Driven Drawing Paint Conventionality Dynamics Deals With Continuous Customization Across Basic Built...

8/12/2019 Driven Drawing Paint Conventionality Dynamics Deals With Continuous Customization Across Basic Built Behavior

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Driven drawing paint conventionality dynamics deals with continuous customization across basic built

behavior shaking transition events for industrial manufacturing of real job scheduling ((roof = return

valuable variable, root = jamb's battleground)) accordingly to translation's logics language

Said Mchaalia, Susanne Weber, Keith A. Koehler, Sarah ingham, !her"l Wallace, #li$abeth f. Schneider, %dej Kao,

&oseh lisin, M"lene S"lvestre, &e*el Wheeler, #li$abeth A. +ubrits", . -. rahman

(draft co" /ebruar" 01th 2034)

In fact, the main major driven dynamics of disposal proposal computing is to convert a conservative

mathematical intelligence insight inside further future of any possible probable under custom's customization

of industrial manufacturing focus on fashion flows. Therefore, the intentional illustration of elementary

effects of any envisage evolving environment functionism of mapping pair ( bu", sell )defined as follows:

( buy movable inductive effect .j.2.'i.f. i(t) t

,

sell capacitive attentional ability !

j.2.i.f.!

.i (t) . t "

/igure 3 conservative mathematical intelligence insight inside further future of an" ossible robable under custom's

customi$ation of industrial manufacturing focus on fashion flo*s

#ence, the retaining returns of such an intentional investing investigation of integrated implementation of


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any possible probable deep driven drawing paint attentionality' s dynamics deals with continuous

customization across basic built in behavior in order to conserve transition events and focus on translation's

logics language for manufacturing mapping waves dealing with job scheduling involving inside dreaming

couple of ((roof = return valuable variable, root = jamb's battleground)", invo$es any driven design of

measurable core processing, whom inductor's aspect characterizes rays production and its capacitor control

customizes the mathematical intentional focus on fashion flow. Thus, the attentional ability (capacitive

associate description" and the inductive driven derivation (variable valuable intention" of any measurable

amount %uantities deals within draws with (whose envisage e&citing e%uivalence should burrow and hide theinertial aspect of state machine's logics languages" symbolic surround focus on following operating

dynamics.

In fact, the main major operating focus on function of proposal disposal under customer's seal systematic

neat networ$ing of scene shows accomplishing any job scheduling should evolve and invo$e intentional

mathematical description of two identical similar corresponding things that are matched for use together.

Thus, Said Mchaaliaand al could provide mathematical following operating focus ons function flows:

!. rational reporting ratio off( )tos5r6sin()cos()(cos() 7 sin())8 9= f( )

sin ()cos()(cos()sin())

. commercial customizing financial e&citing environment investing validation of manufacturing

intention and producing valuable tides (To rise and fall li$e the tide, which is defined to be the

periodic variation in the surface level of the oceans and of bays, gulfs, inlets, and estuaries, caused

by gravitational attraction of the moon and sun", this is illustrated below as follows :

:=!

(sin()cos()(cos()sin())). e

a.;, a>

#ence, the following integrated mathematical amount %uantities ( 9= f( )

sin () cos()(cos( )sin()),

:= !(sin()cos( )(cos()sin()))'

. ea.;'

, a>( " could be easy translated to a surround safe use of

s5r6sin()8 ors5r6cos()8because any corresponding normal distribution fashion flow bents and leans or slopes

a fuzzy assignment assistance to rely any systematic support of driven digital data behavior.

Therefore, the following integrated mathematical amount %uantities shown below as follows:

( 9=f( )

sin () cos()(cos ()sin()), :

!=

sin'( )

(sin()cos()(cos()sin ()))'"

or

( 9=f( )

sin () cos()(cos ()sin()), :=

cos()

(sin()cos( )(cos ()sin()))"

which could then be easy used inside sloping mechanisms and sliding window's simulation to produce

elementary slices of firmy following allowable focus on measurable amount %uantity to integrated within any

corresponding manipulation of transaction logics language and accordingly to arithmetic encoding and logic

operating symbolization and synchronization of e&citing pair (root, roof" motor $ernel flow. )urthermore, to

build in following binary basic behavior ready for assignment assistance of attentionality and intentionality, a

systematic symbolization of liable logics surrounds mapping pair of (signed positive or signed negative

references, measurable ordering computing or customizing customization" couple to deliver and draw with

any systematic search and huge hard hierarchy's home of hardware developments and softwareenhancements in order to depict any further scene shows of inventively implementation of intelligence

insight and modeling's mode invo$ing integration of stepping stair's mechanism and sliding slice dynamics.


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/igure 3 modeling's mode of maintaining main rinciles of discrete event simulation

In fact, )igure ! is showing the major modeling's mode of maintaining main principles of discrete event

simulation, whereby the discrete observed light I involving within *arth's +$y's stars, +$y's +un's rays,

motion of sha$ing slices of +$y's cloud's amount %uantities, which should be scheduled to be measurable

core's processing providing by robust control of huge hard hard transmission's transportation of binary

transaction's bloc$ to be illustrated though any probable possible scene's screen, the fashion flow of surround

discrete motor $ernel of rotation in the old village of original inventively insight's intelligence accordingly to

mathematical intentional integrated modeling's mode. *ven though, this evolving accordingly to

mathematical intentional integrated modeling's mode is described below as follows:

li() ratio off( )tos5r(sin( ).(cos( ) 7 sin( ))) li ()= f( )

(sin().(cos()sin ()))'

#ence, the evolving function, li() ratio off( )tos5r(sin( ).(cos( ) 7 sin( ))) , customizes the major main

primordial principles of electrical phase's integration, which is involving as measurable core processing

inside the main intentional function:g ( ) = e;( f(hase)) = g()=e f( 'hase) . Thus, for any adroit variationof such a fashion's flow functionism, a sha$ing mathematical measurable ordering computing should then

illustrate the e&citing symbolization involving within any surrounding logics language of transposition

transportation of any huge hard hierarchy's homes of interests across transaction manufacturing of digital

se%uential data. Indeed, emepel and -iv / 0 had insert the basic battleground functionism of measurable

core's processing involving inside read(char) to be the basic built in primordial inertial mechanism of any

compression algorithm of digital se%uential data. 1lthough, +aid 2chaalia and al provo$e a new version of

using measurable core's proceeding inside waveform compression architecture to produce a robust algorithmdefined below as follows:


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t"edef ma( char, vector(integer)) rocess

t"edef ma( char, float) Store

using namesace std

integer sum = 0>)

sum = sum > 3>)

sum = sum > 3onclusion:

The main real operating thread tas$ is to cut off the comple& processing within the famous fatal focus on

fuzzy logics language through the evolving involving mathematical intentional surrounding architectural

dynamic designs, which are defined as follows (within this focus on function form, which has to mount anymathematical inspiration involving inside" :

!. sin()=

something clear

!+i=

i=n

something clear

, whereby the something clear=vector.si$e () is the

motor $ernel of any se%uential digital transaction due to transaction={ S(t=n.D) i=(,...,n } ors%rcos("0 to maintain a liable lin$s to leaf loo$ing laws of fuzzy fashion flows. This is shown below:

cos'()=

something clear

!+i=(

i=n

something clear

Ahen it is missing 3something clear4, which could be a mathematical intentional surrounding amount

%uantity to describe any possible probable evolving processing within signal adjustment across any system

architecture, the major most significant main real organized proceeding is to follow as defined below:

!. first of all satisfy any new loo$ing for job engineer or e%uivalent. #ence, anyone do not have any

opportunity to live with a small money satisfaction: in this chaotic land Tunisia, I could not believe

that the responsible could not have the opportunity to find any solution to person loo$ing for jobs as

me. Thus, there is no money for anyone loo$ing for job to search to find any position within his or

her level. This, land is a chaotic due to the miss organized configuration.

#ence, the nice better idea inside the implemented system is to search people wor$ing for daily money at any

possible probable firm. I thin$, +ir, this idea has to rule the most major significant thread tas$ of be at any

super position and to win more money that it would. Thus, allow people within any possible probable level

to wor$, for thou inside the system economy, where the huge hard higher wins is the basic built in desirable

aim object.

)urthermore, it is advised to flow within any fle&ible roles inside the desirable wishes of soul's satisfactions

as below

!. give money out for any huge hard wor$er to allow financial (ban$s" organization wor$ing within the

old effect through the saving accounts, which will be obligation for anyone wor$ing with theseproposal approval firms.

. please to win dominance at any possible probable firm building based on the basic built in principles

of (transmit something clear, bring its effect up". 6y this way, the dynamic mechanism of mapping

pairing (transmit something clear, bring its effect up" has to wor$ intentionally within the best basic

shining symbolic synchronization of any possible probable system economy and financial efforts to

build a solid surround system of economical and financial state, whereby the desirable wishes should

comply to a saving account procedures.

Thus, the major most operating source of life is the incoming money to be divided to parts, whose valuable

variables are function of the economical and financial effects belong to the envisage corresponding person.

#ence, the best basic chance to success this life is loo$ing to transmit intentional ideas across :


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!. system economy supporting a mi&ing dynamics within any involving evolving environment reality

flow of wishing wining money form distinct sources, which have to be easy simple defined through a

data base, whose searching identification processing is belong to any national or international

identification.

. financial effects and aspects: hospitals, which have to free for any access by anyone, who has aninternational or national identification, a manufacturing industrial effort to allow the inner state to

become money as higher as it could, a basic built in battleground of subways, buses, driving

systems, whereby the basic primordial principles is the speed up at any re%uired time to be there at

time.

9. hence, the major most thread tas$ across any possible probable life procedures have to involve the

re%uirement of eating fresh foods, wearing beautiful nicer cloches, feeling wellness within the inside

soul's satisfactions, search a summit position to transmit any intentional idea or other any refle&ive

single symbolization of FI7superF to be belong to any another intentional inside F2I mode insight

and modeling intelligence or Fmount Fsmall & F inside Fbig JFF processing for any possible probable

enhancement inside any symbolic synchronized society loo$ing for liable laws such as the

;odhood's liable laws.

. in$ C+1 signal adjustment across any system architectureF D is the major most intentional

surrounding symbolic shining steeping slices and sliding window theoretical aspects, which handling

storing mechanism of 3something clear4 across the Fhuman haveF. +ince, the old processing across

Fsearch I7superF, the major most real operating of Fhuman haveF is to deliver and control the

mathematical intentional of surrounding advance across the manufacturing involvements of

$nowledge culture, mapping pairing of (thin$ up, thin$ about", mount something clear inside the any,

etc 5

=. intentional money source is the desirable wish of any Fhuman haveF. #ence, any human person

actually is loo$ing for any source to satisfy his life (currently and after death" has to defend his

intentional ideas by the way that the symbolic synchronized signs, which +aid 2chaalia or other

person is writing have to transmit any possible probable dynamics conserving the FI7+uperF of any

Fhuman haveF.

E. because inside any philosophy processing, numbers have to rule the major most symbolic signed in

deep investigation of implemented theory (for e&ample count a day away to be aware of the

primordial principles of the discrete event simulation, or find any fuzzy e%uivalence inside the

mathematical intentional signed architectures, or other mode's inspiration and modeling intelligence

processing" dynamics is belong to the huge hard hierarchy home of Fhuman haveF across possibleprobable timing simulationN whereby the defined cloc$ timer has to obey to any possible probable

modification inside the symbolic synchronized society. Seah, Kresident, the cloc$ timer has to

comply within any possible probable modification inside the mathematical intentional secrets such

that the reachable achievable time could be thousand years faster than the actual approval proposal

time. Thus, within the symbolic synchronization of huge hard hierarchy homes inside the FI superF

of signal assignment across system architecture to evolve any mathematical intentional symbolic

synchronization of mode insight and modeling intelligence has to invent a mechanical dynamics

inside the Fhuman haveF of any source either Fincoming moneyF or liable laws.

/. because any incoming money is waiting to wa$e up through the re%uired investments inside the

human huge hard hierarchy homes of soul's satisfactions (invest money within complying to FIsuperF at any timing processing within the street side simulation, whereby the only processing of

organization is the saving account rules and roles to obey to the old slices of human been".


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)urthermore, the liable laws have to comply with any possible probable Ffle&ible focus onF of energy

fashion flow inside any symbolic synchronized society, which is loo$ing for smart smooth life within

the desirable achievable aim object of any involving human person.


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sin' ()

chari

=

(vect(.si$e ( )char

i

)

(!+ vect(.si$e ()char

i

), is the motor $ernel of 3mIs14 primordial principle, whereby the

symbolic synchronization processing to any possible probable mathematical insight of any possible probable

waveform compression or system economy or financial effect or robust control or transmission's

transportation aspect including the old structures of huge hard hierarchy homes of ratios(ss=

!

')(ss=') for any possible probable [,!] , which has to flow within the main real

operating dynamics of using mathematical insight across the lim(lo*=Q()

f( ) and lim(high=Q!)

f() for any

probabilistic, stochastic, statistical and chaotic processing inside the old structured '[(,!] designinvolving fuzzy, genetic and mimetic dynamics. Thus, !laude Shannon90 since !@< did define the main

real operating '.ln(!

') for any possible probable continuous description of information theory for any

'[(,!] , which measures the uncertainty inside the corresponding mathematical insight.

*ven though, Said Mchaalia !0 did invent, based on the algorithms ofemel and+iv=0 , his aspect

effect to engender any possible probable information theory by using a function form of fre%uencyprocessing inside the discrete event simulation principles such that event (n such that tn.T, function form

clear=sin

() . cos()

(sin()cos()).sin (f(fre5uenc" , time)) .e

a i

. Thus, this function form of describing

any possible probable se%uential digital data processing inside an amplification of variation level, which

could reach the Hinfinite ( + " value to allow any possible level of magnitude amplification within anytransmission's transportation's $ind.

Gn the other hand, Said Mchaalia!0, did evolve the obtained results to be involving within any fuzzy float

processing such that the mapping pairs (y !+ !

cos'()

, z !+!

sin()

" or ( y

(sin'

()cos'

())'

sin'().cos'()

, z sin

'

(). cos'

()(sin'()cos'())'" or ( y sin'() , z cos'() " could then be used

inside any possible probable job scheduling, which has been created by-. . rahamsince !@EE 0 as

follows involving within this e&ample of converting fuzzy into dynamic float encoding:

N/temperature I+ very cold DR#Estop fan

job scheduling associate math

N/temperature I+ very cold cold & cos()

N/temperature I+ very cold cold(; )=cos'()=!

N/temperature I+ middle coldcold(; )=cos'()=

!

'

N/temperature I+ cold DR#E turn down fan

N/( cold(; )=cos'()>!

'" DR#E Gturn down fan4

N/temperature I+ normal DR#Emaintain levelN/( cold(; )=cos'()=

!

'" DR#E 3maintain level4

N/temperature I+ very hot DR#Espeed up fan

N/temperature I+ very hot DR#E

speed up fanhot & sin

()

N/temperature I+ very hot DR#Espeed up fan

hot(; )=sin

()=!


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N/temperature I+ very hot DR#E

speed up fan hot(; )=sin'()=

!

'

job scheduling associate math

N/temperature I+ hot DR#E Glight on redP

N/( hot(; )=!

'

!

'" DR#E Glight on greenP

)urthermore, this surrounding architectural mathematical intentional secrets across signal adjustment and

system advances has to be easy simple implemented within the mobile robot processing, when the main real

dynamics should be the evolving structures of s"mbolic s"nchroni$ed !(clear, not), (amount, eent),

(process, iinest), (fetch=. -adeh, .1. (!@E=". F)uzzy setsF, Information and >ontrol < (9": 99


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62A sensor to avoid any possible probable obstacle when moving bac$wards

(scalingMup, downR, customMadjust, consumerR" is a pair to design philosophical logics across waveform

compression to surround mapping pair of (e%uivalence dynamics, manufacturing fashion flow" :

C less bytes, why because lossy compression techni%uesD

C more bytes, why because lossyless compression techni%uesD

LL virtualism Ccustom (Fpractice followed by people of a particular group or regionF" edge flowD andCconsumer (F one that consumes, especially one that ac%uires goods or services for direct use or ownership

rather than for resale or use in production and manufacturing.F" operating node inside Ffirst on, first offF

pipeline's principles

0

Thus, any electrical circuit can be bro$en down into three parts:

!. The inductor (together with its associated resistance r", the resistor B, and the capacitors >! and

> ma$e up a conventional linear oscillation circuit. Aith the rest of the circuit shorted out, this part

would give damped oscillations.

. The op7amp and associate resistors have the effect of a negative resistance of size 7B!. This is still a

linear circuit element 7 it does not by itself give chaos, although it acts as the source of energy for the

dynamics.

9. The diode pair gives the nonlinearity in the circuit. The diodes simply serve to switch in the

resistance B in parallel with the resistance 7B! when the voltage gets larger than the switch on

voltage.

The combined effect of 6 and > is to give a nonlinear negative resistance of value 7B! for Y M Yc and

7B!B(B7B!" for Y R Yc so that the effective circuit is:

with the current7voltage characteristics of the effective nonlinear resistance given by


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)or 8> signals the capacitors act as open circuits, and the inductor as a short circuit, so the operating point

I,Y is given by one of the two intersections of the line of slope 7!B (the load line" with the nonlinear I7Y

characteristic. (This stationary operating point can be seen by running the applet with >/=n) for e&ample,

when the oscillations gradually decay away." )or suitable values of >!,> and these stationary solutions

(fi&ed points" become unstable to oscillations, and then to chaotic dynamics, first circulating e.g. the I,Y

fi&ed point, then switching bac$ and forth between oscillating about the HI,HY and then 7I,7Y points.

*lectromagnetic Kroperties of 2icro wire7*po&y >omposite

8ue to the interesting structure, properties and applications of microwires, the electromagnetic properties

(8> conductivity, dielectric permittivity and magnetic permeability" of composites with variousconcentrations of short microwire were investigated for the first time. This study is the first to investigate the

electromagnetic properties of microwires in a composite form. The conductivity of the composites was

obtained by measuring the resistance of the samples. Kermittivity and permeability were determined by

impedance method over the fre%uency range from !2#z to ! ;#z. The percolation phenomenon was

observed in this composite, with the percolation threshold between ! and wtP. The permeability and the

permittivity of the composites increased with increasing concentrations of microwire. It is also proven that

2a&well7;arnett and 6ruggeman effective medium theory is still valid for composites with microwires of

random distribution. These results lend support to the idea that the microwire7epo&y composites have indeed

high permeability and permittivity with small concentration of microwires between weight concentrations

from ! to !9P. Wnderstanding these properties of these microwire composites can allow us to use them in

high attenuation, shielding and defense applications.

)igure !: >ontacting *lectrode 2ethod for measuring dielectric permittivity. The micro7wire7epo&y

composite is sandwiched between two electrodes to form a capacitor. This method derived permittivity by


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measuring the capacitance of the electrode contacting the material under test (2WT" directly.

)igure !: >ontacting *lectrode 2ethod for measuring dielectric permittivity. The microwire7epo&y

composite is sandwiched between two electrodes to form a capacitor. This method derived permittivity by

measuring the capacitance of the electrode contacting the material under test (2WT" directly.

I?TBG8W>TIG?

>omposite materials are defined as engineered materials which are made from two or more constituents with

significantly different physical or chemical properties and which remain separate and distinct within thefinished structure. The main advantage composites have to offer is their ability to provide properties not

obtainable from homogeneous materials. )or e&ample, the earliest composite made was with straw and mud

in the form of bric$s for constructing buildings by the Israelite. 1s shown from the following e&ample,

composites materials consist of two components the matri& and the reinforced material. The mud acts asthe matri& which supports the reinforced material (straw" by holding it firmly together (1ustralian 1cademy

of +cience ". The straw gives uni%ue properties such as physical, mechanical, electrical properties etc to

the matri&. 1nother e&ample of a composite is fiberglass reinforced polymer. It is a combination of glass

fibers of various lengths and resins such as vinyl ester or polyester. 6eing light and sturdy, it is often used in

the manufacture of canoes, sailing boats, cars and other forms of transportation vehicles.

)igure : Inductance measurement method for measuring magnetic permeability. *ffective permeability of

magnetic material was derived from the self7inductance of a cored inductor that has a closed loop.

)igure : Inductance measurement method for measuring magnetic permeability. *ffective permeability of

magnetic material was derived from the self7inductance of a cored inductor that has a closed loop.

#owever, composites need not only be used for structural advantages. *lectromagnetic applications of

composites are growing rapidly in industries today. >omposites vary from one another in terms of

electromagnetic properties since composites are made up of fillers of different concentrations. >omposites

can be designed with electromagnetic properties, ma$ing them useful for both civilian and defense

applications. )or instance, composites can be used as novel antenna designs and protection against high

power transients in densely pac$ed printed circuits. )or electromagnetic compatibility (*2>" and

electromagnetic interference (*2I" applications, the materials are re%uired to have a certain magnitude of

dielectric loss or magnetic loss. )or e&ample, composites with high dielectric and magnetic loss, and also

high conductivity, which help to absorb propagated microwave energy, are often used as electromagneticshielding materials. This process limits the propagation of electromagnetic fields between two locations, by

separating them with a barrier made of magnetic or conductive material. 1n application of electromagnetic

shielding materials is the door of a microwave oven, which has a screen built into the glass of the window

(1lulight International ;26# ". Gther applications of B) shielding includes preventing access to data

stored on Badio )re%uency Identification (B)I8" chips embedded in various devices, such as biometric

passports, which is essentially a combined paper and electronic identity document that uses biometrics to

authenticate the citizenship of travelers.

)igure 9: +canning *lectron 2icroscope Image of the short fibers from microwire. It shows that the size of

the microwire metal core is about = Zm in diameter and the total thic$ness with glass coating is about !9 Zm.

)igure 9: +canning *lectron 2icroscope Image of the short fibers from microwire. It shows that the size of

the microwire metal core is about = Zm in diameter and the total thic$ness with glass coating is about !9 Zm.Gne type of composite material with numerous possibilities for electromagnetic applications is microwires.

*ach microwire consists a metal body and a glass coating. The size of the metal core is = Zm in diameter and

the glass coating is ! Zm in thic$ness. The main body of the microwire is composed of a ferromagnetic

alloy, the composition of which varies depending on the metals used in the alloy and on the final dimensions

of the thread. 1s a result, by balancing these two factors, the range of microwires that can be obtained is very

wide. 6ut there is one %uality that they all have: they all have magnetic properties. It is precisely these

magnetic properties and their diminutive size that ma$es them so appreciated. #owever, as demonstrated in

this study, the electromagnetic properties of microwire composite can also differ with various concentrations

of epo&y.

)igure : J7Bay 8iffraction pattern which shows that the short microwire used in this study is amorphous.

)igure : J7Bay 8iffraction pattern which shows that the short microwire used in this study is amorphous.6efore a composite material li$e microwire can be used in electromagentic applications, we must first

understand certain properties pertaining to the material. +pecifically, it is important to $now the material's


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electrical conductivity, dielectric permittivity, magnetic permeability, and it is useful to understand how it

behaves according to the percolation theory and 2a&well7;arnett and 6ruggeman effective medium theory

(+chaffer, +a&ena, 1ntolovich, +anders L Aarner 9". The definitions of the properties are elaborated as

follows.

The electrical conductivity [ is defined as the measure of a material's ability to conduct an electric current.

Ahen there is a potential difference across a conductor, the charges flow, giving rise to current. The

magnitude of conductivity is dependent on three factors, namely the number of mobile charge carriers perunit volume, the charge per carrier and the mobility of the charge carriers.

)igure =: >omparison between graph of density against weight fraction with different %uantities of short and

long fibers. It shows the measured and calculated values of the microwires. This may lead to slight

fluctuations in the trends for permeability and permittivity measured.

)igure =: >omparison between graph of density against weight fraction with different %uantities of short and

long fibers. It shows the measured and calculated values of the microwires. This may lead to slight

fluctuations in the trends for permeability and permittivity measured.

8ielectric permittivity \ reflects the ability of the material to be polarized by the electric field. Kermittivity is

a comple& %uantity of the form: \Q \' 7 i \''. The real part of the comple& notation is often used to describe

the named property, whereas the imaginary part describes the loss processes. The real part (\'" is thus

otherwise $nown as the dielectric constant and the imaginary part (\''" is $nown as the dielectric loss factor.

The dielectric loss results when an alternating electric field is applied to a dielectric and some of the input

power is converted into heat energy (1gilent Technologies E". The reason is because the dipoles inside

the dielectric are not able to respond to the field effectively, instead, they e&perience drag or friction from

neighbors. The dielectric loss factor (\F \'" is a major consideration for the usefulness of a dielectric material

in *2>*2I applications. 1 high dielectric loss factor would mean a high power loss which would thus

render the material unsuitable to function as a dielectric material. It is hypothesized that the relative

permittivity and the dielectric loss of the composite will increase with concentrations of microwire

inclusions.

2agnetic permeability Z is the degree of magnetization of a material that responds to an applied magnetic

field. Kermeability is a comple& %uantity with the imaginary part representing magnetic loss which is also animportant factor in shielding or attenuating applications. The permeability is thus predicted to increase with

concentrations of microwire inclusions due to increasing magnetization.

)igure E: ;raph of conductivity against weight concentration. The percolation phenomenon (sudden rise in

conductivity" is between !P and P.

)igure E: ;raph of conductivity against weight concentration. The percolation phenomenon (sudden rise in

conductivity" is between !P and P.

Kercolation theory deals with fluid flow in random media. If the medium is a set of regular lattice points,

then there are two types of percolation. 1 site percolation considers the lattice vertices as the relevant

entitiesN a bond percolation considers the lattice edges as the relevant entities. 6ecause the composites are

made up of connected clusters of microwire, we e&pect that microwire composites can be described as

percolated systems.

The 2a&well7;arnett and 6ruggeman effective medium theory essentially describes the macroscopic

properties of a medium based on the properties and the relative fractions of its components. The properties

under consideration are usually the conductivity [ or the dielectric constant \ of the medium. The 2a&well7

;arnett and 6ruggeman effective medium theory is thus predicted to be valid for composites with

microwires of random distribution.

In this project, the electromagentic properties of the microwire7epo&y composite are being studied for the

first time. The validity of the 2a&well7;arnett and 6ruggeman effective medium theory for composites with

microwires of random distribution was investigated. +amples with weight concentrations of the microwire

varied from !P to !9P embedded in the epo&y matri& were fabricated first. Then impedance analyzer and

insulation multi7meter were used to measure the electrical, dielectric and magnetic properties of microwirecomposite. The trends from the graphs plotted were then being investigated and elaborated. The dependence

of such properties on the concentration of microwire is discussed finally.


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)igure /: Yariation of dielectric constant with different concentrations of microwire

)igure /: Yariation of dielectric constant with different concentrations of microwire

KBG>*8WB*

)abrication of 2icrowire7*po&y >omposite

*po&y, a thermosetting epo&ide polymer, produced from a reaction between epichlorohydrin and bisphenol71, was mi&ed with hardener in the ratio @:! and being stirred manually in a crucible for = minutes. Yarious

amounts of short microwire were then weighed using a digital analytical balance with accuracy of .!g.

The weight concentration of the microwire varied from !P to !9P with seven different scales. The

microwires were then added to the crucible, together with the epo&y and hardener, to be stirred manually for

another ! minutes. The microwires have to be carefully mi&ed with the epo&y and hardener in order to

ensure uniform dispersion of microwire in the matri&, and also that no air bubbles are formed during the

process as this may affect our results.

1fter the stirring, the mould was sprayed with mould7release agent that prevents the mi&ture from adhering

to the mould. The mi&ture of a particular concentration of microwire was then poured into the mould and

screwed on tightly. This ensured that the mi&ture distributed evenly within the mould. The mould was then

cured in an oven at E for hours. )or every concentration of microwire, two types of samples pellet7shaped and toroidal7shaped were fabricated. The pellet samples were used to measure the 8> conductivity

and permittivity while the toroidal samples were used for measuring and permeability. The composites were

also imaged using the +canning *lectron 2icroscope and the structure determined using J7Bay 8iffraction.

2easurement of 8ensity

The densities of the samples fabricated were investigated in order to ensure that the electromagnetic and the

conductivity results gained from the e&periment are accurate. The mass of the sample was measured using

the digital analytical balance and the dimension of the sample was measured with digital calipers. 1fter

$nowing the mass and the volume of the sample, the density can be calculated. #owever, when measuring

the volume of the sample, e&tra precaution has to be ta$en in order to ensure that the digital calipers would

not compress the sample, as a slight change in shape may result in a change in density of the composite.Ahen calculating the theoretical densities of the samples, the densities of the epo&y resin and microwires

were !./ gcm9 and 9.


34/37

release agent sprayed on the mould prior to casting as this will affect the results collected. The diameter and

the thic$ness were obtained earlier on using the digital calipers. (Befer to appendi& for the conductivity

e%uation".

)igure o, ?i, +i and 6

(Bonsen +uper 2icro7Aire >o td E".

)igure = shows the relationship between the density of the microwire7epo&y composite and the weight

concentration of the microwire inclusions.

*lectrical properties

)igure E shows the conductivity of the samples versus the weight concentration of microwire. It was

observed from the graph that the percolation phenomenon (sudden rise in conductivity" is between !P and

P (6rian 6er$owitz and Bobert K.*wing !@@


35/37

these composites.

*lectrical properties

The percolation theory predicts that there will be low conductivity below the percolation threshold (pc", as

there are no connected clusters of microwire. This can be seen from )igure E whereby the conductivity only

increased slightly below samples with weight concentration of P. #owever, a sharp increase in

conductivity occurs when the weight concentration of microwire goes above !P. 8uring sample preparation,

mi&ing process might dislocate part of the glass coating from the microwires. The probability of formingconducting paths of microwires is higher at higher concentration. The conductivity of the samples increases

as more conducting paths of microwire are present. In order to obtain a more accurate result for the

percolation threshold, more tests have to be carried out.

8ielectric and magnetic properties

It can be observed that the dielectric constant increases with higher concentrations of microwire. This is so as

when larger amounts of microwire are present, the composite has a higher ability to be polarized by an

electric field.

)igure < shows that the \'' of the =P sample is almost twice that of the !P sample. 1 trend can be observed

between the dielectric loss and the weight concentration of microwire. Ahen higher amounts of microwire

are present in the samples, the dielectric loss of the samples increases. +ince the amounts of microwire

present increases, a change in motion in the dipole rotation would re%uire more energy, therefore leading to a

higher power loss. )igure @ presents the permeability measurements of all the samples with various filler

concentrations measured at fre%uency range of !2#z to !;#z using the inductance measurement method.

The high magnetic loss of the composite measured means it is good for various electromagnetic applications.

The sample with filler concentration of =P has a much higher magnetic loss of about = times as compared to

the sample with filler concentration of !P. Z'' of both !P and =P samples fluctuated. The Z'' of !P sample

is estimated to be ./ while Z'' of =P sample is estimated to be around =.

#owever, more samples with different concentrations of microwire have to be fabricated and measured in

order to determine accurately the relationship between the concentration of microwire and the fre%uency

dependence of the permittivity. The microwires being covered by an isolation layer of glass is actually aminor factor relative to errors such as estimating the weight percentage of microwires.

It is $nown from 2a&well7;arnett and 6ruggeman effective medium theory (*2T" (Kierre72arie Vac%uart

and Glivier 1cher !@@E" that the parallel permeability of microwire composite almost linearly depends on the

concentration of the inclusion when the intrinsic permeability value of the inclusion is much higher than that

of the holding matri&. The imaginary permeability at each concentration in )igure @ is the pea$ values of

curves that also linearly depends on the concentration of the microwire. It has been proven that *2T is still

valid for composites with microwires of random distribution.

>G?>W+IG?

8> conductivity, dielectric permittivity and magnetic permeability of microwire7epo&y composites wereinvestigated for weight concentration from !P to !9P for the first time. Through e&perimentation, it was

found that the composite is a percolated system, with the percolation threshold between !P and P.

It was found that the relative permittivity and the dielectric loss of the composite increases with

concentrations of microwire inclusions. The real and imaginary permeability almost linearly (B.+.8. ] =P"

depend on the concentration of microwire inclusions.

6ecause these microwire composites that have demonstrated high permeability and permittivity with small

concentration of microwires, they have great potential to be used in future high attenuation or shielding

applications. Gther than being used in electromagnetic industries, they can also be applied to electromagnets,

electric motors and inductor cores in which the primary objective is to generate as much magnetic induction

as possible under the action of a magnetic field.

1>X?GA*8;*2*?T+


36/37

This project has been supervised by 8r iu ie (2entor from Temase$ ab". The author wishes to e&press

his utmost gratitude to 8r -hang Song Vian (>o7mentor from 8efence +cience Grganization aboratories of

+ingapore", 8r 8eng >hao Ban (8+G", 2s +im #ui Xoon (8+G", 8r Xong ing 6ing and 2s +tacey Teo

2ei in for their help on measurement and sample preparation throughout this project.

B*)*B*?>*+

1ustralian 1cademy of +cience (" Kutting it together the science and technology of compositematerials. http:www.science.org.aunova=@=@$ey.htm. 1ccessed: < 8ecember E

1lulight International ;26# (" *lectromagnetic +hielding.

http:www.alulight.comenglishproductsshielding.htm. 1ccessed: @ 8ecember E

+chaffer, +a&ena, 1ntolovich, +anders L Aarner (9" The +cience and 8esign of *ngineering 2aterials,

nd *d. 2c;raw #ill >ompanies: @7=

1gilent Technologies (E" 1gilent +olutions for 2easuring Kermittivity and Kermeability with >B

2eters and Impedence 1nalyzers: =7=

Ketra Kotsch$e, +ergej 2.8ud$in and Ingo 1lig (9" 8ielectric spectroscopy on melt processed

polycarbonate7multiwalled carbon nanotube composites Kolymer : =97=9

6rian 6er$owitz and Bobert K.*wing (!@@hapman L #all: /=7


37/37

*%uation

*%uation

>alculating *ffective Kermeability

*ffective permeability is derived from the inductance measurement result using e%uation = and E below.

*%uation =

*%uation =

*%uation E*%uation E

Ahere eff represents inductance of toroidal coil, w represents the inductance of the air7core coil

inductance, ? represents the number of turns, l represents the average magnetic path length of the toroidal

core, 1 represents the cross7sectional area of toriodal core, _ represents `f (fre%uency" and Z which stands

for ` J !7/ #m.

>alculating conductivity

The formula for conductivity is shown in e%uation /:

*%uation /

*%uation /

Ahere [ represents conductivity, represents thic$ness, B represents resistance and d is the diameter of the

samples.

7 +ee more at: http:www.jyi.orgissueelectromagnetic7properties7of7microwire7epo&y7

compositesthash.rjrw@lX*.dpuf

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