pepper odor
cherry-almond odor
Odorant molecule
volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of
olfactory cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 59
Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
Olfactory transduction takes place in the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons Odorant molecules bind to odorant receptors located in the ciliary membrane thus activating a G protein (Golf) that stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC) producing an increase in the generation of cAMP from ATP
cAMP directly gates ion channels causing an inward current carried by Na+ and Ca2+ ions Ca2+ entry amplifies the signal by activating a Clndash current These ion fluxes cause a depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 60
How many odorant receptors are there
bull Humans have +- 1000 number of odorant receptors
bull a large fraction of them appear to be pseudogenes
bull only between 300 and 400 are functional genes
bull An individual olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor gene
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 61
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 62
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 51
Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
bull Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus daynight cycle bull Superior colliculus coordinates head and eye movements
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 52
How do we smell rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 53
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 54
Olfactory system
1
2
3
detect odorant (volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of olfactory cells) rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 55
Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 56
N
C
G
The olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar neurons with a single dendrite that terminates in a knob from which 1020 fine cilia originate
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 57
Axon
Basal cell
Dividing cell
Developing receptor cell
Olfactory knob
Olfactory cilia
Supporting cells
Mature receptor cell
Bowmanrsquos gland
Cribriform plate
Odorants
1
2
5
4
3
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 58
5-a-ANDROST-16-EN-3-ONE urine odor
green bell pepper odor
cherry-almond odor
Odorant molecule
volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of
olfactory cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 59
Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
Olfactory transduction takes place in the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons Odorant molecules bind to odorant receptors located in the ciliary membrane thus activating a G protein (Golf) that stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC) producing an increase in the generation of cAMP from ATP
cAMP directly gates ion channels causing an inward current carried by Na+ and Ca2+ ions Ca2+ entry amplifies the signal by activating a Clndash current These ion fluxes cause a depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 60
How many odorant receptors are there
bull Humans have +- 1000 number of odorant receptors
bull a large fraction of them appear to be pseudogenes
bull only between 300 and 400 are functional genes
bull An individual olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor gene
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 61
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 62
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
bull Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus daynight cycle bull Superior colliculus coordinates head and eye movements
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 52
How do we smell rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 53
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 54
Olfactory system
1
2
3
detect odorant (volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of olfactory cells) rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 55
Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 56
N
C
G
The olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar neurons with a single dendrite that terminates in a knob from which 1020 fine cilia originate
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 57
Axon
Basal cell
Dividing cell
Developing receptor cell
Olfactory knob
Olfactory cilia
Supporting cells
Mature receptor cell
Bowmanrsquos gland
Cribriform plate
Odorants
1
2
5
4
3
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 58
5-a-ANDROST-16-EN-3-ONE urine odor
green bell pepper odor
cherry-almond odor
Odorant molecule
volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of
olfactory cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 59
Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
Olfactory transduction takes place in the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons Odorant molecules bind to odorant receptors located in the ciliary membrane thus activating a G protein (Golf) that stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC) producing an increase in the generation of cAMP from ATP
cAMP directly gates ion channels causing an inward current carried by Na+ and Ca2+ ions Ca2+ entry amplifies the signal by activating a Clndash current These ion fluxes cause a depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 60
How many odorant receptors are there
bull Humans have +- 1000 number of odorant receptors
bull a large fraction of them appear to be pseudogenes
bull only between 300 and 400 are functional genes
bull An individual olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor gene
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 61
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 62
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
How do we smell rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 53
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 54
Olfactory system
1
2
3
detect odorant (volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of olfactory cells) rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 55
Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 56
N
C
G
The olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar neurons with a single dendrite that terminates in a knob from which 1020 fine cilia originate
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 57
Axon
Basal cell
Dividing cell
Developing receptor cell
Olfactory knob
Olfactory cilia
Supporting cells
Mature receptor cell
Bowmanrsquos gland
Cribriform plate
Odorants
1
2
5
4
3
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 58
5-a-ANDROST-16-EN-3-ONE urine odor
green bell pepper odor
cherry-almond odor
Odorant molecule
volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of
olfactory cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 59
Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
Olfactory transduction takes place in the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons Odorant molecules bind to odorant receptors located in the ciliary membrane thus activating a G protein (Golf) that stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC) producing an increase in the generation of cAMP from ATP
cAMP directly gates ion channels causing an inward current carried by Na+ and Ca2+ ions Ca2+ entry amplifies the signal by activating a Clndash current These ion fluxes cause a depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 60
How many odorant receptors are there
bull Humans have +- 1000 number of odorant receptors
bull a large fraction of them appear to be pseudogenes
bull only between 300 and 400 are functional genes
bull An individual olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor gene
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 61
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 62
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 54
Olfactory system
1
2
3
detect odorant (volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of olfactory cells) rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 55
Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 56
N
C
G
The olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar neurons with a single dendrite that terminates in a knob from which 1020 fine cilia originate
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 57
Axon
Basal cell
Dividing cell
Developing receptor cell
Olfactory knob
Olfactory cilia
Supporting cells
Mature receptor cell
Bowmanrsquos gland
Cribriform plate
Odorants
1
2
5
4
3
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 58
5-a-ANDROST-16-EN-3-ONE urine odor
green bell pepper odor
cherry-almond odor
Odorant molecule
volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of
olfactory cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 59
Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
Olfactory transduction takes place in the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons Odorant molecules bind to odorant receptors located in the ciliary membrane thus activating a G protein (Golf) that stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC) producing an increase in the generation of cAMP from ATP
cAMP directly gates ion channels causing an inward current carried by Na+ and Ca2+ ions Ca2+ entry amplifies the signal by activating a Clndash current These ion fluxes cause a depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 60
How many odorant receptors are there
bull Humans have +- 1000 number of odorant receptors
bull a large fraction of them appear to be pseudogenes
bull only between 300 and 400 are functional genes
bull An individual olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor gene
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 61
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 62
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
Olfactory system
1
2
3
detect odorant (volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of olfactory cells) rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 55
Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 56
N
C
G
The olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar neurons with a single dendrite that terminates in a knob from which 1020 fine cilia originate
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 57
Axon
Basal cell
Dividing cell
Developing receptor cell
Olfactory knob
Olfactory cilia
Supporting cells
Mature receptor cell
Bowmanrsquos gland
Cribriform plate
Odorants
1
2
5
4
3
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 58
5-a-ANDROST-16-EN-3-ONE urine odor
green bell pepper odor
cherry-almond odor
Odorant molecule
volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of
olfactory cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 59
Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
Olfactory transduction takes place in the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons Odorant molecules bind to odorant receptors located in the ciliary membrane thus activating a G protein (Golf) that stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC) producing an increase in the generation of cAMP from ATP
cAMP directly gates ion channels causing an inward current carried by Na+ and Ca2+ ions Ca2+ entry amplifies the signal by activating a Clndash current These ion fluxes cause a depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 60
How many odorant receptors are there
bull Humans have +- 1000 number of odorant receptors
bull a large fraction of them appear to be pseudogenes
bull only between 300 and 400 are functional genes
bull An individual olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor gene
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 61
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 62
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 56
N
C
G
The olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar neurons with a single dendrite that terminates in a knob from which 1020 fine cilia originate
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 57
Axon
Basal cell
Dividing cell
Developing receptor cell
Olfactory knob
Olfactory cilia
Supporting cells
Mature receptor cell
Bowmanrsquos gland
Cribriform plate
Odorants
1
2
5
4
3
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 58
5-a-ANDROST-16-EN-3-ONE urine odor
green bell pepper odor
cherry-almond odor
Odorant molecule
volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of
olfactory cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 59
Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
Olfactory transduction takes place in the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons Odorant molecules bind to odorant receptors located in the ciliary membrane thus activating a G protein (Golf) that stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC) producing an increase in the generation of cAMP from ATP
cAMP directly gates ion channels causing an inward current carried by Na+ and Ca2+ ions Ca2+ entry amplifies the signal by activating a Clndash current These ion fluxes cause a depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 60
How many odorant receptors are there
bull Humans have +- 1000 number of odorant receptors
bull a large fraction of them appear to be pseudogenes
bull only between 300 and 400 are functional genes
bull An individual olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor gene
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 61
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 62
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
N
C
G
The olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar neurons with a single dendrite that terminates in a knob from which 1020 fine cilia originate
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 57
Axon
Basal cell
Dividing cell
Developing receptor cell
Olfactory knob
Olfactory cilia
Supporting cells
Mature receptor cell
Bowmanrsquos gland
Cribriform plate
Odorants
1
2
5
4
3
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 58
5-a-ANDROST-16-EN-3-ONE urine odor
green bell pepper odor
cherry-almond odor
Odorant molecule
volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of
olfactory cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 59
Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
Olfactory transduction takes place in the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons Odorant molecules bind to odorant receptors located in the ciliary membrane thus activating a G protein (Golf) that stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC) producing an increase in the generation of cAMP from ATP
cAMP directly gates ion channels causing an inward current carried by Na+ and Ca2+ ions Ca2+ entry amplifies the signal by activating a Clndash current These ion fluxes cause a depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 60
How many odorant receptors are there
bull Humans have +- 1000 number of odorant receptors
bull a large fraction of them appear to be pseudogenes
bull only between 300 and 400 are functional genes
bull An individual olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor gene
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 61
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 62
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
Axon
Basal cell
Dividing cell
Developing receptor cell
Olfactory knob
Olfactory cilia
Supporting cells
Mature receptor cell
Bowmanrsquos gland
Cribriform plate
Odorants
1
2
5
4
3
6
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 58
5-a-ANDROST-16-EN-3-ONE urine odor
green bell pepper odor
cherry-almond odor
Odorant molecule
volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of
olfactory cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 59
Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
Olfactory transduction takes place in the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons Odorant molecules bind to odorant receptors located in the ciliary membrane thus activating a G protein (Golf) that stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC) producing an increase in the generation of cAMP from ATP
cAMP directly gates ion channels causing an inward current carried by Na+ and Ca2+ ions Ca2+ entry amplifies the signal by activating a Clndash current These ion fluxes cause a depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 60
How many odorant receptors are there
bull Humans have +- 1000 number of odorant receptors
bull a large fraction of them appear to be pseudogenes
bull only between 300 and 400 are functional genes
bull An individual olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor gene
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 61
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 62
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
5-a-ANDROST-16-EN-3-ONE urine odor
green bell pepper odor
cherry-almond odor
Odorant molecule
volatile molecules that may interact with specific receptors in the membrane of
olfactory cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 59
Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
Olfactory transduction takes place in the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons Odorant molecules bind to odorant receptors located in the ciliary membrane thus activating a G protein (Golf) that stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC) producing an increase in the generation of cAMP from ATP
cAMP directly gates ion channels causing an inward current carried by Na+ and Ca2+ ions Ca2+ entry amplifies the signal by activating a Clndash current These ion fluxes cause a depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 60
How many odorant receptors are there
bull Humans have +- 1000 number of odorant receptors
bull a large fraction of them appear to be pseudogenes
bull only between 300 and 400 are functional genes
bull An individual olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor gene
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 61
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 62
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
Olfactory transduction takes place in the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons Odorant molecules bind to odorant receptors located in the ciliary membrane thus activating a G protein (Golf) that stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC) producing an increase in the generation of cAMP from ATP
cAMP directly gates ion channels causing an inward current carried by Na+ and Ca2+ ions Ca2+ entry amplifies the signal by activating a Clndash current These ion fluxes cause a depolarization
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 60
How many odorant receptors are there
bull Humans have +- 1000 number of odorant receptors
bull a large fraction of them appear to be pseudogenes
bull only between 300 and 400 are functional genes
bull An individual olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor gene
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 61
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 62
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
How many odorant receptors are there
bull Humans have +- 1000 number of odorant receptors
bull a large fraction of them appear to be pseudogenes
bull only between 300 and 400 are functional genes
bull An individual olfactory sensory neuron expresses only one type of odorant receptor gene
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 61
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 62
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 62
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 63
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
Olfactory receptor cells
Axons of olfactory receptor cells
Glomerulus
Mitral cell
Tufted cells
Each olfactory receptors have specific odorant detection receptors The axons of olfactory cells that have the same kind of receptors are connected to the neurons of olfactory bulb in the same synaptic complex called glomerulus
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 64
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 65
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 66
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 67
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
bull limited to the cavity of the mouth papillae of the tongue soft palate oropharynx and epiglottis
Taste system
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 68
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
NaCl gt HCl gt Sucrose gt Quinine
Quinine gt HCl gt NaCl gt Sucrose
Sucrose gt NaCl gt HCl gt Quinine
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 69
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
Tongue
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 70
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 71
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
Taste bud
Circumvallate papillae
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 72
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
T
Taste bud
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 73
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
P
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 74
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
Taste pore
Microvilli Taste cells
Basal cell Synapse Axons
Taste bud Substances in solution enter the pore of the taste bud and come in contact with the specific receptors in the microvilli of the taste cells
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 75
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
Cation channel
Na+
Salt
Acids (sour)
open a sensitive cation channel depolarization of the receptor
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 76
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
Bitter or sweet or monosodium glutamate molecule
bind specific receptor coupled to G protein in the microvilli of taste cells The activated signal transduction will open ion channels in the plasma membrane depolarization of the receptor rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 77
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
Depolarization of the receptor trigger the release of
neurotransmitter in the basal part of the cell that will bind to
specific receptors in the postsynaptic neurons
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 78
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve IX
cranial nerve VII
Different cranial nerves will convey the taste stimuli from different part of the mouth cavity
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 79
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus of solitary tract
Tongue Larynx rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 80
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
Insula and frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Taste buds (anterior two third of the tongue)
Taste buds (posterior one third of the tongue)
Taste buds (Epiglottis)
Solitary nucleus of brainstem
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus
Cranial nerve X
Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve VII
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 81
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
Receptors of the skin
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 83
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 84
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 85
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 86
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 87
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
Receptor type
Anatomical characteristics
Associated axonsa (and diameters)
Axonal conduction velocities
Location Function Rate of adaptation
Threshold of activation
Free nerve endings
Minimally specialized nerve endings
C Aδ 2ndash20 ms All skin Pain temperature crude touch
Slow High
Meissners corpuscles
Encapsulated between dermal papillae
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Principally glabrous skin
Touch pressure (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Pacinian corpuscles
Encapsulated onionlike covering
Aβ 6ndash12 μm Subcutaneous tissue interosseous membranes viscera
Deep pressure vibration (dynamic)
Rapid Low
Merkels disks Encapsulated associated with peptide- releasing cells
Aβ All skin hair follicles
Touch pressure (static)
Slow Low
Ruffinis corpuscles
Encapsulated oriented along stretch lines
Aβ 6ndash12 μm All skin Stretching of skin
Slow Low
Muscle spindles Highly specialized
Ia and II Muscles Muscle length Both slow and rapid
Low
Golgi tendon organs
Highly specialized
Ib Tendons Muscle tension Slow Low
Joint receptors Minimally specialized
mdash Joints Joint position Rapid Low
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 88
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
A receptive field is the area of skin over which the application of a stimulus excites a primary afferent fiber
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 89
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 90
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
wwwunmceduphysiologyMannmann5html
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Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
Cartoon of the homunculus constructed on the basis of such mapping Note that the amount of somatic sensory cortex devoted to the hands and face is much larger than the relative amount of body surface in these regions
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 91
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 92
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
Substances Released Following Tissue Damage
Substance
Source
Potassium Damaged cells
Serotonin Platelets
Bradykinin Plasma
Histamine Mast cells
Prostaglandins Damaged cells
Leukotrienes Damaged cells
Substance P Primary afferent fibers
Source Modified from Fields 1987
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 93
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
The skin serves many functions bull as protection from injury and dehydration bull as a radiation surface and regulator in temperature
maintenance bull in secretion of chemical substances such as
pheromones that function as attractants or repellents
bull as camouflage due to coloration in some species bull in reception of mechanical thermal and to some
extent chemical stimulation
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 94
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 95
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 96
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 97
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 98
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 99
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 100
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
THANK YOU
rina_susilowatiugmacid 2014 101
angrianahimran11yahoocom
- Sense organs
- Slide Number 2
- Slide Number 3
- Slide Number 4
- Slide Number 5
- Slide Number 6
- Slide Number 7
- Slide Number 8
- Slide Number 9
- Slide Number 10
- Slide Number 11
- Slide Number 12
- Slide Number 13
- Slide Number 14
- Slide Number 15
- Slide Number 16
- Major causes of acquired hearing loss
- Slide Number 18
- Cochlear implant
- Vision
- Slide Number 21
- Slide Number 22
- Slide Number 23
- Slide Number 24
- Slide Number 25
- Slide Number 26
- Slide Number 27
- Slide Number 28
- Slide Number 29
- Slide Number 30
- Slide Number 31
- Slide Number 32
- Visionthe process of seeing
- Slide Number 34
- Slide Number 35
- Slide Number 36
- Slide Number 37
- Two types of photoreceptors
- Slide Number 39
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Signaling in photoreceptor cells
- Slide Number 42
- Slide Number 43
- Slide Number 44
- Slide Number 45
- Slide Number 46
- Slide Number 47
- Slide Number 48
- Slide Number 49
- Slide Number 50
- Slide Number 51
- Two other targets of retinal ganglion cell axons
- Slide Number 53
- Slide Number 54
- Slide Number 55
- Respiratory epithelium vs olfactory epithelium
- Slide Number 57
- Slide Number 58
- Slide Number 59
- Odorant receptor amp signal transduction
- How many odorant receptors are there
- Slide Number 62
- Slide Number 63
- Slide Number 64
- Slide Number 65
- Slide Number 66
- Slide Number 67
- Taste system
- Slide Number 69
- Tongue
- Slide Number 71
- Slide Number 72
- Slide Number 73
- Slide Number 74
- Slide Number 75
- Slide Number 76
- Slide Number 77
- Slide Number 78
- Slide Number 79
- Slide Number 80
- Slide Number 81
- Receptors of the skin
- Slide Number 83
- Slide Number 84
- Slide Number 85
- Slide Number 86
- Slide Number 87
- Slide Number 88
- Slide Number 89
- Slide Number 90
- Slide Number 91
- Slide Number 92
- Slide Number 93
- The skin serves many functions
- Slide Number 95
- Slide Number 96
- Slide Number 97
- Slide Number 98
- Slide Number 99
- Slide Number 100
- THANK YOU
-
