DDrraafftt PPoolliiccyy PPaappeerr oonn

PPrroommoottiinngg SSuussttaaiinnaabbllee TTrraaddee ooff WWoooodd aanndd WWoooodd BBaasseedd PPrroodduuccttss iinn IInnddiiaa

For submission to the Government of India

Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change

Ministry of Commerce and Industry

Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare

Ministry of Textiles

Submitted by:

Network for Certification and Conservation of Forests

February, 2017

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1. Introduction:

Wood is a renewable natural resource and humanity has a very long association with it. It provides

one of the very basis of life for rural areas and urban/semi-urban households in India as in other

countries, particularly the developing countries, often referred to as the third world. While India’s

forests continue to provide timber and fuelwood to its people, farm forestry and agroforestry have

grown in importance over recent decades in India in providing the industrial wood for its economy,

as well as in reducing pressure on available natural forests. The major consumption of wood in

India is still in the form of fuelwood which accounts for 75 % in the rural areas and 21.7 % in the

urban areas (NSSO). It is estimated that about 270 million tonnes of fuel wood, 280 million tonnes

(MT) of fodder, over 12 million cubic meter (cum) of timber and a range of NTFPs, are extracted

from the forests of India annually.

After economic reforms, India has made impressive economic growth in recent times, as evident

from the rise in income of people. This growth is leading to increase in consumption of wood and

wood products such as furniture, construction timber, paper etc also. Reducing supplies from

forests and rising wood demands is resulting in large gaps between demand and supply of forest

products. As a result, India is growingly depending on import of timber and allied products.

Simultaneously, there is increasing global focus on sustainable forest management and countries

like USA, UK, EU countries etc are developing legally binding certification processes for trade of

timber from sustainably managed forests/plantations, which will have significant impacts on

international trade of forest products in future, including from India.

The forests of India are under severe anthropogenic pressure due to growing demands for forest

products. National Forest Policy, 1988, brought in policy shift towards using forests for

conservation, which included preservation, maintenance, sustainable utilisation, restoration and

enhancement of forest cover. This policy shift caused enhanced focus on ‘Trees Outside Forests’

(ToF) to reduce pressure on forests. To make the farm forestry plantations (part of ToF) productive

as well as viable, industries like ITC came forward to establish farm-industry partnerships. These

agencies invested huge resources for genetic improvement and clonal development of short

rotation tree species, suitable for fuelwood, fodder and pulpwood/veneer/plywood, under their

Tree Improvement Programmes (TIP).

As per estimates of IPMA (Indian Paper Manufacturers Association), from data received from

member mills, almost 740,000 ha of short-rotation farm forestry plantations have been raised in

catchment areas of different pulp and paper mills in the country between 2001-02 to 2014-15, with

the technical and extension support provided by these mills. It is also estimated that almost similar

area have been brought under farm forestry, beyond the reported mill catchments and with the

support of private and Government nurseries, during the period. Impact of this massive

afforestation drive was visible from the fact that in 1990 almost 90% of short-rotation wood

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requirement of pulp mills in the country were being met from forests, which came down to just

13% in 2013 (CSE, 2014).

However, even this fantastic growth was not enough to meet escalating industrial wood demands in

the country. Instead, the demand for timber / wood extracted, especially from long-rotation tree

crops, has soared in the last few decades, and its supply has reduced due to ban on commercial

harvesting from forests. These long-rotation tree crops are also not grown under farm forestry and

agro-forestry systems due to lack of adoption by the farmers, for accrual of benefits after

considerable long duration. Wood based industries in India especially, plywood & panel industries,

which are dependent on long-rotation tree crops, have been facing the shortage of supply of wood,

thus relying more on wood imports for these species. The size of the paper industry in India, which

is mainly dependent on short-rotation farm forestry and agroforestry plantations, has been

estimated to be between Rs. 30,000 to Rs 35,000 crore and accounts for over 2.5% of the world’s

paper. It employs more than a million people in India through about 800 paper mills scattered

across the. The paper industry is set to become huge owing to the significant increase in per capita

paper consumption. As per the projections provided by WWF, the demand for Roundwood

Equivalent (RWE) is expected to increase from 58 million cubic meters (in 2000) to 153 million

cubic meters (in 2020). The paper industry itself is expected to cross 40 million cum mark by 2030

with an annual growth rate of 7- 8 per cent.

The plywood & panel industry is another major sector of the wood based industry. The north-west

region of India comprising the states like Haryana, Punjab, Uttaranchal and western Uttar Pradesh

constitute over 900 plywood manufacturing units out of over 2000 such units across India.

Plywood industries in India are heavily dependent on wood extracted from plantations grown

under farm-forestry and agroforestry, e.g. Poplar and Eucalyptus in the North-West India. Although,

big names in the paper and pulp industry like ITC and Billarpur Industries Limited (BILT) have had

impressive stint with the farm forestry sector, it needs to be improved and scaled-up.

The wood/timber supplies from the forests and Trees outside Forests(ToF) including agroforestry

systems, are inadequate presently in terms of long-rotation tree species; therefore wood based

industries have been compelled to enhance sourcing their wood requirements through imports

over the years in the current decade. In the previous decade, India’s wood imports by value have

been increased by $500 million to over $2 billion to cater to the rising demand in 2005. Now, the

wood imports have risen to over three-fold to this figure (International Trade Centre). India is a net

importer of wood and a member of the International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO). The

contribution of forestry to the GDP of India was estimated at 1.2% in 2002-03, which is an

undervalued figure according to many.

Despite large volume and importance of wood production and trade in India, reliable information

on wood is scanty. The sector is largely unorganized and poorly monitored by government,

especially the domestic trade. This policy paper provides a brief overview of the status of wood and

wood products in India. The main objectives of this policy paper are as follows:

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1. To portray an overall situation of wood market in India.

2. To find out gaps between demand and supply of wood in India and find sources and markets

of Indian wood products globally.

3. To suggest strategies and approaches for developing a flourishing wood products market in

India from the available land resources.

4. To find out policy gaps in governance regime in India (related to wood production areas)

which are proving as constraints in growth of a flourishing wood market in India, and suggest

solutions.

5. To estimate the total demand, consumption and supply/sources of wood in India from

available literature.

6. To recommend future policy measures for meeting rising national and international demands

for wood in India.

7. To assess global wood scenario and India's position in overall scenario.

8. To assess the role of forest certification in promoting Sustainable Forest Management (SFM)

and trade of wood products in India.

2. Domestic Production and Consumption of Wood in India

2.1 Overview of Forest Cover in India:

According to the latest State of Forest Report by Forest Survey of India (2015), the total forest cover

in India is 21.34% of its total geographical area, which is classified under three categories – Very

Dense forests – 2.6%, Medium Dense Forests – 9.6% and Open Forests – 9.1%. The total area under

tree cover (which is trees outside Recorded Forest Area, with extent less than 1 hectare) is 2.82%.

Productivity of Indian Forests: Indian forests are very low in productivity (0.7 m3/ha/year)

compared to the higher world average at 2.1 m3/ha/year (FAO India Forestry Outlook Study, 2009).

The per capita forest area in India is only 0.064 ha which is only one-tenth of the world average

(0.64 ha). The reason for low productivity of Indian forests is attributed various aspects of

unsustainable forest management practices in current scenario such as non-recycling of nutrients,

poor soil fertility, forest fire, grazing, over-exploitation, etc.

2.2 Production of Wood in India

The information on production of wood and timber in India is scattered. As per the estimates of

Forest Survey of India (2011), while the annual production from the natural forests is quite low, the

production from the TOF is much higher. The Forest Development Corporations (FDCs) have been

producing the major part of the total timber produce from the government forests with

approximately 65-66% of according to the estimation from the available figures. Most of the

industrial wood in India is produced from outside government forests and agroforestry/farm-

forestry in the country. Interestingly, a large section of total production of Industrial wood in India

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is sourced from unknown or unregistered sources (more than 35%). Such sources may include

illegally harvested wood and reclaimed wood. Imports contribute about 8% among roundwood

sources.

Table 1: Production of timber in India (Million Cubic Meters per year)

Sources of Wood in India Volume (million cum)

Total Estimated Production of Wood from Natural Forests 3.175

Annual Production of Wood from Trees outside Forests (TOF)** 44.34

Total 47.51

Sources: State of Forest Report, Forest Survey of India, 2011, ** Forest Sector Report India, ICFRE, 2010

As far as the consumption of wood is concerned, fuel wood alone amounts to be approximately 90%

of the total wood production in India. Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh have had the largest share in

the domestic consumption of timber wood, with little over 30% combined, in 3 major industrial

sectors for wood consumption – House construction, Furniture and Agricultural implements (FSI,

2011).

Table 2: Consumption of wood in India

Consumption Category Units Value

Construction, Furniture and

Agricultural Implements (RWE)*

Million Cubic Meters 48

Plywood and & Panel** Million Cubic Meters 8.3

Paper, paperboard and newsprint*** Million Metric Tons 8.7

Source: *SFR 2011 Forest Survey of India

** Association of Furniture Manufacturers and traders (AFMT)

***CPPRI, 2016

Table 3: Fuel Wood Consumption in India

Total Fuelwood consumption Million Tons 216.42

Fuelwood Consumption from forests Million Tons 58.75 Source: SFR, Forest Survey of India, 2011

As per a FAO report of 2014, detailed in table below, plantations under ToF in the country have

been one of the most productive wood resource when compared with the same at Asia or at global

level, meeting almost 93% of wood requirement of the country.

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Table 4: Forests and Plantations-Source of Industrial Logs

Also, it is estimated that on an average 10-15% of trees harvested for pulpwood, timber and

plywood, gets converted as well as consumed as fuelwood. Quantity of such fuelwood, as a by-

product of farm forestry plantations, is approximately 7.5-8.0 million tonnes/annum. Undoubtedly,

the impact of farm forestry in reducing the pressure on forests has been considerable, and that has

largely been possible by the strategic policy shift brought in by the National Forest Policy, 1988.

However, the National Agroforestry Policy of 2014, admits lack of reliable data on agroforestry in

the country. As mentioned earlier, agroforestry in India has expanded significantly in recent

decades with support from the industry with new successful agroforestry/farm-forestry model

being practiced across the country which has given assured markets for farmers. Estimates show

that about 65% of the country’s timber requirement is met from trees grown on farms.

Agroforestry also generates significant employment opportunities and is perhaps the only

alternative to meet the target of increasing forest/tree cover of India to 33%, as envisaged in the

National Forest Policy of 1988, from the present level of less than 25%,. Agroforestry is also has

proven potential to mitigate the climate change effects through carbon sequestration in long run.

The pulp and paper industry alone requires around 2.5 million ha of land for pulpwood plantation

(Chavan et al, 2014). Many states in India are heavily under-utilized in terms of their potential of

timber production in agroforestry.

3. Wood Markets in India India has a huge potential of wood based business and is an emerging hub for wood sector as

opined by many experts. However, sustainable management of wood production areas, scientific

and efficient wood processing is largely absent in India and it remains an unorganized sector where

the small scale workshops and individual craftsmen provide major sections of furniture, joinery and

domestic products to majority of households. The number of large design firms is reported to be

increasing to cater to the needs of growing domestic wood market.

The industrial demand for wood in India has jumped from 58 million m3 in 2000 to 85 million m3 in

2008 and is expected to exceed 150 million m3 by 2018 (ITTO, 2004). The report mentions that

India’s domestic supply of roundwood is insufficient to fulfill its growing demand, hence imports of

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industrial wood has grown more than thrice in the last decade (ITTO, 2004). Growth in reality and

housing sectors has been one of the major drivers of timber demand in India recently. ITTO’s trend

analysis also suggests that despite having over 250 commercial timbers (including highly priced

tropical hardwoods like teak, shisham, rosewood, red sanders, ebony etc), a strict conservation

policy, ecological concerns and age old science limits domestic supply and harvesting of these

valuable species. As a result, India is a net importer of wood and allied products despite abundant

potential of producing good sustainable wood domestically.

The domestic trade of wood in India includes raw timber, plywood, paper, paperboard, composite

wood products, furniture, antiques, floorings, cabinets, shelves, kitchen cabinets etc, furniture,

panels, interior fabrication, decoration, shuttering, portable homes, railway floors, railway berths,

racks, automobile floors, seats, marine equipments, electrical applications (for insulation purposes),

machineries parts, chemical industries storage, partitions, material handling etc. Other important

uses of wood in the country are in toys, handicrafts, incense sticks, specialised wood use e.g.

rosewood (Dalbergia latifolia) and red sander (Pterocarpus santalinus) in musical instruments,

other woody medicinal plants , bamboos and NTFPs etc, which make significant parts of Indian

wood exports. The Indian Plywood and Panel Market is largely un-organized. The organized market

for plywood and panel is worth Rs. 4,500 Crore ($672 million) and the total market is worth Rs.

15,000 Crore ($2.24 billion). The organized plywood and panel market in India is dominated by two

major companies – Century Plyboards and Greenply Industries with other players such as National

Plywood Industries Ltd, Kitply Industries Ltd, Sarda Plywood Industries etc. Century Plyboards

constitutes around 25% of the organized plywood and panel market in India. The prominent end

markets for plywood and panel are the Furniture, Modular Kitchen and Wood Flooring. All these

three end-markets shown impressive growth over the last 15-20 years due to growth in real-estate

sector in India.

According to a report in 2016 by South Carolina Forestry Commission (Arias E., 2016), solid wood

products have not been historically predominant in Indian construction: according to the country’s

2011 census, the use of wood, bamboo and other materials on flooring was observed in only 3.4%

of the households at that time. Similarly for wall and roof construction, wood and other materials

only accounted for 5.4% and 15.58% respectively. However, country’s middle class growth along

with rising incomes seem to be changing these views and consumption patterns in favor of

imported hardwood and softwood lumber varieties for applications in building projects,

particularly for finishing and furniture uses. This context in combination with India’s latest reforms

to its foreign direct investment norms for the construction sector, is expected to boost the housing

markets and imports of wood products such as plywood.

3.1 Projected Wood Demand and Supply

The Paper & Paperboard, Construction and Plywood industries have been projected to be the

largest wood-based industries in India by demand. The total Projected Demand of Raw-wood by

different industries in India (2000 to 2020) is given in the Figure below.

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Figure 1: Projected Demand of Raw-wood for different industries in India (in Million cubic meters)

Source: http://www.indiastat.com

Figure 2: Projected demand (percent) of wood by major industrial segments

Source: http://www.indiastat.com

3.2 The Supply Chain of Wood in India

Flow chart of different marketing channels for timber in India as given grammatically as follows:

1. Producers/Farmers -- Contractor-- Commission Agent--Consumer 2. Producers/Farmers -- Contractor-- Consumer 3. Wood Trader-- Commission Agent-- Consumer 4. Forest Development Corporation-- Wood Trader-- Consumer 5. Forest Development Corporation-- Wood Trader-- Consumer

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It is worth mentioning here that channel I and II are important market channels but few deviations

do exist. It is found that Forest Development Corporations (FDCs) directly supply significant

volumes of wood to industries through allotment mechanism.

The projected demand for wood by different industries:

Table 5: Projected demand for Wood by industries Industry Year

1998 1999 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Paper & Paperboard 4.48 4.48 4.48 8.96 15.4 26.24 35.84

Newsprint 1.46 1.63 1.78 2.56 3.42 4.63 6.22

Rayon Grade Pulp 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.8 3.1 3.4 3.8

Construction Industry 13.6 14.6 15.9 19.4 22.1 26.3 28.5

Packaging 4.36 4.49 4.62 5.54 6.4 7.55 9

Furniture 2.25 2.38 2.52 3.36 4.62 5.9 7.53

Automobile Industry 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.28 0.41 0.6 0.87

Agricultural Implements 2 2.06 2.12 2.33 2.5 2.5 2.5

Railway Sleepers 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02

Sports Goods 0.27 0.31 0.35 0.58 0.98 1.67 2.73

Handicrafts 0.4 0.42 0.45 0.54 0.65 0.78 0.95

Plywood 10.1 10.5 11 14 17.96 22.9 29.2

Veneer 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.34 0.43 0.54 0.7

Particle Board 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.18 0.22 0.28 0.35

MDF Board 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.17 0.21 0.24 0.28

Match Box 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.6 3 3.4 4

Mining 2.9 3 3.2 3.5 4 4.5 5

Catamaran 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.11 0.16

Miscellaneous .5.14 5.4 5.7 6.7 9.4 11.2 15.15

Total 51.9 54.55 57.72 73.9 94.89 122.8 152.8

Source: www.indiastat.com

Table 6: Estimated production of paper, Paperboard and Newsprint Million Tonnes 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 Capacity 12.7 13.55 13.9 18.4 Domestic Production 10.1 10.9 11.8 14.49 Exports 0.53 0.55 0.58 0.56 Imports 1.58 2.34 1.98 2.58 Domestic Market/Consumption

(Production + Imports - Exports) 11.15 12.69 13.2 16.51

Source: Indian Paper Manufacturers Association, 2014

The shortage of raw materials for the paper and pulp industry in India has always been the norm,

and has been a major challenge for the industry; Government regulations and technical issues being

the other obstacles (Johnson, 2011).

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4. India’s international trade of wood and wood products World produces a total of 3.5 billion cubic meters of wood annually, about half of which is used as

fuelwood (FAO). Global production of all major wood products is showing its largest growth since

the global economic downturn of 2008-2009, according to the data published by FAO in 2015. In

2014, growth in wood products ranged from 1 to 5 percent, surpassing the pre-recession levels of

2007. The fastest growth was registered in Asia-Pacific and Latin America and Caribbean.

Therefore, it is desirable that India does not miss the wood and forest products global market bus.

Figure 3: World shaped by wood and paper consumption

Figure 4: World shaped by forest products exports

The above maps prepared by FAO in 2009 show the world in terms of consumption and exports. If

we look at India in these maps, the country is largely a consumer than exporter. The international

wood trade figures of India show that both export and imports have shown a growing trend since

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beginning of the century. However export figures are much less at around 60,000 tons compared to

about 800,000 tonnes in recent years. This proves that India is majorly a wood importing country.

India being a net importer of wood and wood based panel products, imports around 7-8 billion USD

worth of wood and wood products each year causing huge fiscal deficit. Among all the wood

product types, wood-logs of long-rotation trees are preferred by the Indian manufacturers of wood

based products. The prominent countries exporting wood logs to India are Malaysia, Myanmar,

Indonesia, Nigeria, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Gabon, Brazil, Panama, Costa Rica, Ecuador and New

Zealand (Adams, ITTO). China and India continued to dominate trade in tropical roundwood

imports and their share of total ITTO imports has accounted for over 85 percent of tropical

roundwood imports in 2010. However log imports of around 2 million m3 annually still account for

only a small share (under 5%) of the national consumption of industrial roundwood.

The import of wood and wood products is virtually unregulated and customs duty from this has

been substantially reduced. While import of wood-based raw material has been liberalized and

duties have been kept at the lowest level possible, the export of wood and wood products in the

form of logs, timber, bark, pulp, charcoal etc. is banned (Saigal & Kashyap, 2002)

Table 7: Import status of forest products at national level

Year

Wood based

Products Pulp & Waste Paper Newsprint Paper boards and

manufacturers

Printed books,

manufacturers and

journals

Value (in Rs.

Lakhs) Qty (in

ton)

Value (in

Rs.

Lakhs) Qty (in

ton) Qty (in

ton)

Value

(in Rs.

Lakhs) Qty (in

ton) Value (in

Rs. Lakhs) Qty (in ton)

2009 523983.09 2060649 286350.42 611685 160649.44 599510 369855.81 171231 93241024.9

2010 912572.75 3586497 600749.91 1176592 338468.2 2922159 538640.29 192515.79 146315258

2011 1052177.67 2719335 576914.27 1341122 452626.83 1215162 726163.15 331669.35 356696711.1

2012 1341148.7 3305663 687136.11 1237076 443006.19 1301780 818195.41 369249.68 260742436.1

2013 875756.88 2097320 439976.97 733776 258106.13 881644 517338.41 187809.61 159965566.5

Source: Yadav and Basera 2013. Indian Institute of Forest Management

According to the report by South Carolina Forestry Commission, export of Indian forest products

grew 35.5%, from 1.3 billion USD in 2010, to 2.0 billion USD in 2014. The majority of forest

products export in 2014 corresponded to paper products, whereas exports of furniture and solid

wood products accounted for 24.9% and 17.3% respectively. The market for Indian forest products

is highly diverse. In 2014, the top six trading partners accounted for 46.7% of the total value of

exports, whereas a group of 172 countries accounted for the remaining 53.3%. This provides a vast

international market to be explored for trade. This report also mentions that India’s import of

forest products amounted to $7.7 billion in 2014, which represented 1.7% of imports of all

commodities in that year, positioning this sector in seventh place of importance for the country’s

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economy, between natural gas and cellphones. Export in this category has been about dismal 2

million US Dollars.

Mainly wood is imported in India in raw form and exported as value added products. The major

categories of timber, which are being traded by India at the International market are Plywood,

Wood logs (Industrial Roundwood), Veneer, Sawn Wood, Fiber Board and Particle Board.

Table 8: Average values of imports and exports (2001-2015)

Trade value and quantity Plywood Sawn

Wood

Veneer Fibreboard Particle

Board

Imports Value (Million $) 42.4 80.4 37.1 49.0 33.6

Quantity (‘000 tons) 34.9 133.05 60.74 104.2 78.51

Exports Value (Million $) 8.3 14.8 14.6 7.7 2.7

Quantity (‘000 tons) 14.7 20.6 10.5 9.7 2.7

Source: www.dgft.nic.in

The plywood imports showed peak in 2011. The total value of plywood imported in 2011 increased

by more than 100% in 2010. The quantity of plywood imported also increased in the similar

proportion from about 48,000 tons in 2010 to 103,000 tons in 2011. The price per ton of all

plywood imported has been increasing with moderate margin since then. The overall proportion of

India’s Plywood imports by value has been only 3% of the total timber imports and 8% by quantity

of the world. The proportion of Plywood exported by India is among all timber product categories is

about 4% by value. The exports of wood under this category shot up from $5 Million in 2014 to $82

Million in 2015. The reason for such a sharp rise in the Wood Logs exports is attributed to the

export of confiscated stocks of Red Sanders wood by Government of India worth about $80 Million.

Leading importing countries for this wood included China, Hong Kong and UAE. The sawn wood

imports have risen sharply since 2010, and were the all time high in 2015, worth about $300

Million. The exports in the category reached peak in 2013 at about $30 Million, but have been seen

steady decline since then.

China has been the largest exporter of plywood to India from 2001 till date. UAE and Turkey lead

other countries in importing plywood from India. Malaysia has been the top exporter of wood logs

to India followed by New Zealand, Ivory Coast, Papua New Guinea and Ghana. Leading countries

exporting sawn wood to India are Germany, Indonesia, Tanzania and the USA. In 2015, Germany’s

exports of sawn wood to India were all time high at $48 million. Since 2011, Germany has been the

top exporter of sawn wood to India. India’s exports most of its sawn wood to UAE after 2010. The

other major importers of sawn wood from India are Belgium, Kuwait, Italy and the USA. Myanmar,

Viet Nam and China have been the leading exporters of Veneer to India. Large scale imports of

Veneer by India started only in 2014, and these three countries had largest share in veneer exports

to India. USA, China and Nepal are the biggest importers of veneer from India. However, India

exports just over half of its total veneer to the top 10 countries which import veneer from India.

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There has been a growing demand for fiberboards (particle board and Medium Density Fiberboard-

MDF) in India, as growth of organized/mechanized furniture manufacturing and consumption has

peaked up in last decade. Malaysia, Thailand and Sri Lanka have been the leading exporters of

Fibreboard to India. Although Malaysia has been the largest exporter of fibreboard to India.

Thailand has overtaken Malaysia in being the largest exporter of Fibreboard to India in the last

three years. Fibreboard worth more than $700 million were imported by India during 2001-15

from all over the world. Middle Eastern countries of UAE, Saudi Arabia and Qatar have been the

leading importers of fibreboard from India with collective imports worth about $65 million during

same period. These three countries collectively have imported more than 72% fibreboard from

India during the same period.

Thailand and Malaysia have collectively dominated the Indian imports of Particle board by having

almost 60% share in total particle board imports by India during 2001-15. Bhutan has emerged as

third largest exporter of Particle Board to India in same period. The total Indian export of Particle

board during same period is below $50 million per year. It has been found that top importing

countries for particle board from India have been the USA, UAE and Nepal.

Top four species of long rotation tree/timber species imported by India are Teak (Tectona grandis)

Gurgan (Dipterocarpus alatus ) Red Shorea spp (including Sal.) and Beech (Fagus spp.). Teak is most

favoured species and imported mainly from Ghana, Ivory Coast, Equador and Costa Rica. Since

2013, teak imports by India have declined by more than 30%. Myanmar has been the largest

country exporting Gurgan to India. The fall in the import from 2013 to 2015 is can be attributed to

Myanmar government’s decision to ban logging in their forests. Malaysia has been the largest

country exporting Red Meranti wood. Malaysia is the largest exporter of Sal to India, imports of

which have increased since 2011. Germany has been the largest exporter of Beech wood to India,

with more than half of all beech exports to India among exporting countries.

5. Potential of ‘Make in India’ in Wood Sector A large extent of forest and non-forest land area is grossly under-utilized in India which can be used

for wood production. If sustainable forest management measures are adopted, there is a great

possibility that India can produce enough long-rotation wood from TOF along with natural forests

without compromising on forest conservation and biodiversity goals. The cultivable wastelands and

fallow lands available with farmers are available on a very large scale and such lands can be utilized

for the production of timber (from long-rotation tree species) and pulpwood (from short-rotation

tree species). In fact, even the growing stock from the land under TOF is not being utilized to its

growing potential. We also need to study the exact extents of wastelands that can be utilized for

growing certified trees with suitable technology and industrial investments. Over 11% of the

country’s geographical area is cultivable wasteland and fallow in addition to 55% of cultivated land.

Clonal Plantations of certain fast growing tree species, e.g. Eucalyptus, Casuarina, Subabul, Pines,

Bamboos etc can be grown on such fallow lands requiring less irrigational inputs.

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In fact, if we judiciously use these lands, we can easily produce more than 100 million cum of wood

which will easily meet the domestic and international wood demand from the country, leaving

existing wood imports requirements a thing of the past. However, SFM and forest certification will

be very crucial to ensure quality of wood products from India to meet international SFM standards

as well as for ensuring healthy forests in the country. Forest certification ensures sustainable

cultivation and harvesting practices for wood production and plays key role in promoting domestic

and international trade in wood and wood products.

On the other hand, the potential of farm-forestry/agroforestry in India is immense and heavily

underutilized for the sustainable production of timber, for domestic requirements as well as

industry. It can be further augmented by the use of cultivable wastelands and fallow lands, lying

unused with the farmers. Many of these farmers are self-driven and provided that there is sufficient

access to the markets and enabling systems to appropriately incentivize them, these farmers will

easily opt for farm forestry and agroforestry on their farms and wastelands. The state governments

need to bring reforms in their archaic policies regarding harvesting of timber (and bamboo) grown

on their private lands and in easing the ‘transit rules’, which have been discouraging farmers from

growing trees on their farmlands and causing mistrust toward government.

6. Current Policy Gaps limiting growth of Wood Commerce in India There are various other policy gaps in India which are curtailing economic and social growth in

wood sector in India. Some of them are explained below:

i. Growth the forestry and agroforestry sectors in India is limited by the existing restrictive

forest regulations that collectively dissuade people from growing trees on their private and

common lands, especially the long-rotation timber species such as teak, gamhar, kadamb

etc. These restrictions were basically designed to prevent pilferage from government

forests. However, the rationale for such restriction is not very convincing as the species

grown in the forest are to be best grown in the nearby private farms because of their

suitability to that agro-climatic condition. Obtaining permits for harvesting and

transportation are cumbersome, costly, frustrating. Multiple agencies are involved in

issuing these permits and tax is imposed at various stages by multiple agencies. These

restrictions jeopardize local employment in these operations and increase transport costs

for wood. As a result, the domestic agroforestry produce (wood and its products) is

increasingly losing grounds against the imported materials from countries like China, which

are cheaper and of better quality. Bansal Committee constituted in July 2011 by Ministry of

Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) to study the ‘regulatory regime

regarding felling and transit regulations for tree species grown on private land’ found that

there are huge variations in the rules and regulations related to felling of trees and

transportation of felled timber across various states which is impacting interstate

movement of agroforestry produces. This is causing escalation of prices for timber

produced in faraway places from the industries, causing rise in prices of finished products.

There is also lack of unified approach for agroforestry species even in adjoining districts

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within a State. Farmers grow trees primarily for commercial reasons and are often

discouraged due to lack of uniformity in government approach and lack clarity in

regulations. Though the MoEF&CC has issued guidelines in 2014 requesting states/UTs for

easing their felling and transit regulations for trees grown on non-forest/private lands, the

impacts of such lackadaisical initiatives are yet to be felt. Few states have simplified timber

transit rules accordingly and have taken out many species from the purview of felling rules

for TOF including bamboo. However, other states are being lackadaisical in moving forward.

Government of India needs to create a conducive atmosphere for tree cultivation and wood

trading for the benefit of people as well as wood industries. If such policy measures are

undertaken by the Central and state governments of India, we can grow enough wood on

our lands to meet the current and future demands of Indian industries as well as export

significant amounts of wood to bring foreign currency to exchequer by selling wood and

wood products and avoiding import costs. As per ITC Ltd, ‘Now mills are procuring wood,

spending a huge amount on transport from faraway distances. The wood price increase from

May 2012 is more than 46% . Mills are exploring import of wood chips or logs to overcome the

present shortage’. Farm gate prices have been increasing due to rising domestic transport

costs. In fact, wood based industries are finding it easier and more cost-effective to import

wood from outside India than from different states within India for same species and same

quality of wood.

ii. The confusion created by various forest related Acts such as the Indian forest Act of 1927

where Bamboo is considered a ‘tree’ while scientifically it is a ‘grass’. Due to this, despite

India having the largest area under bamboo in the world, we have not been able to meet

even domestic bamboo demands. It is clear that India is lagging behind among countries of

the world in terms of timber/pulpwood and bamboo production largely due to its

prohibitory policies and unwise land-use regime which is keeping it from realizing its true

potential in wood and fiber production.

iii. Blanket ban on tree felling from all ‘forests’ which have been classified by the Hon’ble

Supreme Court in its ‘dictionary meaning’ in its historic judgment in T.N. Godaverman forest

case, has no doubt,helped in promoting forest conservation, yet at the same time has led to

loss of opportunities to gain economic and social benefits from natural forests and private

plantations in India. Despite having about a quarter of country’s geographical areas under

natural forests, we are producing less than 7% of the country’s total wood production, while

trees grown on farms are contributing much larger quantities. Despite sporadic success of

farm forestry, we are unable to produce enough wood for country’s domestic demands,

making it necessary to rely on wood imports from other countries causing the country huge

foreign currency losses every year.

iv. Forest certification and sustainable forest management remain desirable but far-fetched

goals in this policy set-up. Encouragingly, the Study conducted by the Indian Institute of

Forest Management,Bhopal as an important input for drafting of the Draft National Forest

Policy,2016 has a section to ‘Encourage forest certification’ by creating ‘Mechanisms such as

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forest and chain of custody certification that promote sustainable management of forest

resources should be encouraged through development of appropriate standards and

institutional framework’. The draft policy also mentions that ‘Use of wood also has the

potential to create new green jobs by giving a boost to indigenous manufacturing using locally

grown raw material. Thus promotion of wood use obtained from sustainably managed forests

and trees would play a positive role in mitigating climate change and ensuring sustainable

living.’ There are several other encouraging policy recommendations in this study, which

the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change, Government of India should

implement urgently.

v. The Pulpwood Industry’s interventions to develop farm-forestry regions in India have been

impressive, but are required to be scaled up massively and wood production from these

systems need to be brought under the domain of forest certification to meet global SFM

criteria. The shortcomings of these models need to be corrected and the Public-Private-

Partnerships (PPP) models need strengthening to involve more farmers to grow trees on

their private lands. Moreover, Government of India needs to regenerate degraded forest

lands by involving various stakeholders for benefitting Indian citizens, boosting wood

markets and creating new livelihood support and employment creation systems for people

at large.

vi. India’s share in the wood exports including wood raw materials and finished or semi-

finished wood products can get a huge boost with the increased productivity at the

domestic front by sustainably using forest, non-forest and wastelands for raising tree crops

as well as by bringing these wood production areas under forest certification umbrella. The

rise in demand for wood and wood based products in and from India has been a well

predicted and healthy trend and it is the right time when we in India fasten our belts to grab

this opportunity with open hands. Ministries of Commerce, Environment and Forests, DGFT

and other related agencies will have to play their respective roles to change India from a

wood-importing nation to a wood-exporting nation while meeting our future economic and

environmental challenges such as climate change.

vii. The Export-Import (EXIM) Policy of India, especially related to wood and wood products

ishould be or farmer friendly. At present, there are a variety of restrictions and prohibitions

imposed by the EXIM policy of India which needs urgent review. For example, the

procedure prescribed by the government to apply for export or import of CITES

(Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna) listed

species [such as Red Sanders (Pterocarpus santalinus), Rosewood (Dalbergia spp.)], across

India requires the private agency to apply for permission to DGFT (Ministry of Commerce).

DGFT then forwards the application to MoEF&CC, which then has separate division dealing

with the issue. After clearance from MoEF&CC, the application comes back to DGFT which

ultimately forwards it to the Assistant CITES Management Authority controlled by

MoEF&CC again to issue CITES export/import permit. Therefore, such a complex permit

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process causes unnecessary hurdles and delays to traders which reflect on the

underperformance on foreign exchange fronts from these valuable plant products.

viii. Krishi Kalyan Cess (KKC) which was started from 2016 Budget, is expected to generate

resources worth about Rs. 5,000 crores. Revenues collected through this cess “would be

exclusively used for financing initiatives relating to the improvement of agriculture and

welfare of farmers,” as announced by the Hon’ble Union Finance Minister Mr. Arun Jaitley.

KKC can help fund agro-economy including agroforestry in the country which is in

perpetual distress. Over the long-term, an improvement in agricultural land tree

productivity can help farmers earn higher income and consumers benefit from lower prices

as a result of better supplies, keeping a cap on inflation too. The KKC has huge potential to

boost agro-forestry and tree farming also. Given that we are reaching almost saturation

point on agro-productivity parameters and shrinking landholding sizes, tree farming is one

of the most potent vehicles for boosting productivity from available farmlands as well as for

enhancing farmers’ welfare. As admitted in the National Agroforestry Policy of 2014 itself,

Agroforestry interventions can be a potent instrument to help achieve the 4 percent

sustained growth in agriculture. This policy also admits that agroforestry has not gained the

desired importance as a resource development tool due to various factors. Some of these

factors mentioned in the policy include restrictive provisions for harvesting &

transportation of trees planted on farmlands and use of non-timber produce, near non-

existent extension mechanisms, lack of institutional support, lack of quality planting

materials, inadequate research, inadequate marketing infrastructure, lack of post-harvest

processing technologies, etc. The policy says that this is also due to mandate of agroforestry

falling through the cracks in various ministries, departments, agencies, state governments,

etc.

ix. There is need to develop high yielding agroforestry varieties through tree improvement and

improving nursery/plantation techniques. Large scale hi-tech nurseries should be created

for producing high quality planting material for productive agroforestry in the country. Lack

of a national body such as Agroforestry Development Board to guide and supervise the

agroforestry activities in the country is limiting utilization of available lands for growing

trees. There is also great need of various financial measures to incentivize tree farming and

agroforestry such as fixing Minimum Support Prices (MSPs) for agroforestry trees,

subsidizing agroforestry planting stocks and equipments, establishing wood markets etc.

x. Convergence guidelines of National Afforestation Program (NAP) of MoEF&CC and

MGNREGA of MoRD have been developed but it has been observed that funding through

such convergence mechanisms are not regular or timely and depends on perception of

officers-in charge. To overcome these difficulties and to tap huge potential of these national

schemes, long term understanding and commitments by all allied departments is required

to ensure timely and regular funds for afforestation activities.

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xi. There is lack of focus on increasing forest cover outside the traditional forest areas. The

existing tree cover is only about 2.82 % of geographical area and the number of districts

having forest cover less than 5% is one-fourth of the total districts in the country. To fill

these forest cover gaps, afforestation activities need to be focused on non-forest lands such

as wastelands, road side avenues, institutional lands etc. A greater thrust on forestry

extension and education is also required.

xii. Sustainable forest management and certification issues should be built in the forest

management of the country. Forest Certification as voluntary procedure for management

practice will pave the way for the sustainable forest management in the country. National

set of criteria and indicators need to be adapted for practical applications in the state forest

departments, which should be taken up as a capacity building program with the

collaboration of premier institutions such as Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore,

IIFM, Bhopal, BIS, NGOs etc. The weak links in the wood supply chain need be identified and

efforts be made to overcome the supply bottlenecks via technology, capital and credit

policies etc. There is huge scope for value addition in wood and Non-Timber Forest

Products (NTFPs) products.

xiii. There is need to restore degraded forests (about 43% of all forests of India at present) to its

optimum production potential. Increasing the forest area under multi-purpose productive

plantations to about 5- 10% of the total forest area in a phased manner and its management

through Forest Development Corporations (FDCs)/ Agencies with well-defined targets and

appropriate financial resources can be taken up by the government. This requires huge

investments in Forestry sector to create new forest resources in a phased manner which

can be channelised from 14th Finance Commission, Compensatory Afforestation Funds etc.

Also, there is huge scope of utilizing forestlands regularized to tribals and forest dwellers

under Forest Rights Act, 2006 for producing wood and NTFPs by these local communities.

Past Working Plan practices by forest departments for meeting the timber, fuel-wood and

fodder should be revived in forest areas. There is also a need to research various

agroforestry and mixed models and establish demonstration / pilot plots.

xiv. There is a widespread dearth of quality tree planting material in the country. Planting

material such as seeds and seedlings of high quality, clones, hybrids, improved varieties, etc.

are generally of low quality and not available commonly, particularly in the poor regions of

India. It is estimated that only about 10% of planting material is of high quality. This results

in low production in whatever tree planting is taken up by people.

xv. Institutional finance in agroforestry has also not been at par with its potential due to the

lack of awareness and knowledge of technical and economic data on productive

agroforestry models which assure returns and the techno-economic parameters required

by financial institutions (FI) to evaluate financing and viability of the projects. Similarly,

little has been done in developing insurance schemes for agroforestry ventures by farmers.

Lack of awareness, unavailability of insurance products suitable to tree growers, high cost

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of premium and unclear procedure are the factors responsible for this poor state of

agroforestry in India. Weak market access for agroforestry produce and lack of marketing

infrastructure (e.g. market yard), are unavailable in the country except in few states. As a

result, it is largely a buyer’s market and middlemen get the major share in profits.

xvi. MoEF&CC has published the Wood-Based Industries (Establishment and Regulation)

Guidelines, 2016. It prescribes constitution of State-Level Committee in each state/UT.

Sadly, the prescribed constitution has no representation of wood – based industries or tree

farmers. This will lead to biased decision making and thus restricting the growth of wood-

production and wood-based industries in the country. Although, it is prescribed in the

guidelines that “SLC will invite one representative of the industry nominated by the saw-mill

association as a special invitee to each and every meeting of the State Level Committee.”, such

ad-hoc representation will compromise the effectiveness of this arrangement. Moreover, the

restrictions imposed through these guidelines for establishing wood based industries in

section 7 and 8 should be relooked into.

xvii. MoEF&CC issued guidelines for the ‘participation of the private sector in afforestation of

degraded forests’ in 2015. The guidelines propose to make available degraded forests with

forest cover density of not more than 10 per cent to different agencies, including industries

requiring timber and other forest produce for their end use. They mention various reasons

to support this initiative, such as improving productivity of degraded forestlands, enhancing

forest financing, creating new jobs and livelihoods, enhanced raw material availability and

carbon benefits. If implemented, the guidelines have huge potential in regenerating

degraded forests of India with collaboration of private sector and people at large.

7. Recommendations to the Government of India NCCF makes following recommendations for improving the wood production and developing the

wood markets in India:

A. Make changes in the Forest Acts & policies, Commercial Transaction/Transit

Costs to enhance wood production and facilitate free wood trade: Natural forests of

India are not performing well for producing wood or other forest products. They need to be

managed following Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) criteria for raising the productivity

along with appropriate silvicultural techniques. We need to overcome the bottlenecks arising

out of the implementation of the Indian Forest Act 1927, Forest Rights Act 2006, Compensatory

Afforestation Fund Act 2016, National Forest Policy 1988 and National Agroforestry Policy

2014 etc to encourage large scale tree farming by people as well as industries. The trees grown

on private plantations/ farms should be treated as ‘agricultural produce’ and not the ‘forest

produce’ and must be exempted from the harvesting/ transit regulations. Also, all the forest

related acts, policies and programmes must be synergized for making India a flourishing wood

producing economy and wood market. Very importantly, it is high time that the ban imposed

by the Hon’ble Supreme Court should be relooked into by the Central Government and long

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term paths, strategies should be designed with careful checks & balances to optimally utilize a

quarter of country’s area lying under forest cover. If the existing forests are managed

scientifically with suitable silvicultural techniques, they can meet both conservation and

developmental imperatives of the country. The Ministry of Commerce should take initiative

towards rationalizing the transaction costs involved in inter-state wood transfers to help

effective domestic and international commerce in wood and wood products. If we can create

such enabling systems, India can save billions of dollars annually spent on wood imports and

become a net wood exporter as well in near future.

B. Promote farmers to grow trees on farms and create enabling financial

framework: Wood based industries have been successful in the past in partnering with the

farmers in growing wood raw materials. Such initiatives needs to be strengthened and

expanded to engage more farmers in Indian states with innovative market based wood

production systems. Grass root level strengthening of the local forest related institutions like

JFMCs, CFRMCs, VFPMCs etc and can also play significant role in improving wood picture of the

country. There is a dire need of setting up special purpose vehicles /enabling banking/financial

institutions to address specific financial needs of agroforestry sector. This sector should also be

benefitted with crop insurance schemes and interest subvention in the line of agricultural

credit. Financial support through allowing easy access to credit for eligible farmers and

rationalization of procedures for bank loans for tree farming must be promoted and

incentivised. Dedicated Farmers Producers Organizations (FPO) should be promoted to

organize the farmers on regional levels to take up tree farming at economies of scale.

Agroforestry should also be treated as a priority area under Corporate Social Responsibility

(CSR) projects/programmes. Tree farmers should also be considered eligible input subsidy,

post-harvest management facilities, interest moratorium etc. as it happens for farmers growing

agri-crops. Cesses and agri-related taxes such as Krishi Kalyan Cess collected by the

government should be used to promote and subsidise farm forestry activities. Wood based

industries being the end users of agroforestry produce should promote value chain

development, technology development, market information etc. As suggested by National

Agroforestry Policy of 2014, setting up of a dedicated National Board/ Mission on Agro-forestry

and Farm Forestry within the Ministry of Commerce with co-leadership of Ministries of

Commerce, Agriculture and Forests for promoting and comprehensively addressing all related

issues can be a very useful idea.

C. Establish many wood markets across India (in each state): The existing markets for

wood and wood based products are insufficient in India to meet regional and national wood

production and consumption demands. New markets and trade mechanisms, with appropriate

MIS for fair and transparent wood trade (as well as to prevent exploitation of farmers) need to

be devised to establish more wood clusters in multiple states across the country. Establishment

of new markets and revamp of wood supply chains will bring wood markets close to farms and

forests and ease the sustainable wood supplies. Bansal Committee of 2012 had also

recommended that State Forest Departments/ Forest Development Corporations are required

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to play a facilitative role by working out modalities for (i) technical support and assured supply

of good quality planting materials, (ii) in making buy back arrangements (for timber) with

industries and (iii) in creating organized timber markets (mandies), where farmers/ tree

growers can bring their produce for selling. There is also a need to create a positive legal and

financial environment towards tree plantation in the country by creating partnerships with

people particularly farmers, landowners and institutions. People should not feel afraid of losing

their land after tree plantation due to existing forestry restrictions. Also, Ministries of

Commerce, Agriculture and Forests should take enabling initiatives so that export of semi-

finished and finished wood product from forests and agro-forests in the form of certified wood

products to tap domestic and international markets potential.

D. Fill information and knowledge gaps on wood: The lack of reliable information on the

production, productivity and product-wise demands of wood and wood products is reflected by

sub-optimal forest productivity along with illegal trade of timber and NTFP within and outside

the country. It requires new research and wood accounting in India. Forest bureaucracy, wood

based industries, related ministries of commerce, forests and agriculture as well as and the

scientific institutions in forestry and agriculture need to create scientific information and data

as collective effort in a much more regular manner.

E. Establish and Promote Credible Forest Certification process in India: Besides draft

National Forest Policy of 2016, it has also been recommended in the joint report of WWF and

the Planning Commission (‘Niti Ayog’ now) of India back in 2011. It suggests “to promote

credible and reliable forest certification in India by providing suitable support (both technical and

budgetary) to the state forest departments, communities and growers”. However, certification

process should be uniform for all traded timber species states and Union Territories. It is also a

fact that there India lacks universally accepted guidelines, principles and criteria to assess

sustainable forest management practices for optimum wood market development. This gap in

adopting forest certification as wood production and trading mandate must be addressed

appropriately by related Ministries of Commerce and Forests as well as other related agencies

and institutions. Also, forest departments need to work intensively and extensively with

national forest certification agencies to promote the certification of wood and forest products

coming out from natural forests as well as agroforestry areas. Some state forest departments

have taken few initiatives in this direction, but it needs to be a much wider practice. This will

boost industrial confidence, promote wood products trade at premium prices and will benefits

farmers also at large scale.

F. Rationalise EXIM Policy with current Wood Industry Imperatives: As discussed

earlier, there are various lacunae in Export-Import (EXIM) Policy of India, especially related to

wood and wood products causing loss of time and revenues. Therefore, Ministries of Commerce,

Forests and Agriculture should sit together and take defining steps in rationalizing EXIM policy

to help make India a flourishing wood market. Procedure adopted by the government in export

or import of CITES listed floral species e.g. Red Sanders (Pterocarpus santalinus), Rosewood etc

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should be simplified and complex permit process should be rationalized to avoid unnecessary

hurdles and delays.

References

1. A.K. Bansal, 2012. Report of the Committee on ‘The regulatory regime regarding felling and transit regulations for tree species grown on non forests/ private lands’. Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India

2. Adams, M. J. Market Trends. Tropical Forest Update, International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) 3. Arias. E. (2016). India Market Profile. Forest Products South Carolina, South Carolina Forestry

Commission, USA 4. C. Bhushan, A. K. Saxena, 2016. Fumbling with Forests: Why we should not handover forests to the

Private Sector, Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi 5. Chavan, S. B., Keerthika, A., Dhyani, S. K., Handa, A. K., Newaj, R., &Rajarajan, K. (2015). National

Agroforestry Policy in India: a low hanging fruit. Current Science, 108(10), 1826. 6. Compendium of Census Survey of Indian Paper Industry (2016) Central Paper and Pulp Research

Institute (CPPRI), Saharanpur. 7. Dhyani, S. K. (2014). National Agroforestry Policy 2014 and the need for area estimation under

agroforestry. Current Science, 107(1), 9-10. 8. FAO, (2009). India Forestry Outlook Study, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India,

Working Paper No. APFSOS II/WP/2009/06. 9. Forest Sector Report India (2010). Indian Council for Forestry Research and Education, Ministry of

Environment and Forests, GoI. 10. Forestry Statistics India, 2011. Indian council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE), Division of

Statistics, Dehradun. 11. Global Forest Resource Assessment, 2010 and 2015. Food and Agricultural Organization, Rome 12. Green Ratings Project (1999, 2004 and 2013), Centre for Science and Environment. 13. Guidelines of the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) for the

participation of the private sector in afforestation of degraded forests. 14. India State of Forest Report, 2011, 2013 and 2015. Forest Survey of India, Dehradun. 15. ITTO (2004). Review of the Indian Timber Market, (Pre-Project Report prepared by Maharaj Muthoo),

PPR 68/04 (M ), International Tropical Timber Organization. 16. Johnson, T., Johnson, B., Mukherjee, K., & Hall, A. (2011). India-an Emerging Giant in the Pulp and Paper

Industry. In 65th Appita Annual Conference and Exhibition, Rotorua New Zealand 10-13 April 2011:

Conference Technical Papers (p. 135).

17. Kulkarni, H.D. 2013. ‘Pulp and Paper Industry Raw Material Scenario-ITC Plantation A Case Study’, IPPTA Technical Paper Series, Vol. 25, No. 1, Jan–March 2013.

18. National Sample Survey Office (2014). Household consumption of various goods and services in India 2011-12. NSS 68th Round. Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India.

19. Pandey, D. N. (2007). Multifunctional agroforestry systems in India. Current science, 92(4), 455-463. 20. Paper through Time, 2014. Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi 21. Planning Commission (2011) Report of Working Group Forests and Sustainable Management of

Natural Resources Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012-2017). Government of India 22. Saxena, N. C. 1992. Farm forestry and land-use in India: some policy issues. Ambio, 420-425. 23. Yadav, M., & Basera, K., 2013. Status of Forest Products Production and Trade. Indian Institute of Forest

Management, Bhopal

Websites

a. WWF-India, 2012. Timber, Pulp and Paper – Facts and Figures (http://awsassets.wwfindia.org/downloads/factsheet___timber__paper__pulp_revised.pdf)

b. Ministry of Commerce and Directorate General of Foreign Trade (www.commerce.nic.in and dgft.nic.in) c. Centre for Science and Environment (www.cseindia.org)

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d. http://www.ipma.co.in/ e. http://www.worldagroforestry.org/newsroom/highlights/india-leads-way-agroforestry-policy f. http://www.indiastat.com