Driling Fundamentals
Transcript of Driling Fundamentals
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B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (1)
Fundamentals of Drilling Course Outline
(1)Basics of Rotary Drilling(2)Rotary Operations/Coring(1) Basics of Rotary Drilling(3)Directional Drilling-Rotary Process(4)Fishing -(5)Casing/Cementing and Well Control-Drill String
(6)Principles of Drilling Fluid Technology-Drilling Fluid(7)Principles of Borehole Stability-Rig
(8)Principles of Hydraulic Testing
Bit
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Fundamentals of Drilling
Drilling means to makea hole in order to getaccess to the earths
subsurface
gaining information about the subsurfacefrom sampling/testing/logging
Objectives may be
Monitoring of subsurface properties
(aquifer pressure, stress state etc)
Objectives define Hole/Well Construction
-> hole discarded
-> hole completed into well
-> hole completed into well
Production/injection of fluids/gases
(oil/gas/water)
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Fields of Drilling Applications
Exploration/Productionof Natural Resources
-Oil and Gas
-Water
-Geothermal Energy
Site Investigation
-Environmental
-Scientific
-Foundation/Construction
Mining Exploration
Blast Hole/Seismic
-Quarry
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Drilling Techniques Classification by Hole Making Methods
ContinuousProcess
DiscontinuousProcess
Soft formation only
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Principles of Drilling Techniques Percussion Cable Tool Drilling
!Suitable only for hard rock!Total Efficiency of Drilling Process
is fairly low
Phase 1: Rock DrillingFree Falling Bit strikes the Bottom
with a heavy Blow - Repeated
Lifting and Dropping makes the bit
drill
Phase 2: Removal of CuttingsInterruption of Drilling to
remove Cuttings by Bailing
Very old drilling technique (appliedmore than 2000 years ago by the
Chinese)
2-Phase Technique (discontinuous)
Bit movesup and down
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Principles of Drilling Techniques - Rotary Drilling
Continuos Drilling Operation
Operations requirea Rotary Drilling Rig
Drilling Fluid is circulated by beingpumped down the drill string
The Drill String is rotated to turn thebit.It is fed down as the bit penetrates
Bit is pushed into the bottom androtation makes it cut
Return circulation carries cuttings up
the annulus between the drill string andthe wall of the hole
Key Elements
!Drill Bit!Drill String
!Drilling Fluid
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Types of Rotary Bits
Medium HardVery Hard SoftSoftRock Characterization
Performance Parameters of Drill Bits:Penetration Rate (Drilling Speed: m/h)Bit Life (Meters drilled)
Diamond Bit
Natural DiamondsDiamond Bit
Polycrystalline
Diamond Compact
Cutters
Roller Cone Bit
Tungsten Carbide
Inserts
Roller Cone Bit
Milled Steel Tooth
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Cutting Action of Rotary Drill Bits
Chip Making
Chip Clearing
Chip Making
Roller Cone Bits
Percussion Bits
Roller Cone BitsDiamond Bits
Nozzles of RollerCone Bits
Roller Cone Bits with OffsetDiamond Bits
C f
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Cutting Action of Rotary Drill Bits
Gouging and scrapingCrushing
Roller cone bit with no offset Roller cone bit with offset
Direction of RotationHard Rock Soft Rock
Cones ofRoller Bits do
not only roll
on the bottom
but alwaysslide, tearand
gouge
Offset of
cones
increases
sliding, tearinggouging
action
El t f R ll C Bit
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Cone Inserts
Shank
Jet Nozzle
JournalBearing
Ball Bearings
LubricantReservoir
Threaded
Joint
PressuredCompensator
Elements of Roller Cone BitsShape Types of Inserts
IADC R ll C Bit Cl ifi ti
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IADC Roller Cone Bit Classification
First Figure Second Figure Third FigureSeries Hardness Design Option
(1 4)
3 Figures:
Example: 5-1-7
Hardness Class1 Soft2 medium3 hard4 Very hard
Example: 5-1-7Example: 5-1-7
Sealed Journal BearingRoller Cone Bit with TungstenCarbide Inserts
IADC-Code: 5-1-7
B tt H l Cl i f R ll C Bit
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Bottom Hole Cleaning of Roller Cone Bits
Effect of Nozzle Velocityon Rate of Penetration
IncreasingNozzle velocity
ROP
WOB
Schematic of Nozzles Action
Typical Operating Parameters for Roller Cone Insert Bits
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Typical Operating Parameters for Roller Cone Insert Bits
high WOB
low RPM
7 7/8- 8
Size
Cutting Action of Diamond Bits
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Cutting Action of Diamond Bits
Cutting Size
Shearing
PDC-Bit
Grinding
ImpregnatedDiamond Bit
Plowing
Surface setdiamond bit
Cutting Action of Diamonds
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Cutting Action of Diamonds
Exposure
Sizes and Texture of Hard Rock Cuttings dependent on Bit Type
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Sizes and Texture of Hard Rock Cuttings dependent on Bit Type
fineflour
coarse
chips
Operating Parameters of Diamond Bits
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Operating Parameters of Diamond Bits
Low WOBHigh RPM
Rotational Speed
300 600 RPMMainly used withDownhole Motors/Turbines
Typical Rotary Drill String Assembly
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!Stabilizers
!Drill Pipe: Steel Pipe withPin/Box threaded Tooljoints:
Main Components
!Drill Collars: Thick Wall Steel Pipewith Pin/Box threaded Connection
Typical Rotary Drill String AssemblyRig
Bit
Drillpipe(DP)
The Drillstring is the Mechanical AssemblageConnecting the Rotary Drive on Surface to the
Drilling Bit on Bottom of the Hole
!Flow Line for Circulating Drilling Fluid
!provides Weight on Bit!transmits Rotation and Torque to Bit
!guides and controls trajectory of the bit
Functions of the Drillstring
Ancillary ComponentsDC
DC
Drill Collars(DC)
!Crossover subs
!Reamers
BHA
!Shock absorbers
!Downhole Motor/Turbine
!Jar
Rotary Drillpipe Characteristics
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Rotary Drillpipe Characteristics
Steel Gradesof Pipe BodyE-75X-95G-105S-135
Nominal Weightof Pipe Body
Wall Thickness
Rotary DP is standardized by API
Outer Diameterof Pipe Body5 5
4 43 2 7/82 3/8
Tool Joints Steel Grade: 120000 psiThread TypeNC 50NC 38
Friction welded with upsetpipe body annealed andmachined
Pipe LengthRange 1: 18-22 ftRange 2: 27-30 ftRange 3: 38-45 ft
Stands of 3Thribble
Pipe body
welded
Rotary DP needs sufficient annularclearance due to Tooljoint Sizes
18shoulder for Elevator
Pin and Box TooljointTooljoint
Design Criteria for Rotary Drill Pipe
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Design Criteria for Rotary Drill Pipe
Drill Pipe is the most stressedcomponent of rotary equipment
Drill Pipe has to be designed for:
Tension
Tooljoint/
Torque
Twist off
Burst(Inside Pressure)
ReversalStresses
Fatigue
BendingWhile Rotation
Drillpipe Stands and Drillcollars set on the Rig Floor
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Drillpipe Stands and Drillcollars set on the Rig Floor
Drill CollarsDrill Pipe
Putting Weight on Bit by Drill Collars
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Putting Weight on Bit by Drill Collars
Tension
com
pression
Tension
Buckling of Drillpipeunder compressional load
Typical Examples for Stabilized
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Typical Examples for StabilizedBottom Hole Assemblies (BHA)
Drilling Fluid why its called Mud
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Drilling Fluid why it s called Mud
Mud coming out of hole(beneath shaker screens)
Mud going into hole
(Suction pit)
Drilling Mud A Multipurpose Fluid
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Drilling Mud A Multipurpose Fluid
Major Functions
(1)Bottomhole Cleaning
(2)Cuttings Transport
(3)Borehole Wall Support(4)Balancing Formation Pressure
(5)Cooling the Bit(6)Hydraulic Power Transmission
(7)Data Transmission (MWD)
(8)Reducing Friction
(9)Corrosion Protection
(10)Scientific Information Carrier
Principal Functions of a Rotary Drilling Rig
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p y g g
Rotate the Bit
Put Weight on the Bit/Handling the Drillstring
Circulate Fluid/
Solids Contol
Power Supply
HoistingSystem
Pumping/Circulation
System
Rotating
System
Main Components of the Hoisting System
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p g y
crown block
derrick/ mast
travelling blockwith hook
drawworks
drilling line
Fast Line
deadline anchor(where hookload ismeasured)
Dead Line
Schematic of a Rotary Rigs Block and Tackle
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y g
Drilling line work
Is the product of the loadtimes the distance travelled
Hoisting System of Drilling Rigs Hoisting Tower
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MastHeight governs the maximumlength of Drillpipe Stands
2-joint stands (18 m)3-joint stands (27 m)
Derrick
Structural tower
assembled/
dismantled piece
by piece
Square shaped
Rig floor
Assembling/
Dismantling is
time consuming
derrickman
platform
Used mainly
offshore
A-shaped structure
which can be pulled or
lowered to a upright
position by the drawworks
without completelyassembling or
disassembling
Good mobilityUsed mainly with
onshore rigs
Height governs the maximum length ofDrillpipe Stands2-joint stands (18 m)3-joint stands (27 m)
Types of Rotary Rig Drawworks
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the drawworks is the heartof the drilling rig
Capacity of the drawworks
characterizes a rig and defines depth rating
chain driven drawworks
Modern gear driven drawworks
yp y g
Advantages of gear drivendrawworks:High performanceHigh availability
Less noiseLess vibrationIncreased safety
Methods of Rotating the Bit
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g
Rotating the Bit using aDown Hole Motor/Turbine
Rotating the Drillpipe directlyby a Top Drive or Power
Swivel which moves downwith the pipe
Rotating a Rotary Table whichturns the Drillpipe as it slidesthrough
S i lRotating the Drillstring with a Rotary Table
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Swivel
Bail
sustains weight of
drill string
permits rotation
provides passageway
for drilling fluid
Rotating seal allows
drilling fluid to beinjected under
pressure
Kelly
square hexagonal
Standard Length40 ft (12.2 m)
Rotary Table
Rotating the Drillstring with a Top Drive
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!Drill string can be pulled out while
Rotating and circulating -> Back Reaming
!Can be reconnected to the drill string at
any mast height during tripping
!Drilling with 3-joint stands of drill pipe is
Possible
!With hydraulic driven power swivel static
torque can be applied for much longertime
Advantages of a Top Drive System
Top Drive means a Power Swivel which directlyturns the drillstring without need for a kelly and
rotary table
Saves timeSafer and easier operation
Requires trolley beam guide system tobe installed in the derrick
Circulation and Solids Control System of a Rotary RigFlow Scheme and Main Components
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Flow Scheme and Main Components
Drilling Fluid Circulating PumpsTypical Operating
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Triplex Type Pump
Typical OperatingParameters
17 : 3500 l/min
12 : 2500 l/min
8 : 1500 l/min
6: 600 L/min
max. pressure: 35 MPa
heavyweight rigs
2 pumps 1200 kW each
lightweight rigs
2 pumps 600 kW each
M h i l P T i i Old T h l
Power Supply System of Rotary Drilling RigsEl t i P T i i M d T h l
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Multi Engine Chain DriveCompound
Mechanical Power Transmission Old TechnologyElectric Power Transmission Modern TechnologyPower Demand
!AC-DC/SCR-Concept
!DC-DC Concept
Classification of Drilling Rigs
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Classification by HorsepowerRule of Thumb:Every 100 ft of boreholeRequires 10 hp at drawworks
Classification by Depth RatingLightweight Rigs: 1500 2000 mIntermediate Rigs: 3500 mHeavyweight Rigs: 6000 mUltraheavy Rigs: 8000 10000 m
DiamondDrilling Rig
LightweightLightweight RigsRigs: 650: 650 hphpIntermediateIntermediate RigsRigs: 1300: 1300 hphp
HeavyweightHeavyweight RigsRigs: 2000: 2000 hphp
UltraheavyUltraheavy RigsRigs: 3000: 3000 hphp
Typical Rig Organization Scheme
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Drilling Contracts
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Footage ContractsOperator pays the contractor a stipulated amount foreachfoot or meterdrilled regardless of how long it takes the
contractor to drill it. Contractorassumes many of the risksof drilling
Daywork Contracts
Operator pays a stipulated amount per hourbased on
the work the rig and crew are doingDrilling time
Standby Time (Logging, Testing, etc)
CombinationContracts
Combination of Footage and Dayrate Contracts
Turnkey Contracts
Operator pays an agreed-on amount when the
contractorcompletes the well. Contractor furhishes allequipment, material and personnel to drill the well.
Contractorcontrols the entire drilling operation withlittle or no supervision. Contractorassumes all the risksand adjusts the price charged to reflect these risks.Operatorbenefits by not assuming any risks.
Average Meter Costs dependent on Depth
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2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Avg. Cost ($/m)
Dep
th(m)
Deepwater Gulf
Europe Onshore
South Louisiana
Offshore LA
Federal OCS
North Louisiana
Source:1999 Joint Association Survey on Drilling Costs
Semisubmersible : 160 000 $
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Semisubmersible : 160 000 $Drillship (Dyn. Pos): 150 000 $KTB-Rig: 90 000 $