Drosophila Genetics - The First 25 Years Prof. Dan Lindsley fileTaken from a seminar notice of Sean...

Drosophila Genetics - The First 25 Years

Prof. Dan Lindsley

The screen versions of these slides have full details of copyright and acknowledgements 1

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Prof. Dan Lindsley

Univ ersity of Calif ornia, San Diego

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Dorsal View

Lateral View

Male

Female

Taken from a seminar notice of Sean Carroll giving a seminar at UCSD


Prof. Dan Lindsley


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The dorsal thorax

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Ser

Wings


Prof. Dan Lindsley


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Dorsal Ventral

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Female Male

X X X Y

Karyotype

Autosomes

9

• Morgan, T.H. (1910); Sex limited inheritance in Drosophila;

Science 32: 120-122

• Morgan, T.H. (1910); The method of inheritance of two sex-limited characters

in the same animal; Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. Med. 8: 17-19

• Morgan, T.H. (1911); Random segregation versus coupling in Mendelian inheritance;

Science 34: 384

• Sturtevant, A.H. (1913); The linear arrangement of six sex-linked factors

in Drosophila, as shown by their mode of association; J. exp. Zool. 14: 43--59

• Morgan, T.H., Lynch, C.J. (1912); The linkage of two factors in Drosophila

that are not sex-linked. Biol. Bull., Wood's Hole 23: 174-182

• Morgan, T.H. (1912); Complete linkage in the second chromosome

of the male of Drosophila; Science 36: 719--720

• Sturtevant, A.H. (1913); A third group of linked genes in Drosophila ampelophila;

Science 37(965): 990-992

• Muller, H.J. (1914); A factor for the fourth chromosome of Drosophila;

Science 39: 906

• Hoge, M.A. (1915); Another gene in the fourth chromosome of Drosophila;

Am. Nat. 49: 47-49


Prof. Dan Lindsley


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white-eyed male X red-eyed f emale

w/-♂ +/+♀

red-eyed male X red-eyed f emale

1 red-eyed male : 1 white-eyed male : 2 red-eyed f emales

+/-♂ w/-♂ +/+♀w/+♀

+/-♂ w/+♀

red-eyed male white-eyed male red-eyed f emale white-eye f emale

+/-♂ w/-♂ w/+♀ w/w♀

Sex-limited Inheritance

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• Morgan, T.H. (1910); Sex limited inheritance in Drosophila; Science 32: 120-122


in the same animal; Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. Med. 8: 17-19


Science 34: 384

• Sturtevant, A.H. (1913); The linear arrangement of six sex-linked factors in Drosophila,

as shown by their mode of association; J. exp. Zool. 14: 43--59


that are not sex-linked; Biol. Bull., Wood's Hole 23: 174-182

• Morgan, T.H. (1912); Complete linkage in the second chromosome of the male of Drosophila;

Science 36: 719--720


Science 37(965): 990-992


Science 39: 906


Am. Nat. 49: 47-49

12

w/- +/- ♂ X +/+ m/m♀

w/+ m/+♀

w+ ♂ = + m ♂ > w m♂ = + +♂

Long wingsShort wings

(homoz.)

Coupling

Two different sex limited factors

on the same cross

W hite eyed

Red eyed (homoz.)


Prof. Dan Lindsley


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in the same animal; Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. Med., 8: 17-19


Science 34: 384


as shown by their mode of association; J. exp. Zool., 14: 43--59



• Morgan, T.H. (1912); Complete linkage in the second chromosome of the male of Drosophila;

Science 36: 719--720


Science 37(965): 990-992

• Muller, H.J. (1914); A factor for the fourth chromosome of Drosophila; Science 39: 906


Am. Nat. 49: 47-49

14

B C P MRO

0.0 1.0 30.7 33.7 57.6

B is one unit away from C

• Double crossov ers

• Chromosome interf erence

• In a big region there might

be un-recorded double crossov ers

Sturtevant’s map

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in the same animal. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. Med., 8: 17-19


Science 34: 384


as shown by their mode of association; J. exp. Zool., 14: 43-59



• Morgan, T.H. (1912); Complete linkage in the second chromosome of the male

of Drosophila; Science 36: 719--720


Science 37(965): 990-992


Science 39: 906


Am. Nat., 49: 47-49


Prof. Dan Lindsley


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in the same animal; Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. Med., 8: 17-19


Science 34: 384

• Sturtevant, A.H. (1913); The linear arrangement of six sex-linked factors

in Drosophila, as shown by their mode of association; J. exp. Zool., 14: 43-59



• Morgan, T.H. (1912); Complete linkage in the second chromosome

of the male of Drosophila; Science 36: 719-720


Science 37(965): 990-992


Science 39: 906


Am. Nat., 49: 47-49

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• Bridges, C.B. (1913); Non-disjuncti on of the sex chromosomes

in Drosophila J. Exp. Zool., 15: 587-606

• Bridges, C.B. (1916); Non-disjunc tion as proof of the chromosome

theory of heredity; Genetics 1: 1-52

• Bridges, C.B, (1916) Non-Disjunc tion as Proof of the Chromosome

Theory of Heredity (Concluded); Genetics 1916 1: 107-163

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v/v♀ X +/- ♂

SPERM

+ -

v v/+ v/-

v/ v/ + v/ v/-

0 +/0 -/0

Regular OVA

Exceptional OVA

Normal female Vermilion male

Vermilion femaleInviable

InviableSterile + male

v/v


Prof. Dan Lindsley


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0

0

M II

mww

+

++m+

m

ww

m

++

++

M I

ndj

0

m

w

wm

++

+

+

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v v/Y

SPERM+ -

v v/+ v/Y

v/ v/ + /

0 +/0 Y/0

Regular OVA

Exceptional OVA

Normal female Vermilion male

Vermilion femaleInviable

InviableSterile + male

v/v

v/v♀ X +/Y♂

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v/v/Y ♀ X +/Y

♂

v v/Y

SPERM+ Y

v v/+ v/Y

v / v/ + /

Y +/Y Y/Y

Regular OVA

Exceptional OVAInviable

InviableFertile

v/v

v/+/Y v/Y/Yv/Y

v♂

v♂

♂

+

+

v

♀

♀

♀

Exception’s frequency – 5%


Prof. Dan Lindsley


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1 2 3 4

6 7 85

x/x

x/x/Y

Male metaphase

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.050.001

XY FertileXO SterilePatroclinous

males

AbsentNormalCrossing over

Frequency

XXYXXFemale

SecondaryPrimary

Non-disjunction

• Y is not a male determinin g

• Y is necessary for fertility

• Y Interferes with the normal disjunction of x chromoso me

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A 1918 party in honor of A.H. Sturtevant

on his return from military service

C.B. Bridges

Pithecanthropus

H.J. Muller

T.H. Morgan

A.H. Sturtevant

E.G. Anderson

A. W einstein

S.C. Dellinger

O.L. MohrF. Schrader A.F. Huettner


Prof. Dan Lindsley


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C.B. Bridges and A.H. Sturtevant T.H. Morgan

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• Bridges, C.B. (1921); Triploid intersexes in Drosophila

melanogaster; Science 54(1394): 252--254

• Bridges, C.B. (1925); Sex in relation to chromosomes

and genes; Am. Nat. 59: 127-137

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XXYAA female

XXXAA super female

XXA

XYAAA super male

XXAAA intersex

XAA

XXYAAA intersex

XXXAAA triploid female

XXAA

XYAA male

XXAA diploid female

XA

YAXAOVA

spermA –

set of autosomes

(2 & 3)

super female1.5XXXAA

triploid female1.0XXXAAA

diploid female1.0XXAA

intersex0.66XXAAA

male0.50XAA

super male0.33XAAA

PhenotypeX:A ratioconstitution


Prof. Dan Lindsley


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• Bridges, C.B. (1917) Deficiency; Genetics 2: 445-465

• Bridges, C.B. (1919) Duplications ; Anat. Rec. 15: 357-358

• Bridges, C.B. (1923) The translocation of a section of chromosome-II

upon chromosome-III in Drosophila; Anat. Rec. 24: 426-427

• Sturtevant, A.H. (1921) A case of rearrangement of genes

in Drosophila; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 7: 235-237

• Sturtevant, A.H. (1926) A crossover reducer in Drosophila

melanogas ter due to inversion of a section of the third chromsome;

Biol. Zentbl. 46: 697-702

Chromosome aberrations

C – dominant suppressor of crossing over

Suppression of crossing over only in C/non C heterozygouts

Chromosome aberrations

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A.H. Sturtevant

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• Muller, H.J. (1921) Variation due to change in the individual gene;

[Read before Amer. Soc. Nat., Toronto, Dec. 29.] Am. Nat., 56: 5-32

• Morgan, T.H. (1922) On the mechanism of heredity. Croonian Lecture;

Proc. r. Soc. B., 94: 162-197

• Muller, H.J. (1920) Further changes in the white-eye series of Drosophila

and their bearing on the manner of occurrence of mutation; J. exp. Zool., 31: 443-473

• Muller, H.J. (1920) A quantitative study of mutation in the second chromosome

of Drosophila; [Read before Amer. Soc. Nat., Chicago, Dec. 31] Science 53: 97 (title)

• Muller, H.J., Altenburg, E. (1921) A study of the character and mode of origin

of eighteen mutations in the X-chromosome of Drosophila; Anat. Rec., 20: 213

• Muller, H.J. (1922) Variation due to change in the individual gene;

[Read before Amer. Soc. Nat., Toronto, Dec. 29] Science 55: 106

• Muller, H.J. (1923) Mutation; Int. Congr. Eugen., 2: 106-112

• Muller, H.J. (1929) The gene as the basis of life; Int. Congr. Plant Sci., 4 1: 897-921

H.J. Muller

• Study genes by their mutability

• Mutations occur in any cell in the body

• Lethal mutations occur equally in maternally and paternally

derived X chromosomes

• Mutations occur at different location along the chromosome

• Mutation “lies at the root of organic evolution, and hence of all the vital

phenomena which have resulted from evolution”

• Each phenotypic trait of the organism “is the product of a highly complex,

intricate, and delicately balanced system of reactions, caused

by the interaction of countless genes, and every organic structure

and activity is therefore liable to become increased, diminished, abolished,

or altered in some other way, when the balanced of the reaction system

is disturbed by an alteration in the nature or the relative quantities

of any of the component genes of the system”


Prof. Dan Lindsley


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• Muller, H.J. (1927) Artificial transmutatio n of the gene;

Science 66: 84-87

• Muller, H.J. (1928) The production of mutations by X-rays;

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 14 (9): 714-726

• Muller, H.J., Altenburg, E. (1930) The frequency of translocatio ns

produced by X-rays in Drosophila; Genetics 15: 283-311

• Muller, H.J. (1930) Types of visible variations induced by X-rays

in Drosophila; J. Genet. 22 (3): 299-334

• Painter, T.S., Muller, H.J. (1929) Parallel cytology and genetics of induced

translocations and deletions in Drosophila. J. Hered. 20: 287-298

• Muller, H.J., Painter, T.S. (1929) The cytological expression of changes

in gene alignment produced by X-rays in Drosophila. Am. Nat. 63: 193-200

• Muller, H.J., Painter, T.S. (1932) The differentiation of the sex chromosomes

of Drosophila into genetically active and inert regions;

Z. indukt. Abstamm.- u. VererbLehre 62: 316-365

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Herman J. Muller

(1890-1967)

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X-ray

X/Y♂ ClB/X♀

ClB/Y† X/Y♂ X*/ClB♀ X*/X♀

X*/Y♂ ClB/Y†

ClB

dominant suppressor of crossing over

lethal dominant mutation Bar


Prof. Dan Lindsley


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X-ray

X/Y♂ X•X/Y♀

X*/Y♂ Y/Y† X•X /Y♀ X•X / X* †

Often, a fly is only half mutant –

The genetic material in a sperm is double

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• Muller, H.J. (1927) Artificial transmutation of the gene; Science 66: 84-87

• Muller, H.J. (1928) The production of mutations by X-rays; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.

USA 14(9): 714-726

• Muller, H.J., Altenburg, E. (1930) The frequency of translocations produced

by X-rays in Drosophila; Genetics 15: 283-311

• Muller, H.J. (1930) Types of visible variations induced by X-rays in Drosophila;

J. Genet. 22(3): 299-334

• Painter, T.S., Muller, H.J. (1929) Parallel cytology and genetics

of induced translocation s and deletions in Drosophila;

J. Hered., 20: 287-298

• Muller, H.J., Painter, T.S. (1929) The cytological expression

of changes in gene alignment produced by X-rays in Drosophila;

Am. Nat., 63: 193-200

• Muller, H.J., Painter, T.S. (1932) The differentiation of the sex

chromosomes of Drosophila into genetically active and inert regions;

Z. indukt. Abstamm.- u. VererbLehre 62: 316-365

36

Inert


Prof. Dan Lindsley


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• Kaufmann, B.P. (1934) Somatic mitoses in Drosophila

melanogast er, J. Morph; 56: 125-155

• Painter, T.S. (1933) A new method for the study of chromosome

rearrangements and the plotting of chromosome maps; Science 78: 585-586

• Painter, T.S. (1934) A new method for the study of chromosome aberrations

and the plotting of chromosome maps in Drosophila melanogaster; Genetics

19: 175-188

• Painter, T.S. (1934) The morphology of the X chromosome in salivary glands

of Drosophila melanogaster and a new type of chromosome map

for this element; Genetics 19: 448-469

• Bridges, C.B. (1935) Salivary chromosome maps with a key to the banding

of the chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster. J. Hered; 26: 60-64

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XY

YY

XX

X

X

X

X

Male chromosomes

Female chromosomesInert region

3

2

4

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• Kaufmann, B.P. (1934) Somatic mitoses in Drosophilamelanogaster,

J. Morph; 56: 125-155

• Painter, T.S. (1933) A new method for the study of chromoso me

rearrangement s and the plotting of chromosome maps;

Science 78: 585-586

• Painter, T.S. (1934) A new method for the study of chromoso me

aberrations and the plotting of chromosome maps in Drosophila

melanogast er; Genetics 19: 175-188

• Painter, T.S. (1934) The morphology of the X chromosome

in salivary glands of Drosophila melanogast er and a new type

of chromosome map for this element; Genetics 19: 448-469

• Bridges, C.B. (1935) Salivary chromosome maps with a key to the banding

of the chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster. J. Hered; 26: 60-64


Prof. Dan Lindsley


40Figure was taken from a poster 2005 “learning to fly” phonotypic markers in Drosophila, Jennifer Childress

IV

III

III

II R

X

II L

Bf

sd

vlz

fa

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* * * *

*

**

**

**

*

*

*

***

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In(1)C

fu car bbf B


Prof. Dan Lindsley


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• Kaufmann, B.P. (1934) Somatic mitoses in Drosophilamelanogaster,

J. Morph; 56: 125-155

• Painter, T.S. (1933) A new method for the study of chromosome

rearrangements and the plotting of chromosome maps; Science 78: 585-586

• Painter, T.S. (1934) A new method for the study of chromosome aberrations

and the plotting of chromosome maps in Drosophila melanogaster; Genetics

19: 175-188

• Painter, T.S. (1934) The morphology of the X chromosome in salivary glands

of Drosophila melanogaster and a new type of chromosome map

for this element; Genetics 19: 448-469

• Bridges, C.B. (1935) Salivary chromosome maps with a key

to the banding of the chromoso mes of Drosophila melanogaster,

J. Hered; 26: 60-64

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X-Chromosome

y w rmv


Prof. Dan Lindsley


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Drosophila Genetics - The First 25 Years Prof. Dan Lindsley fileTaken from a seminar notice of Sean...

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