Draft Report-3 Taxonomic Gaps

Report (Second Draft)

ASSESSMENT OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS TAXONOMIC STATUS AND GAPS IN PROTECTED AREAS OF PAKISTAN

Dr. Haidar Ali

Abbreviations of names of Protected Areas of Pakistan used in the report:IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature

Abbreviation Name of National Park

AANP Ayub National Park

ANP Ayubia National Park

BVNP Broghil Valley National Park

CGNP Chitral Gol National Park

CKNP Central Karakoram National Park

CNP Chinji National Park

CRWC Chotiari Reservoir Wetland Complex

CSWS Chumbi Surla Wildlife Sanctuary

CWC Choriari Wetland Complex

CYWC Chhachh Yari Wari Wetland Complex

DAWC Deh Akro Wetland Complex

DGR Duregi Game Reserve

DNP Deosai National Park

DVNP Deva Vatala National Park

GNP Ghamot National Park

HCNP Hazarganji Chiltan National Park

HNP Hingol National Park

HSNP Hunderab Shandoor National Park

KBWC Keti Bunder Wetland Complex

KCNP Kala Chitta National Park

KirtNP Kirthar National Park

KL Kheenjhar Lake

KNP Khunjerab National Park

LBWP Lohi Bher Wildlife Park

LDNP Lulosar Dodipat National Park

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LSNP Lal Suhanra National Park

MDGNP Musk Deer Gorez National Park

MHNP Margallah Hills National Park

MKSKNP Murree-Kotli Sattian-Kahuta National Park

MNP Machhiara National Park

PGR Pai Game Reserve

PLNP Pir Lasoorha National Park

PRMNP Poonch River Mahaseer National Park

QNP Qurumber National Park

SBNP Sheikh Badin National Park

SMNP Saiful Maluk National Park

SPLWC Shimshal Pamir Lakes Wetlands Complex

SWC Sangar Wetland Complex

TPNP Toli Pir National Park

Contents

Chapter 1. Background and Introduction to the Study 5

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Floristic Studies 5

Faunistic Studies 5

Objectives 6

Scope 6

Locale 6

Stakeholders 6

Sources of Data 6

Chapter 2. Research Methodology and Tools/Instruments 7

Chapter 3. Findings / Gaps8

Chapter 4. Conclusion 46

Chapter 5. Recommendations 47

Chapter 6. References cited 50

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Executive Summary

A total of 225 protected areas (PAs) have been reported for the country among which 14 are National Parks, 97 are Game Reserves, 98 are Wildlife Sanctuaries and 16 are among the unclassified; covering a total area of 9,170,121 hectares i.e. 10.4% of total land cover of the country. This information is according to Biodiversity Action Plan, which has been published in 2000 and since then the number of National Parks has raised to 26.

Among these protected areas, 7 are IUCN category IA, 8 are IUCN category IB, 1 is category II, 44 are category III, 51 are category IV, 17 are category V and 97 are in unclassified category. But, we don’t have any category VI Protected Area in the country. According to the comprehensive literature review, not all the protected areas have been taxonomically evaluated rather about 90% of which are yet to be explored for their Floristic and Faunistic potential, which is one of the basic gaps in the knowledge. Kirthar National Park and Margalla Hills National Parks are already been explored for baseline environmental studies; hence comprehensive lists of their Flora and Fauna are available. Beside this, two students have completed their doctoral dissertations one on Bio-ecology of Ayubia National Park and the other on Floristic Studies of Kirthar National Park, which are fairly providing basis for the taxonomic studies. But lower plants and Insects are yet to be studied in these protected areas. Very few protected areas i.e. Khunjerab National Park, Chitral Gol National Park, Hingol National Park have checklists of their flowering plants or large Mammals or Avian or at the most Amphibians only, rather the lower plants and arthropods have never been studies in any protected area. Moreover, in the newly established protected areas like Broghil Valley National Park: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, established August 25, 2010, Area 134,744 ha. Qurumber National Park: Gilgit-Baltistan, established August 2, 2011, area 74,000 ha, and Poonch River Mahaseer National Park: AJ & K, established 2011 not even a single study is available regarding their taxonomic assessment, and even if a study is available, the identification source is not properly given.

A total of 132 research articles were randomly selected and thoroughly studied. Among which about 72 were published in peer reviewed journals, 33 were technical reports, 8 were unpublished theses, 6 were conference proceedings, 5 were maps, 4 were books and 2 were management plans. A total of 29 research articles were regarding the phytoecology, 18 were regarding Bioecology, 10 were regarding the Ethnobotany, 8 were Management plans, 7 were Checklists, 7 were conservation studies, 7 were Flora and Fauna including taxonomic studies, 6 were avian ecology, 5 were management plans and the rest of 34 were spread over a vast variety of subjects (i.e., 20 subjects) including general management or sociological studies etc. It is therefore, recommended that these Protected Areas should be explored for taxonomic studies. Whereas, very few of the total studied research articles included some aspects of taxonomy like inventory only. Now it is quite interesting if we are unable to authentically identify a plant or animal and its associated taxa, how can we produce a management plan for that particular taxon.

Out of total of 132 publications, only 73 research articles were about the higher plants, 35 articles were about mammals, 28 articles were about the study of birds, similarly reptiles were studied in 15 articles, amphibians were reported in 13 articles, fishes were studied in 8 articles, lower plants were studied in 7 articles, whereas, insects were studied in 4 articles only.

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Chapter 1. Background and Introduction to the Study

Floristic Studies

“Understanding and documenting plant diversity” is the first target among the 16 outcome-oriented targets for 2010 (Callmander, et. al., 2005), adapted by the sixth Conference of the Parties (COP6) to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) held in April 2002. So far, the total number of identified vascular plants has ranged from 310,000 (Prance, et. al., 2000) to 420,000 species (Bramwell, et. al., 2002), but still we are far from having any kind of authoritative “World Checklist” (Callmander, et. al., 2005). For Pakistan total of 1572 genera and 5521 species of flowering plants are identified. Among which 1389 genera and 4758 species are published in 215 families in the form of Flora of Pakistan and 5 families with 183 genera and 763 species are yet to be published (Ali, 2008). In Pakistan most of the flowering plant diversity is confined to the mountainous areas (Ali & Qaiser, 1986). Therefore, there is dire need of extensive plant collection in these biodiversity rich mountain areas of Pakistan. Many critical areas, particularly mountain valleys like Deosai Plains, Hunza, Chitral, Dir, Kurram, North and South Waziristan are under collected (Ali, 2008) and require continuous efforts as far as plant exploration is concerned, so that more new taxa could be discovered (Ali, 2008). About 80% of endemic flowering plants are confined to the northern and western mountains of Pakistan and Kashmir (Ali, 2008) and are recognized as the centre of radiation (Ali & Qaiser, 1986).

Faunistic Studies

In Pakistan, Mountfort and Poore started the baseline studies for fauna through WWF expeditions during 1966-1967 and 1967 to 1968 respectively. The studies extended by many zoologists / ecologists (Khan, 1970; Ali, 1974; Mirza, 1975; Mirza and Aleem, 1977; Khan, 1980, 1999; Schaller, 1976; Ahmed, 1986; Mani, 1986; Roberts, 1991, 1992, 1997; Anwar, 1995; Baig, 1992, 1998; Jamali, 1998), who have contributed to knowledge on the Fauna of Pakistan. There are many reports on the studies of mammals in Pakistan, but the most reliable and recent work is that of Roberts (1997). He gave a detailed account of 177 species of mammals, which include 13 insectivore, 49 bats, two primates, one pholidota, 33 carnivore, 1 perissodactyle, 16 artiodactyle, four lagomorphs, 44 rodents and 14 cetaceans. But this study is for whole of the country and not particularly concentrated to any of Protected Area. Therefore, it is not necessary that all these taxa are found in the PAs of the country. Rather, it is very hard to get a list of the taxa found in PAs out of this publication. He also mentioned 11 extra-limiter and three extinct taxa. Our knowledge on the avifauna of Pakistan is again mainly based on the studies of Roberts (1991, 1992). He identified about 660 species known to occur or have occurred in Pakistan. Now this time, main focus was their zoogeographic affinities, and not purely taxonomic in nature. Minton (1966) and Mertens (1969) conducted the first herpetological studies in Pakistan, but their studies were mainly restricted to the southern part of Pakistan only. According to Khan, (1980, 1999) and Baig, (1992), the number of amphibian and reptiles in Pakistan is over 200, of which 10% are amphibians and remaining are reptiles, whereas, Mirza, (1975) reported that fish species diversity is highest in the Indus River plains, and in the Himalayan foothills. Among the marine invertebrates about 788 species have been recorded so far from coastal waters, especially crustaceans and mollusks (BAP, 2000; Ahmad, 1998). There are 11 species of Apollo butterflies of the genus Parnassius; with 17 sub-species endemic to this area (Mani, 1986).

Objectives

Comprehensive study, in the context of the overall objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Programme of Work on Protected Areas (PoW-Pas): Capacities to promote in-situ and ex-situ conservation.

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Scope

Scope of this document is to provide a set of taxonomic gaps, identified for the better documentation and sustainable management of the biological resources of protected areas in Pakistan. Besides, supporting the establishment and maintenance of ecologically representative protected areas that collectively contribute to achieve the three objectives of the CBD and the 2010 target to significantly reduce the current rate of biodiversity loss and contribute to poverty reduction and the pursuit of sustainable development, thereby supporting the objectives of the Strategic Plan of the Convention, the World Summit on Sustainable Development Plan of Implementation and the Millennium Development Goals. Additionally these are the basic important points which will also be helpful in promoting the conservation of the rich biodiversity in perpetuity for present and future generations.

Locale

Management of biodiversity can not be considered as effective, unless and until it is taxonomically authentically identified. Because, in some cases, the conservation strategies are species specific, whereas, generally they are associated with other allied taxa in the ecosystem, in that case, the authentic identification becomes rather more important.

Stakeholders

Generally it is considered that the wildlife and forest departments are the stakeholders of the protected areas, besides the other research, teaching institutes. On the other hand the local community also shares the resources symbiotically.

Sources of Data

Inadequate taxonomic information combined with sparse, uneven collections creates a gap in the data necessary to design appropriate conservation protocol. If no voucher specimens from any of the localities are cited neither any herbarium specimens are cited nor submitted to any of the herbaria of the country. Therefore, there arises a question on the authenticity of the identification being carried out. Unfortunately there is no comprehensive and consolidated database of the Flora and Fauna of protected areas of the country. Therefore, the historic floristic and faunistic studies are considered for this purpose.

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Chapter 2. Research Methodology and Tools/Instruments

Since, no consolidated taxonomic database is available regarding the Flora and Fauna of all the protected areas of the country, therefore a comprehensive literature review was conducted in this connection, starting from colonial missions in 1820, travelogues, gazetteers and Flora of British India. Books, peer reviewed research papers, technical reports and unpublished thesis, were also studied.

Similarly meetings, interviews and focused group discussions were conducted with the officials of different government and non-governmental organizations i.e. provincial forest and wildlife departments.

GIS based datasets of WWF, WCMC, NCS, NIO, Botanical Gardens, Library of PSF and IUCN, were also consulted. All these information were thoroughly studied and analyzed for the taxonomic gaps in Protected Areas.

All the documents were searched for the report of Flora and or Fauna, their taxonomic gaps were identified by comparing them with the already published taxonomic literature i.e. Flora of Pakistan (Nasir & Ali, 1970-1979; Nasir & Ali, 1980-1989; Ali & Nasir, 1989-1992; Ali & Qaiser, 1993-2012) and Flora Iranica (Rechinger, 1957-2001). However, recent taxonomic literature was also consulted in this connection.

For the nomenclature of Fauna Roberts (1991); (1992); Ali & Ripley (1983); (1987); Khan, (2006); (1993); Khan and Baig (1988); Howes and Backwell (1989); Hassan and Qureshi (1967); Hassan (2001) and Baig (2001) were used.

For the taxonomic authentication of scientific names, online databases were also used, e.g. International Plant Names Index (www.ipni.org), Integrated Taxonomic Information System (www.itis.gov) ITIS and Catalogue of life (www.catalogueoflife.org).

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Chapter 3. Findings / Gaps

Exploration of biodiversity was initiated by Colonial expeditions in 1820 from Ladakh and Kashmir by William Moorcroft, followed by Victor Jacquemont 1828-1832, who collected in Kashmir and Punjab (Stewart, 1972). After that, many European botanists collected from one or two localities of the country. Collections of H. Falconer (1860-1865) were confined to Hazara and Baltistan. Similarly, N. Vicary (1838) collected in Sindh and Salt range of Punjab. Griffith collected from Baluchistan and NWFP (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) (Table 1). On the basis of these collections the two great floras of the region, i.e. the Flora Orientalis (Boissier 1867-1888) and the Flora of British India (Hooker, 1872-1897) were written (Table 2). One important aspect about the collections made in Pakistan prior to the country's establishment in 1947 is that virtually all of them were housed either in Europe (mainly BM1, E, and K) or in India, at Calcutta or Dehra Dun, in both cases inaccessible to botanists in Pakistan (Stewart, 1972). The largest plant collection in Pakistan in 1947 was that developed by Ralph Stewart at Gordon College in Rawalpindi (RAW) now shifted to NARC. R.R. Stewart collected plants from almost whole of the country and included his findings in his monumental work “An Annotated Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of West Pakistan and Kashmir” (Stewart, 1972). However, it is based on collections from one or two localities of a district, likewise, no taxonomic description is given nor any taxonomic key is available, hence do not qualify to be the Flora.

Table 1. The pioneer plant collectors of Pakistan and Kashmir

Name Year Region

William Moorcroft 1820 – 1822 Ladakh & Kashmir

Victor Jacquemont 1828 – 1832 Kashmir & Punjab

H. Falconer 1860 – 1865 Kashmir, Hazara, Baltistan

N. Vicary 1838 Sindh & Salt range Punjab

W. Griffith 1838 – 1840 Balochistan & N.W.F.P.

J.E. Stocks 1848 – 1850 Sindh & Balochistan

R.R. Stewart 1910 – 1960 All over Pakistan

Table 2. Floras available at the time of creation of Pakistan.

Name Year Name of Flora

Hooker, J. D. 1872-1894 Flora of British India

1 BM: The Natural History Museum; K: Royal Botanic Gardens Kew; E: Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh; RAW: Pakistan Agricultural Research Council

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Boissier E. 1867-1884 Flora Orientalis

Parker, R. N. 1928 Flora of the Punjab and Delhi

Kashyap, S. R. 1936 Lahore District Flora, Punjab.

Blatter, C., E. McCann,

and Sabnis, T.S. 1927-1929 Flora of Indus Delta

These floras are very old and majority of the botanical names have been changed by now, hence cannot be used as a reference of plant identification. On the other hand plant specimens cited in these floras were not extensively collected from all the ecological regions of the country. Similarly a lot of new taxa have been described since then. Hence, none of these Floras fulfilled the requirements of the country.

Herbaria in Pakistan

At the time of creation of Pakistan, 3 or 4 mini Herbaria were present in the country except R.R. Stewart Herbarium at Gordon College Rawalpindi (RAW) which had about 60,000 specimen - who had collected all over Pakistan for 50 years (Ali, 2008).

Stewart collection formed the basis for writing the Flora of Pakistan. Some new herbaria were also established, afterward (Table 3).

Table 3. List of Herbaria in Pakistan.

Name Specimens Founded

National Herbarium, PARC, Islamabad (RAW) Formerly Stewart Herbarium, Gordon College, Rawalpindi.

75,000 1912

Herbarium, University of the Punjab, Lahore (LAH) 50,000 1918

Herbarium, Botany Department, Islamia College, Peshawar (ICP) 12,000 1920

Herbarium, Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar (PPFI) 20,000 1947

Herbarium, Botany Department, Peshawar University, Peshawar (PUP) 40,000 1952

Herbarium, Botany Department, Karachi University, Karachi (KUH) 120,000 1953

Herbarium, PCSIR, Peshawar (PES) 13,000 1958

Herbarium, Biological Sciences Department Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, (ISL)

175,000 1974

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Herbarium, Botanical Sciences Division, Pakistan Museum of Natural History, Islamabad (PMNH)

60,500 1981

(Source: Ali, 2008)

Similarly the wildlife act of India 1927 was adapted as such and was later renamed as the wildlife act of Pakistan 1927. The Indian forest act of 1927 was also renamed as Pakistan forest act 1927. We have University of the Punjab with Departments of Botany and Zoology in inheritance.

As per analysis of the Stewart Catalogue (Stewart, 1972) and Flora of Pakistan published so far, there are 161 genera and 855, comprising of 6 families that are yet to be published (Table 4). Although it is available online (www.efloras.org) even then there is no system of revising the Flora of Pakistan. On the other hand first fascicle of Flora of Pakistan appeared 34 years ago, it is now expected that during this time a lot of new taxa have been described and ranking of so many taxa would have been changed, besides, a lot of specimens have now been contributed to various Herbaria, therefore, it is recommended that these specimens should be considered for the revision of the Flora of Pakistan.

Table 4. Flora of Pakistan yet to be published

Families Genera Species

Asteraceae 131-51=80 650-194=456

Cactaceae 2 7

Liliaceae 6 34

Myrtaceae 7 13

Rosaceae 29 182

Scrophulariaceae 37 163

Total 161 855

Relatively less explored areas should be botanized such as: North and South Waziristan, Northern Areas of Pakistan (Gilgit & Baltistan), Kurram Agency, Sulaiman range, Khirthar range and Deosai plateau. It is therefore recommended that these areas should be intensively studied for the plant diversity and it is expected that some new taxa (undescribed or new to science) would be found in these under collected areas.

A total of 132 research articles were randomly selected and thoroughly studied. Among which about 72 were published in peer reviewed journals, 33 were technical reports, 8 were unpublished theses, 6 were conference proceedings, 5 were maps, 4 were books and 2 were management plans (Table 7). A total of 29 research articles were regarding the phytoecology, 18 were regarding Bioecology, 10 were regarding the Ethnobotany, 8 were Management plans, 7 were Checklists, 7 were conservation studies, 7 were Flora and Fauna including taxonomic

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studies, 6 were avian ecology, 5 were management plans and the rest of 34 were spread over a vast variety of subjects (i.e., 20 subjects) including general management or sociological studies etc (Table 8). It is therefore, recommended that these Protected Areas should be explored for taxonomic studies. Whereas, very few of the total studied research articles included some aspects of taxonomy like inventory only. Now it is quite interesting if we are unable to authentically identify a plant or animal and its associated taxa, how can we produce a management plan for that particular taxon.

Out of total of 132 publications, only 73 research articles were about the higher plants, 35 articles were about mammals, 28 articles were about the study of birds, similarly reptiles were studied in 15 articles, amphibians were reported in 13 articles, fishes were studied in 8 articles, lower plants were studied in 7 articles, whereas, insects were studied in 4 articles only (Table 6 & 9).

Among the lower plants, there are at least 189 pteridophytes (ferns and their allies), with no specification of collection from any of the protected area. So far, as lower plants (Algae, Liverworts, Mosses and Lichens etc.) are concerned, these are poorly known. Mirza (1978) has reported 847 genera and 3,383 species of fungi from Pakistan. But this figure is for the whole country and not concentrated to any Protected Area of the country. It is therefore recommended that intrinsic taxonomic studies should be conducted in all the PAs of the country at the earliest.

According to the focused group discussions, the wildlife and forestry departments are the basic field workers and custodians of biodiversity but they are not taxonomists in their specialization i.e. they lack even the basic taxonomic knowledge hence their identification cannot be considered as authentic. The foresters and wildlife workers have concern only with timber trees and with the number of targeted species; they have no idea of plant diversity and do not even know scientific names of the common most species. In most cases, data are primarily based upon the observations made by local people who in many cases cannot even read and write. As a result their information is not valid and authentic. Similarly, if changes occur in their nomenclature, they are unable to understand or incorporate.

According to the analysis of all the data accumulated so far, we do not have any consolidated list of all the flora and fauna of the country, which is a huge gap in the taxonomy of all the biodiversity in Pakistan. Flora of Pakistan published so far is purely based on the collections of accessible and remote valleys are seldom approached. Flora of Pakistan has not yet been completed and few major families like Rosaceae, Scrophuariaceaee and Asteraceae are yet to be completed. Beside this, Flora of Pakistan is all about higher plants and lower plants are yet to be published. Similarly, we have sporadic data for Algae, Fungi, Bryophytes and Pteridophytes.

Fauna of all the PAs published so far is very sporadic and it is very hard to compile them into a consolidated form. Therefore, a lot of efforts are required for conducting the faunistic studies in all PAs of the country. According to literature review regarding the Protected Areas, we could find only two references regarding the report of insects diversity (pollinators) in Protected Areas (Table 7).

In one of the technical reports of baseline studies in a protected area (e.g. Chitral Gol National Park) (Inam-ur-Rahim, 2003), common names have been given instead of their scientific names, therefore, the identification cannot be considered as authentic, as a result the findings become useless.

A total of 225 protected areas (9,170,121 hectares, 10.4% of the total land area) have been designated for the country, among which 14 are National Parks (1,034,239 ha), 97 are Game Reserves (3,535,284 ha), 98 are Wildlife Sanctuaries (4,359,667 ha) and 16 are among unclassified (private, proposed or recommended; 240931 ha) (Khan, 2012). Whereas, according to UNEP-WCMC, (2001) (Figure 1) some more PAs have been established in recent years (Figure 2). Similarly, Khan, (2003) has reported 14 National Parks, 99 Wildlife Sanctuaries, 96 Game Reserves, 9 Ramsar sites, 16 unclassified and one biosphere reserve.

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Among these protected areas, 7 are IUCN category IA, 8 are IUCN category IB, 1 is category II, 44 are category III, 51 category IV, 17 category V and 97 are in unclassified category (Appendix 1). Secondly, Pakistan has no IUCN category VI protected site, whereas, it is a signatory of virtually all the important international agreements such as the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES), the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar), the World Heritage Convention, and the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (Bonn). Beside this Pakistan is also a signatory of The World Conservation Union (IUCN), International Waterfowl and International Wetland Research Bureau (IWRB), but still we do not have any authoritative list of plants or animals of all the protected areas.

Figure 1. Distribution of Protected Areas on the national map. (Source: WDPA database website i.e. www.protectedplanet.net).

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Figure 2. Screen shot of the WDPA website (www.protectedplanet.net), mentioning the total number of protected areas for Pakistan (taken on June 20, 2012).

Hagler Bailly Pakistan has conducted environmental baseline studies in Margalla hills (Hagler-Bailly, 2007) comprising of two national parks (Margala Hills National Park and Ayubia National Park), two wildlife sanctuary (Islamabad and Lohi Bher Forest wildlife sanctuary) and two game reserves (Islamabad and Kathar game reserve). Similarly they have also conducted environmental baseline studies in Kirthar National Park, and on the basis of these findings a plant guide to Kirthar National Park has been published (Akhtar, 2003), which provides basis for the taxonomic contribution. Similarly, desert vegetation was focused by Enright et al., (2005) but it is basically ecological in nature and confined to c. 125 taxa only. These are the only authentic lists which can be considered as basis for further taxonomic studies.

According to the literature some of the taxa have been collected many years ago from only one locality and has never been found again, and on the basis of that single gathering that taxa were described and named as separate species. For example, Wendelboa obtusa Soest once collected from Barum-Gol Chitral some 62 years back and never been collected again (Ali, 2010). Similarly Plantago baltistanica H. Hartmann was described some 50 years back from Baltistan and not yet found again (Alam, 2010). There are equal possibilities of finding these taxa in the nearby protected areas, it is therefore suggested that intensive field studies should be conducted by the taxonomists for finding these rare taxa in the protected areas on urgent basis.

Some floristic and faunistic studies in Keti Bundar – Coastal / Deltaic Ecosystem, Keenjhar Lake and Chotiari Wetland Complex, have also been conducted (Khatoon and Akbar, 2008) which forms the basis of inventorying in these protected areas.

Only in few National Parks i.e. Hingol National Park, Kirthar National Park and Khunjrab National Park, good quality baseline studies have been conducted (Table 6), it is therefore suggested that similar studies should also be conducted in the remaining protected areas as well, especially in the newly established PAs. On the basis of these

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findings it is estimated that more than 85% of the Protected Areas of the country are considered as taxonomically unexplored (Table 5). Similarly, majority of the studies carried out are mainly with reference to ecology, ethnobotany, distribution or behaviors and with no information regarding their taxonomy, whereas, in some cases their identification is doubtful. Similarly, we don’t have any consolidated inventory of invasive species with the information of geographic distribution and population size for the PAs of the country. Very few invasive species on one hand can be beneficial to community by providing fuel-wood, timber and shelter, while on the other hand they are harmful and disturb the endemic flora of an area, whereas, in some cases they also affect the health of local people.

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Table 5. List of publications of Protected Areas of Pakistan.

P.No. Title of paper Author(s) Name of PA Type of study Year of publication

Publisher Comments

1 Analyzing the herbaceous flora of Lohi Bher Wildlife Park under variable environmental stress

Sheikh Saeed Ahmad and Hum Ehsan

Lohi Bher Wildlife Park

Phytoecology 2012 Pakistan Journal of Botany

Only herbs are focused for ecological factors

2 Checklist of Flora and Fauna of Chotiari Reservoir

M.K. Leghari, Ehsan Feroz, Surraya Khatoon, Rehmatullah, Rafaqat Masroor, Ghalib, Rafeeque, Fakhri Syed Ali Husnain

Chotiari Wildlife Sanctuary

Checklist of Flora and Fauna

2011 Unpublished Technical report

Very good identification and ecological information

3 Ecological Baseline Survey of Chhach and Yari Wari Wetlands

Attaullah Pandrani Wetlands complex (unclassified)

Checklist of Flora and Fauna

2011 Unpublished Technical report by Sangat Development Foundation


4 Ecological Baseline Study of Fauna and Flora of Chhachh and Yari Wari Lake) Deh Akro-II Desert wetland Complex Nawabshah

Saadul Islam and Sakina Nazi Memon

Wetlands complex (unclassified)

Ecological studies 2010 Unpublished Technical report by Sangat Development Fiundation


5 Preliminary floristic list of Chotiary wetland complex Nawab Shah Sindh Pakistan

Rahmatullah Qureshi

Chotiary wetland complex (Unclassified)

Checklist of Flowering plants

2008 Pakistan Journal of Botany

Very good identification

6 Study of vegetation and smooth Rahmatullah Chotiary wetland Phytoecology 2009 Pakistan Journal of Ecological studies


Publisher Comments

coated otter in Chotiari wetlands complex Sangar Sindh Pakistan

Qureshi, Waseem Ahmad Khan and Babar Khan

complex (Unclassified)

Botany

7 Phytodiversity and endemic richness of Karambar lake vegetation from Chitral Hindukush Himalayas

Hamayun Shaheen and Zabta Khan Shinwari

Hindrup Karamabar National Park


Ecological studies

8 Phytosociology and structure of Central Karakorum National Park (CKNP of Northern Areas of Pakistan

Alamdar Hussain, M. Afzal Farooq and Moinuddin Ahmad

Cenral Karakorum National Park

Phytoecology 2010 World Applied Science Journal

Phytoecological studies

9 Status of Blanford’s Urial and Sindh Ibex on the Dureji Game Management area Balochistan Pakistan

Michael R. Frisina, Ghulam ali Awan and Michael H. Woodford

Duregi Game Reserve

Taxonomy of Urial 2003 Unpublished Technical report

Conservation studies

10 A quantitative study on wildlife of Chotiari Reservoir Sangar, Sindh, Pakistan

Muhammad Rasi, M. Zaheer Khan, Darakhshan Abbass, Ghulam Akbar, Rub Nawaz and Saeed-ul-Islam

Chotiary wetland complex (Unclassified)

Wildlife ecology 2011 Pakistan Journal of Zoology

Only species richness is focused

11 Predicting the patterns, perceptions and causes of human-carnivore conflict in and around Machiara National Park, Pakistan

Naeem Iftikhar Dar, Riaz Aziz Minhas, Qamar Zaman and Matthew Linkie

Machiara National Park

Behavior studies 2009 Biological Conservation

Only Human carnivore conflict is focused

12 Social organization and Riaz Aziz Minhas, Machiara National Social organization 2010 Pakistan Journal Social organization and

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Publisher Comments

reproductive biology of Himalayan Grey Langur in Machiara National Park Azad Kashmir Pakistan

Khawaja Basharat Ahmad, Muhammad Siddique Awan and Naeem Iftikhar Dar

Park and reproductive biology

Zoology reproductive biology

13 The Flora of the Deosai Plains R.R. Stewart Deosai National Park

Flora of higher plants

1961 Pakistan Journal of Forestry

Published 50 years earlier, needs complete review

14 Bioecology and conservation of the birds of Hingol National Park, Balochistan

M. Zaheer, Syed Ali Ghalib, Afsheen Zehra and Babar Hussain

Hingol National Park

Bioecology of Birds 2010 Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences

Ecology of 158 bird species are given with no taxonomy or identification keys

15 Assessment of Natural vegetation of Hingol National Park


Phytoecology 2010 Unpublished technical report

16 Wildlife of border belt Game Reserve district Narowal Punjab Pakistan

M. Akbar, R.A.J Khan, S. Mehboob and Z.U. Nisa

Border Belt Game Reserve

Mammals and Birds

2005 Pakistan Journal of Life and Social Sciences

Only mammals and birds are with no Taxonomy

17 Baseline terrestrial vegetation and floristic studies at Shimshal –Pamir lakes Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan

Sher Wali Khan and Jan Alam

Wetland (Unclassified)

Phytoecology 2010 Unpublished technical report

Only higher plants are listed

18 Environmental Baseline studies of Deosai National Park

Anon. Deosai National Park

Flora, Birds and Mammals

2006 Unpublished technical report

Only higher plants, mammals and birds are listed

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Publisher Comments

19 Report on Socio-economic Baseline for Sheosar Lake


Socio-economic 2007 Unpublished technical report

Socio-economic Baseline

20 Vegetation types of Sheosar lake and surrounding landscape in Deosai Plains of North Pakistan Western Himalaya

Humayun Shaheen and Rizwana Aleem Qureshi

Deosai National Park

Phytoecology 2011 Journal of Medicinal Plants Research

Ecological studies

21 Altitudinal distribution of Grasses, Sedges and Rushed of Deosai Plateau, Pakistan

K. Sultana, Muqarrab Shah and T.M. Upson


Bioecology of Grasses

2007 Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agriculture and Food Chemistry

Taxonomy of grasses and sedges

22 First report on the Biodiversity of Khunjerab National Park

Rahmatullah Qureshi, Waseem Ahmad Khan, G.R. Bhatti, Barab Khan, Shahid Iqbal, Mohammad Shafiq Ahmad, Mohammad Abid and Arif Yaqub

Khunjerab National Park

Checklist of flora and fauna


Flora and Fauna

23 Plant communities around Chiltan in Quetta District of Baluchistan

R.B.Tareen, M. Ahmad and K.R. Tareen

Hazarganji Chiltan National Park

Phytoecology 1987 Mod. Trends Pl. Sci. Res. Pak.

Floral Ecology

24 Vegetation ordination of Chiltan in Baluchistan

Moinudin Ahmad, R.B.Tareen and K.R. Tareen

Hazarganji Chiltan National Park

Phytoeology 1987 Mod. Trends Pl. Sci. Res. Pak.

Floral Ecology

25 An annotated checklist of Amphibians and Reptiles of

Rafaqat Masroor Margalla Hills Checklist of Amphibians and

2011 Pakistan J. Zool. Amphibians and

19


Publisher Comments

Margalla Hills National Park Pakistan

National Park Reptiles Reptiles

26 Population and conservation status of Barking Deer in Pri Lasora National Park and other areas of district Kotli Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan

Samina Zulfiqar, Riaz Aziz Minhas, M. Siddique Awan and Usman Ali

Pri Lasora National Park

Bioecology of Barking Deer

2011 Pakistan J. Zool. Population of Barking deer

27 Ecological zonation and identification of core biodiversity zones in Margallah Hills National Park

Saadullah Ayaz Margalla Hills National Park

Phytoecology 2005 Unpublished Thesis Flora and Fauna

28 Prioritization of medicinal plants of Margalla Hills National Park Islamabad on the basis of available information

S.S.Ahmad, F. Mahmood, Z.Dogar, Zafar Iqbal Khan, K. Ahmad, M. Sher, I.Mustafaa dn E.E.Valeem

Margalla Hills National Park

Medicinal plants 2009 Pakistan Journal of Botany

Small list of 40 medicinal plants

29 Folk use of medicinal herbs of Margallah Hills National Park, Islamabad

M.I. Shinwari and Mir, Ajab Khan

Margalla Hills National Park

Medicinal plants 2000 Journal of Ethno-pharmacology

Very small list of medicinal plants. Only 50 medicinal plants are listed

30 Diversity of plant species in Lal Suhanra National Park, Bahawalpur, Pakistan

M.Hameed, AA. Chaudhry, M. A. Maan and A.H.Gill

Lal Suhanra National Park

Checklist of flowering plants

2002 Online Journal of Biological Sciences

56 plant species

31 Margala and Margala North Blocks Environmental Baseline

Anon. Magallah Hills Flora and Fauna 2007 Unpublished Flora and Fauna

20


Publisher Comments

Study (Hagler Bailly) National Park Technical Report

32 Some common species of Fleshy Macromycetes from Margalla Hills National Park and Adjacent areas

Amir Sultan, Kishwar Nazir and Najma Ayub

Magallah Hills National Park

Fungal studies 2001 Pakistan Journal of Botany

Lower Flora

33 Plants in coexistence with man and wildlife at Deosai: Himalayas

A.A. Khan, R.A. Rajput and U. Khalid


Sociological study 1996 Proc. First Train Workshop Ethnob. Appl. Conservation

Sociological study

34 Plants used by the loal communities of people in the area of National Park Machiyara

Raja Muhammad Rauf Khan

Machiyara National Park

Ethnobotany 1996 Proc. First Train Workshop Ethnob. Appl. Conservation

Ethnobotanical study

35 Community uses of medicinal plants National Park Muzaffarabad, Azad Kashmir

Syed Aftab Hussain Bukhari


Ethnobotany 1996 Proc. First Train Workshop Ethnob. Appl. Conservation

Ethnobotanical study

36 Two new records of snakes species from Machiyara National Park Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan

Khalid, J. Baig and M. Rafique


Reptiles study 2005 Proc. Pakistan Acad. Sci

Only 2 snake species

37 Vegetation baseline study in Chitral Gol National Park, NWFP, Pakistan

Raja Muhammad Zarif

Chitral Gol National Bark

Phytoecology 2004 Unpublished Technical Report

Only 30 species are listed

38 Range management baseline study in Chitral Gol National Park NWFP, Pakstan

M. Inam-ur-Rahim Chitral Gol National Park

Range management study

2005 Unpublished Technical Report

Only common names of 80 species are given.

39 Status of Himalayan Lynx in District Chitral, NWFP, Pakistan

J.U. Din and M. A. Nawaz

Chitral Gol National Park

Conservation Himalayan Linx

2010 The Journal of Animal and Plant

Himalayan Linx

21


Publisher Comments

status Sciences

40 A note on some grasses relished by Markhor in Chital Gol

Mirza Hakim Khan Chiral Gol National Park

Bioecology of Grasses

1979 The Pakistan Journal of Forestry

Grasses

41 Markhor population dynamics and food availability in Chitral Gol Game Sanctuary

Abdul Aleem Chitral Gol National Park

Bioecology of Markhor


Ecology and population dynamics

42 Markhor population dynamics and food availability in Chitral Wildlife Sanctuary




Ecology of Markhor

43 Chitral Gol Sanctuary for Markhor Ali Akbar Chitral Gol National Park



Ecology of Markhor

44 Population dynamics of Markhor in Chitral Gol




Ecology of Markhor

45 Vegetation of Scree slopes in Chitral Gol

A.R. Beg and Ilahi Bakhsh


Phytoecology 1974 The Pakistan Journal of Forestry

Ecology

46 Phytosociological studies in Chitral Gol

Mirza Hakim Khan Chitral Gol National Park

Phytoecology 1978 The Pakistan Journal of Forestry

Ecology

47 Forestry and Range Management in Chitral District

M. I. Sheikh and Sultan Maqsood Khan


Forestry and Range management


Range management studies

48 Markhor in Chitral Gol Abdul Aleem Chitral Gol National Park

Bioecology 1976 The Pakistan Journal of Forestry

Ecology

49 Phyto-sociological studies in A.Aleem Chaudhry, Chhambi Surla Phytoecology 2001 International Journal Phytoecology

22


Publisher Comments

Chhumbi Surla Wildlife Sanctuary, Chakwal Pakistan II. Phyoecology

M. Hameed, R.Ahmad and A. Hussain

Wildlife Sanctuary of Agriculture & Biology

50 Preliminary studies on plants for Ayubia National Park Management Plan

Muqarrab Shah Ayubia National Park

Management plan -- Unpublished Management plan

51 Transferring theory and practice of environmental governance: a case study of Ayubia National Park, Pakistan

Mohsin Farooque Ayubia National Park

Environmental governance

2011 Unpublished thesis Environmental governance

52 Management plan of Ayubia National Park 2002-07

Mohsin Farooque Ayubia National Park

Management plan 2002 Unpublished management plan

Management plan

53 A study of genus Ramaria from Ayubia National Park Pakistan

G. Nasim, M. Ali and Asad Shabbir

Ayubia National Park

Fungal studies 2008 Mycopath Fungal Taxonomy

54 Indigenous rights and Biodiversity Conservation: A case study of Ayubia National Park

Shaheen Rafi Khan and Asad Naqvi


Indigenous rights 2000 Unpublished report Management study

55 Floristic composition along an 18-km long transect in Ayubia National Park, District Abbottabad, Pakistan

Shehzadi Saima, A.A. Dasti, F. Hussain, S.M. Wazir and S.A. Malik



Phytoecology

56 Exploring the vegetation dynamics and community assemblage in Ayubia National Park, Rawalpindi, Pakistan using

S.S.Ahmad and Q.U.Ann


Phytoecology 2011 Biodiversity Journal Phytoecology

23


Publisher Comments

CCA

57 Exploring the economic value of underutilized plant species in Ayubia National Park

S.S.Ahmad A. Ahmad


Ethnobotanical

Studies


Ethnobotany

58 Indigenous uses of some important Ethnomedicinal Herbs of Ayubia National Park, Abbottabad, Pakistan

S.A.Gilani, R.A.Qureshi and S.J. Gilani


Ethnobotany 2006 Ethnobotanical Leaflet

Ethnobotany

59 Ethnobotanical Studuies of Ayubia National Park, District Abbottabad, Pakistan

S.A. Gilani, R.A. Qureshi and Umer Farooq


Ethnobotany 2001 Online Journal of Biological Science

Ethnobotany

60 Conservational Status of plant seedlings in Ayubia National Park, Pakistan

R. Khanum and S.A. Gilani


Phytoecology 2005 Lyonia a journal of ecology and application

Phytoecoloyg

61 Interplay of local communities and Biodiversity in Ayubia National Park

Safdar Ali Shah Ayubia National Park

Management studies

2001 Proc. Ethnobotany Applied Participatory Forest Management in Pakistan

Sociological study

62 Multivariate analysis of Environmental and vegetation data of Ayub National Park Rawalpindi

T.Jabeen and S.S. Ahmad

Ayub National Park Phytoecology 2009 Soil and Environment Phytoecology

63 Vegetation survey of Ayub S.S.Hussain Ayub National Park Phytoecology 1969 The Pakistan Journal Phytoecology

24


Publisher Comments

National Park, Rawalpindi of Forestry

64 Phytosociological studies of Ayub National Park Rawalpindi

Anjum Amin and Raja Muhammad Ashfaque

Ayub National Park Phytoecology 1982 The Pakistan Journal of Forestry

Phytoecology

65 Preliminary study to know Leopard population in and around Ayubia National Park

Anon. Ayubia National Park

Management studies

2007 Unpublished WWF-Scientific Committee Technical Report

Sociology

67 Conservation of Leopards in Ayubia National Park, Pakistan

Asad Lodhi Ayubia National Park

conservation MS thesis

2007 Unpublished Thesis Conservation

68 Some aspects of Bio-ecology of Ayubia National Park, NWFP-Pakistan.

Chaudhry M. Shafique


Bioecology PhD. Thesis,

2003 Department of Zoology, University of Karachi.

Biology

69 Vegetation classification in Ayubia National Park, Pakistan using ordination methods

Saeed, S.A and Quratulann,


Phytoecology 2011 Pak. J. Bot Phytoecology

70 Ayubia National Park survey and staff training.

Whale, R., Zaman, W., Zeb, U., Alam, M., & Rehman, S.


Survey and staff Training

1996 Unpublished training report

Training

71 Pheasant survey in Ayubia National Park.

Whale, R. Ayubia National Park

Bioecology 1996 Wildlife Department, Abbottabad, Pakistan.

Pheasant survey only

72 Fodder and fuelwood: Ethnobotany and management at Ayubia National Park, Pakistan.

Aumeeruddy-Thomas, Y., Shinwari, Z. K.,


Ethnobotany 2004 Working Paper 14. Ethnobotany

25


Publisher Comments

Ayaz, A. & Khan, A.A.

73 Livestock Grazing Impacts on Desert Vegetation, Khirthar National Park, Pakistan

Neal J. Enright and Ben P. Miller

Khirthar National Park

Range management

2007 Rangeland Ecology & Management

Livestock grazing

74 Central Karakorum Conservation Complex: Draft Management Plan

M.A. Nawaz, P.Shadie and V. Zakaria

Central Karakorum National Park

Management Plan 2009 Unpublished Technical Report

Management plan

75 Central Karakorum Conservation Complex: Management planning Framework

M.A. Nawaz, P.Shadie and V. Zakaria


Management Plan 2009 Unpublished Technical Report

Management plan

76 Conservation and Controversy in the Karakorum: Khunjerab National Park, Pakistan

Are Knudsen Khunjerab National Park

Management

Plan

1999 Journal of Political Ecology

Ecological Politics

77 Ensuring sustainable management of Central Karakorum Conservation Complex: Building upon the experiences of HKKH Partnership Project

Sheraz Ullah Baig Central Karakorum National Park

Management studies

--- Unpublished Management

78 Karakorum Himalaya Source book for a Protected Area

Nigel J.R. Allan Central Karakorum National Park

Source Book 1995 Unpublished Book

79 Land Cover Mapping of the Central Karakorum National Park

Anon. Central Karakorum National Park

Map 2009 Unpublished Map

80 Preservation in Pakistan: Candidate Number Central Karakorum Conservation 2008 Oxford University Conservation and

26


Publisher Comments

Exclusionist or Holisyic? The case study of Central Karakorum National Park

387939 National Park management Thesis

Centre for the Environment

Management

81 Phytosociology and Sturucture of Central Karakorum National Park (CKNP) of Northern Areas of Pakistan

Alamdar Hussain, M. Sfzal Farooq and Moinuddin Amad


Phytoecology 2010 World Applied Sciences Journal

Phytoecology

82 Central Karakorum Conservation Complex: Draft Management Plan (species management)


Species Management Plan

2009 Unpublished technical Report

Management Plan

83 Central Karakorum Conservation Complex: Draft Management Plan (Tourism Development Plan)


Tourism Management Plan

2009 Unpublished technical Report

Tourism Plan

84 Traditional drug therapies from various medicinal plants of Central Karakorum National Park, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan

Ishtiaq Hussain, Asghari Bano and Faizan Ullah


Ethnobotany 2011 Pakistan Journal of Botany

Ethnobotany

85 Status of Flora in Chingi Forest Preserves

M. Naeem, S. Babar, A. Rao and M. Y. Ashraf

Chinji National Park Phytoecology 2000 Pak. J. Biological Sciences

Phytoecology

86 Status of Himalayan Lynx in District Chitral, NWFP, Pakistan

J.U. Din and M. A. Nawaz



2010 The Journal of Animal and Plant Sceinces


87 Changes in the Avifauna of the wetlands of District Sangar, Sindh, Pakistan

M. Rais, D.Abbas, M.Z. Khan, I.S. Khan, S. A. Ghalib,

Unspecified Wetlands

Avian ecology 2008 Фауна і населення Avian ecology

27


Publisher Comments

F. Tabassum, G.Akbar and R.Nawaz

88 Detailed Ecological Assessment of Fauna including Limnological Studies at Chotiari Reservoir

Anon. Chotiari Reservoir Wetlands Complex

Bioecological assessment of Fauna and Limnology

2008 Unpublished Fauna and Limnology

89 Study on some median-sized and larg mammals of Chotiari Wetlands Complex, Sangar, Sindh, Pakistan

M. Rais, M. Z.Khan, D.Abbass, G, Akbar

Chotiari Reservoir Wetlands Complex

Checklist of Mammals

2010 J. Basic and Applied Sci.

Mammals

90 Diversity and Ecology of spiders of the Deosai Plateau, Northern Areas, Pakistan

O.B. Kok, L.N. Lotz and C.R. Haddad


Bioecology of Arthropods (Spiders) Taxonomy

2004 Pak. J. Bio. Sci Arthropods (Spiders)

91 Floristic studies of Chitral: Threatened Plants and Conservation Strategies

Haidar Ali Chitral Gol National Park

Floristic studies Ph.D. Thesis

2010 Department of Botany, University of Karachi

Taxonomic studies but not confined to CGNP, rather the whole of Chitral

92 Study the core, feeding and breeding areas of the key birdlife species in Utter and Handrap-Shandoor lakes

Anon. Handrap-Shandoor National Park

Avian ecology 2010 WWF-Pakistan Avi-Fauna

93 Diet of Chiltan wild goat Capra aegagrus chiltanensis in Hazargangi Chiltan National Park

S.B. Lathiya, G.D.Achkzai, A. Pervez

Hazargangi Chiltan National Park

Bioecology 2007 Canadian Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences

Phytosociology

28


Publisher Comments

94 Medicinal Flora of Hingol National Park Baluchistan, Pakistan

Rahmatullah Qureshi


Medicinal plants 2012 Pak. J. Bot. Medicinal Flora

95 Avifauna of Hingol National Park, Bakluchistan, Pakistan

S.A. Ghalib, A.Jabbar, J.Wind, A.Zehra and D.Abbas


Avian ecology 2008 Pak. J. Zoology Avifauna

96 Bioecology and conservation of birds of Avifauna if Hingol National Park, Baluchistan, Pakistan

M. Z. Khan, S.A. Ghalib, a. Zehra and B. Hussain


Avian Ecology 2010 J. Basic and Appl. Sci.

Ecology of Birds

97 Boundary delineation of Hingol National Park

Anon. Hingol National Park

Map 2009 Unpublished map Map

98 Vertebrate biodiversity and key mammalian species status of Hingol National Park

M. Z. Khan, A.Zehra, S.A Ghalib, S. Siddiqui nad N.Hussain



2010 SENRA Academy Publishers, Burnaby, British Columbia

Conservation Studies

99 Karambar Lake Wetland Anon. Hindrup Karambar National Park


2005 Unpublished Technical Report WWF-Pakistan

Conservation Studies

100 Report on Socio-economic baseline studies for Sheosar Lake Deosai National Park


Socio-economic 2010 Unpublished Technical Report WWF-Pakistan

Socio-economic

101 Detailed Ecological Assessment of Fauna, including Limnology Studies at Kheenjhar Lake

Anon. Kheenjhar Lake Bioecological assessment of Fauna


Ecological

29


Publisher Comments

102 Eco Tourism Promotion Strategy Khunjerab National Park

M. Ali Imam Khunjerab National Park

Eco-Tourism 2007 Unpublished Technical Report WWF-Pakistan

Eco-Tourism

103 Guide Book to Flora of Khunjerab National Park

Zafeer Saqib Khunjerab National Park

Floral guide 2010 Book Flora

104 Boundary Delineation of Khunjerab National Park

Anon. Khunjerab National Park

Map 2009 Unpublished Map Map

105 A survey of large mammals at Shimshal-Pamir lakes Khunjerab National Park, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan

Waseem Ahmad Khan


Mammalian Fauna 2009 Unpublished Technical Report WWF-Pakistan

Mammalian Fauna

106 A survey of Reptiles at Shimshal-Pamir lakes Khunjerab National Park, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan

Waseem Ahmad Khan and S.M.S. Fakhri


Reptiles study 2009 Unpublished Technical Report WWF-Pakistan

Avian study

107 A survey of Birds at Shimshal-Pamir lakes Khunjerab National Park, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan

Waseem Ahmad Khan and S.M.S. Fakhri


Reptiles study 2009 Unpublished Technical Report WWF-Pakistan

Reptiles study

108 Ethnobotanical Study of Khunjerab National Park

Sajjad Haider and Ghulam Mustufa


Ethnobotanical Study


Ethnobotanical studies

109 Desert vegetation and vegetation –environment relationship in Kirthar National Park, Sindh, Pakistan

N. J. Enright, B.P. Miller and R. Akhter

Kirthar National Park

Phytoecology 2005 J. Arid Envir. Phytoecology

110 Ethnobotanical studies of Mahal A.Q. Panhwar and Kirthar National Ethnobotanical 2007 Pak. J. Bot Ethnobotanical Studies

30


Publisher Comments

Kohistan (Kirthar National Park) H.Abro Park Studies

111 Plant Biodiversity and Phytosocioloycal Attributes of Gorak Hill Kirthar National Park

A.Perveen and M.I.Hussain



112 Plant Biodiversity and Phytosociological Attributes of Dureji (Kirthar National Park)

A.Perveen, G.R. Sarwar and M.I.Hussain



113 Plant Biodiversity and Phytosociological Attributes of Tiko Baran (Kirthar National Park)

A.Perveen and M.I.Hussain



114 Kirthar National Park Baseline Environmental Study: Flora Survey

Enright, N.J. and Miller, B.P.


Floral Survey 2000 Unpublished Technical Report. The University of Melbourne

Flora Survey

115 Kirthar National Park Baseline Environmental Study: Fauna Survey

Morgan, D.G. and Harrington, R.


Floral and Fauna Survey

2000 Unpublished Technical Report. The University of Melbourne

Flora and Fauna Survey

116 Food of Black Francolin in Lal Suhanra National Park, Pakistan

W.A.Khan and A. Mian


Avian ecology 2011 Pak. J. Zoo. Ecology

117 Diversity of Plant Species in Lal Suhanra National Park, Bahawalpur, Pakistan

M.Hameed, A.A. Chaudhry, M. A. Maan and A.H.Gill


Phytoecology 2002 Online J. Bio. Sci. Phytoecology

118 Studies on the comparative ecology of the South Persian

Waseem Ahmad Lal Suhanra Phytoecology 2010 PhD. Thesis, Department of

Ecological

31


Publisher Comments

Black Partridge and the Northern Grey Partridge in Lal Suhanra National Park, Bahawalpur, Pakistan

Khan National Park Zoology, PMAS AA University Rawalpindi, Pakistan

119 Boundary Delineation of Machiara National Park

Anon. Machiara National Park

Map 2008 Map Map

120 Habitat utilization and feeding biology of Himalayan Grey Langur (Semnopithecus entellus ajex) in Machiara National Park, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan

R.A. Minhas, M.B. Ahmed, M. S. Awan and Naeem Iftikhar Dar

Machiara National Park

Feeding Biology 2010 Zoological Research Feeding Biology

121 Application of GIS/RS for Management Zoning of Margallah Hills National Park, Islamabad

S.M. Zafar, M.A. Baig and M. Irfan

Margallah Hills National Park

Geography 2011 2nd International Conference on Environmental Sci. and Tech.

GIS and RS, Management

122 Evaluating deforestation using Landsat TM and Spot XS data in dry sub-tropical forest of Margalla Hills National Park

R.N. Milk and S.Z. Husain


Geography 2003 Geoinformation for European-wide Integration

GIS and RS, Forest Management

123 Indigenous uses of economically important flora of Margallah Hills National Park, Islamabad, Pakistan

A.Jabeen, M.A. Khan, M.Ahmad, M. Zafar and Farooq Ahmad


Ethnobotany 2009 African Journal of Biotechnology

Ethnobotany

124 Boundary Delineation of Margallah National Park

Anon. Margallah Hills National Park

Map 2009 WWF-Pakistan Map

125 Snakes of Margallah Hills Z.B. Mirza Margallah Hills Identification 2008 Himalayan Wildlife Identification guide

32


Publisher Comments

National Park National Park guide, Taxonomic Foundation

126 Conservation of Pheasants in North West Frontier Province, Pakistan

Iftikhar uz Zamana NWFP M.Sc. Forestry thesis

2008 The University of Mantana Missoula, MT

Pheasant diversity research

127 Detailed Ecological Assessment of Fauna, Including Limonological Studies at Keti Bunder

Anon. Keti Bunder Wetland Complex

Bioecology 2008 Unpublished Report WWF-Pakistan

Ecology

128 Ecology, Genetics and Conservation of Himalayan Brown Bears

Muhammad Ali Nawaz



2008 Unpublished Thesis, Department of Ecology and Natural Resources Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences


129 Floristic inventory of Pai Forest Nawab Shah, Sindh, Pakistan

Rahmatullah Qureshi and G.R. Bhatti

Pai Game Reserve Floristic Inventory 2010 Pak. J. Bot Floristic Invemtory

130 Datailed Ecological Assessment of Fauna, Including Limnology Studies at Pai Forest

Anon. Pai Game Reserve Bioecological Studies

2008 Unpublished Technical Report

Ecological Report

131 A plant guide to National Khirthar Park and adjoining areas.

Akhtar, R. Kirthar National Park

Identification guide, Taxonomic

2003. Premier–Kufpec, Pakistan B.v. pp. 263.

Identification guide book

132 Comparative avian faunal diversity of Jiwani coastal wetlands and Taunsa Barrage

Z. Ali, F. Bibi, S. Y. Shelly, A. Qazi and

Jiwani coastal wetlands and Taunsa Barrage

Avian ecology 2011 The Journal of Animal and Plant

Avian diversity

33


Publisher Comments

Wildlife Sanctuary, Pakistan A. M. Khan. Wildlife Sanctuary Sciences

34

Table 6. Categorization of research articles.

Total number of publications Higher Plants Lower plants Mammals Birds Amphibians Reptiles Fishes Insects

132 73 4 35 28 13 15 8 4

Table 7. Categorization of research articles regarding type of publication.

Total number of publications Peer reviewed journal articles

Unpublished technical reports

Unpublished thesis Conference proceedings

Maps Books Management studies

132 72 33 8 6 5 4 2

Table 8. Categorization of research articles regarding the field of study.

Plantecology Ecology Ethnobotany Management plans

Checklists Conservation studies

Flora / Fauna (taxonomy)

Avian Ecology

Sociological studies

Misc.

29 18 10 8 7 7 7 6 5 34

35

Table 9. List of Protected Areas mentioning report of number of taxa in various classes.

S.No PAs Higher Plants

Lower plants

Mammals Birds Amphibians Reptiles Fishes Insects

ANP (50) - - - - - - - -

ANP (51) - - - - - - - -

ANP (54) - - - - - - - -

ANP (61) - - - - - - - -

ANP (65) - - - - - - - -

ANP (70) - - - - - - - -

CGNP (47) - - - - - - - -

CKNP (77) - - - - - - - -

CKNP (78) - - - - - - - -

CKNP (78) - - - - - - - -

CKNP (79) - - - - - - - -

CKNP (80) - - - - - - - -

CKNP (83) - - - - - - - -

DNP (100) - - - - - - - -

DNP (19) - - - - - - - -

DNP (32) - - - - - - - -

36


Lower plants


DNP (90) - - - - - - - 23

HNP (97) - - - - - - - -

KNP (102) - - - - - - - -

KNP (104) - - - -- - - - -

KNP (106) - - - - - 9 - -

KNP (76) - - - - - - - -

MHNP (121) - - - - - - - -

MHNP (122) - - - - - - - -

MHNP (124) - - - - - - - -

MHNP (125) - - - - - - - -

MNP (119) - - - - - - - -

MNP (33) - - - - - - - -

ANP (60) 6 - - - - - - -

ANP (57) 9 - - - - - - -

CGNP (40) 18 - - - - - - -

ANP (58) 21 - - - - - - -

KNP (109) 23 - - - - - - -

37


Lower plants


CKNP (8) 25 - - - - - - -

ANP (59) 26 - - - - - - -

CGNP (37) 30 - - - - - - -

CGNP (86) 31 - - - - - - -

LSNP (116) 33 - - - - - - 11

CKNP (81) 34 - - - - - - -

AANP (62) 35 - - - - - - -

LBWP (1) 35 - - - - - - -

DA (36) 36 - - - - - - -

CNP (85) 38 - - - - - - -

HNP (94) 39 - - - - - - -

MHNP (28) 40 - - - - - - -

ANP (56) 43 - - - - - - -

Kirt NP (73) 45 - - - - - - -

HCNP (23) 46 - - - - - - -

HCNP (24) 46 - - - - - - -

KNP (108) 46 - - - - - - -

38


Lower plants


CKNP (84) 47 - - - - - -

CGNP (48) 48 - - - - - - -

MNP (120) 49 - - - - - - -

CGNP (45) 50 - - - - - - -

Kirt NP (110) 50 - - - - - - -

MHNP (29) 50 - - - - - - -

ANP (72) 51 - - - - - - -

LSNP (30) 56 - - - - - - -

SPLWC (17) 58 - - - - - - -

ANP (69) 59 - - - - - - -

CRWC (6) 66 - - - - - - -

MNP (35) 69 - - - - - - -

CGNP (46) 70 - - - - - - -

Kirt NP (113) 70 - - - - - - -

Kirt NP (111) 72 - - - - - - -

AANP (63) 75 - - - - - - -

AANP (64) 75 - - - - - - -

39


Lower plants


DNP (21) 77 - - - - - - -

LSNP (117) 78 - - - - - - -

Kirt NP (112) 79 - - - - - - -

CGNP (38) 80 - - - - - - -

PGR (129) 93 - - - - - - -

KNP (103) 105 - - - - - -- -

QNP (7) 108 - - - - - - -

DNP (20) 114 - - - - - - -

CSWS (49) 116 - - - - - - -

CRWC (5) 120 - - - - - - -

CYWC (3) 120 - - - - - - -

ANP (55) 132 - - - - - - -

MNP (34) 202 - - - - - - -

HNP (13) 230 - - - - - - -

MHNP (123) 245 - - - - - - -

CGNP (91) 450 - - - - - - -

Kirt NP (109) 466 - - - - - - -

40


Lower plants


Kirt NP (114) 475 - - - - - - -

DNP (13) 584 - - - - - - -

Kirt NP (131) 466 3 - - - - - -

ANP (53) - 8 - - - - - -

MHNP (32) - 17 - - - - - -

ANP (66) - - 1 - - - - -

ANP (67) - - 1 - - - - -

CGNP (39) - - 1 - - - - -

CGNP (41) - - 1 - - - - -

CGNP (42) - - 1 - - - - -

CGNP (43) - - 1 - - - - -

CGNP (44) - - 1 - - - - -

CGNP (87) - - 1 - - - - -

MNP (11) - - 1 - - - - -

MNP(12) - - 1 - - - - -

PLNP (26) - - 1 - - - - -

HCNP (93) 16 - 1 - - - - -

41


Lower plants


DNP (128) 112 - 1 - - - - -

DGR (9) - - 2 - - - - -

CKNP (82) - - 9 - - - - -

CRWC (89) - - 33 - - - - -

KNP (105) - - 35 - - - - -

LSNP (118) 102 - - 2 - - - -

ANP (126) - - - 5 - - - -

ANP (71) - - - 8 - - - -

HSNP (99) 35 - 10 35 - - - -

KNP (22) 62 - 25 46 - 2 - -

KLWC (101) - 155 26 51 - - 55 -

KNP (107) - - - 56 - - - -

CYWC (4) 37 - 17 58 - 17 - -

BBGR (16) - - 15 86 - - - -

JWCTBWS (132) - - - 109 - - - -

DNP (18) 460 - 28 109 - - - -

SWC (87) - - - 136 - - - -

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Lower plants


HNP (14) - - - 158 - - - -

HNP (96) - - - 158 - - - -

HNP (95) - - - 205 - -- - -

HSNP (92) - - - 230 - - - -

HNP (98) - - 16 165 2 - 14 -

CRWC (10) - - 32 136 3 32 - -

ANP (52) 757 - 31 203 3 16 - 650

Kirt NP (115) - - 36 203 3 34 - -

MHNP (27) 116 - 15 65 4 16 6 -

ANP (68) 406 14 22 154 4 4 - -

MHNP (25) - - - - 9 32 - -

MHNP (31) 336 - 25 296 9 9 37 -

KBWC (127) - - 47 22 23 22 - -

CRWC (88) - 85 33 109 28 58 47 -

CRWC (2) 213 359 35 80 58 8 47 4

CKNP (74) 45 - 33 90 90 80 17 -

CKNP (75) 45 - 33 90 90 80 17 -

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Chapter 4. Conclusion

There is a deficiency of taxonomists not only in the country but at the global level as well, and there is also a shortage of trained curators, this has direct impact on the accurate identification and documentation of our biodiversity and thereafter, their sustainable utilization.

According to our findings there are only four studies mentioning the insect diversity (Table 5). This has concluded that the insect taxonomy is still to be documented in all the PAs of the country.

It is widely accepted that Protected Areas are comparatively less affected by Anthropogenic activities therefore, the biodiversity is considered to be much higher than the surrounding areas. On the other hand biodiversity of most of PAs (especially the newly designated PAs) are yet to be explored and documented, hence there is possibility of finding new taxa.

A crash program is required to have sufficient trained manpower involved (taxonomists and ecologists) to obtain a scientifically accurate data regarding all the biodiversity of PAs.

All conservation strategies should be species specific and based on authentically identification and scientifically correct ecological information.

Fauna of the country should be accumulated in a consolidated form, (online searchable database is a better option) the unpublished parts should be focused first. Followed by intrinsic studies in all the PAs of the country by specialized taxonomists, because we have very little information regarding the Fauna of all the Protected Areas of the country.

We do have Zoological Survey Department, similarly Pakistan Journal of Zoology is published by Zoological Society of Pakistan but the information regarding Fauna of PAs is sporadic and there is still a lot of specialized taxonomist work which is yet to be published.

Chapter 5. Recommendations

We do have very good Herbariums and Museums in the country but none of these are specialized for PAs and it is very hard to compile a list of taxa of all the PAs of the country. It is therefore, recommended that IUCN based Protected Areas Herbarium and Museum should be developed, based on collections from all the protected areas of the country and it should be used for future taxonomic studies. Photographs of all the specimens kept in Herbarium and Museum should be made online for free access to all the taxonomists in the country.

A consolidated, centralized national database system of all the living Flora and Fauna of all the PAs should be developed. This online centralized database system should accumulate data regarding the population size and geographic distribution, for the centralized inventorying and monitoring of all the taxa living in all the Protected Areas of the country. Data should be entered into this online centralized database system from multiple authorized points i.e. protected areas (Figure 3). Images of all the taxa living in PAs should also be made available in this online taxanomic database. Geographic distribution of all these taxa should also be given in the database.

Similarly, extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, and interpretation of fluctuation should also be focused in the database.

For Identification not only morphological data but DNA barcodes should also be developed, similarly DNA Barcode library should also be developed in this connection.

Similarly, we do have seed bank at the country level, but again it is very hard to compile a list of the seeds of PAs out of all the seeds available in the seed bank. It is therefore, recommended that a separate seed bank should be developed at a higher altitude and colder protected area of the country, where less energy will be required for keeping the seeds viable. This should be based on the collections particularly from the protected areas of the country.

Figure 3. Flow chart of the data manipulation of the Protected Areas Centralized Database.

Developing Institutional Mechanisms

A Network of Databases and Institutions throughout the country

Collection Compilation

Publishing

Dissemination Updating

45

Taxonomy should be started as a subject in institutions, based on the job market already enhanced in the academic institutions, research institutions and management of PAs.

Significant species focused awareness drives should be organized in various focused areas (particularly PAs) throughout the country.

Workshops regarding the “Modern Trends in Taxonomy” should be organized by major academic institutions in the country for uplifting the taxonomic capacities of the university and colleges teachers. Similarly teacher’s taxonomy training courses should be organized in this connection.

The taxonomists should be attracted to the assessment of Biodiversity in Protected Areas by offering them with handsome packages otherwise they would be attracted by industrialized countries. As a result good taxonomists would be drained out of the country and a gap would be created in the authentic identification and sustainable utilization of our biodiversity.

Some selected universities/ institutions may be identified and given the task to organize and promote ‘Wildlife Education’ through workshops or special courses.

It has never been mentioned in any of the published or unpublished literature, studied so far for finalizing this report, that the voucher specimens are collected and cited in the publication, and they are submitted to any Herbaria or Museum as a proof / reference of their study and for future taxonomic studies. It is therefore, recommended that citation of specimens should be considered as mandatory for the publication of any biodiversity based publication.

There is dire need of conducting detailed taxonomic studies of Flora and Fauna in all the Protected Areas of the country. The specimens should be properly collected, brought to the Herbarium or Museum for detailed taxonomic studies, authentically identified, preserved and deposited for future taxonomic studies in future.

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Chapter 7. Draft plan of action

For building the capacities for assessment of plant biological diversity at different levels it is necessary to uplift the taxonomic capabilities of the students and teachers of biology at schools, colleges and universities level. For this purpose special courses will be arranged containing the various species concepts, identification keys and botanical latin etc.

Similarly, plant collection, mounting, preservation and identification techniques will also be taught at various levels. For this purpose biology teachers will be trained first, because according to our observations during the study period, the taxonomic capabilities of the teachers even at the universities level were embarrassing.

Highly specialized and basic taxonomic courses will also be included in the syllabi of wildlife and forest students, because they are the future managers of the biodiversity especially in PAs.

In the third step, these trained teachers and students will be facilitated to organize seminars, debates and workshops for raising awareness regarding the importance of biodiversity, its correct identification, and sustainable utilization, among the local community which are directly and or indirectly depending on the biological resources of the PAs in Pakistan.

In next step, the highly specialized taxonomists will be given the assignment of authentically identifying the biodiversity of PAs. As a result all the biodiversity of PAs will be authentically identified and documented.

Next step comprises of the centralized database designing, implementation and incorporation of the already accumulated taxonomic data. The centralized database will be disseminated and made freely available online especially to all the stakeholders. This database will be updated regularly as soon as the new data are made available.

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Appendix 1. IUCN Protected Area Management Categories.

I. Strict Nature Reserve/Wilderness Area: Areas of land and/or sea possessing outstanding or representative ecosystems, geological physiological features and/or species, available primarily for scientific research and/or environmental monitoring; or large areas of unmodified or slightly modified land, and/or sea, retaining their natural character and influence, without permanent or significant habitation, which are protected and managed so as to preserve their natural condition.

II. National Park: Protected Areas Managed Mainly for Ecosystem Conservation and Recreation. Natural areas of land and/or sea, designated to (a) protect the ecological integrity of one or more ecosystems for this and future generations, (b) exclude exploitation or occupation inimical to the purposes of designation of the area and (c) provide a foundation for spiritual, scientific, educational, recreational and visitor opportunities, all of which must be environmentally and culturally compatible.

III. Natural Monument: Protected Areas Managed Mainly for Conservation of Special Features. Areas containing one or more specific natural or natural/ cultural features which is of outstanding or unique value because of its inherent rarity, representative or aesthetic qualities or cultural significance.

IV. Habitat/Species Management Area: Protected Areas Managed Mainly for Conservation through Management Intervention. Areas of land and/ or sea subject to active intervention for management purposes to ensure the maintenance of habitats and/ or to meet the requirements of specific species.

V. Protected Landscape / Seascape: Protected Areas Managed Mainly for Landscape/ Seascape conservation and recreation. Areas of land, with coast and sea as appropriate, where the impaction of people and nature over time has produced an area of distinct character with significant aesthetic, cultural and/ or ecological value, and often with high biological diversity. Safeguarding the integrity of this traditional interaction is vital to the protection, maintenance and evolution of such an area.

VI. Managed Resource Protected Area Protected Areas Managed Mainly for the Sustainable Use of Natural Ecosystems. Areas containing predominantly unmodified natural systems managed to ensure long-term protection and maintenance of biological diversity, while providing at the same time a sustainable flow of natural products and services to meet community needs.

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