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![Page 1: Drivers of Health Spending Growth and the Sustainability of Three Major Social Health Insurance Programs in the Long Run Junqiang LIU, Professor SYSU liujq26@mail.sysu.edu.cn.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56649ea25503460f94ba5ecf/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Drivers of Health Spending Growth and the Sustainability of Three Major Social Health Insurance
Programs in the Long Run
Junqiang LIU, ProfessorSYSU
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Combined coverage
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Growth Trend of THE
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If this trend holds-------
THE is predicted to reach:RMB 10326 billion in 2020, RMB 53136 billion in 2030 ,RMB 273429 billion in 2040.
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Sustainability
① Looking back: health cost growth in the past three decades.
② Look beyond: what will happen to BHIE, BHIR and NCMS?
③ Policy options: How effective are they?
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1. Dynamics of health cost growth
• Decomposition method• Pt+1 * Qt+1 – Pt * Qt
• = (Pt+1 * Qt+1 – Pt+1* Qt) + (Pt+1* Qt – Pt * Qt) • = Pt+1 * (Qt+1 – Qt) + (Pt+1 – Pt) * Qt
• = Pt+1 * ΔQ + ΔP * Qt
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Measurements
• Scope of research: Chinese hospitals • Price: the average cost of inpatient and
outpatient services as their prices. • Utilization: the number of outpatient services
provided by hospitals divided by population. • We adjust the inflation using the consumer
price index, and all amounts are presented in 2012 RMB.
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Proportion of medical spending paid to hospitals in THE
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Inpatient services
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Outpatient services
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Average utilization levels
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Explanations
• 1. health insurance coverage• (1) rural areas• (2) urban areas• 2. health reform:• (1) financial incentives• (2) government contribution to hospitals• (3) compensation method
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Proportion of uninsured people, %
Year Urban Rural Overall
1993 27.3 84.1 69.9
1998 44.1 87.3 76.4
2003 50.4 79.0 77.9
2008 28.1 7.5 12.9
Source: Center for Health Statistics and Information of Ministry of Health, 2004, 2010.
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Structure of hospital revenues
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Composition of outpatient service spending
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2. Why Actuarial Projection?•1. Simulating & estimating the cash flow of basic health insurance fund in the future and proving warning for the health insurance fund.•2. If the health insurance fund will incur surpluses in the future, the government can adjust the policies in advance and estimate the impact of each policy.•3. Doing actuarial projection can ensure the solvency of health insurance fund and improve the sustainability of health insurance system.
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Actuarial Hypothesis•1. The starting age for participating in BHIE, BHIR and NCMS are set at 20, 0 and 0 respectively. The maximum age for all three programs is set at 100.•2. The retirement ages are set at 60 for males and 55 for females.•3. The administration cost of the three programs is covered by governmental budget.•4. We assume that BHIE has a block model design, which means that the medical savings accounts (MSAs) cover outpatient costs and social pooling funds cover inpatient costs. In this study, we only analyze the social pooling funds of BHIE. Similarly, we only consider the social pooling funds of BHIR and NCMS.•5. The reimbursement rates of the three programs are assumed to be constant at current levels. •6. Models cover a period that starts in 2013 and ends in 2060.
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Actuarial Models• 1. The revenue-expenditure forecasting model• (1) That for BHIE
• (2) That for BHIR
• (3) That for NCMS
It is similar to that of BHIR
59 54
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Actuarial Models• 2. Models for accumulated surpluses/deficits• (1) If the accumulated surpluses is positive
• (2) If there is no accumulated surpluses
1 (1 ) 1t t t tF F r AI AC r
2012 1
20122013
1 1t
t t m
m mm
F r AI AC r
1t t t tF F AI AC
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Calculation of related parameters
• 1. Covered people in each insurance program• 2. Premium rate• 3. The growth rate of wage per captia• 4. The growth rate of inpatient medical
expenditure in each insurance program
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Covered people• Method: cohort component method
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Covered people-continued
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Premium rate
• 1. BHIE: premium rate is 6.74% (real premium rate). 60% of the total premiums is going into the social pooling fund.
• 2. BHIR: premium is 322 RMB per captia in 2012. It will increase 45 RMB per year.
• 3. NCMS: premium is 308 RMB per captia in 2012. It will increase 50 RMB per year.
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The growth rate of wage per captia
• 2013-2020: 8%• 2021-2030: 7%• 2031-2040: 6%• 2041-2050: 5%• 2051-2060: 4%
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The growth rate of inpatient medical expenditure
• Method: “growth factor” method developed by Mayhew (2000)
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Financial status of BHIE
Year Revenue ExpenditureCurrent-year
surplusAccumulated
surplus
2013 465 371 95 516
2020 1068 950 117 1416
2024 1428 1453 -25 1613
2030 2172 2722 -550 -125
2035 2973 4300 -1327 -5045
2040 4079 6619 -2540 -15138
2045 5121 9490 -4369 -32967
2050 6255 13261 -7005 -62363
2055 7478 17423 -9945 -105911
2060 9122 22495 -13374 -165622
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Financial status of BHIR
Year Revenue ExpenditureCurrent-year
surplusAccumulated
surplus
2013 71 53 17 94
2020 105 87 19 245
2027 160 160 -0.37 328
2030 181 204 -24 288
2036 220 314 -93 -76
2040 244 410 -165 -622
2045 276 543 -267 -1749
2050 308 703 -395 -3454
2055 334 868 -534 -5847
2060 354 1060 -706 -9018
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Financial status of NCMS
Year Revenue ExpenditureCurrent-year
surplusAccumulated
surplus
2013 231 217 14 99
2020 445 412 32 353
2024 553 567 -14 384
2029 672 839 -167 -91
2035 788 1268 -480 -2120
2040 860 1725 -866 -5631
2045 904 2183 -1279 -11160
2050 921 2679 -1757 -18966
2055 913 3090 -2177 -28996
2060 885 3472 -2587 -41114
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Policy options• 1. Postponing retirement age• 2. The integration of MSAs and pooling fund• 3. Adjusting contribution policy (including
retirees as contributors to BHIE and increasing premium rate)
• 4. Abolishing the one-child policy• 5. Extending coverage of BHIE, BHIR and
NCMS• 6. Adjusting interest rate policy
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Postponing the retirement age
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Postponing the retirement age
Proposal
First year with
negative cash flow
First year with deficits and amounts (RMB billion)
Implications
Delay (years) of negative cash flow
Delay (years) of deficit
occurrence
Reduced deficits (RMB
billion) and percentage changes in
2060
Scenario 1 20262033
(151746)2 3
-13876(-8.38%)
Scenario 2 20282035
(137171)4 5
-28451(-17.18%)
Scenario 3 20302038
(123078)6 8
-42544(-25.69%)
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The integration of MSAs and pooling fund
Proposal
First year with
negative cash flow
First year with
deficits and
amounts (RMB billion)
Implications
Delay (years)
of negative cash flow
Delay (years) of
deficit occurrence
Reduced deficits (RMB
billion) and percentage changes in
2060Combining MSAs and social pooling fund
20282035
(163187)4 5
-2436(-1.47%)
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Including retirees as contributors to BHIE
Proposal
First year with
negative cash flow
First year with deficits and
amounts (RMB billion)
Implications
Delay (years) of negative cash flow
Delay (years) of negative cash flow
Reduced deficits (RMB billion) and percentage
changes in 2060
Retirees: 1% 20252031
(155514)1 1
-10108(-6.10%)
Retirees: 2% 20262033
(145402)2 3
-20220(-12.21%)
Retirees: 3% 20272034
(135284)3 4
-30339(-18.32%)
Retirees: 4% 20282035
(125159)4 5
-40463(-24.43%)
Retirees: 5% 20292037
(115026)5 7
-50596(-30.55%)
Retirees: 6% 20302038
(104882)6 8
-60740(-36.67%)
Retirees: 6.74%
20312040
(97368)7 10
-68254(-41.21%)
Retirees and working
enrollees: 9.3%
20472061(-229)
23 31-165851
(-100.14%)
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Increasing premium rate-BHIE
Proposal
First year with
negative cash flow
First year with deficits and
amounts (RMB billion)
Implications
Delay (years) of negative cash flow
Delay (years) of negative cash flow
Reduced deficits (RMB billion) and
percentage changes in 2060
Increase: 1% 20282036
(138404)4 6
-27218(-16.43%)
Increase: 2% 20322041
(111035)8 11
-54587(-32.96%)
Increase: 3% 20352046
(83435)11 16
-82187(-49.62%)
Increase: 4% 20402051
(55522)16 21
-110100(-66.48%)
Increase: 5% 20432056
(27208)19 26
-138414(-83.57%)
Increase: 5.95% 20462061(-195)
22 31-165817
(-100.12%)
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Increasing premium rate-BHIR
Proposal
First year with
negative cash flow
First year with deficits and amounts
(RMB billion)
Implications
Delay (years) of negative cash flow
Delay (years) of negative cash flow
Reduced deficits (RMB billion) and
percentage changes in 2060
Increase by RMB 10 per year
20312040
(7278)4 4
-1740(-19.29%)
Increase by RMB 20 per year
20352045
(5523)8 9
-3495(-38.76%)
Increase by RMB 30 per year
20382050
(3747)11 14
-5271(-58.45%)
Increase by RMB 40 per year
20412055
(1942)14 19
-7076(-78.47%)
Increase by RMB 50 per year
20442060(100)
17 24-8918
(-98.89%)
Increase by RMB 51 per year
20442061(-87)
17 25-9104
(-100.96%)
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Increasing premium rate-NCMS
Proposal
First year with
negative cash flow
First year with deficits and
amounts (RMB billion)
Implications
Delay (years) of negative cash flow
Delay (years) of negative cash flow
Reduced deficits (RMB billion) and
percentage changes in 2060
Increase by RMB 10 per year
20282035
(34570)4 6
-6522(-15.87%)
Increase by RMB 20 per year
20312040
(27997)7 11
-13096(-31.87%)
Increase by RMB 30 per year
20352045
(21352)11 16
-19740(-48.04%)
Increase by RMB 40 per year
20382050
(14613)14 21
-26479(-64.44%)
Increase by RMB 50 per year
20402055
(7759)16 26
-33334(-81.12%)
Increase by RMB 60 per year
20432060(761)
19 31-40331)(-98.15%)
Increase by RMB 62 per year
20442061(-657)
20 32-41750
(-101.60%)
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Abolishing the one-child policy
Program
First year with
negative
cash flow
First year with deficits
and amounts
(RMB billion)
Implications
Delay (years) of negative cash flow
Delay (years) of negative cash flow
Reduced deficits (RMB billion)
and percentage changes in 2060
BHIE 20242030
(150800)0 0
-14822(-8.95%)
BHIR 20332042
(82066)6 6
-8110(-8.99%)
NCMS 20242030
(426275)0 1
15352(3.74%)
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Extending coverage of BHIE, BHIR and NCMS
Program
First year with
negative cash flow
First year with
deficits and
amounts (RMB billion)
Implications
Delay (years) of negative cash flow
Delay (years) of negative cash
flow
Reduced deficits (RMB
billion) and percentage
changes in 2060
BHIE 20242030
(166298)0 0
676(0.41%)
BHIR 20302039
(7853)3 3
-1164(-12.91%)
NCMS 20242029
(43317)0 0
2224(5.41%)
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Adjusting interest rate policy
Program
First year with
negative cash flow
First year with
deficits and
amounts (RMB billion)
Implications
Delay (years) of negative cash flow
Delay (years) of negative cash
flow
Reduced deficits (RMB
billion) and percentage
changes in 2060
BHIE 20242031
(165278)0 1
-344(-0.21%)
BHIR 20272037
(8922)0 1
-96(-1.06%)
NCMS 20242030
(41011)0 1
-82(-0.20%)