Drones for Good - The Event!

Drones For Good

Jonny ToozeMD & Founder at Lab

#D4GUK@drones4goodUK

Drones For Good

Dr Peter EnderleinSenior Marine Science Engineer at British Antarctic Survey

Different use of Drones in the harsh environment of Antarctica

From animal surveys to aerial photography

Dr Peter Enderlein

with Jeremy RobstCarl Robinson(Phil Anderson)Andrew FlemingAndreas CziferszkyPeter FretwellNorman RatcliffeMike DunnPhil Trathan

Structure of talk:

• A little bit about the British Antarctic Survey

• Background

• Challenges

• Our Drones

• Our use of UAV’s so far...

• The future...

BAS Today

• BAS is a component of the Natural Environment Research Council

(NERC)

• Delivers world-leading, interdisciplinary research in the polar regions

• National and international collaborations

• Leadership role in Antarctic affairs

• Over 450 staff

• Five research stations in and around Antarctica (four year-round, one

summer-only)

• Two Royal Research Ships, RRS James Clark Ross and RRS Ernest

Shackleton

• Six aircraft, four de Havilland Canada Twin Otters a de Havilland

Canada Dash-7 and a Dornier 228

British Antarctic Survey

Antarctic Research Stations

Key Motivation for Polar UAV:- More science through availability- Long term systematic surveys- Repeat (verification) surveys- Ability to survey at the right time of year- Reduced wildlife disturbance- Can access physically inaccessible / dangerous study sites- Smaller mission cost thus enabling science use where cost was

prohibitive for traditional platforms- Operational

- Enhanced science by complimenting survey aircraft (UAVs have different operational envelopes)

- Creating scalability in our airborne survey fleet (from small scale UAVs through fixed wing UAVs to Helicopters and planes)

- Fuel (UAVs use less) “In Antarctica fuel can be as

expensive as single malt Whiskey”

The challenges we face:

- the environment we operate in:- extreme temperatures (batteries can loose up to 50% of

their capacities at -20 degree Celsius)- operating in the most remote areas possible:

- UAV have to be as reliable as possible- in its complexity it has to be as simple as possible- you have to take plenty of spares as there are NO shops in

Antarctica and no next day deliveries- high risk of damage / loss

- before launch: risk analysis- highest risks:

- Water (launch, land from and onto ships; flying over water on the coasts)

- Wind (Antarctica is the windiest place on earth, with quick wind changes and katabatic winds)

• Used for local area mapping and observations for Antarctic Science Projects• Used to allow continued operational experience while awaiting for suitable

larger fixed wing UAVs to mature and become economically viable

Platforms Fixed Wing:

Quest 200 Carolo T 200

Platforms Multirotor:Gaui 500X DJI Flamewheel F450 / F550

• Small portable platforms

• with / without GPS / sophisticated flight mode

• Used as trainers to gain experience

• Very limited pay load

3DRobotics IRIS

Platforms Multirotor:3DRobotics Y6

• ready to fly systems, very reliable

• with GPS and sophisticated flight modes

• Y6 with additional redundancy

• limited pay load to GoPro or small Compact

Cinestar 6

Platforms Multirotor:

Self build “PERJ”

• professional Photo-/

Cinematography platform

• with GPS and additional sensors

• sophisticated flight modes

• including gimbal for DSLRs

• experimental platform to test

different sensors and flight controllers

• with GPS, OSD, sonar, optical sensor, ...

• sophisticated flight modes

• limited pay load to GoPro

Ground control station software

• QGroundControl (Windows, OSX, Linux)

• APM Planner (OSX)

• Mission planner (Windows)

Field operations so far...

• general flying experience in the polar environment:

• At our stations: Rothera, Halley, King Edward Point, Bird Island and Signyand from our ships the RRS Ernest Shackleton and RRS James Clark Ross,

• Specific operations:

• Turbulence fluxes between atmosphere and the sea ice

• Sea ice reconnaissance of RRS Ernest Shackleton

• Environmental assessment (fly over) study on Penguin behaviour for Penguin population surveys (2012), followed by

• Penguin population surveys at Bird Island and Signy

• Feasibility of mast / antenna inspection work at Halley

Flight experience in Antarctica

Turbulence fluxes between atmosphere and the sea ice

Total kinetic energy

of turbulence over

ice shelf - midday

convective

measurement

Sea ice reconnaissance of RRS Ernest Shackleton

• Max. flying height: 140m

• Air temp / speed: -14 degC @ 10 knots

• ~30mins form request to watching the recorded video

Penguin surveys at Bird Island and Signy

Feasibility of mast / antenna inspection work at Halley

Field operations so far...

• Min. air temperature: -30 degC

• Max. wind speed: 17 knots

• Max. dist from ground station: 920m

• Max. flying height AGL: 240m

• Max. flying time: 14m41s

Some stats:

Future Polar UAV Fixed Wing 2015:

Suitably capable and economically viable UAVs are now available Key high level requirements – sub 20kg (dry weight) fixed wing, autonomous, packable into a Twin Otter, endurance greater than 5 hours (goal 14 hours), with fuel and endurance trade offs up to 9kg payload, take off and recovery system. Identify science and logistic missions so platform is as effective (capable) as possible – engagement with the science community to get mission requirements. Operational considerations – Air Unit / BAS pilots (aircraft operation/pilot training / airworthiness expertise), data management, environmental management, safety management, integration into current operations, staff training, reporting

Science engagement

to get mission requirements

Write UAV requirements

and SOW

Requirements

Sensor requirements

Now 2015 and beyond

Tender and UAV

purchase

BAS UAV/UAS/RPAS

Operations Committee

Process (i.e. NOTAM), guidelines, advise, operational environment constraints , platform register, reporting and logs

Training and

integration

Science missions

Thank you for your attention

Flight experience in Antarctica Sea ice reconnaissance

Drones For Good

Gerry CorbettUAS Programme Lead at the Civil Aviation Authority

28

UK Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems RegulationsLAB – Drones For Good – 25 September 2014

Gerry Corbett – UAS Programme Lead

UK CAA Safety Regulation Group

29

Scope

- CAA UAS ‘Vision’ and basic principles

- Small UAS - Current regulations

- Next steps

30

The scale/range of the subject

31

CAA’s UAS ‘Vision’

Enabling full and safe integration of all UAS operations into the

total aviation system

this is a long term aim (10-15 years from now?)

UAS still an Evolution of aviation

CAA supports UK development and implementation of such

systems

Leading the regulatory development

UAS must be….

Safe to be Flown

Flown safely

32

Fundamental Principles They are Aircraft – not ‘drones’ ‘toys’ ‘UAVs’ etc

They are Piloted – albeit remotely

equivalence – to manned aviation

- doesn’t mean ‘identical’, looking for an equivalent capability

No ‘automatic rights’ - to airspace or special privileges

CAA’s responsibility is to Protect the Public – Risk?

General Considerations Piloting ‘function’ same for manned and unmanned – both ‘move’ aircraft

through the air

Same Airspace, Same Weather, Same Rules

Operations - Avoidance of collisions/Lookout principles

Airworthiness

Integrity of ‘link’ to aircraft

Complex Flight Control Systems

Pilots - Operators - Airworthy Aircraft

33

UAS Ops Within UK Airspace

Visual Line of Sight (VLOS) ‘See and Avoid’ responsibilities through direct visual observation

(visually managed)

Limited range- Size/Colour, weather conditions

400ft vertical, 500m horizontal – basic limits

Extended VLOS -ops within/beyond 400ft/500m, RP’s ‘direct visual

contact’ requirement addressed differently – collision avoidance still

achieved through ‘visual observation’

Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS) Detect and Avoid System

Segregated Airspace (if no DAA system fitted)

34

Small Unmanned Aircraft (SUA) “Any unmanned aircraft, other than a balloon or a kite,

having a mass of not more than 20kg without its fuel but

including any articles or equipment installed or attached at

the commencement of its flight”

Note - this does not differentiate between model/recreational or other

uses

SUA are exempted from the majority of the UK Air Navigation

Order (UK Air Law), but 3 specific articles apply: Arts 138, 166 &

167

35

ANO 2009 - Key Articles

138 – Endangerment ‘A person shall not recklessly or negligently permit an aircraft to

endanger persons or property’

166 – Small Unmanned Aircraft (20kg or less)

Articles or animals must not be dropped ……so as to endanger

persons or property

The ‘person in charge’ may only fly the aircraft if reasonably

satisfied that the flight can safely be made (note no specific

requirements for ‘airworthiness’)

Person in charge must maintain ‘Direct Unaided visual contact’ –

for the purpose of avoiding collisions (ie. VLOS flights only)

>7kg ATC permission for A,C,D,E airspace, ATZ’s, >400ft.

Flights for the purpose of aerial work require specific permission

to be granted by the CAA.

36

ANO 2009 - Key Articles

167 – Small Unmanned Surveillance

Aircraft

‘SUSA’ is a small unmanned aircraft equipped to

undertake any form of surveillance or data

acquisition.

Unless in accordance with a permission from the

CAA, a SUSA must not be flown: Over or within 150m of congested area or assembly of >1000 people

Within 50m of vessels, vehicles or structures (not under the control of the person in charge of the aircraft)

Within 50m of any person (exceptions exist for take-off/landing (30m) and persons under the control of the person in charge of the aircraft)

Art 167 ‘covers off’ flights which are not aerial work

37

Small UAS Operations

Regs proportionate to the potential risk, ‘light touch’ where

suitable

Specific aim “to protect those not involved in the activity”

Permissions – required where greater level of risk is evident

Aerial work, ‘camera’ flight close to people/property

Need to be satisfied that your operation is safe

For safety purposes only, not ‘privacy’ (Privacy aspects are covered by the data protection regulations)

Small UAS Currently the biggest/most notable development area

Requests for flight close to people/property/in congested areas, is growing – work commencing to address safety case requirements (ie. prove it is safe)

38

Mystery as £20k 'spy' helicopter goes under

cover in city

“DESPERATE: (name

removed) searches the

skies for his missing

Draganflyer X6 helicopter”

39

Small UAS (20kg or less)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Permissions Issued for UAS Operations

Number Issued

2006 8

2007 7

2008 17

2009 16

2010 59

2011 62

2012 133

2013 318

2014 336 to 30 Jun

40

But………………………

Reason for the rapid expansion in UK ?

Cheap and simple

Simple/light touch – no licensing

No ‘airworthiness’ specifications - ‘hobbyist’, no major

testing/reliability requirements

VLOS only ops – simple collision avoidance

Basic responsibility on ‘person in charge’

Risk based - size of a/c, how much damage?

Next ‘step up’ (close to/over people, BVLOS) is a big one….

Airworthiness + Collision Avoidance = Costly !

41

CAP 722

“Unmanned Aircraft System

Operations in UK Airspace –

Guidance”

Edition 5, 10 August 2012

UK Policy/Regulation developed and published through CAP 722.

(1st point of reference).

Used by other nations as a reference document (and frequently

plagiarised).

Amendment currently underway – Est publication Feb 15•More readable/useful

• Improved airworthiness (ie. Safety Assurance) guidance

42

No UK specific regulations under development

No point in UK ‘going it alone’ – no ‘demand’ as yet

Work underway at international level (ICAO and EU) to

achieve ‘harmonised’ regulations – UK contributing to

this, but rulemaking (ie. lawmaking) takes time (rightly)

In the meantime………

Operational Limitations

AirworthinessDetect & Avoid

43

Europe – EC/EASA

EU RPAS roadmap published June 2013

EASA rulemaking based on a high and uniform level of safety –‘Harmonisation’ across member States – aids development for manufacturers and ‘free movement’ for operations/operators

EASA Rulemaking Plan 2014-2017 features 10 RPAS related rulemaking tasks covering:

Amendment of Basic Regulation – extends EASA scope to RPAS of any mass (proposed to remove ‘fragmentation’ of the market) – drafting underway

Creation of an EC regulation on RPAS and its Annex 1 (Part ORG)

Civil RPAS Safety Objectives (1309)

Common rules for licensing – likely to be required for all RPAS

Airworthiness processes (initial and continuing)

Certification Policy

Operations

44

JARUS

Joint Authorities for the Rulemaking of Unmanned

Systems

Collection of National Aviation Authorities (mostly

European, but also others including FAA, Brazil, Israel,

South Africa

Purpose is to recommend a single set of harmonised UAS

regulations for subsequent adoption by NAAs

7 Working Groups

Ops/Licensing, Organisations, Airworthiness, DAA,

C2/C3, System Safety Assessment, Continued

Airworthiness

Note – EASA intending to use JARUS as ‘Rulemaking

Group’ for much of its rulemaking tasks

45

CAA UAS Programme

‘Step by Step’ approach to expansion of UAS operations

Initial Ops – Get things flying, learn from experience

Accommodate activity into the aviation system, accepting that some limitations will be required

Integrate UAS with other aviation users as ‘routine business’

Initial Ops Accommodation

Strategic Projects

ASTRAEASmall UAS

Spectrum/Security

CAP722

PermissiveJARUS

MoD

EASA Airspace

Integration

ICAO Industry

46

To Sum Up

As for manned aircraft, unmanned aircraft will only be permitted to operate in UK airspace if it is considered that it is safe for them to do so

In the UK today we have a growing and diverse civil UA industry using small rotary and fixed wing aircraft under VLOS.

UK’s SUA regulations are proportionate, scaleable and have allowed the industry to develop, but further work now required to adequately assure safe ops in congested areas.

BVLOS ops (for both large and small RPAS) will require much closer assessment but we want to encourage development – need to know what is holding things back

We are developing appropriate regulation as a part of an international effort.

‘Safe to be Flown’- Airworthiness/Cert

‘Flown Safely’ – Operational

47

www.caa.co.uk/uas

[email protected]

Drones For Good

Professor Nick AvisExecutive Dean, Faculty of Science and Engineering at

the University of Chester

50

25th September 2014Royal Air Force Museum

Hendon

Nick Avis

Faculty of Science and Engineering

University of Chester

[email protected]

Humanitarian uses of drones

mailto:[email protected]

Drones – Non Humanitarian Uses

51


52


53

Military

• Surveillance UAVs, cargo-carrying UAVs, and weaponised UAVs.

• Dull, Dirty and Dangerous

• Military dividend – ? To what extent can these be repurposed ?

Rapid Technological Advances:

54

Vast array of sizes and capabilities!

….. more

Drones – Humanitarian Uses

57

Platforms – Communications / broadband

Surveillance / Search

Transport / Delivery


58

Platforms – Communications / broadband – Google – Loon

– O3B

Persistent - density – cost – ease of deployment

Satellite vs. High Altitude vs. Low altitude

Coverage, control, dwell times and fidelity

59

Drones – Humanitarian Uses Eco-System of UAVs and Data Networks

NASA

Eco-system of Drones – Data + Comms

Google Loon

60


61


– O3B




62


– O3B




63

“And on the day of the launch mission, 350 people from 25 countries including the US, Africa and Europe, acted as ‘virtual’ mountain rescue search assistants as they joined the live search and rescue trial operation from their desktop computers, tablet devices and mobiles.”

Drones and crowd-sourced analysis

[UPDATED] UAV Provides Colorado Flooding

Assistance Until FEMA Freaks Out

By Evan Ackerman

Posted 16 Sep 2013 | 14:42 GMT

64


65


– O3B



66

Transport

Grand Challenges Explorations Grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation went to a group led by George Barbastathis at Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, which is developing the idea of delivering vaccines to people in rural communities. [by drones]

http://www.grandchallenges.org/Explorations/Pages/GrantsAwarded.aspx?Topic=Vaccines&Round=8&Phase=all

http://www.gatesfoundation.org/

http://www.forbes.com/profile/melinda-gates/

67

Nitrofirex

Transport

Transport – small stuff

68

Video pill

“Fantastic Voyage”

Organisations and Prizes

COO, THIS WILL NEVER FLY!

Civic Drone Centre civicdronecentre.org

Organisations and Prizes

COO, THIS WILL NEVER FLY!

Prizes

• DUBAI // Fancy winning US$1 million or Dh1m?

• Now is your chance as the Government is offering the prize money to

anyone who can invent drones to deliver services.

• The competition was launched by Mohammed Al Gargawi, Minister of

Cabinet Affairs, at the Government Summit in Duba

• http://www.thenational.ae/uae/government/million-dollar-contest-

launched-to-invent-drones-for-uae-government-services#ixzz3EAj4U9sZ

http://www.thenational.ae/uae/government/uae-develops-delivery-drones-to-improve-government-services

http://www.thenational.ae/uae/government/million-dollar-contest-launched-to-invent-drones-for-uae-government-services#ixzz3EAj4U9sZ

Conclusion

Technology – cool/shiny

Cost

Capability

Convenience

Acceptance

Safety concerns

71

URLs

72

http://irevolution.net/tag/uav/http://gerardens.com/2012/08/02/wildfire-fighting-robots/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-28318281http://irevolution.net/2014/08/29/google-uavs-for-disaster-response/http://irevolution.net/2014/06/25/humanitarians-in-the-sky/http://spectrum.ieee.org/automaton/robotics/aerial-robots/falcon-uav-provides-colorado-flooding-assistance-until-fema-freaks-outhttp://irevolution.net/2014/09/07/disaster-tweets-give-responders-valuable-data/www.ob3networks.orgcivicdronecentre.org

The Rise of the Humanitarian Drone: Giving Content to an Emerging Concept (forthcoming)

Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2014) The Rise of the Humanitarian Drone: Giving Content to an Emerging Concept (forthcoming), Millennium: Journal of International Studies.

http://irevolution.net/tag/uav/

http://gerardens.com/2012/08/02/wildfire-fighting-robots/

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-28318281

http://irevolution.net/2014/08/29/google-uavs-for-disaster-response/

http://irevolution.net/2014/06/25/humanitarians-in-the-sky/

http://spectrum.ieee.org/automaton/robotics/aerial-robots/falcon-uav-provides-colorado-flooding-assistance-until-fema-freaks-out

http://irevolution.net/2014/09/07/disaster-tweets-give-responders-valuable-data/

http://irevolution.net/2014/09/07/disaster-tweets-give-responders-valuable-data/

THANK YOU!

• [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

Drones For Good

Serge WichCo-Founder at conservationdrones.org

DRONES& monitoring biodiversity ( threats)

CONSERVATION

Serge WichLiverpool John Moores University, UK

Lian Pin KohUniversity of Adelaide, Australia

Source: Orangutan Foundation

Source: Rainforest Rescue

An urgent problem...monitoring of orangutans

Survey work

Sumatra distribution (2012)

Sources: nicecliparts.com, melodyshaw.com

Seed funding...

Happily we went shopping

...we decided to look for a cheaper ‘Do-It-Yourself’ solution...

Drones are expensive and might also be expensive to maintain...

Source: youtube.com/1sgttoles

DIYDrones.com – Amateur Drone BuildersDo-it-yourself drones

+ +

Model aircraft Autopilot Payload

Software

+ Conservation

Drone!=

Prototype Drone (< £650)

Prototype Drone ... Test flights in Switzerland

First field tests in N Sumatra, Indonesia (Jan 2012)

ConservationDrones.org... Founded April 2012

253, 707 views (01/07/2014)

How does a Conservation Drone work?

Mission Planning: Clicking waypoints on Google map

Quick look River survey

Map an area Patrol forest boundary

The Caipirinha drone

Flight data screen

Prototype: Bixler Raptor drone Skywalker drone

Maja drone Finwing drone Vanguard drone

Different models

Weight: ~1-3 kg (inc. batteries)

Payload: ~0-1 kg

Automatic Take-off: Hand launchedAutonomous Flight: Guided by GPSAutomatic Landing: Within 100 x 100 m field

Flight time: ~20-90 minutes

Range: ~15-70 km

Sensors: Photo, video, thermal imaging cameras

Telemetry: ‘Live’ transmission of flight data and video

Wingspan: 1-1.8 m

Photo Quality: ~1 – 10 cm per pixel resolution

SPECS

Different multi-rotor models

What is a Conservation Drone good for?

Super low-cost remote sensor

Orangutan nests

Reforestation project in Sumatra

In collaboration with the Sumatran Orangutan Society and the Orangutan Information Centre (Wich et al in prep)

2238 images

5.22 sq. km / 1289ac

5.22cm/pixel side

91 orangutan nest in ground surveys

Aerial images being analysed

Turtle nest

Bat (detecting) drones

ConservationDrones with Terry Reardon (South Australian Museum) and Alice

Hughes (Chinese Academy of Science). Detecting the Grey-headed flying-fox

Bat calls (~39kHz)

Noise from drone (<4kHz)

Wild orangutan

Elephant (Sumatra)Scale:100%|F-stop: f/2.7|Exp: 1/1000|Lens:28mm|Altitude:80m agl

Wild Rhinos (Nepal)Scale:100%|F-stop: f/3.1|Exp: 1/1000|Lens:28mm|Altitude:100m agl

Forest buffaloes

Monitoring birds

A collaboration between Monash University and ConservationDrones.

Focus on Crested Terns (photo) and Lesser Frigatbird

Automatic object recognition needed due to large amount of data

(Chen et al. 2014)

Ecosystem-level PatternsScale:50%|F-stop: f/2.7|Exp: 1/500|Lens:28mm|Altitude:100m agl

Tree-level PhenomenaScale:100%|F-stop: f/4|Exp: 1/1000|Lens:50mm|Altitude:100m agl

Question 1 Preliminary results:

Tree species identification (Gabon)

(van Andel et al. in prep))

Human Activities: LoggingScale:30%|F-stop: f/4.2|Exp: 1/500|Lens:28mm|Altitude:100m agl

Agriculture: Oil PalmScale:17%|F-stop: f/4.2|Exp: 1/250|Lens:28mm|Altitude:100m agl

Mosaic of multiple drone images

1000 m

Landsat satellite: 30m/pixel

Camera on UAV: 3cm/pixel

Forest monitoring in Gunung Leuser National Park

(Courtesy of Graham Usher and Matt Nowak, SOCP)

Grey = water

Blue = Forest

Green = agriculture/barren

Dark red = barren/housing

Red = roads/barren Courtesy of Ahimsa Campos-Arceiz and Wee Siong

Landsat image classified based on land cover from photomosaic from drone

(Szantoi et al. in prep)

Georeferenced photo-mosaics draped over DSM

X

Z

Y

In collaboration with: Dronemapper.com & ETH Future Cities Laboratory

3D ‘Forest overview’ from Drone-based Imagery

High Definition Video Camera

Video camera

Youtube.com/lp76

Bird’s Eye View of Landscape

Odzala National Park, Congo

Thermal imaging

With Andy Goodwin (LJMU OpenLabs) and support from www.Xenics.com

Belize

Gabon

Kenya

Tanzania

Rep Congo Madagascar

USA

Germany

Switzerland

India

Indonesia

Malaysia

CambodiaNepal

Greenland Scotland

Chile

Belize

Australia

Panama

Radio collarsCamera traps

VHF

Ongoing developments...

Spy mics

Drones For Good

Robin HiggonsManaging Director at Qi3

Drones For Good

Andrew RicheAgronomist at Rothamsted Research

Rothamsted Researchwhere knowledge grows

Monitoring crop experiments by drone

Andrew RicheSlide 156

Talk outline

• Background

• RPAs in agriculture

• Rothamsted RPA

• Monitoring field trials

• How the RPA can help

157

Food Security

‘Demand for food is projected to increase by 50% by 2030 and double by 2050’

‘The challenge for global agriculture is to grow more food on not much more

land, using less water, fertiliser and pesticides than we have historically

done’Sir John Beddington

UK Government Chief Scientific Adviser 158

Pros

• Independent of ground conditions

• Relatively quick

Cons

• Small payload

• Short flying time

• Accidents happen

Current uses

• Bird scaring

• Mapping/scouting

• Crop Spraying

• Monitoring field experiments

RPAs in agriculture

Slide 159

Rothamsted RPA

Slide 160

HD video camera

RGB stills/HD video camera

Thermal imaging camera

Near infrared camera

Computer waypoint control

Endurance: 10 min+Up to 50 waypoints

Manual control

• Insurance

• CAA permission to fly

• Airspace permission (>7kg)

Flying limitations

• Maximum altitude 400ft

• Maximum distance 500m from operator

• Not within 150m of a congested area

• Not within 50m of a person not under pilots control

• Operator must maintain unaided visual contact

• Suitable weather

RPA Regulations

Slide 161

UK Cereal yields 1892-2010

• Yields increased rapidly from the 1940s

• A lot of variation between years

• Yields have not increased in the last 10 years

• This pattern occurs in many European countries

• Reasons for static yields not fully understood

162

Wheat Research - Small plot field experiments

Slide 163

• Anthesis

• Hyperspectral Reflectance

• Maturity

• Height

• Lodging

• Spad

• Harvest

Phenotyping

Slide 164

Need for High Throughput Phenotyping

165

5000 plots10 000 samples

200km

Date Times

Anthesis May - July 16

Hyperspectral Reflectance Apr - July 3

Maturity June - July 11

Height June 1

Lodging, SPAD 3

Total 34

170km

• Time consuming

• Lack of person power

• Skilled

• Laborious (tedious!), repetitive

• Weather dependant

Phenotyping – the problem

Slide 166

Remote sensing options:

Sony RGB camera

Optris Thermal Imaging camera

ADC Near-infrared camera

RPA Sensors

Slide 167

• 24 Mpixels

• Establishment/canopy cover

• Nitrogen status

• Maturity

• Height

• Lodging

RGB Camera

Slide 169

RGB Camera – Digital Surface Models

Slide 170 F. Holman, 2014

• 10 Ground Control Points• 40m altitude• Imaged every second

Estimating wheat height from DSM

• 0.11Mpixels

• 40mK sensitivity

• Stress: insect, pathogen, water

• Stomatal conductance

• Canopy architecture eg Flag leaf angle

Thermal Infra-red Camera

Slide 171

• Take-all (a root disease of wheat)

• Symptons visible early summer

• Show as lower temperature

• Often stress will show as a higher temperature, eg water stress

Disease

Slide 172

• 3.2 Mpixels

• Crop/canopy dynamics

• Nutrients status

• Various vegetation indices, e.g. NDVI, SAVI.

Hyperspectral Camera

Slide 173

Image processed to show Soil Adjusted Vegetation index. Area of poor growth shows up as reduced SAVI.

SAVI=(NIR-RED)/(NIR+RED+L)*(1+L)

• NDVI measurements in April showed a correlation with grain yield at final harvest

Establishment - NDVI

Slide 174

Yield

Slide 175

Relationship between Grain Yield and spectral reflectance Relationship between Grain Nitrogen concentration and spectral reflectance

Relationship between Grain Nitrogen uptake and spectral reflectance

Multispectral Infra-red camera

• Anthesis

• Pests (aphids)

• Disease

• Weeds

• Nutrient stratus

• Yield

• Nutrient offtake

Future sensors

Slide 176

Lidar

• detailed canopy modelling and crop architecture.

• Tec5 spectra at anthesis (8 cultivars, 3 reps, 4 N levels)

• GAI and biomass at anthesis predicted with high confidence

• Ear population correlated poorly

Phenotypic traits at anthesis, full spectrum 350-1000nm

Slide 177

• We have learnt how to fly the RPA and collect images

• We are learning how to use the data collected

• We still have much to learn about image processing and other sensor technology

• We believe the technology will save time, collect reliable data and enable more data to be collected than before

However:

• We could have too much data

• We need to fully utilize the technology and data

Conclusions

Slide 178

Acknowledgements

Malcolm HawkesfordSaroj ParmorDavid Soba-HidalgoLaure BeghinMartin SuplissonBaptiste Hamon

Computing staffLinda CarltonPaul ComptonPhilip Webb

RRes Farm StaffStephen GowardChris MackayNick Chichester-Miles

Slide 179

Drones For Good

Simon NielsenCEO & Founder at Ctrl.Me Robotics

The Future of DronesI n P h o t o g r a p h y a n d C i n e m a

CINEMA DRONES

A DIFFERENT SOLUTION

• Cost

• Portability

• Reliability &

Safety

• Precision

NEW TRENDS

• Props

• Characters

• Creative Shots

• Follow Focus

• Semi Autonomous

• Longer Flight Times

DIRECTING DRONES

Drones are the new tripod Giving back control

DESIGNING FOR THE FUTURE

1 - 3 Years:

Safety

Miniaturization

Autonomy

HD 3D Streaming

3 - 10 Years:

Widespread Adoption

Camera

Power

AI

Drones For Good

Steve RoestCEO & Co-Founder at Skycap

Anti-Poachingand

The Drone Revolution

Steve RoestShadowView – SkyCap

Drones For Good

London

25 Sep 2014SkyCap - ShadowView

SkyCap - ShadowView

ShadowView

• Grew out of work with a Sea Shepherd Conservation Society

• Missions flown in 7 continents by end 2014

• First success in Namibia and Antarctica

• First to capture evidence of illegal hunting in the UK

• First ever to capture rhino poachers on thermal during live mission in Greater Kruger South Africa

• Work with a large range of local and international partners

SkyCap - ShadowView

Equipment

SkyCap - ShadowView

SkyCap - ShadowView

Thermal imagery key

Fixed Wing

SkyCap - ShadowView

Rotary

SkyCap - ShadowView

Projects

SkyCap - ShadowView

Borneo

SkyCap - ShadowView

Malawi – Kasungu National Park

• 2000 African elephants ten years ago

• Current population: 100

Provide UAV support during anti-poaching patrols

SkyCap - ShadowView

South Africa – Rhino Wars

SkyCap - ShadowView

South Africa - Greater Kruger area

• Over 900 rhino poached in the Greater Kruger Area in 2013

• ShadowView collaborate with local organisations

• UAVs help level the playing field when utilised effectively

SkyCap - ShadowView

Questions?

SkyCap - ShadowView

Drones For Good

Peter LeeSenior Associate at Taylor Vintners LLP

unmanned systems

The law

Drones4Good

210

Intellectual

property

Copyright

Designs rights

Software

Patents

Other IPRContracts

Who does what to whom, when and

for how much

Liability and risk

Termination

Airspace &

Airworthiness

regulationsNational AA

ANO (UK)

CAP 722 (UK)EASA Regs

Insurance

Privacy

Data protection

issues

Tortious

liability

Article 8 vs Article 10 (ECHR)

UAV

legal

issues

Flow down Export

control

Funding

Surveillance

Ethics

211

@Glaciologist: if a #uavcrashes and kills you who’s responsible if it is automated?

@bway: I reckon @PeterLee000 is probably the man for that Q!...

@bway

@Glaciologist

@PeterLee000

@Glaciologist @bway my response "if a #UAV crashes and kills you who's responsible if it is automated?" http://youtu.be/Mq1ySjUkOD4 #UAV #drone

Next 5 years…

• Regulation – airspace integration

• Airworthiness

• Urban operations

• FPV flight

• Spectrum – 2.4Ghz (Ofcom)

• Data analytics

• Automation / sense and avoid

• Public perception

• Regulator prosecutions

• Privacy and data protection (ICO)

Peter Lee

Twitter: @PeterLee000

Blog: http://dronelaw.blogspot.co.uk/

Email: [email protected]

DD: +44 (0)1223 225149

Mob: +44 (0)7969 910777

Drones For Good

Alexander BurwitzOperations Manager at Nitrofirex

NITROFIREX 2014 Copyright © All rights reserved

NITROFIREX

•Concept•AGC Definition•Operation Phases AGC• Possible Uses of the Concept

FOREST FIRES

• Market Analysis

• AGC Description

• Launcher Aircraft

• Operational Advantages

• Economical Advantages

• Safety & Regulations

• Conclusions

9/29/2014

NITROFIREX, is a new approach in the world of the Aerial Vehicles,

which aims to develop the capacity of spraying or spreading a large

payload in a hostile, difficult or impossible to access environment

with a manned plane.

(WORLD-WIDE PATENTED CONCEPT, see back up slide nº 28)

)

NITROFIREX 2014 Copyright © All rights reserved 9/29/2014

NITROFIREX’s the main elements to be used are:

“LAUNCHER AIRCRAFT” or LA

A heavy transport aircraft with a rear ramp.

“AUTONOMOUS GLIDING CONTAINERS” or AGCs

These carry the payload from the LA to the the programed release point.


1.- LAUNCH

Initial phase of the operation in of which the AGCs are mechanically

launched from the L.A.


2.- GLIDE and GUIDANCE

The AGCs containing the payload glide to their target and are

equipped with a guidance system which makes it fully autonomous

from the launch to the targeted release point (glided-guided bomb).

.


AGM-154A (JSOW)

3.- DROP

Reaching their targeted release point the AGCs drop their content

automatically and with great precision.


4.- ESCAPE MANEUVER

Then the AGCs rapidly escape from the hostile zone taking advantage

of the amount of height gained due to the big and sudden loss of

weight. This maneuver is used as a transition into the following phase

of recovery.


(see discussion back up slides 29/30

5.- RECOVERY and LANDING

Once empty and removed of the hostile zone, the AGCs begin their

recovery phase by means of their small jet engine, recovering and landing

in the base of operation of the L.A. in a completely autonomous way


Recovery is performed at night, below 500’ and over non populated areas:

Air/ground SAFETY & PRIVACY are not affected

9/29/2014

FORESTFIRE FIGHTING AT NIGHT

OTHER FIRES

NUCLEAR, CHEMICAL or BIOLOGICAL EMERGENCIES

METEOROLOGICAL PHENOMENA

DRUG PLANTATION SPRAYING

PESTS SPRAYING or SEEDING (Remote and / or inaccessible areas)



Current airborne firefighters are:

Slow

Manual water drops

Daytime operation

Single role aircraft

Risky operations

TECHNOLOGICAL PARADOX:

DETECTION TIME vs. REACTION TIME

CURRENT TECHNOLOGICAL STATUS

• Economic loss over the last 20 years (1992-2011) 6.139 mill € (307 mill €/year)

• Average affected surface last 20 years (1993-2012) 133.288 ha/year

• Average annual fires last 20 years (1993-2012) 18.322 fires/year

• Nº of fires years 05 to 12 25.492 / 16.334 / 10.932 / 11.612 / 14.793 / 11.722 / 16.028 / 15.902

• Number fires with use of aircraft 07 / 08 / 09 / 10 2.594 / 2.702/ 4.235 / 2.963

• Average number of aircraft used in firefighting (last 5 years) +160 (74 PLANES / above 85 HEL)

DATA FROM REPORT “LOS INCENDIOS FORESTALES EN ESPAÑA. AÑO 2005", Pgs 105-107 (M.M.A.)

DATA FROM REPORT “INCENDIOS FORESTALES EN ESPAÑA. AÑO 2006”, Pg 102 (M.A.R.M.)

DATA FROM REPORT “INCENDIOS FORESTALES EN ESPAÑA. AÑO 2007”, Pg 11 /108 (M.A.R.M.)

DATA FROM REPORT “INCENDIOS FORESTALES EN ESPAÑA. AÑO 2008”, Pg 6 / 45 (M.A.R.M.)

DATA FROM REPORT “INCENDIOS FORESTALES EN ESPAÑA. AÑO 2009”, Pg 10 /41 (M.A.R.M)

DATA FROM REPORT “INCENDIOS FORESTALES EN ESPAÑA. AÑO 2010”. Pg 7 / 79 (M.A.R.M)

DATA FROM REPORT “INCENDIOS FORESTALES EN ESPAÑA. AÑO 2011”. Pg 35 (M.A.G.R.A.M.A.)

DATA FROM REPORT “LOS INCENDIOS FORESTALES EN ESPAÑA. AÑO 1 ENE - 31 DIC 2012” (AVANCE INFORMATIVO) Pgs 47 (M.A.G.R.A.M.A.)


Forest Fire Statistics in Spain


EUROPE, 4,9

RUSIA

FEDERATION,

16.0

USA, 17.2

CANADA , 21.3

AUSTRALIA,

40.6

NITROFIREX PATENTED COUNTRIES PERIOD (YEARS)AVERAGE YEARLY

BURNT AREA (HECTARES)

SPAIN: 37,1% OF EUROPE

1,8% OF TOTAL

BURNT AREA

PER REGION


EUROPE, 4,9

RUSIA

FEDERATION,

16.0

USA, 17.2

CANADA , 21.3

AUSTRALIA,

40.6

SPAIN: 37,1% OF EUROPE

1,8% OF TOTAL

BURNT AREA

PER REGION

ECONOMIC LOSS AIRCRAFT

1,8 %................307 M€ 1,8 %……………….160 ACFT

100 %..........17.028 M€ 100 %....................8.800 ACFT

8.500 M€ 4.000 ACFT

(1/2 Planes + 1/2 HEL)


DROMADER : 2.200 L

NITROFIREX: 2.500 ± 250 L

AIR TRACTOR: 3.100 L

CANADAIR CL-215/415: 5.500 L

AGCs TOTAL WEIGHT : 3.000 kg ( +/-250 kg) AGCs EMPTY WEIGHT : 500 KG (~20 % TOTAL WEIGHT)AGCs PAY LOAD : 2.500 (+/- 250) LITRES (48 -58 % total volume / 73 -60 % AGCs volume)

AGCs DIMENSIONS (meter): 5,00 LENGTH, 1,25 HIGH, 0,75 WIDTHAGCs VOLUME: 3,75 M³ (80 % total volume)

TOTAL VOLUME NECESSARY : 4,6875 M³

5.0 M

1,25 M

0,75 M


AIRCRAFT PAYLOAD USEFUL WATER NUMBER OF

TYPE (T.M.) LITERS AGCs

C-130 (WT) 19,4 -28,9 16.356 - 22.000 6 / 8

AN-12 20 16.500 6

A-400M 37 31.000 12

IL-76

(T / MD / TD / MF)40 /47/50/60 33.000 - 50.000 14 / 20

C-17 77,3 65.290 24

OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS



• 24H OPERATION

• REDUCED REACTION TIMES

• HIGHER WATER DROP CAPABILITY PER OPERATION HOUR AS COMPARED TOCURRENT MEANS

• MAXIMUM WATER DROP EFFICIENCY DUE TO SEQUENTIAL DEPLOYMENT OFTHE AGCs

• MAXIMUM PRECISION OF THE WATER DROP

• MAXIMUM CONCENTRATION OF EXTINGUISHING AGENT AT RELEASE POINT

• UNAFFECTED BY WIND, TURBULENCE, CLOUDS AND SMOKE

• UNAFFECTED BY GEOGRAPHICAL BARRIERS

• POSSIBILITY OF ATTENDING MORE THAN ONE FIRE SIMULTANEOUSLY BIGDISPLACEMENT CAPACITY: HEAVY TRANSPORT L.A. PROVIDE THE LONGRANGE AND HIGH SPEED

• NO RISK FOR FLIGHT CREWS

• GIVES DIRECT SUPPORT TO GROUND CREWS

ECONOMICAL CONSIDERATIONS I


ECONOMICAL CONSIDERATIONS IIC

OS

T O

F D

RO

PP

ED

LIT

ER

S IN

FU

NC

TIO

N O

F D

IST

AN

CE



• MUCH HIGHER WATER DROP CAPABILITY PER FLIGHT HOUR AS COMPARED

TO CURRENT MEANS

• LOWER COST PER DROPPED LITER

• AGCs CAN BE LAUNCHED FROM MANY KINDS OF TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT

• MINIMUM FLEET DEPLOYMENT

• NON EXCLUSIVE L.A. - ONE AIRCRAFT TWO MISSIONS

• BIG SAVINGS IN AMORTIZATIONS, PERSONNEL, MAINTENANCE AND

SUPPLIES.

• GREAT AVAILABILITY OF HEAVY TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT WORLDWIDE TO BE

USED AS L.A.

• L.A. REQUIRE NO MODIFICATION

• TECHNOLOGIES USED ARE ALREADY DEVELOPED AND AVAILABLE


GPWS

EMERGENCY MODE / FLIGHT ABORT:

- ONE MAN IN THE LOOP

- Automatic / Manual abort mode

- Automatic GPWS system utilization

FINAL GUIDANCE

EMERGENCY MODE

A.G.C.

RECOVERY

L.A.

• TO BE A COMPLEMENT OF DAYTIME AERIAL MEANS

– NON STOP FIGHTING / H-24

• BETTER REGULATORY OPTIONS

NITROFIREX OPERATIONS DO NOT AFFECT

AIR/GROUND SAFETY AND/OR CITIZEN´S PRIVACY

- NIGHTTIME LAUNCH & APPROACH TO FIRE IS DONE IN SEGREGATED AIR SPACE UNDER L.A.

- NIGHTTIME RECOVERY IS AT VLL (500’) FROM THE FOREST FIRE TO THE OP´S BASE

- PROGRAMED TO RETURN OVER NON POPULATED AREAS

- STANDARD EQUIPMENT FOR AGCs IS A PARACHUTE AND AN AIRBAG DEPLOYED IN CASE OF ENGINE FLAME OUT AND/OR ANY ANOTHER MALFUNCTION

WHY AT NIGHT?



CHANGE OF PHILOSOPHY

ACKNOWLEDGE THE SERIOUSNESS OF THE PROBLEM

APPROACH A NEW STRATEGY:

• NIGHT OPERATION

• NO RISKY OPERATION FOR AIRBORNE CREWS

• BIGGER DROPPING CAPACITY

• REACTION TIME REDUCTION

• SIGNIFICANT COST REDUCCTION

FACE THE TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGE

Drones For Good

Drones for Good - The Event!

Technology

Transcript of Drones for Good - The Event!