DRAFT National Air Pollution Control Programme, 2019 ... Draft... · DRAFT National Air Pollution...
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DRAFT National Air Pollution Control Programme, 2019, Latvia. Courtesy Translation in English provided by the Translation Services of the European Commission
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DRAFT National Air Pollution Control Programme, 2019,
Latvia.
Courtesy Translation in English provided by the
Translation Services of the European Commission
DRAFT
ACTION PLAN FOR THE REDUCTION OF EMISSIONS
OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS FOR 2019-2030
April 2019
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Table of Contents
Abbreviations.................................................................................................................. 4
1. Summary of the Plan .................................................................................................................... 5 2. Regulatory framework and justification of the Plan .................................................................... 7 2.1. EU legislation ............................................................................................................................ 7
2.2. Latvian legislation ..................................................................................................................... 7
2.3. Impacts of poor air quality ....................................................................................................... 8
3. Existing air quality in Latvian cities ............................................................................................. 11 3.1. Results of emission measurements ........................................................................................ 11
3.2 Principal sources of pollution .................................................................................................. 14
3.3. Transboundary pollution ........................................................................................................ 15
4. Total emissions in Latvia and baseline scenario emission projections ...................................... 17 4.1. Emissions of nitrogen oxides .................................................................................................. 17
4.2. Sulphur dioxide emissions ...................................................................................................... 19
4.3. Emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds ....................................................... 21
4.4. Ammonia emissions ............................................................................................................... 22
4.5. Emissions of fine particulate matter PM2.5............................................................................. 23
4.6. Fine soot – black carbon particles (BC) .................................................................................. 25
4.7. Conclusions............................................................................................................................. 26
5. Emission projections in a scenario with additional measures ................................................... 27 5.1. Nitrogen oxide emissions ....................................................................................................... 27
5.2. Emissions of fine particulate matter PM2.5............................................................................. 32
5.3. Sulphur dioxide emissions ...................................................................................................... 33
5.4. Emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds ....................................................... 34
5.5. Ammonia emissions ............................................................................................................... 35
5.6. Conclusions............................................................................................................................. 38
6. Coherence and link with policies covering other sectors ........................................................... 39 6.1. National climate policy ........................................................................................................... 39
6.2. Energy sector .......................................................................................................................... 39
6.3. Transport sector ..................................................................................................................... 40
6.4. Tax policy in the transport sector........................................................................................... 41
6.5. Industry sector ....................................................................................................................... 41
6.6. Waste management sector .................................................................................................... 42
6.7. Agriculture .............................................................................................................................. 42
7. Authorities involved in air protection policy-making and implementation ............................... 43 8. Planned policies and actions ...................................................................................................... 45
Annex 1: Legal framework in the sector of air quality and air pollution .......................... 66
Annex 2: Detailed information on existing air quality and emission standards laid down in
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legislation.................................................................................................................. 70
Annex 4: Link of the Plan with policy planning documents in force ................................. 89
Annex 5: Identified additional ammonia emission-reducing measures in the agricultural sector ........................................................................................................................ 97
Annex 6: Geographical distribution of the calculated emissions in Latvia (emission data from 2015 used) ...................................................................................................... 112
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Abbreviations RES Renewable energy resources
UN United Nations
CNG compressed natural gas
OP operational programme
ET environmental tax
MoE Ministry of Economics
EMEP cooperative programme for the monitoring and evaluation of the long-range transmission of air pollutants in
Europe
ERDF European Regional Development Fund
ETS greenhouse gas emissions trading scheme
EU European Union
EU-28 28 countries of the European Union
EV electric vehicles
EEA European Environment Agency
MoF Ministry of Finance
GIS Geographical Information System
GJ gigajoule
GPS Global Positioning System
h hour
ha hectare
GDP Gross Domestic Product
kg kilogram
kt kiloton
kW kilowatt
kWh kilowatt hour
RBS rural background station
AL agricultural lands
LNG liquefied natural gas
BAT best available techniques
LEGMC State LLC “Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Centre”
ALEPF Administration of Latvian Environmental Protection Fund
MEUR million EUR
MW megawatt
MWh megawatt hour
NH3 ammonia
ng nanogram
NMVOC Non-methane volatile organic compounds
N2O dinitrogen oxide
NOx nitrogen oxides
UBS urban background station
PHEV plug-in hybrid electric vehicle with an internal combustion engine
PJ petajoule
PM particulate matter
WHO World Health Organisation
RCC Riga City Council
GHG greenhouse gases
MoTC Ministry of Transport and Communications
SO2 sulphur dioxide
t tonne
TEN-T trans-European transport network
TPIS transport pollution impact station
MoEPRD Ministry of Environmental Protection and Regional Development
SES State Environmental Service
MoA Ministry of Agriculture
µg microgram
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1. Summary of the Plan
The Action Plan for the reduction of emission of atmospheric pollutants for 2019-2030 (hereinafter –
the Plan) is a medium-term planning document developed in accordance with Section 162, Paragraph
two of the Law on Pollution, as well as in accordance with Cabinet Regulation No 614 of
2 October 2018 on the reduction and inventory of overall emissions of atmospheric pollutants.
The Plan has been developed in order to reduce the negative impact of air pollution on the
environment and human health, as well as to reduce costs and the lost working time because of
health problems and medical check-ups caused by air pollution.
The implementation of measures laid down in the Plan will contribute to ensuring the attainment of
objectives of reducing emissions of atmospheric pollutants for 2020, 2025, 2030 imposed by the EU
legislation, and will promote the achievement of air quality in Latvia’s cities that protects human
health and ecosystems. The implementation of measures included in the Plan will also promote the
reduction of greenhouse gases and may facilitate the introduction of innovation and improve
competitiveness in the environmental technology sector.
The Plan contains an analysis of existing trends in emissions, emission projections, as well as
information on principal sources of pollution.
The emission projections in the baseline (or existing scenario) show that it is necessary to implement
additional policies and measures so that in the future emissions of nitrogen oxides, particulate
matter PM2.5 and ammonia would be reduced overall and the attainment of objectives would be
ensured in Latvia. In turn, measurements made in air quality measurement stations indicate that the
biggest air quality problems and air quality non-compliance with standards of the World Health
Organisation have been found in Riga, Liepāja, and Rēzekne. In addition, limit values laid down in the
EU legislation are exceeded in Riga.
Chapter 8 of the Plan contains further actions and additional measures to be taken in order to reduce
air pollution and nine courses of action have been put forward to achieve air pollution objectives:
1) emission reduction from the industry sector and combustion plants and a more efficient
control on compliance with requirements;
2) increasing energy efficiency in buildings;
3) emission reduction from combustion plants in the household sector;
4) wider use of alternative fuels for emission reduction in transport;
5) improvement of the taxation system with a view to promoting the reduction of atmospheric
pollutant emissions;
6) emission reduction in the agricultural sector;
7) improvement of the national inventory system for emissions;
8) development of air quality enhancement action programmes in municipalities;
9) air quality enhancement measures to be taken in Riga.
An efficient air quality policy requires effective cooperation at all levels of public administration and
cooperation between different economic sectors, which is why authorities responsible for the
implementation of measures included in the Plan are the Ministry of Environmental Protection and
Regional Development, the State Environmental Service, state LLC “Latvian Environment, Geology
and Meteorology Centre”, the Ministry of the Economy, the Ministry of Transport and
Communications, JSC “Pasažieru Vilciens”, state JSC “Latvijas dzelzceļš”, the Freeport of Riga
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Authority, state JSC “Road Traffic Safety Directorate”, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of
Agriculture, the State Plant Protection Service, the Cross-Sectoral Coordination Centre and a number
of municipalities.
The Plan must be updated at least once every four years or more frequently if, according to the
annual emission report, the objectives of reducing emissions of atmospheric pollutants are not
attained or there is a risk that they will not be attained.
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2. Regulatory framework and justification of the Plan
2.1. EU legislation
In September 2005, the European Commission adopted the Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution in
order to achieve air quality that would not cause adverse consequences and risks to human health
and the environment across the EU. Strategic objectives until 2020, actions, and means of achieving
them were established, as well as on Directive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the
Council of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe was adopted; which
establishes requirements for conducting air quality measurements, permissible concentration of air
pollutants in the air, as well as a positive obligation if air quality in one of the air quality monitoring
stations is inadequate.
On 18 December 2013, the European Commission published a communication “Clean Air Programme
for Europe”. The programme is the European Commission’s strategy containing measures to ensure
the attainment of existing objectives and laying down new air quality objectives until 2030. The
Communication emphasises that while in recent decades air quality in Europe has considerably
improved, air pollution still remains the principal environmental factor linked to unavoidable
morbidity and premature mortality in the EU and still causes serious harm to the environment in
many parts of Europe. It resulted in the adoption of a new Directive (EU) 2016/2284 of the European
Parliament and of the Council of 14 December 2016 on the reduction of national emissions of certain
atmospheric pollutants (hereinafter – Directive 2016/2284). It sets out a strict ceiling for
anthropogenic emissions to Member States regarding principal pollutants – sulphur dioxide, nitrogen
oxide, non-methane volatile organic compounds, ammonia and particulate matter PM2.5 for the
period from 2020 to 2029, as well as after 2030.
Directive 2016/2284 prescribes that until 1 April 2019 Member States shall draw up and submit
national air pollution control programmes to the European Commission. The action programme must
be updated at least once every four years or more frequently if, according to the annual emission
report, the objectives of reducing emissions of atmospheric pollutants are not attained or there is a
risk that they will not be attained.
2.2. Latvian legislation
In order to ensure the regulatory framework for the national air pollution control plan, amendments
to the Law on Pollution1 were adopted in April 2018. These amendments set out that for the period
from 2020 to 2029 Latvia shall reduce emissions of sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, NMVOCs, and
particulate matter PM2.5 resulting from different economic sectors. The objectives of reducing
emissions of the mentioned substances for the period from 2020 to 2029 and after 2030 were laid
down in Cabinet Regulation No 614 of 2 October 2018 on the reduction and inventory of overall
emissions of atmospheric pollutants2 (hereinafter – Cabinet Regulation No 614) (see Table 1).
In order to ensure the attainment of the mentioned objectives, the Law provides that the MoEPRD
shall organise the development of air pollution control plan and shall coordinate its implementation.
The Plan shall be developed in co-operation with the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of
1 The Parliament of the Republic of Latvia. Amending the Law on Pollution. Adopted on 12 April 2018, entered into force on 10 May 2018, https://likumi.lv/ta/id/298653 2 Cabinet Regulation No 614 of 2 October 2018 on the reduction and inventory of overall emissions of atmospheric pollutants
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Economics, the Ministry of Transport and Communications, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of
Health, and with other authorities as well if the decisions adopted by such authorities have a direct
or subordinate impact on emissions of atmospheric pollutants.
Table 1: Emission reduction objectives for Latvia as a percentage reduction against
2005 emissions
Atmospheric
pollutant
Emission reduction
objective for the entire
period from 2020 to 2029
Emission reduction
intermediate
objective for 2025
Emission reduction
objective as of 2030
SO2 8 % 27 % 46 %
NOx 32 % 33 % 34 %
NMGOS 27 % 33 % 38 %
NH3 1 % 1 % 1 %
Particulate matter
PM2.5
16 % 30 % 43 %
Implementation of national reduction plan for atmospheric pollutants will result in reduced emission
totals in the air, which in turn will promote air quality improvement in Latvia, particularly in the
cities. In order to protect human health and the environment, Cabinet Regulation No 1290 of
3 November 2009 establishing regulations regarding ambient air quality3 sets out permissible level
of several air pollutants in the environment. The Cabinet Regulation lays down methods for the
measurement of air pollutants, ambient air quality assessment and monitoring conditions, including
criteria for determining the number of ambient air monitoring stations and location conditions for
performance of fixed measurements and sampling, requirements for assessment of pollution level,
measures to be taken for improvement of air quality and conditions for their implementation.
Detailed information about other legislation introducing requirements that promote the reduction of
air pollution is provided for in Annex 1.
2.3. Impacts of poor air quality
Air quality and public health
Poor air quality has a negative impact on the quality of life, especially that of the urban population. It
may cause health problems such as asthma and cardiovascular disease, thus reducing life
expectancy. That, in turn, causes absenteeism due to illness and increases health service costs
particularly for children and the elderly. Poor air quality is also the principal cause of premature
deaths in the EU and has a higher impact than traffic accidents4.
The European Environment Agency5 has estimated that in 2015 1 600 premature deaths were
attributed to particulate matter PM2.5 pollution, 130 – to nitrogen dioxide pollution and 50 – to ozone
pollution in Latvia. In 2015, particulate matter PM2.5 pollution has caused 17 600 life years lost,
nitrogen dioxide – 1 400, and ozone pollution – 600 life years lost in Latvia.
In order to compare the situation in different countries, a recalculation of life years lost is carried out
per 100 000 inhabitants. The situation in Latvia is worse than the average in the EU-28 in relation to
the impact of particulate matter PM2.5 where Latvia ranks seventeenth among 41 assessed European
3 Cabinet Regulation No 1290 of 3 November 2009 establishing Regulations Regarding Ambient Air Quality 4 Website https://www.consilium.europa.eu/lv/policies/clean-air/ 5 European Environment Agency’s report No 12/2018 “Air Quality in Europe — 2018 Report”, ISSN 1977-8449, https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/air-quality-in-europe-2018
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countries6. However, there is less nitrogen dioxide and ozone pollution in Latvia than on average in
the EU-28 and Europe-41 (see Table 2).
Table 2: Calculated life years lost per one hundred thousand inhabitants (2015)
Country Particulate
matter PM2.5
Nitrogen dioxide Ozone
Latvia 886 70 30
EU-28 on average 820 157 36
Europe-41 country on
average
830 153 36
Collected research data by the World Health Organisation show7 that air pollution has a significant
impact on human health; moreover, air pollution:
increases the risk of respiratory diseases, may have both a short-term and long-term
impact – cough, shortness of breath, asthma attacks may be observed, as well as the risk of
chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases and sensitivity to respiratory tract infections may
increase;
risk of developing lung cancer. The International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies air
pollution in general and particulate matter specifically as carcinogens;
increases the risk of cardiovascular system diseases and of ischemic heart disease;
may cause failure to the development and functioning of the nervous system – poor
memory, impaired concentration etc.;
may affect the reproductive system, fertility, pregnancy, and infants and young children,
affecting children’s further development and abilities;
recent studies reveal that air pollution may be associated also with type 2 diabetes in adults,
it can also promote obesity, inflammation, ageing, Alzheimer’s disease and dementia.
Air quality and impact of air pollution on ecosystems
Air pollution can have a direct impact on vegetation and fauna, as well as on water, the quality of
soil, and the quality of ecosystem services related to it. The most dangerous forms of air pollution to
ecosystems are ozone, ammonia, and nitrogen oxides.
High ground level ozone concentrations affect vegetation, including forests and agricultural crops by
reducing their productivity. Nitrogen oxides, ammonia, and sulphur dioxide emissions acidify the soil
and river and lake waters, thus causing a reduction in life and biodiversity of animals and plants.
These pollutants introduce an additional amount of nutritious nitrogen into the soil and waters
thereby promoting eutrophication; moreover, an excess of nutritional substances may lead to
changes in species diversity and cause the appearance of new invasive species.
It should also be pointed out that the assessment carried out by the European Environment Agency
puts Latvia among European countries with a low impact of air pollution on vegetation. Latvia is not
among European countries exceeding the established critical pollution levels for ecosystem
protection.
6 The table compiled using the data of Table 10.2 from the European Environment Agency’s report No 12/2018 “Air Quality in Europe — 2018 Report” 7 Information provided in Chapter 3.1 to the European Environment Agency’s Air Quality in Europe — 2017 & 2018 Reports by referring to studies of the World Health Organisation
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Air quality and climate change
Many air pollutants are also climate-impacting; their potential impact may last from a short period
(less than a year) to several decades. Nitrogen oxide, non-methane volatile organic compound and
methane emissions, and soot or black carbon (as a component of particulate matter PM) which
contribute to the formation of tropospheric ozone are one of such examples of short-lived pollutants
that contribute directly to global warming. At the same time, other pollutants – organic carbon (as a
component of particulate matter PM), ammonia ion NH4+, sulphates (SO4
2-) and nitrates (NO3-) – have
a cooling effect. In turn, changes to weather caused by climate change can alter the formation of air
pollution in the atmosphere, its transfer, distribution, and settling.
Air quality and physical environment
Air pollution has a negative impact on physical environment as well. Accelerated corrosion, as well as
settling of particulate matter, weathering and fading of colours on buildings, urban environment
material structures, and on cultural monuments can be observed due to acid rain. The risk of losing
our cultural-historical heritage is particularly important.
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3. Existing air quality in Latvian cities
3.1. Results of emission measurements
Currently, there are two zones used for air quality assessment and management – the metropolitan
area of Riga and the rest of Latvia8. Air quality monitoring is carried out in Riga, Ventspils, Liepāja,
Rēzekne, and at two rural background stations situated in Liepāja and Cēsis municipalities (see
Table 3).
Table 3: air quality observation network in Latvia for 20179
Riga
Station “Ķengarags” (Maskavas St 165) Urban background station
Station “Parks” (Raiņa Blvd. 19) Urban background station
Station “Kronvalda bulvāris” (Kronvalda Blvd. 4) Urban background station
Station “Brīvības iela” (Brīvības St 73) Transport impact station
Station “Mīlgrāvis” (Mīlgrāvju St 10) Industrial impact station
Ventspils
Station “Pārventa” (Talsu St 31) Urban background station
Liepāja
Station “Liepāja” (Beam 1, O. Kalpaka St 34) Transport impact station
Station “Liepāja” (Beam 2, O. Kalpaka St 34) Transport impact station
Rēzekne
Station “Rēzekne” (Beam 1, Atbrīvošanas Ave. 108) Transport impact station
Station “Rēzekne” (Beam 2, Atbrīvošanas Ave. 108) Transport impact station
Rural background
stations
Station “Rucava” (Liepāja municipality) Rural background station
Station “Zosēni” (Cēsis municipality) Rural background station
Numerical information on concentration measurements of pollutants at air quality observation
network monitoring stations in Latvia provided in LEGMC annual “Reports and assessments on
ambient air quality in Latvia”10 was used for the preparation of the chapter.
Air quality compliance was assessed in terms of compliance with air quality standards of the EU as
well as the recommended values of the World Health Organisation which are stricter and have been
determined by taking into account the impact of different atmospheric pollutants on human health
(see Annex 2).
8 Order No 277 of the Minister for Environmental Protection and Regional Development of 7 September 2015 on the establishment of air quality assessment and management zones in the country 9 LEGMC (2018) “Report on ambient air quality in Latvia for 2017” 10 LEGMV website https://www.meteo.lv/lapas/vide/gaiss/gaisa-kvalitate/parskati-un-novertejumi-par-gaisa- kvalitati/parskati-un-novertejumi-par-gaisa-kvalitati?id=1037&nid=509
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Table 4: Exceedances of air quality standards for the period from 2013 to 2017
Name of
station
PM10 annual
limit value
(EU)
PM10
daily limit
value (EU)
PM10
daily limit
value (upper
threshold)
PM10 annual
limit value
(WHO)
Particulate
matter PM2.5
limit value
(EU)
Particulate
matter P2.5
(upper
threshold)
Particulate
matter
PM2.5
(WHO)
Rīga
“Kronvalda
bulvāris”
Not exceeded Not exceeded Not exceeded Not exceeded Not exceeded Exceeded Exceeded
“Valdemāra
iela”
Not exceeded Exceeded* Exceeded* Exceeded* - - -
“Brīvības
iela”
Not exceeded Exceeded Exceeded Exceeded - - -
“Mīlgrāvis” Not exceeded Not exceeded Not exceeded Not exceeded
- - -
Ventspils
“Pārventa” Not exceeded Not exceeded Not exceeded Not exceeded Not exceeded Not exceeded Exceeded
Liepāja
“Liepāja” Not exceeded Not exceeded Exceeded Exceeded Not exceeded Exceeded Exceeded
Rēzekne
“Rēzekne” Not exceeded Not exceeded Exceeded Exceeded Not exceeded Exceeded Exceeded
Regional stations
“Rucava” Not exceeded Not exceeded Not exceeded Not exceeded Not exceeded Not exceeded Not exceeded
Name of
station
NO2 annual
limit value
Benzene (EU) Benzene (upper
threshold)
Benzo(a)pyrene
(EU)
Benzo(a)pyrene
(upper threshold)
Rīga
“Ķengarags” Not exceeded Not exceeded Not exceeded - -
“Parks”
Not exceeded
Not exceeded
Exceeded
(for 3
consecutive
years)
-
-
“Kronvalda
bulvāris” - - - Not exceeded Not exceeded
“Valdemāra” Exceeded* Not exceeded Not exceeded - -
“Brīvības iela”
Exceeded*
Not exceeded
Exceeded (for 2
consecutive years)
Not exceeded
Exceeded
“Mīlgrāvis”
Not exceeded
Not exceeded
Exceeded (for 2
consecutive years)
-
-
Ventspils
Station “Pārventa” Not exceeded Not exceeded Not exceeded Not exceeded Not exceeded
Liepāja
“Liepāja” Not exceeded Not exceeded Not exceeded Exceeded (2015) Exceeded
Rēzekne
“Rēzekne” Not exceeded Not exceeded Not exceeded - -
Regional stations
“Rucava” Not exceeded Not exceeded Not exceeded Not exceeded Not exceeded
* In 2016 and 2017, measurements in transport stations were not carried out; however, it is
highly probable that the annual limit value still may be exceeded
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Conclusions:
Particulate matter PM10
Measurements for the 2013-2017 period show a reduction in the annual average concentration
values of particulate matter PM10. At the same time, monitoring results for 2018 are needed in order
to assess the continuation of this trend. Irrespective of this improvement, particulate matter PM10
emissions are still one of the most urgent air quality problems in Latvia’s cities.
In none of the stations the annual average limit value set out by the EU legislation for
particulate matter PM10 is exceeded;
Measurements at the transport stations indicate a higher concentration of particulate matter
PM10 in comparison with urban background stations;
The daily limit value set for particulate matter PM10 at stations in Riga on Valdemāra and
Brīvības Streets was exceeded from 2013 to 2016, while in 2017 it complied with the
requirements. Measurements obtained in 2018 for the period until November at the
transport station on Brīvības Street once again indicated non-compliance;
The annual limit value recommended by the WHO and the upper assessment threshold (level
of pollution which indicates a risk of the limit values being exceeded) set out in the EU
legislation are exceeded at the transport assessment stations of Riga, Liepāja, and Rēzekne.
Particulate matter PM2.5
Measurements for the 2013-2017 period show a reduction in the annual average concentration
values of particulate matter PM2.5. At the same time, monitoring data for 2018 are needed in order
to confirm this trend. Irrespective of this improvement, particulate matter PM2.5 emissions are still
one of the most urgent air quality problems in Latvia’s cities.
In none of the stations the annual average concentration set out by the EU legislation for
particulate matter PM2.5 is exceeded;
The upper pollution assessment threshold set for particulate matter PM2.5 which indicates
potential air quality problems in the future is exceeded in Riga – at the station on Kronvalda
Boulevard, as well as at transport assessment stations in Liepāja and Rēzekne. Without
implementing appropriate measures, annual average concentration of particulate matter
PM2.5 may increase;
The recommended level of particulate matter PM2.5 by the WHO is exceeded in all cities of
Latvia. Likewise, the annual average concentration for particulate matter PM2.5 was close to
the recommended value by the WHO at the rural background station “Rucava” for the
2013-2016 period, while it slightly decreased only in 2017;
Until 2020, Latvia needs to reach an average concentration value for particulate matter PM2.5
of 14.4 μg/m3 (measurement data from background stations across Latvia are used).
Assessment with regard to the attainment of average reduction target shows that the
calculated annual average exposure concentration for daily value measurement of
particulate matter PM2.5 for a three calendar year period (2015-2017) is 12.98 μg/m3,
meaning that the national exposure reduction target for particulate matter PM2.5 is being
attained to date.
Nitrogen dioxide
14
From 2013 to 2015, the annual limit value for the protection of human health was exceeded
at the Riga transport stations on Brīvības and Valdemāra Streets. Even though these
measurements were not carried out in 2016 and 2017, the existing intensity of traffic flow in
Riga forms the basis for a substantiated assumption that the annual limit value in central Riga
is still being exceeded.
Benzene
Even though the annual target value of air quality for the protection of human health is not
exceeded, the values registered in 2016 and 2017 at Mīlgrāvis, the industrial impact
assessment station of Riga, were very close the limit value;
In 2016 and 2017, the upper pollution assessment threshold was exceeded at background
station “Parks” and at the station on Brīvības Street as well.
Benzo(a)pyrene
The concentrations observed for the 2013-2017 period at the transport station of Riga on
Brīvības Street were relatively high and exceeded the upper pollution assessment threshold;
In the rest of Latvia, the upper pollution assessment threshold exceedances were found at
Liepāja measurement station.
3.2 Principal sources of pollution
Information on the overall calculated dispersal of emissions in Latvia is available in Annex 6 to the
Plan. In accordance with the calculations made, the majority of emissions in Latvia are concentrated
in the vicinity of Riga, as well as in other major cities of Latvia.
Currently, air quality enhancement action programme is being drawn up and identification of existing
sources of pollution is carried out only for Riga11, which is why in this Plan information can be
provided only on sources of air pollution in Riga
For the assessment of air pollution in Riga, sources of emissions were divided into three groups:
stationary sources of pollution – industrial enterprises and vessel berths12 with a specific
location. The calculation made in the programme revealed that the percentage of
contribution of these sources in 2014 is approximately 23 % from total PM10 emissions,
18.5 % from total NO2 emissions, 12 % from total benzene emissions and 1 % from total
benzo(a)pyrene emissions;
mobile sources – linear sources describing transportation routes. The following subgroups
were distinguished: road traffic flow in the largest streets of Riga, bus routes of RM LLC
“Rīgas satiksme”, diesel train traffic within the boundaries of Riga, and navigation routes in
Daugava. The calculation revealed that the contribution of these sources in 2014 is
approximately 97.5 % from total benzo(a)pyrene emissions, 68.5 % from total NO2 emissions,
15 % from total PM10 emissions and 12 % from total benzene emissions;
field or non-organised sources of emissions (network sources) – emissions from heating
installations of residential buildings, small-volume industrial source emissions, small city
streets with low traffic intensity. The calculation revealed that the contribution of these
11 Riga urban air quality enhancement action programme 2016-2020, approved on 12 December 2016 (Riga City Council Decision No 4641) 12 Emissions from incoming vessels (their engines) into the Riga Freeport while at berths. Whereas emissions from vessel manoeuvring are included in mobile source emissions
15
sources in 2014 is approximately 76 % from total benzene emissions, 62 % from total PM10
emissions, 13 % from total NO2 emissions, and slightly above 1 % from total benzo(a)pyrene
emissions.
The calculation of pollution spreading, and compliance assessment have been carried out under the
programme by means of pollution spreading modelling. When modelling the pollution spreading,
emissions from industrial enterprises outside of Riga were taken into account.
The modelling results revealed that there are several territories in Riga where a higher concentration
of pollutants can be observed. It is primarily the centre of the city and, depending on the pollutant,
other surrounding areas as well where exceedances of pollution limit values or of the upper pollution
assessment threshold are observed (see the map of air pollution spreading in Riga “Riga urban air
quality enhancement action programme 2016-2020” in Annex 5, available at:
https://mvd.riga.lv/nozares/vides-parvalde/gaisa-kvalitate/).
3.3. Transboundary pollution
Transboundary air pollution in relation to principal pollutants – sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides,
ozone and particulate matter – is analysed in the EMEP Status Report 1/201613 and the present Plan
is drawn up on the basis of the main conclusions.
Sulphur oxides (SOx)
Out of the emissions produced in Latvia, the deposition of approximately 35 % takes place in Latvia,
while 65 % is transboundary transfer to other territories. The predominant part (approximately 90 %)
from this deposition consisted of the incoming transboundary pollution into Latvia.
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
In Latvia, the deposition of only 6 % from the emissions produced in Latvia takes place, whereas
transboundary transfer takes place in relation to 94 % emissions produced in Latvia. A higher
deposition was observed in the western and central territories of Latvia. The predominant part
(70 %-90 %) from this deposition consists of the incoming transboundary pollution into Latvia.
Ammonia (NH3)
In Latvia, deposition of 39 % from the emissions produced in Latvia takes place, whereas
transboundary transfer takes place in relation to 61 % emissions produced in Latvia. A higher
deposition was observed in the southern territory of Latvia. Contribution of the transboundary
pollution of Riga and Pieriga to the deposition was 50-60 %, while the incoming transboundary
pollution in the rest of Latvia was predominant – 70-90 %.
Particulate matter
Given the non-linear chemical processes in the atmosphere, a different approach was used in the
report in order to assess transboundary impact in the case of particulate matter. The report assessed
the impact of a 15 % reduction of emissions in Latvia on the concentration of particulate matter in
Latvia and outside Latvia. The assessment revealed that the impact of such reduction would
predominantly manifest itself in Latvia and in a small adjacent territory of the Baltic Sea and in
Lithuanian and Estonian territories bordering with Latvia.
13 Available in http://emep.int/publ/reports/2016/Country_Reports/report_LV.pdf
16
Table 5: Countries and territories where the deposition of emissions produced in Latvia takes
place
Country SOx NOx NH3 particulate
matter PM
Latvia 35 % 6 % 31 % Latvia,
adjacent
territory of the
Baltic Sea
Russian Federation 19 % 34 % 23 %
Estonia 5 % 5 %
Finland 5 % 8 % 4 %
Sweden 5 % 7 %
Lithuania 4 %
Baltic Sea 16 % 14 % 13 %
NE Atlantic area - 7 % -
others 16 % 23 % 19 %
Projected impact of measures contained in the plan on air quality
The measure included in section 8 to the Plan sets outs in the binding rules of the Riga City Council
the replacement of existing individual combustion plants if they are used as the principal means of
heating with such combustion plants which comply with the Ecodesign Directive 2009/125/EC and
emission and efficiency requirements set out in its implementing regulations. The impact of action
has been modelled by drawing up the Riga urban air quality enhancement action
programme 2016-2020, and the positive impact of the action on air quality has been illustrated14.
Measures 3.1.-3.5. included in section 8 to the Plan promote the development of a type of
centralised heating in the cities of Latvia. This development is intended as a priority (if technically
feasible) in air quality zones I and II of Riga and in new built-up areas (action 9.4.). Impact of the
centralised heating system on buildings that have already been connected to the centralised heating
system and where a common heating network system already exists has been modelled. The
modelling results revealed the positive changes of this measure on the spreading of PM10 pollution15.
Likewise, impact modelling of the creation of the centralised heating system has been carried out
(comparing with the individual gas heating) in the planned built-up areas in Skanste, Mežaparks, and
Jaunbiķeri. The modelling results reveal a positive impact on the NO2 pollution spreading16.
Measure 9.10. in section 8 to the Plan provides for the creation of a low-emission area in Riga. The
assessment carried out within the framework of the Riga urban air quality enhancement action
programme 2016-2020 reveals the positive impact of the creation of such zone in the central Riga on
air quality17.
14 Riga urban air quality enhancement action programme 2016-2020, p. 97, Figures 8.2.7 and 8.2.8 15 Riga urban air quality enhancement action programme 2016-2020, p. 98, Figures 8.2.9 and 8.2.10 16 Riga urban air quality enhancement action programme 2016-2020, p. 77, Figures 7.2.5 and 7.2.6 17 Riga urban air quality enhancement action programme 2016-2020, p. 96, Figures 8.2.5 and 8.2.6
17
4. Total emissions in Latvia and baseline scenario emission projections
Overall, all atmospheric pollutant emissions (sulphur dioxide, non-methane volatile organic
compounds, particulate matter PM2.5 and soot or black carbon) have decreased within the last ten
years in Latvia, except for ammonia emissions the amount of which is almost unchanged (see
Figure 1). The geographical distribution of emissions is given in Annex 6.
The following description contains a brief insight into changes to the emissions each pollutant.
F
igure
1:
Trend
s in
air
qualit
y-
impac
ting
pollut
ant
emissi
on
chang
es 20
06-2016
Based on the projected activity data and given the existing policies in force, emissions have been
calculated in the baseline scenario. For the calculation of emissions, 2016 was used as the base year.
The calculation of emissions is based on the available recent emission factors used in national
inventory. Emission projections in the baseline scenario contain and provide for the implementation
of such policies and measures that are laid down in the drawn-up policy documents of the Latvian
government until 2018. The created baseline scenario also contains policies and measures that are
incorporated into the climate policy scenario which has been drawn up for the attainment of climate
and energy package objectives for 2030. Detailed information on the assumptions used and a
description of policies and measures included in the baseline scenario is given in Annex 3. When
analysing the calculated emission projections, in the figures they are compared with emission
reduction objectives set out in Directive 2016/2284.
4.1. Emissions of nitrogen oxides
Existing situation
In the period from 2005 to 2016 the amount of NOx emissions has decreased by about 17 %.
In 2016, the principal source of NOx emissions in Latvia was transport (42 %), road transport in
particular which amounted to 32 % from total emissions. It should be noted that emissions produced
by transport during this period have decreased by 36 %.
The second largest source of emissions is fuel combustion in the service sector and households
(21 %) where the amount of emissions has decreased by about 19 % in 2016 as against 2005.
18
The agricultural sector produces 13 % from total emissions which have increased by 57 % in 2016 as
against 2005.
Emissions from the energy transformation sector18amount to 13 % from total emissions and have
increased by 20 %. This is due to an increase in produced energy and thus in the combusted fuel.
Emissions from industrial fuel combustion and industrial processes in the period under consideration
have decreased, and in 2016 they respectively amount to 7 % and 4 % from total NOx emissions in
Latvia.
Impact of implemented policies on emission change trends
Emission reduction in road transport was primarily caused by the wider use of road transport with
higher environmental quality standards (EURO4, EURO5, and EURO6 vehicle classes). The impact was
also caused by the implemented fiscal measures – excise duty and annual motor vehicle tax aimed at
a more efficient and, in terms of emissions, cleaner use of vehicles.
A rapid increase in the proportion of diesel fuel-consuming vehicles from the total number of
passenger cars in the last five years has made a negative impact.
RES-supportive policy, which replaced the imported electricity with electricity produced in
cogeneration plants of Latvia by means of natural gas, solid and gaseous biomass, increased the
energy produced, thus increasing the amount of fuel used by about 25 % in 2016 as against 2005 and
emissions by 20 %. Whereas the implementation of RES policy in the industry by replacing natural gas
with biomass fuel decreased emissions in the industry sector.
Implementation of energy efficiency policy in the household and service sectors by reducing the
necessity of fuel consumption for the heating of buildings decreased emissions in these sectors. The
second reason is the significant decrease in the use of solid fuel (carbon) in these sectors.
Emission projections
The calculated overall NOx emission projections for 2030 show a decrease as against 2016, and the
calculated emissions in 2030 are by 5.2 % lower than in 2016. The principal sources of emissions
in 2030 are the transport sector (36.5 %), fuel combustion in the industry sector (10.6 %), energy
transformation sector (13.9 %), service sector and households (18.9 %), and agriculture (13.8 %).
After analysing the projected emission change trends in different sectors for the 2016-2030 period, it
can be noted that an increase is projected for emissions from fuel combustion in the industry sector
(35.9 %) and industrial processes. The main reason for such increases are assumptions on the growth
rates for manufacturing in the future. The projected emissions in the principal source of NOx
emissions in the transport sector decrease by 17.4 % in 2030 as against 2016. The largest decrease in
emissions is projected in road transport. The scenario provides for the replacement of existing
vehicles with efficient fossil fuel-consuming vehicles and a wider coming into use of alternative
fuel-consuming vehicles (compressed natural gas or CNG, liquefied natural gas or LNG, electric
vehicles (PHEV and BEV)).
18 The transformation sector consists of energy consumed for the production and selling of electricity and heating
19
It should be noted that when calculating emission projections in the road transport sector,
information only on currently available technologies and their defined environmental quality
requirements is used (for example, EURO6 and EURO6+, compressed natural gas or CNG, liquefied
natural gas or LNG, electric vehicles (PHEV and BEV)).
The second largest decrease in emissions is projected in the service and household sector where the
planned energy efficiency measures in residential buildings and public buildings will enable to reduce
the necessary consumption of electricity for the heating of buildings.
Figure
2:
Calcul
ated
NOx
emissi
on
projec
tions
in the
baseli
ne
scena
rio
and
objective trajectory 2020-2030
Note: In accordance with Article 4 of Directive 2016/2284, emissions formed by manure management
and agricultural soils are not included in the calculation of emissions.
As shown in Figure 2, the calculated NOx emission projections exceed the emission objective set out
by the EC by about 20 % in 2020, whereas in 2030 they are by 10 % higher than the set-out objective.
4.2. Sulphur dioxide emissions
Existing situation
In the period from 2005 to 2016 the total SO2 emissions have decreased by 59 %.
There are no significant SO2 emission economic sectors in Latvia, for example, cellulose, sulphuric
acid and sulphuric organic compound production or oil refineries. The largest sources of SO2
emissions in 2016 are fuel combustion in the service sector and households (49 %), energy
transformation sector (23 %), and fuel combustion in the industry sector (23 %).
The largest reduction in emissions has been in the transport sector (65 %), energy transformation
sector (51 %), and in fuel combustion in the industry sector (49 %).
Impact of implemented policies on emission change trends
20
The implementation of new stringent requirements in relation to permissible content of sulphur to
be used in road transport (2005 and 2010), as well as in railway (2015) fuels set out a reduction in
SO2 emissions in the transport sector.
The implemented policy for the expansion of RES use has set out changes in the structure of primary
energy to be used in industry, in service sector, and in energy transformation sector which has
resulted in a decrease of SO2 emissions in these sectors. In these sectors, carbon, peat, and oil
products (heavy fuel oil) have been replaced with natural gas or biomass. The energy transformation
sector has experienced the change of carbon and oil product usage to biomass.
A reduction in household emissions has been mainly established by the implementation of energy
efficiency policy.
Emission projections
If the SO2 emissions indicated a significant reduction trend for the 2005-2016 period, then the
baseline scenario projects that the expected increase in energy consumption in industry and energy
production sectors increases the overall emissions until 2030. The increase in emissions in the energy
transformation sector for 2020 is connected to the replacement of imported electricity with that of
produced locally, which is set out in the assumptions on the price development for the import of
electricity until 2030. The principal sources of emissions in 2030 are energy transformation sector
(28.3 %), fuel combustion in the industry sector (36.8 %), and service and household sector (31.7 %).
If the increase in emissions in the energy transformation sector is determined by the replacement of
natural gas with biomass boiler in houses and cogeneration plants, then the increase in emissions in
the industry sector is determined by the increase in consumption which in turn is determined by
assumptions on the increase in production volume. As shown in Figure 3, the overall SO2 emissions in
the
baseli
ne
scena
rio
in 202
0 are
by
47.8
% and
in 203
0 by
48.2
%
lower
than
in
2005.
21
Figure 3: calculated SO2 emission projections on a sectoral basis in the baseline scenario
and objective trajectory 2020-2030
Under such emission development trend, the set-out objective for 2020 and 2030 is attained.
Emission projections for 2030 are by about 4 % lower than the set-out objective for 2030.
4.3. Emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds Existing situation
The overall NMVOC emissions in the period from 2005 to 2016 have decreased by about 23.5 %.
In 2016, the principal sources of NMVOCs in Latvia were the use of solvents and specific chemical
products (paints, varnish, polymeric coating materials, etc.) (31 %), service and household sector
(24 %), agriculture (19 %), fuel combustion in the industry sector (11 %), and transport (7 %).
Emissions from the principal source of NMVOC emissions – the use of solvents and specific chemical
products – have decreased by 9 % and in the service sector and households – by about 42 %.
Emissions produced by the transport sector have decreased by 71 % which was due to the change
from the use of petrol to diesel in road transport.
Impact of implemented policies on emission change trends
The implementation of energy efficiency policy in the service sector and households by renovating
public buildings and residential buildings has allowed saving on the heating of buildings and thus
limiting or reducing emissions as well.
RES-supportive policy which promoted the replacement of the use of imported natural gas for the
delivery of centralised heating with biomass, as well as replacing natural gas with biomass for
electricity production in the industry sector has led to an increase in emissions in these sectors.
Whereas emissions from fuel combustion in the industry sector have increased during this period.
One of the main reasons for this trend is the transition from the use of natural gas to the use of
biomass in the production of electricity.
Emission projections
The calculated NMVOC emission projection results reveal that emissions could decrease by 10.8 % as
against 2016 for the period until 2030. The principal sources of emissions in 2030 are the use of
solvents and other products (26.5 %), fuel combustion in the service sector and households (18.8 %),
agriculture (24.0 %) and fuel combustion in the industry sector (15.2 %), and transport (5.9 %).
Compared to 2016, the projected NMVOC emissions in 2030 are by 22.1 % lower in the transport
sector given that the fuel consumption and petrol consumption decrease in road transport, emissions
in the service sector and households decrease by 30.1 % given that electricity consumption for the
heating of public buildings and residential buildings decreases due to the implementation of energy
efficiency measures, and emissions from the use of solvents and other products decrease by 24.7 %
given that a lower consumption of these substances is projected. An increase in emissions is
projected in the energy transformation sector and in industry given that the projected increase in
manufacturing creates an increase in electricity consumption in sector where woody biomass and
natural gas are primarily consumed.
22
The following figure illustrates NMVOC emission projections until 2030, given these permissible
exceptions. As shown in Figure 4, the projected emission trajectory ensures the attainment of
emission objective in 2020 and 2030.
F
igure
4:
Calcul
ated
NMV
OC
emissi
on
projec
tions
on a
sector
al
basis
in the
baseline scenario and objective trajectory 2020-2030.
Note: In accordance with Article 4 of Directive 2016/2284, emissions formed by manure
management and agricultural soils are not included in the calculation of emissions.
The calculated NMVOC emissions are by about 4.4 % lower than the established emission reduction
trajectory for 2030.
4.4. Ammonia emissions Existing situation
The overall NH3 emissions in the period from 2005 to 2016 have increased by 9 %. The overall
ammonia emissions from the agricultural production sector are by 17 % higher in 2016 as
against 2005. The reason for an increase in emissions is the increase in agricultural production which
includes the increase in the number of animals, in productivity gains and the fact that a larger
volume of fertilisers is used in crop production due to an increase of area and productivity.
NH3 emissions are primarily formed as a result of processes related to agricultural production, and
in 2016 these activities amounted to 86 % from total NH3 emissions in Latvia. The following major
sources of emissions were fuel combustion in the service sector and households (8 %) and the use of
fuel in the production of electricity in the industry sector (3 %).
In 2016, two principal sources of emissions in agricultural production are manure management
systems (49.3 %) and the use of synthetic fertilisers and manure (50.7 %). If the NH3 emissions from
manure management systems decreased by about 5 % in the period from 2005 to 2016, then
emissions from the use of fertilisers and manure increased by about 1.5 times.
Impact of implemented policies on emission change trends
23
The implementation of emission-reducing measures in the manure management systems which
included the sealing of liquid manure storage facilities with natural coating, as well as the use of a
larger volume of manure in the production of biogas and temporal limitation of the application
allowed to decrease ammonia emissions from manure management systems.
Emission projections
The principal source of NH3 emissions is the agricultural sector, which in projected emissions
amounts to about 89 % from total emissions in 2030. The projected total ammonia emissions are by
8.5 % higher in 2030 as against 2016 and by 18.4 % higher as against 2005. The projected agricultural
sector emissions are by 13 % higher in 2030 as against 2016 and by 32.4 % higher as against 2005.
The principal sources of NH3 emissions in the agricultural sector are manure management and the
use of synthetic fertilisers. The calculated emission projections provide that the proportion of NH3
emissions from the use of synthetic nitrogen fertilisers and manure will increase by about 18 %
for 2030 as against 2016, forming 45 % in 2020 and 47 % in 2030 from total NH3 emissions in
agriculture.
Figure 5: The calculated NH3 emission projections on a sectoral basis in the baseline
scenario and objective trajectory 2020-2030
Under such emission projection they exceed the set out national targets for 2020 and 2030 by 13.4 %
and 19.6 % respectively
4.5. Emissions of fine particulate matter PM2.5
Existing situation
The overall emissions of particulate matter PM2.5 in the period from 2005 to 2016 have decreased by
about 28 %. Emissions decreased in the transport sector (37 %) and in the service sector and
households (46 %) but increased in the energy transformation sector (more than twice) and from the
use of fuel for the production of electricity in the industry (about two times). The increase in
emissions in the mentioned sectors is primarily connected to the wider use of biomass in these two
sectors.
24
In 2016, the principal sources of fine particulate matter in Latvia were the service and household
sectors (59 %) where emissions arise from the combustion of wood fuels for heating. The following
principal emission-contributing sectors were fuel combustion in the industry sector (13 %), energy
transformation sector (13 %), transport (5 %), and industrial processes (5 %).
Impact of implemented policies on emission change trends
The implementation of energy efficiency policy in the service sector and households by renovating
public buildings and residential buildings has allowed to save on the heating of buildings and thus to
limit or reduce emissions.
On the one hand, RES-supportive policy which promoted the replacement of the use of imported
natural gas for the delivery of centralised heating with biomass, as well as replacing natural gas with
biomass for electricity production in the industry sector increased emissions in these sectors.
On the other hand, installation of new, modern, and efficient plants which comply with the highest
emission limit value requirements partially compensated for the mentioned negative impact.
Emission projections
Emission projection results for 2020 and 2030 reveal that the particulate matter PM2.5 could decrease
by 5.1 % and 13.7 % respectively as against their level in 2016. The principal sources of PM2.5
emissions in 2030 are household and service sector (48.8 %) where biomass is widely used in
combustion plants, energy transformation sector (19.8 %) with a widespread use of biomass in
houses and cogeneration plants with centralised heating boilers and fuel combustion in the industry
sector (17.0 %), and transport sector (4.1 %).
A decrease in emissions is projected in the transport sector and service and household sector. Owing
to the increase in alternative fuel-consuming vehicles and in fossil fuel-consuming vehicles with
higher environmental requirements in the transport sector, emissions decrease by 24.2 % until 2030
as against 2016. Energy efficiency measures in the service and household sector enable to reduce
fuel combustion in residential buildings and public buildings and thus emissions are by 28.3 % lower
in 2030 as against 2016. At the same time, emissions increase in the industry sector due to an
increase in fuel consumption.
25
Figure 6: calculated PM2.5 emission projections on a sectoral basis in the baseline scenario and
objective trajectory 2020-2030
Under such emission development trend, the objective set out by the EC for 2030 is not attained. The
projected emissions are by about 8.1 % higher in 2030 as against the set-out emissions objective.
4.6. Fine soot – black carbon particles (BC) Black carbon particles are directly dependent upon the amount of PM2.5 emissions. Therefore, the
calculated projections contain the same major development trends. The projected emissions are by
19.2 % lower in 2030 as against 2016 and by 41 % lower as against 2005. The principal sources of
emissions are the service and household sector (52.9 %), fuel combustion in the industry sector
(31.5 %) and transport (9.5 %).
Figure 7: Calculated black carbon particle emission projections on a sectoral basis in the baseline
scenario
26
4.7. Conclusions Emission projections in the baseline scenario
The results of emission projections in the baseline scenario reveal that:
the NOx and NH3 emission projections exceed the set-out emission objectives for 2020
and 2025;
the calculated NOx emission projections exceed the set-out emission objectives for 2030 by
about 10 %;
the calculated SO2 emission projections are by about 4 % lower in 2030 as against the set-out
emission objective for 2030;
the calculated NMVOC emission projections for 2030 are by about 4.3 % lower as against the
set-out emission objective for 2030;
the calculated NH3 emission projections exceed the set-out emission objective for 2030 by
about 19.6 %;
the calculated PM2.5 emission projections exceed the set-out emission objective for 2030 by
about 8.1 %.
The results of the baseline scenario reveal that additional policies and measures have to be
implemented so that the projected emissions would be equal to or lower than the laid down
emission objectives for NOx and NH3 emissions in 2020 and 2025, and for NOx, NH3, and particulate
matter PM2.5 emissions in 2030.
27
5. Emission projections in a scenario with additional measures Given that objectives set out for certain air pollutant emissions are not attained in the baseline
scenario for 2030 (NOx, NH3 , and PM2.5), it is necessary to consider the impact of additional policies
and measures on emission projections and their contribution to the attainment of the set emission
objectives.
The principal policy options for the reduction of emissions from fuel combustion in Latvia are the
reduction of energy consumption by implementing energy efficiency measures and the replacement
of used combustion plants with those complying with higher emission limit value requirements. Such
means of emission reduction as the transition to lower emission fuels are almost exhausted in Latvia.
The impact of policies and measures on emission reduction has been carried out [sic] in addition to
the implementation of energy efficiency measures by already comparing with those carried out in
the baseline scenario (energy efficiency policy scenario). This group of measures has been assessed
with regard to impact on NOx, PM2.5, NMVOC and SO2 emissions.
The second group of measures which has been assessed in terms of emission reduction, is the
implementation of Cabinet Regulation No 736 of 12 December 2017 on procedures for preventing,
limiting and controlling emissions of air-polluting substances from incineration plants which lays
down emission limit values for new and existing medium combustion plants (1-50 MW) and large
combustion plants (over 50 MW), and ensuring control (emission limit value introduction scenario).
This group of measures has been assessed with regard to impact on NOx and PM2.5 emissions.
Finally, a scenario has been drawn up where both these groups of measures have been integrated
(Integrated policy scenario or scenario with additional measures) and the impact of the scenario has
been assessed with regard to the attainment of emission objectives.
Given that the implementation of Cabinet Regulation No 736 on procedures for preventing, limiting
and controlling emissions of air-polluting substances from incineration plants primarily affects NOx
and PM2.5 emissions, an assessment of these three scenarios has been carried out with regard to the
mentioned emissions. The impact of a set of transport sector measures has been additionally
assessed with regard to reduction of NOx emissions.
5.1. Nitrogen oxide emissions Given that additional energy efficiency measures are primarily implemented in the service sector and
households, the emission reduction in these sectors and the energy transformation sector is greater
from this group of policy measures. Introduction of the group of measures on emission limit values
for new and existing medium combustion plants has the biggest impact on emission changes in the
energy transformation sector.
The assessed overall NOx emission reduction of the implementation of the two mentioned policy
groups is about 2.44 kt or 7.4 % reduction in 2030 as against the baseline scenario. In the scenario
with additional measures in 2030, that amounts to 0.5 % higher NOx emissions than the set objective.
28
Figure 8: Impact of policies and measures on NOx emission reduction
Figure 9: Calculated NOx emission projections in a scenario with the introduction and control of
energy efficiency measures and of emission limit values and objective trajectory 2020-2030
Given that the two mentioned emission-reducing groups of measures do not yet ensure the
attainment of the objective for 2030, it is necessary to introduce additional measures in the
transport sector which is one of the biggest sources of NOx emissions. Measures in the transport
sector consist of railway electrification by increasing the total length of electrified reconstructed or
upgraded railway lines, as well as a group of fiscal measures aimed at the use of vehicles with higher
environmental requirements (see measure 4.4, 5.2., and 5.4. included in section 8).
29
In the last seven years, the proportion of diesel vehicles from the total number of passenger cars has
risen by 22.7 % (see Figure 10); moreover, the majority of these registered diesel vehicles have a
lower class than EURO4). Even though the proportion of vehicles complying with EURO4 or higher
requirements, petrol- and diesel-consuming vehicles is approximately the same, around 34 %, in this
period, out of vehicles using diesel, the proportion of EURO3 group vehicles, whose NOx emission
factor (g/km) is by about 35 % higher than for the EURO4 group, has increased the most rapidly.
Figure 10: Diesel vehicle proportion from the total number of passenger cars, 2010-2017
If the average NOx emission factor (kg/TJ) for diesel-consuming vehicles in 2010 is about 3.6 times
higher than that for petrol-consuming vehicles, then it is already 6.7 times higher in 2017. This
negative trend is determined by the above described negative trends in the diesel-consuming vehicle
structure and that the NOx emission factor (g/km) for petrol-consuming automobiles, which comply
with EURO4 or a higher group, is by about 45 % lower than for EURO3 group.
30
Figure 11: Changes in the average NOx emission factors for passenger cars in Latvia
The above described trends in the passenger car fleet structure and technology changes establish
that the average NOx emission factor for passenger cars in the period from 2010 to 2017 increased by
about 11.9 % (see the figure above). If the average emission factor for petrol-consuming vehicles
decreased by 46 %, the average emission factor for diesel-consuming vehicles decreased only by 2 %.
Therefore, it is necessary to implement policies which take into account the air pollutant emission
factor in the acquisition of passenger cars and to make a more extensive use of alternative fuels
causing less emissions, first of all, electric vehicles. Impact of implementation of the mentioned
policies on NOx emissions has been assessed and illustrated in the following table.
Table 6: Groups of measures selected for the reduction of NOx emissions and
decrease in emissions from these groups as against the baseline scenario, kt
Group of measures
2020 2025 2030
Measures for the reduction of diesel-consuming passenger car proportion in the road transport sector (measures 4.1. and 5.4.)
0.15
0.58
0.32
Measures for railway electrification and modernisation (measure 4.5) 0 0.72 0.66
Measures for the introduction and control of emission limit values in combustion plants (measures 1.1., 1.4. and 1.6.)
1.62 2.12 2.08
Measures for increasing energy efficiency in resident buildings and public buildings (measure 2.1.) 0.51 0.58 0.35
In the event of implementation of all the mentioned measures, the calculated NOx emission
projections in 2030 are by about 2.6 % lower than the set objective.
31
Figure 12: Calculated NOx emission projections in a scenario with additional measures and
objective trajectory 2020-2030
Given that the measures intended for NOx emission reduction are connected to significant
investment in the transport sector (railway electrification, development of alternative fuel
infrastructure) and the behavioural change of consumers, their implementation is planned
after 2020. On the attainment of the 2020 objective, the trajectory will be fulfilled only before 2025.
32
5.2. Emissions of fine particulate matter PM2.5
Figure 13: Impact of policies and measures on the reduction of PM2.5 emissions
As shown in the previous figure, introduction of the group of measures on emission limit values for
new and existing medium combustion plants and control of their implementation has the biggest
impact on the reduction of particulate matter PM2.5 emissions. Implementation of energy efficiency
measures accounts for a lower reduction in emissions.
The total particulate matter PM2.5 reduction from the implementation of two groups of policy
measures is a decrease of about 3.94 kt or 28 % in 2030 as against the baseline scenario. Measures
implemented in the transport sector account for additional reduction in emissions. Reduction in
emissions in 2030 is about 0.02 kt which is a reduction of 0.1 % as against the baseline scenario. In
the scenario with additional measures in 2030, that amounts to PM2.5 emissions that are by 22 %
lower than the set-out objective.
33
Figure 14: Calculated PM2.5 emission projections in a scenario with additional measures and
objective trajectory 2020-2030
5.3. Sulphur dioxide emissions Implementation of additional energy efficiency measures accounts for a reduction in SO2 and
NMVOC emissions in the energy transformation sector, service sector, households and for the use of
fuel in the industry sector. Implementation of energy efficiency measures reduces the projected SO2
emissions in 2030 by 0.18 kt as against the baseline scenario. Therefore, the projected emissions are
by 7.8 % lower than the set-out objective.
34
Figure 15: calculated SO2 emission projections in a scenario with additional measures and
objective trajectory 2020-2030
5.4. Emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds Implementation of energy efficiency measures has a more significant impact on the NMVOC emission
projections. In a scenario with additional policies, in 2030 they are by 0.7 kt lower as against the
baseline scenario and the projected emissions are by 6.9 % lower than the set-out objective.
Figure 16: Calculated NMVOC emission projections in a scenario with additional
measures and objective trajectory 2020-2030
35
5.5. Ammonia emissions Implementation of additional policies and measures in the agricultural sector will have a decisive role
in the reduction of ammonia emissions and in the attainment of the set-out objective for 2030. For
the purposes of assessment, a set of measures representing four groups of measures was selected:
Additional measures for the reduction of nitrogen used with fertilisers;
Additional measures for the reduction of ammonia emissions from the management and
land application of manure;
Additional measures for the management of poultry or pig feeding for intensive rearing (in
accordance with BAT conclusions);
Additional measures for the development of biological dairy farming.
Each of the mentioned groups is offered several alternative measures and techniques for introducing
them. In order to assess the impact of selected measures on the reduction of ammonia emissions, an
overall description of measures was carried out by indicating the nature of measure introduction,
restrictions and indicative costs, as well as their impact on the reduction of ammonia emissions
which is primarily based on Framework Code for Good Agricultural Practice for Reducing Ammonia
Emissions (UN, 2014). In order to assess the potential of the selected ammonia-reducing measures,
households in which the specific measures should be introduced were identified. The households are
divided into groups (clusters) and their general description is given (for a complete analysis see
Annex 5)19.
The group of measures for the reduction of nitrogen used with fertilisers consists of measures that
reduce the consumption of nitrogen with fertilisers: precision technologies in the use of fertilisers,
fertilisation planning and Fabaceae inclusion in the plant rotation.
Groups of measures for the reduction of ammonia emissions from the management and land
application of manure are planned for specific groups of holdings (clusters).
Group of measures for the management of poultry or pig feeding is defined in the BAT conclusions
on intensive rearing of poultry or pigs. The measures consist of techniques for the reduction of total
nitrogen and respectively ammonia emissions.
Group of measures for the development of biological dairy farming consists of assumptions that from
the total number of cows, dairy cows must fall within 17 % in the biological dairy farming group
in 2020, 21 % in 2025, and 22 % in 2030, as well as of available information on the amount of
emissions from one dairy cow per year in biological and conventional agricultural systems.
Table 7: Selected and assessed groups of measures for the reduction of ammonia
emissions and their emission reduction as against the baseline scenario, kt
Group of measures
2020 2025 2030
Measures for the reduction of mineral N used in crop production 0.215 0.508 0.913
Measures for the reduction of ammonia emissions from manure management 0.177 1.056 1.069
19 Assumptions used in the calculations are based on the results and experience acquired from sub-project 3.2 “Analysis of GHG emissions in the agricultural sector and economic assessment of emission-reducing measures” of National Research Programme “The value and dynamic of Latvia’s ecosystems under changing climate (EVIDEnT)”
36
Measures for the management of livestock feeding 0.223 0.425 0.434
Measures for the development of biological dairy farming
0.307 0.624 0.686
Cumulative impact of the groups of measures 0.92 2.61 3.10
In assessing impact of the mentioned additional groups of measures on emission reduction, it can be
concluded that none of the groups of measures separately ensure the attainment of the emission
objective target value in 2030. The highest impact potential has been calculated for additional
measures for the reduction of N with fertilisers, establishing that the consumption of the nitrogen
used with fertilisers must be reduced by 20.2 % in 2030 as against the baseline scenario.
Animal feeding is an important factor establishing the amount of nitrogen excreted from an animal.
Measures for the management of poultry or pig feeding for intensive rearing and biological dairy
farming are essential in this assessment. In turn, nitrogen excreted from an animal determines the
emissions from manure management; therefore, the impact of these two measures amplifies the
emission reduction effect from the group of measures on manure management prescribed for
specific groups of holdings.
The most efficient reduction in ammonia emissions is from measures promoting the reduction of
nitrogen excreted from animals and the reduction of nitrogen used with fertilisers. An integrated set
of the four mentioned measures enables to attain the emission objective target value in the
agricultural sector in 2030. Given that the planned emission-reducing measures in the agricultural
sector determine a substantial reduction in nitrogenous fertilisers and additional contribution to
manure management, it is impossible to attain the emission objective set out in the objective
trajectory in 2020. Introduction of the marked measures is planned in a longer period of time
until 2025, reaching the maximum emission reduction potential in 2030. Detailed information on
assumptions used for assessing impact of the measure is given in Annex 5.
In accordance with the calculated projections, it is shown that the emission reduction objective set
out for 2020 will be attained before 2025. Measures planned for the reduction of ammonia emissions
are connected to significant investment in the agricultural sector and their implementation is
planned after 2020 when additional co-funding will be available within the framework of common
agricultural policy. In the implementation of all four groups of measures, the calculated emission
projections are by 2.1 % lower than the objective set out in 2030. Emission reduction is 3.1 kt in 2030
as against the baseline scenario.
37
Figure 17: Calculated NH3 emission projections in a scenario with additional measures and
objective trajectory 2020-2030
38
5.6. Conclusions
Emission projections in a scenario with additional measures
The scenario with additional measures brings about the following results:
the calculated NOx emission projections are by about 2 % lower in 2030 than the set-out
emission objective for 2030; however, they exceed the set out objective trajectory by
about 11 % in 2020. Given that the measures intended for NOx emission reduction are
connected to significant investment in the transport sector (railway electrification,
development of alternative fuel infrastructure) and the behavioural change of consumers,
their impact is expected after 2020;
the calculated SO2 emission projections for 2030 are by about 7.8 % lower than the set-out
emission objective for 2030;
the calculated NMVOC emission projections for 2030 are by about 4.3 % lower as against the
set-out emissions objective in 2030;
the calculated NH3 emission projections are by about 2.1 % lower than the set-out emission
objective for 2030 but by about 6.4 % exceed the set-out emission objective trajectory
in 2020;
the calculated PM2.5 emission projections are by about 22 % lower in 2030 than the set-out
emission objective for 2030.
The calculated emission projections in a scenario with additional measures, including additional
policies and measures intended to reduce emissions are lower than those in the baseline scenario
and overall, they promote the attainment of the set-out objectives for 2030. At the same time, NOx
and NH3 emission reduction objectives set out for 2020 are not attained given that measures
intended for emission reduction are connected to significant investment, as well as their
implementation is time-consuming, which is why the effects will be evident only after 2020.
39
6. Coherence and link with policies covering other sectors A detailed description of the content of existing planning documents is given in Annex 4.
6.1. National climate policy The climate change section of the Environmental Policy Guidelines 2014-2020 sets out as one of the
general climate policy objectives: to make sure Latvia contributes towards mitigating global climate
change, taking into account its environmental, social and economic interests. The GHG emission
reduction objectives for 2020 are set out in accordance with the EU climate policy 2020 overall
framework and with Decision No 406/2009/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on the
effort of Member States to reduce their GHG emissions to meet the Community’s GHG emission
reduction commitments up to 2020 (Decision on the delegation of responsibilities between the
Member States). Control of GHG emissions is carried out by implementing GHG emission-reducing
measures in the energy, transport, industry, waste management and agricultural sectors. Investment
measures supported by EU funds (operational programme “Growth and Employment”, Rural
Development Programme) are essential in the reduction of GHG emissions. Operational programme
“Growth and Employment” promotes the transition to a low-carbon economy in all sectors as the
fourth investment direction of priority, with priority measures having their GHG emission reduction
outcome indicator set out. The assessment of the interconnection of GHG emissions and air pollution
is given below in the description of sector policies. Emission Allowances Auction Instrument under
the responsibility of the MoEPRD supports GHG emission-reducing projects with a high
demonstration potential. GHG emission reduction objectives for 2030 are set out in accordance with
Regulation 2018/842/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on binding annual GHG
emission reductions by Member States from 2021 to 2030 contributing to climate action to meet
commitments under the Paris Agreement and measures for its attainment are set out in the Latvian
National Energy and Climate Plan for 2021-2030.
6.2. Energy sector Policy direction:
1) Increase of energy efficiency in all steps – energy production, transmission and distribution,
final consumption of energy in public buildings and residential buildings of the household
sector;
2) Increase in the use of renewable energy sources in the centralised heating system;
Measures with a positive impact on air quality Measures with a negative impact on air quality
To promote with financial support20: - energy efficiency in centralised heating; - increase in energy efficiency in public buildings; - increase in energy efficiency in municipality buildings; - increase in energy efficiency in residential buildings.
In promoting the use of local RES in centralised heating and replacing natural gas, which does not cause dust emissions, with biomass, dust emissions may form that make the air quality worse. The negative impact may be reduced by ensuring
20 in accordance with the set out specific support objectives in the EU Funds 2014-2020 programming period and in the operational programme “Growth and Employment”: - “According to the integrated development programme of the municipality, to facilitate the increase of energy efficiency and use of renewable energy sources in municipality buildings”; - “To promote the increase of energy efficiency in public and residential buildings”; - “To promote effective use of energy resources, reduction of energy consumption and transfer to RES in manufacturing industry”; - “To promote energy efficiency and the use of local RES in centralised heating”
40
use of RES in centralised heating by replacing older and ineffective biomass-consuming technologies with newer ones.
high-efficiency particle capture technologies and their exploitation regimes, and control on the part of the State Environmental Service.
Obligations laid down in the Energy Efficiency Law: - introduction of the energy management system and implementation of energy efficiency measures in national regulatory authorities pursuant to the provisions of law; - introduction of the energy management system and implementation of energy efficiency measures in municipalities pursuant to the provisions of law; - energy certification of buildings; - transition to the compliance of new buildings with nearly zero energy buildings.
6.3. Transport sector Policy:
1) Environmentally friendly public transport (infrastructure and motor vehicles), shift of
passengers from private to public transport;
2) Promotion of non-motorised movement;
3) Promotion of transition to the use of environmentally friendly motor vehicles (electric
vehicles, hybrid electric vehicle, hydrogen vehicles, modern biofuel-consuming21 and natural
gas vehicles) in the long-term;
4) Railway electrification;
5) Improvement of road linking system, maintenance and improvement of road quality.
Measures with a positive impact on air quality Measures with a negative impact on air quality
To develop with financial support22: - environmentally friendly infrastructure of public transport – extension of tram network and equipment of existing public buses for their environmentally friendly operation;
In turn, the impact of biofuel use is controversial, and its impacts are determined by the amount of biofuel admixture to fossil fuels and origin of biofuel and compliance of motor vehicles with environmental requirements.
Cycle traffic development plan 2018-2020: - Update of the Latvian standard “Road design specifications Part 9: Cycle traffic LVS 190-9;2015”, including additional requirements for the integration of cycle traffic into the overall transport system; - cycle traffic infrastructure development projects included in the municipality development programmes
With financial support23: - to ensure competitive and environmentally friendly TEN-T railway network by promoting its safety,
21 Modern biofuel is the type of fuel derived from raw materials and which does not directly compete with crops used in food and feed 22 In accordance with the set out specific support objectives in the EU Funds 2014-2020 programming period and in the operational programme “Growth and Employment”, “to develop the infrastructure of environmentally friendly public transport” and specific support objective “to develop EV charging infrastructure in Latvia” 23 In accordance with the set out specific support objectives in the EU Funds 2014-2020 programming period, the operational programme “Growth and Employment” priority axis “Sustainable transport system”, “to ensure competitive and environmentally friendly TEN-T railway network by promoting its safety, quality and capacity”
41
quality, and capacity (electrification as a component of measure); - to ensure necessary infrastructure on main flyovers of Riga and to prevent fragmentary nature of main streets - linking urban infrastructure (main streets) with TEN-T network; - reconstruction of the pavement of state main roads, increasing bearing capacity; - improvement of state regional road quality Technical control of emissions from road motor vehicles
6.4. Tax policy in the transport sector The Alternative Fuels Development Plan 2017-2020 prescribes to carry out actions within the
framework of the Tax Policy Guidelines for 2017-2021 in order to:
reduce the excise duty for natural gas as a means of fuel,
change the excise duty rate on diesel by approximating it to the petrol rate,
promote the purchase and use of ecological motor vehicles suitable for alternative fuels by
means of tax policy.
Measures with a positive impact on air quality Measures with a negative impact on air quality
The excise duty rate for natural gas in force is substantially lower compared to the excise duty rates (recalculating them for 1 MWh) for oil products which creates a prerequisite for the development of natural gas-consuming motor vehicles in Latvia. Electric vehicles (vehicles that by design use energy from electricity stored in the vehicle or from power storage device, for example, battery, capacitor, flywheel or generator):
are exempt from motor vehicle tax; enterprise light duty vehicle tax for electric
vehicles is substantially lower compared to fuel-consuming light duty vehicles.
The existing excise duty rates do not stimulate development of liquefied natural gas sector in Latvia. Natural gas that is used as motor fuel has a substantially higher excise duty compared to the excise duty for natural gas used as fuel. The current setting of lower excise duty rate for diesel compared to petrol (the use of which creates lower emissions) is one of the reasons for an increase in diesel consumption and an increase of emissions to air, which in turn can make the air quality worse.
While the existing motor vehicle tax rates for light duty vehicles that are set only depending on the CO2 emissions per 1 km promote the use of light duty vehicles with a lower specific fuel consumption, they insufficiently motivate the selection of such types of fuel that cause less emissions to air. As a result, opting for diesel-consuming automobile can happen, causing higher emissions compared to other types of fuel.
6.5. Industry sector Policy: Decrease in energy intensity (measures on increasing energy efficiency) and an increase in the
use of renewable energy sources in the industry sector.
42
Measures with a positive impact on air quality Measures with a negative impact on air quality
With financial support, to promote in the manufacturing sector and in the food processing sector24: - efficient use of energy resources and reduction of energy consumption; - transfer to the use of non-emission (non-combustible) RES.
Promoting the use of local RES for centralised heating and replacing natural gas, which does not cause dust emissions, with biomass, dust emissions may form that make the air quality worse. The negative impact may be reduced by ensuring high efficiency particle capture technologies and their exploitation regimes, and control on the part of the State Environmental Service.
Obligations laid down in the Energy Efficiency Law: - Introduction of energy audit and/or energy management system with a following implementation of measures on increasing energy efficiency in large enterprises and large electricity consumers
6.6. Waste management sector Policy: Increase reuse, recycling and recovery of different types of waste.
Measures with a positive impact on air quality Measures with a negative impact on air quality
To ensure with financial support25, ensure recycling of biodegradable waste by means of anaerobic technologies for the production of biogas; thus, also ensuring recovery and proper use of methane.
In promoting the creation of plants that can recover fuel from waste with energy recovery, dust emissions are formed that have a negative impact on human health and environment
6.7. Agriculture Policy: Increase in production efficiency and environmentally-friendly farming methods in the
agricultural sector.
Measures with a positive impact on air quality Measures with a negative impact on air quality
To promote with financial support26: - an increase in production efficiency (introduction of new and more energy-efficient plants); - environmentally friendly farming methods (by restricting use of fertilisers, developing organic farming); - efficient use of fertilisers (use of precision technologies, fertiliser planning, direct land application of organic fertilisers by reducing GHG and ammonia emissions and the amount of fertilisers); - improvement of manure management system (construction of new manure storage facilities, synergies between limitation of GHG emissions and ammonia emissions).
24 In accordance with measure “Investment in physical assets” of the Rural Development Programme for 2014-2020 25 In accordance with the set out specific support objectives in the EU Funds 2014-2020 programming period, the operational programme “Growth and Employment” priority axis “Environmental protection and resource efficiency”, “to promote reuse, recycling and recovery of different types of waste 26
43
7. Authorities involved in air protection policy-making and implementation The Ministry of Environmental Protection and Regional Development as the leading state
management authority in the environmental protection sector develops the action plan for air
pollutant emission reduction and coordinates its implementation in order to ensure the attainment
of the set-out emission reduction objectives. State Environmental Service and State LLC “Latvian
Environment, Geology and Meteorology Centre” are involved in the implementation of national air
protection policy within their competence (see Table 8).
The State Environmental Service controls the compliance with requirements laid down in legislation
on air pollutant emissions in the air, issues permits for polluting activities and includes requirements
therein for the operator when doing polluting activities, as well as issues technical rules setting out
environmental protection requirements for polluting activity designated at a specific place.
State LLC “Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Centre” is the national reference
laboratory in the air quality sector of Latvia.
The Plan is developed in co-operation with the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Economics, the
Ministry of Transport and Communications, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Health, and with
other authorities as well if the decisions adopted by such authorities have a direct or subordinate
impact on emissions of atmospheric pollutants. Under the responsibility of these ministries, the
existing authorities carry out specific obligations in ensuring the compliance of legislation in
accordance with their competence. Particular importance is ascribed to the control of compliance
and emissions of mobile emission source engines.
If an air quality non-compliance is established, local municipalities develop, approve, and implement
a long-term action programme for reducing air pollution in accordance with requirements set out in
Cabinet Regulation of 3 November 2009 establishing regulations regarding ambient air quality.
Table 8: Review of state, regional, and local authorities and obligations attributed to them List of relevant
authorities Name of the authority Description of the obligations attributed in the air quality
and air pollution sector
Country (national) authorities
Ministry of Environmental Protection and Regional Development
Policy making; Policy implementation; Coordination; Harmonises municipality actions programmes for the improvement of air quality
State LLC “Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Centre”
Reporting and monitoring; National reference laboratory in the air quality sector of Latvia.
State Environmental Bureau
Coordinates and monitors the environmental impact assessment of projected actions
State JSC “Road Traffic Safety Directorate”
Technical control of emissions from road motor vehicles
State Technical Supervision Agency State Railway Administration State JSC “Maritime Administration of Latvia” State JSC “Road Traffic Safety Directorate” Consumer Rights Protection Centre
Control of implementation of Cabinet Regulation No 1047 of 27 December 2005 on air pollutant emissions from non-road mobile machinery’s internal combustion engines in order to prevent placing of non-compliant engines on the market or placing into operation in accordance with the competence of each mentioned authority
44
State Environmental Service Health Inspectorate National Cultural Heritage Administration Association “Antique Automobile Club of Latvia”
Ensuring compliance with requirements laid down in Cabinet Regulation No 231 of 3 April 2007 establishing regulations regarding the limitation of emissions of volatile organic compounds
State Revenue Service
Market surveillance of diesel (gas oil), ensuring the taking of diesel (gas oil) samples for economic operators who market it, reporting to LEGMC on the results of diesel (gas oil) quality tests
Health Inspectorate
Provides proposals on the issuing of new permit for polluting activity and on reviewing existing permits; Prepares information on the impact of air quality on human health in accordance with requirements set out in Cabinet Regulation of 3 November 2009 establishing Regulations Regarding Ambient Air Quality.
Regional
authorities
State Environmental Service Controls the compliance with requirements laid down in
legislation on air pollutant emissions to air, issues
permits for polluting activities and includes requirements
therein for the operator when carrying out polluting
activities, as well as issues technical rules setting out
environmental protection requirements for polluting
activity designated at a specific place.
Municipalities Local municipalities Develop, approve, and implement long-term action programme for reducing air pollution in accordance with requirements set out in Cabinet Regulation No 1290 of 3 November 2009 establishing Regulations Regarding Ambient Air Quality if an air quality non-compliance is established; In accordance with the Law on Local Governments and with the spatial plan of the relevant municipality, establish procedures for land use and urbanisation and organise public transport services; Provide proposals on the issuing of new permit for polluting activity and on reviewing existing permits.
45
8. Planned policies and actions
No
Measure
Operational result
Principal affected
substances
Performance indicator
Competent authority
Co-responsible
authority
Implementation period
Additional amount of
funding required and potential
source of funding
1. Course of action Emission reduction from the industry sector and combustion plants and a more efficient control on compliance with requirements;
1.1. To ensure implementation of requirements laid down in new conclusions on best available techniques27.
Air pollution arising from Category A polluting activities is reduced
NOx NMVOC PM2.5
SO2
At least 44 existing large combustion plants (capacity over 50 MW) do not exceed emission limit values related to best available techniques, as well as control on compliance with these requirements is carried out.
SES 1) Second half of 2019: the manufacture of wood-based panels (1 plant); 2) First half of 2020: of waste-water/waste-gas purification systems in the industry sector (5 plants); 3)Second half of 2021: large combustion plants (22 plants), production of bulk organic chemicals (1 plant); 4) Second half of 2022: waste recycling (15 plants).
Is not required
1.2. Review of administrative penalties by increasing penalty rates for polluting activities that are in breach of conditions set out in the permits and of requirements set out in legislation, including requirements with regard to authorised air pollutant emissions.
Imposed penalty rates compliant with efficient and modern requirements on breaches of environmental protection legislation
NOx NMVOC PM2.5 SO2
Amendments made to the Law on Pollution and updated penalty rates included
MoEPRD SES
SES
LEGMC
2020-2021 Is not required
27 The European Commission Implementing Decisions: (EU) 2016/902 (chemical industry sector), (EU) 2016/1032 (non-ferrous metal production), (EU) 2017/2117 (production of bulk organic chemicals), (EU) requirements including in relation to authorised air pollutant emission.
46
1.3. To update emissions limit values and other environmental requirements for small combustion plants with a capacity from 0.2-1 MW
To update emission limit values and other environmental requirements for plants with a capacity below 1 MW not governed by the EU law
NOx PM2.5
Updated Cabinet Regulation No 1015 of 14 December 2004 on environmental requirements for the management of small boilerhouses
MoEPRD SES
LEGMC
2020-2021 Is not required
1.4. To ensure fulfilment of requirements for combustion plants (0.2-50 MW) set out in Cabinet Regulation No 736, including: 1) to develop an efficient and comprehensive control plan; 2) to control operators and verify the submitted measurement results; 3) if there are suspected breaches of legislation, to carry out independent air polluting emission measurements for air polluting substances with limit values.
Verified and ensured compliance with requirements from combustion plants, resulting in reduced emissions from these plants
NOx PM2.5
1) Developed control plan and coordinated with MoEPRD; 2) regular check on medium combustion plants are carried out, paying particular attention to areas where the upper air polluting substance limit value thresholds are exceeded, as well as the measurement results submitted by all operators have been verified; 3) Ensured funding for carrying out additional national measurements (from 2020 to 2024, around 30 measurements from plants were carried out each year, but from 2025 to 2030 – 150 measurements).
SES MoEPRD (with
regard to
allocation of
funds)
For plants with a capacity of
1-50 MW:
1) Second half of 2019;
2) For new plants – regularly
as of 20 March 201928;
For plants that have received
EU fund support– regularly as
of 1 January 201929;
For existing plants with a
capacity of 5-50 MW – First
half of 2025;
3) 2020-2030
For plants with a capacity of
0.2-1 MW after completion of
1.2 task of the plan and
entering into force of new
limit values
Funding necessary for measurements: from 2020 to 2024 – EUR 8 000 each year, but from 2025-2030 – EUR 37 000 each year (State budget)
28 The first measurement must be made within 3 months after placing the installation into operation. 20 March 2019 is set as the 3-month period after the entering of emission limit values into force for new medium combustion plants 29 The first measurement must be made within 3 months after placing the installation into operation
47
1.5. To strengthen the capacity of State Environmental Service and to carry out a more efficient control of emissions from polluting activities.
State Environmental Service efficiently and professionally carries out control on compliance with requirements, as a result of which inhabitants are guaranteed the right of to live in a benevolent environment by Satversme (Constitution of the Republic of Latvia) and
NOx NMVOC PM2.5
NH3 SO2
1) evaluation of SES operation so far and development of new solutions for strengthening of SES capacity and ensuring more efficient operation; 2) ensured funding for carrying out additional national measurements for controlling (each year around 100 measurements of emissions from plants are carried out for air pollutants with limit
SES MoEPRD
1) 2020;
2) 2020-2030
Funding necessary for measurements: EUR 25 000 each year (State budget)
48
air pollution from industry and energy sectors is reduced.
values) different polluting activities (except for combustion plants)
1.6. To provide financial support for the purpose of ensuring emission limit values and installing appropriate flue gas purifying installations for respective existing medium and small combustion plants using biomass laid down in Cabinet Regulation No 736 and updated Cabinet Regulation No 1015.
Financial support is given for the replacement of existing combustion plants and for installing purifying installations, as a result of which air pollution from medium and small combustion plants reduces
NOx PM2.5
Created financial support programme and support given on a priority basis to combustion plants (300 MW medium plants and 55 MW small plants)
MoEPRD (the proposer)
MoF
MoE
CCC
2021-2027 50 million EUR in one programming period (potential source: co-funding from EU funds)
Total calculated emission reduction for measures 1.3.-1.5. in 2030 is: NOx – 2.08 kt and PM2.5 – 3.86 kt.
Reduction of pollution from port terminals
1.7. To ensure that operators of carried out polluting activities in ports who reload specific amounts of oil products and hazardous chemicals, install monitoring of emission control system for cargo fumes
Ensured introduction of requirements and compliance thereof set out in the Law on Pollution with regard to requirements for installation, operation, and monitoring of emission control systems for cargo fumes, as a result of which there is a reduction of smells and air pollution from port terminals.
NMVOC Emission control systems installed in 6 terminals in the area of Riga Freeport
SES Riga Freeport
Authority
Riga City Council
2021-2022 Is not required
2. Course of action Increasing energy efficiency in buildings and promotion of RES usage
2.1. To promote implementation of energy efficiency measures in
Carried out energy efficiency-increasing measures in multi-apartment and
PM2.5
NMVOC NOx
1) Additional measures for increasing energy efficiency included in the Energy and climate
MoE MoF
Municipalities
Measures are implemented in the period until 2024
Specific measures to be taken and necessary funding will be set out in
49
multi-apartment, state, municipality buildings and in industrial enterprises, as well as to provide financial support for the adoption of such measures
state buildings, as a result of which emissions from household and service sectors are decreased
plan 2021-2030; 2) Created financial support programme for adoption of measures.
CCC National Energy and Climate Plans
2.2. In providing financial support for the transition to the use of RES, lay down that in areas where the upper air polluting substance limit value thresholds are exceeded, primarily connection to the centralised or local heating system is financially supported
In areas where air quality problems have been established, financial support is given to the means of thermal energy production not causing additional emissions and air quality problems
PM2.5 NMVOC NOx
Created financial support programme and support given to transition to heating without causing additional emissions
MoE MoF
MoEPRD
Second half of 2022 The necessary funding will be set out in the National Energy and Climate Plans
Total calculated emission reduction for measure 2.1. for 2030 is: NOx – 0.35 kt, PM2.5 – 0.33 kt, NMVOC – 1.02 kt.
3. Course of action Emission reduction from combustion plants in the household sector
Sub-task: to promote the connection of households to centralised or local heating
3.1. To develop guidelines where a methodological basis is given for the development of municipality binding rules in relation to centralised heating and RES not promoting the use of air polluting substance emissions
Advice and suggestions provided to municipalities for the development of binding rules to expand the operation of centralised or local heating system and to promote the use of RES not causing air polluting substance emissions (sun, wind, heat pumps). As a result, air pollution from individual heating installations will be reduced.
PM2.5
NOx Developed guidelines and published on the MoE website
MoE Municipalities
MoEPRD
Second half of 2020 Unknown
3.2. To carry out an Municipalities are - Carried out evaluation of MoEPRD MoE 2020-2021 Is not required
50
assessment on the necessary changes to legislation and if necessary to make amendments to the legislation which would enable municipalities to introduce measures set out in points 3.3, 3.5, and 3.7 to the Plan (for example, establishment of a register and development of municipality binding rules on the type of heating selection).
authorised to take additional measures in their administrative territories and to issue binding rules which for the purpose of reducing air pollution lay down stricter requirements than other higher-ranking legislation
existing legislation and proposed changes in the relevant legislation
3.3. To develop/review binding rules on the type of heating selection in Latvia’s major cities and in cities with large population (related to measure 3.2.) To also promote the connection of industrial sites and public buildings to centralised or local heating if it is technically and economically viable or to promote the use of RES not causing air polluting substance emissions (sun, wind, heat pumps).
Binding rules set out territories which need to connect to centralised or local heating, as well as by developing new built-up areas it is set out that, if technically possible, connection to centralised or local heating has to be ensured. As a result, there will be a reduction of particulate matter and benzo(a)pyrene emissions from the use of individual combustion plants.
PM2.5 Developed/reviewed binding rules on the type of heating selection in Riga, Daugavpils, Liepāja, Jelgava, Jūrmala, Ventspils, Rēzekne, Ogre, Valmiera, and Jēkabpils
Riga City Council Liepāja City Council Rēzekne City Council Daugavpils Jelgava Jūrmala Ventspils Ogre Valmiera Jēkabpils
MoE 1) Riga City Council – 2020 2) Liepāja and Rēzekne City Councils – second half of 2021 3)other municipalities – within one year after implementation of the carried out 3.2 task
Is not required
3.4. To provide financial support in order to promote connection of households, public buildings, and industrial enterprises to centralised and local heating, inter
Financial support is given to the promotion of centralised and local heating use, resulting in the reduction of pollution from the use of heating installations
PM2.5
NOx Created financial support programme
MoE (the proposer)
MoF
CCC
Municipalities
2021-2027 Evaluation on the required funding must be carried out (potential source: funding from EU funds)
51
alia, to provide financial support for: 1) connection of household, public buildings, and industrial enterprises to centralised or local heating system; 2) extension of centralised or local heating system networks for connection of individual (small apartment) built-ups
in households and biomass is used more efficiently.
3.5. To assess the possibilities for reducing, for example, immovable property tax burden for households for the purpose of promoting connection to centralised or local heating and to make relevant changes to municipality binding rules on immovable property tax exemptions.
Inhabitant are encouraged to select a more sustainable and environmentally friendly type of heating and to connect to the centralised or local heating
PM2.5 NOx
Changes made to the binding rules and immovable property tax reliefs provided for inhabitants selecting to connect to centralised heating
Riga City Council Liepāja City Council Rēzekne City Council
MoF Within one year after implementation of the carried out 3.2 task
Is not required
Sub-task: to promote the replacement of old and inefficient heating installations
3.6. To develop guidelines where a methodological basis is given for the establishment of a register in municipalities, for ensuring its operation, development of municipality binding rules and inspection of installations.
Advice and suggestions provided to municipalities for the establishment of a register, inspection of installations, and development of municipality binding rules, as a result of which municipalities will be able to acknowledge the current situation and to plan measures for reducing pollution from households
PM2.5 NMVOC
Developed guidelines and published on the MoE website
MoEPRD Municipalities 2020 ~ 30 000 (source: ALEPF)
52
3.7. To establish combustion plant register used in households in those municipalities where air quality problems have been established
Established combustion plant register used in households and acquired information on existing heating installations in Riga, Liepāja, and Rēzekne, on fuel used therein and the age of installations which would enable further planning of measures for assessing pollution from this source
PM2.5
NMVOC Established register in Riga, Liepāja, and Rēzekne, information acquired on heating installations in these cities
Riga City Council Liepāja City Council Rēzekne City Council
Within one year after implementation of the carried out 3.2 task
Unknown
3.8. To carry out inspection of combustion plants included in the register and to control their compliance with requirements of binding rules
Ensured compliance with requirements set out in the binding rules
PM2.5
NMVOC 1) developed control plan; 2) carried out inspection of installations used in households; 3) developed application where inhabitants can report on disturbing combustion plants.
Riga City Council Liepāja City Council Rēzekne City Council
Not assessed
3.9. To provide financial support to households for the purpose of replacing old, inefficient biomass combustion plants, inter alia, by developing eligibility criteria to prescribe that support is given only to households which would not be technically and economically justifiable to connect to centralised or local heating.
Financial support is given for replacement of existing combustion plants and installation of purifying installations, as a result of which air pollution from households reduces and biomass is used more efficiently.
PM2.5 NMVOC
Carried out replacement of old and inefficient plants for the period from 2021 to 2027
MoEPRD MoE
MoF
Municipalities
2021-2027 As an indication, around 6 million EUR could be required Potential source: funding from EU funds or from State budget
Sub-task: raising public awareness on heating installations used in households
3.10. Raising public awareness on proper operation of individual heating
Achieved change of inhabitant behaviour and habits, ensuring
PM2.5
NMVOC Organised efficient information communication at
MoEPRD Municipalities Second half of 2020 (after that every 2 years)
Total required funding – ~ EUR 50 000
53
installations, on good fuel combustion practice, on the impact of combustion of wood fuel on health and the environment
that: - when acquiring new heating installations, inhabitants would consider their impact on the environment and health and would choose to most efficient ones; - the existing installations would be properly maintained and they would be serviced; - inhabitants would select suitable fuel and would properly store it; - inhabitants would not fire waste in their furnaces or fireplaces; - inhabitant complaints would be reduced; - air quality improves in Latvia’s major cities
national and municipality levels
(potential source of funding: State budget or LEPF)
Total calculated emission reduction for measures 3.2.; 3.5.-3.10. in 2030 is: PM2.5 – 1.05 kt, NMVOC – 1.08 kt. Total calculated emission reduction for measures 3.1.; 3.3. and 3.4.in 2030 is: PM2.5 – 0.03 kt, NMVOC – 0.035 kt.
4. Course of action Emission reduction in transport sector
4.1. Creation of infrastructure for alternative fuels
Created EV charging infrastructure network. Created publicly available compressed natural gas filling infrastructure in city/outskirt agglomerations
PM2.5 NOx
Number of installed EV charging stations (direct current fast charging stations with a capacity of at least 50 kW) – 150 stations
MoTC MoE
State JSC “Road
Traffic Safety
Directorate”
2020-2023 Will be implemented as part of the Alternative Fuels Development Plan 2017-2020
4.2. To update the Alternative Fuels Development Plan 2017-2020 and
Additional measures are provided for promotion of
PM2.5 NOx
Updated Alternative Fuels Development Plan and additional measures
MoTC Second half of 2019 Is not required
54
include additional measures for promotion of alternative fuel use.
alternative fuel use provided
4.3. Purchase of clean (green) public transport To promote acquisition of clean (green) public transport by respective amendments to legislation
Use of public transport with low air-polluting substance emissions is promoted
PM2.5 NOx
Respective amendments made to the Public Procurement Law, Law on Procurement of Public Service Providers and to the Law on Public Transport Services, as well as to Cabinet Regulation establishing instructions for procedures on the acquisition and rent of light duty vehicles, prescribing that ministries, other central national authorities and authorities subordinate to them must acquire EVs and respectively increasing the maximum acquisition price of the vehicle.
MoF MoTC First half of 2020 Is not required
4.4. Provision of financial support for the acquisition of new environmentally friendly buses, for equipment of existing public buses for their environmentally friendly operation, including types of alternative fuels.
The acquisition of buses that cause less air pollution is promoted
PM2.5 NOx
1) until 2023, 50 new and modified environmentally friendly public transport buses. 2) in the period from 2021 to 2027, a new financial support programme is created for the acquisition of new buses or the modification of existing ones.
MoTC Municipalities
MoF
2020-2027 1) Funding from EU funds is allocated in the current programming period; 2) Required funding is unknown. Potential source of funding: funding from EU funds
4.5. Railway network electrification
Railway emissions are reduced
PM2.5 NOx
Total length of modified or modernised railway lines – 300 km.
MoTC State JSC “Latvijas
dzelzceļš”
2023 Funding from EU funds is allocated in the current programming
55
period
4.6. Provision of financial support for the formation of multimodal nodes and transfer points: for the creation of park-and-ride, public transport stops and bicycle parking next to railway stations, for drawing public transport stops and railway stations closer.
Financial support is given for the formation of multimodal nodes and transfer points, as a result of which use of public transport and cycling is promoted and air pollution from private transport reduces
PM2.5 NOx
Created financial support programme
MoTC
MoF
Municipalities
JSC “Pasažieru
Vilciens”
State JSC “Latvijas
dzelzceļš”
2020-2030 Unknown
4.7. To strengthen technical (including emission) inspection of vehicles on the roads
Vehicles complying with requirements of legislation and not exceeding exhaust gas emission requirements are driven on the roads
PM2.5 NOx
Strengthened technical inspection of vehicles is carried out
State JSC “Road Traffic Safety Directorate” State Police
MoTC 2020-2030 Unknown
Total calculated emission reduction for measure 4.5. in 2030 is: PM2.5 – 0.019 kt, NOx – 0.69 kt.
5. Course of action Improvement of the taxation system with a view to promote the reduction of atmospheric pollutant emissions
5.1. To assess the possibility of directing at least 70 % of ET payments for tackling environmental and climate change issues, including: 1) an investigation of feasibility of such measures; 2) changes made to respective legislation in order to direct most of the ET payments to environmental (including air quality problem) solving.
To direct most of the ET income to tackling environmental and climate change issues which would promote an economically efficient use of primary energy resources and would limit environmental pollution, as well as financially secured implementation of environmental protection measures. Adoption of measures ensuring synergies between air emission
PM2.5 NOx
1) conducted investigation; 2) changes made to legislation and most of the ET payments are directed for tackling environmental protection and climate changes issues.
MoF MoEPRD 1) 2020 2) 2021
Is not required
56
and GHG emission reduction would be promoted.
5.2. To assess, whether the rates set out in the Law on the Vehicle Operation Tax and Company Car Tax promote the use of vehicles causing lower emissions of air-polluting substances (particulate matter and nitrogen oxides) and to propose relevant changes to the Law on the Vehicle Operation Tax and Company Car Tax.
Reduction of average age of vehicles used in Latvia and the use of vehicles causing lower emissions of air-polluting substances are promoted
PM2.5
NOx 1) conducted investigation on whether the existing tax rates promote the use of vehicles causing lower emissions of air-polluting substances; 2) to take into account results of the conducted investigation when a review of existing tax rates will be proposed the next time.
MoTC MoF 1) conducted investigation – second half of 2019 2) proposed changes to the existing rates – first half of 2020
Is not required
5.3. To conduct an investigation on the necessity for increasing ET rates laid down for air-polluting substances and, if necessary, to propose an increase of ET rates.
Acknowledged current situation and, if necessary, amendments made to the Natural Resources Tax Law
PM2.5
NOx An analytical report is prepared and, if necessary, a draft law “Amendments to the Natural Resources Tax Law” is prepared
MoEPRD 1) conducted investigation – second half of 2019 2) amendments made to the Natural Resources Tax Law in 2020
~EUR 25 000 (source: ALEPF)
5.4. To carry out offsetting of excise duties for petrol and diesel fuel (use of
diesel fuel-consuming
vehicles is limited as a result of the measure) and to make relevant changes to the Law on Excise Duties.
Conducted investigation on the impact of mentioned offsetting of excise duty rates on air pollution and on the fiscal impact and reviewed existing excise duty rates, resulting in the promotion of using vehicles causing lower emissions of air-polluting substances
PM2.5
NOx An analytical report is prepared with recommendations and relevant changes are made to the Law on Excise Duties
MoF 1) conducted investigation – second half of 2020 2) proposed changes to the Law on Excise Duties – 2022
Is not required
57
Total calculated emission reduction for measures 4.1., 4.2.and 5.4. for 2030 is: PM2.5 – 0.012 kt and NOx – 0.55 kt.
6. Course of actions Emission reduction in the agricultural sector
6.1. To ensure that Category A intensive rearing of poultry and pig enterprises comply with requirements set out in the BAT conclusions30
Ammonia emissions from intensive rearing of poultry and pigs are reduced
NH3 Emission limit values in permits for at least 36 existing installations of Category A do not exceed emission levels related to best available techniques, as well as control on the introduction of these requirements is carried out
SES 2021 Is not required
6.2. To strengthen the control on the introduction of requirements set out in Cabinet Regulation No 829 of 23 December 2014 establishing Special Requirements for the Performance of Polluting Activities in Animal Housing
Construction of manure storage facilities compliant with requirements set out in legislation, resulting in the reduction of ammonia emissions
NH3 Regular inspection of animal housing and the existing number of controls in increased by 10 %.
SES MoA Continuous Is not required
6.3. To strengthen the control on the introduction of requirements set out in Cabinet Regulation No 834 of 23 December 2014 establishing Regulation Regarding Protection of Water, Soil and Air from Pollution Caused by Agricultural Activity
Fertilisation plans are developed, proper spreading of manure is carried out, and other requirements set out in the rules are complied with
NH3 Regular inspection of compliance with legislation
State Plan Protection Service SES
MoA Continuous Is not required
6.4. To promote the use of new technologies in order to ensure the use of precision fertilisers and to
Efficient use of nitrogen fertilisers is promoted
NH3 Developed support programme for receiving state and EU support for the measure “Investment
MoA 2020-2030 Potential source: funding from the common agricultural policy
30 Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2017/302 of 15 February 2017 establishing best available techniques conclusions, under Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council, for the intensive rearing of poultry or pigs
58
develop a state support programme and to provide financial support for the adoption of such measure.
in physical assets”. The measure is planned to be introduced in grain holdings with AL area greater than 200 ha and to refer to 11 % from total wheat area in the country and 4 % from total rapeseed area in the country
6.5. To develop crop fertilisation plans which ensure optimal fertilisation of crops in areas where such requirements are not currently set out and to provide financial support for the adoption of such measure
Efficient use of nitrogen fertilisers is promoted
NH3 Developed support programme for receiving state and EU support for the measure “Investment in physical assets”. The measure is imputable to all holdings, particularly to mixed specialisation holdings managing AL area up to 400 ha
MoA 2020-2030 Potential source: funding from the common agricultural policy
6.6. Nitrogen fixation (Fabaceae inclusion in crop rotation) and provision of financial support for the adoption of such measure
The use of nitrogen fertilisers in reduced amounts is promoted
NH3 Developed support programme for receiving state and EU support for the measure “Investment in physical assets”. 9 % from total AL area in the country are included in the Fabaceae crop rotation
MoA 2020-2030 Potential source: funding from the common agricultural policy
6.7. To replace urea with ammonium nitrate in additional fertilisers
Around 50 % from used urea replaced in 2030
NH3 Developed support programme for receiving state and EU support for the measure “Investment in physical assets”
MoA 2021-2030 Is not required
6.8. To promote direct application of liquid manure into the soil and to provide financial support for the adoption of such measure
Losses of nitrogen compounds are reduced as a result of direct application
NH3 Developed support programme for receiving state and EU support for the measure “Investment in physical assets”. Direct application options: 1) with pipeline spreader
MoA 2021-2030 Potential source: funding from the common agricultural policy
59
system, 2) with a direct application spreader relates to holdings with more than 200 bovine animals, more than 300 dairy cows, and more than 1000 pigs, 3) with a band spreader, 4) with a band spreader with pendant pipelines equipped with spreading nozzles application is carried out in holdings managing AL area up to 400 ha (up to 200 bovine animals, up to 300 dairy cows, up to 1000 pigs)
6.9. To ensure efficient management of manure outside of housing and to provide financial support for the adoption of such measure
Sealing of liquid manure storage facilities promotes limiting of nitrogen compound losses
NH3 Developed support programme for receiving state and EU support for the measure “Investment in physical assets” in holdings where at least 1000 pigs, 300 dairy cows, and 200 bovine animals are reared.
MoA 2021-2030 Potential source: funding from the common agricultural policy
6.10 To develop plans for the management of poultry and pig feeding and to introduce requirements therein and to provide financial support for the adoption of such measure
Reduction of total nitrogen and respectively ammonia emissions as well while ensuring animal needs for nutrients
NH3 Emission limit values set out in permits for polluting activities do not exceed emission levels related to best available techniques, as well as control on the introduction of these requirements is carried out.
SES MoA 2020-2030 Is not required
6.11. To promote the development of biological dairy farming
NH3 emissions from biological dairy farming per one cow are lower than in
NH3 Developed support programme for receiving state and EU support for the measure “Investment
MoA Potential source: funding from the common agricultural policy
60
conventional agricultural system.
in physical assets”. From the total number of cows, dairy cows must fall within 17 % in the biological dairy farming group in 2020, 21 % in 2025, and 22 % in 2030.
6.12. To promote the replacement of lagoon storage facilities with cylindrical storage facilities
Lagoon storage facilities are gradually replaced with cylindrical storage facilities, thus reducing ammonia emissions
NH3 Developed support programme for receiving state and EU support for the measure “Investment in physical assets”.
MoA 2021-2030 Potential source: funding from the common agricultural policy
6.13. To reduce the application time of liquid manure into the soil
To reduce the application time of liquid manure until 4 h and of solid manure up to 12 h
NH3 Liquid manure is applied into the soil within 4 h in Category A pig and poultry intensive rearing enterprises and in holdings exceeding 300 bovine animals. Solid/non-solid manure is applied into the soil within 4 h in Category A poultry intensive rearing enterprises. The application time of solid manure is reduced until 12 h.
MoA 2020-2030 Potential source: funding from the common agricultural policy
Total calculated reduction of NH3 emissions from measures 6.4-6.6., 6.8.-6.13 in 2030 is: 3.1 kt.
7. Course of action Improvement of the national inventory system for emissions
7.1. To improve emission calculation methods in all reporting sectors
Improved emission calculation methods by transitioning to a higher level of detail in energy, transport, agricultural, and solvent sectors
Not imputable At least 4 methodologies improved
MoEPRD LEGMC Second half of 2021 State budget or ALEPF funding of EUR 60 000
7.2. To conduct investigations for the application of
Improved historical activity data prepared
Not imputable Detailed information on historical activity data
MoEPRD LEGMC Second half of 2020 State budget or ALEPF funding of
61
higher level of detail inventory calculation methods for ensuring necessary activity data
for the application of emission calculation methods for higher level of detail calculations
EUR 60 000
7.3. To improve the existing database (database Gaiss-2) for gathering information on technologies used in stationary combustion plants in order to ensure the use of more detailed emission calculation methods. To increase the quality of data in the database.
Improved emission calculation methods by transitioning to higher level of detail calculations
Not imputable Detailed, updated information in the database
MoEPRD LEGMC
SES (control of the
submitted data)
2019 Already allocated from the State budget as part of the priority measures
8. Course of action Development of air quality enhancement action programmes in municipalities
8.1. To assess, whether the existing national monitoring network planning and location of monitoring stations are appropriate and whether or not measurements need to be made and air quality needs to be assessed in other areas of the city.
Carried out assessment of existing air quality monitoring network and proposals made on whether or not installation on new stations is needed
Prepared review of existing monitoring network and proposals made for improvement of existing network
LEGMC 2020 Already allocated from the State budget as part of the priority measures
8.2. Based on the assessment of LEGMC monitoring stations, to identify whether or not additional air quality measurements also need to be made in other Latvia’s cities where air quality measurements are currently not made.
If necessary, expanded existing monitoring network and measurements are also made in other Latvia’s major cities
Prepared proposals for improvement of existing network and necessary funding found
MoEPRD LEGMC Respective municipalities
2022 Unknown
8.3. To assess principal sources of air pollution and air
Developed measures promoting enhancing
Assessment made and developed municipality
Liepāja City Council
MoEPRD First half of 2020 Municipality budget
62
quality exceedances in Liepāja and Rēzekne, and to develop an action plan for enhancement of air quality
of air quality in Liepāja and Rēzekne
action programmes for Liepāja and Rēzekne
(benzo(a)pyrene) Rēzekne City Council (particulate matter PM)
9. Course of action Air quality enhancement measures to be taken in Riga.
Sub-task: reduction of emissions from combustion plants
9.1. To develop Riga urban air quality enhancement
action programme 2021-
2025
Developed new action programme, submitted to MoEPRD for harmonisation and approved by the RCC
PM10 PM2.5
NOx C6H6 Benzo(a)pyrene
Action programme harmonised with MoEPRD and approved by the RCC
RCC MoEPRD Second half of 2020 Unknown
9.2. To review the classification of zones31 in the RCC binding rules No 167 of 22 September 2015 on the territorial zoning of air pollution and selection of the type of heating, and to prescribe concentrations for each zone so that the precautionary principle mentioned in the Environmental Protection Law and Section 14 Paragraph one of the Law on Pollution would be observed. To prescribe that the same conditions as in zone I need to be complied with in the historic centre of Riga
Zones in which combustion plants that increase the overall amount of dust are not allowed to be installed are established pursuant to the precautionary principle
PM10 PM2.5
Benzo(a)pyrene
Requirement included in the RCC binding rules and a control on compliance with rules is carried out
RCC MoEPRD Development of rules 2020/2021
Is not required
9.3. To provide in the RCC binding rules that the use
Reduced air pollution and stricter
PM10 PM2.5
Requirement included in the RCC binding rules and
RCC Development of rules 2020/2021
Is not required
31 In accordance with the binding rules, administrative boundaries of Riga are divided into three zones the boundaries of which are reflected in the NO2 zone map (Annex 1) and particulate matter PM10 zone map (Annex 2): - Zone I – pollutant – NO2 and particulate matter PM10 annual average concentration exceeds the permissible standard and is greater than 40 µg/m3; - Zone II – pollutant – NO2 and particulate matter PM10 annual average concentration ranges from 30 to 40 µg/m3; - Zone III – pollutant– NO2 and particulate matter PM10 annual average concentration is less than 30 µg/m3
63
of any type of solid fuel combustion plants, including biomass (in room stoves as well), is prohibited in zone I if they are used as the primary type of heating. To refer the requirement both to the installation of new plants and to the replacement of existing plants. To establish a reasonable transition period for the introduction of such requirement (no longer than 10 years)
requirements provided in areas where air quality problems have been established or are likely to occur
Benzo(a)pyrene a control on compliance with rules is carried out
9.4. To provide in the RCC binding rules that connection to centralised or local heating system or to an autonomous type of heating without fuel combustion (if technically feasible) in zones I and II, as well as in new built-up areas must be done as a priority
Reduced air pollution and stricter requirements provided in areas where air quality problems have been established or are likely to occur
PM10 PM2.5
Benzo(a)pyrene
Requirement included in the RCC binding rules and a control on compliance with rules is carried out
RCC JSC “Rīgas Siltums”
(measures for
extending the
covered areas of
the centralised
heating system)
Second half of 2020 Is not required
9.5. To establish a requirement in the binding rules on the replacement of existing combustion plants (including room stoves) if they are used as the primary type of heating with combustion plants complying with emission and efficiency requirements set out in the Ecodesign Directive 2009/125/EC and its implementing
Reduced air pollution and stricter requirements provided in areas where air quality problems have been established or are likely to occur
PM10 PM2.5
Benzo(a)pyrene
Requirement included in the RCC binding rules and a control on compliance with rules is carried out
RCC 2020-2021 Is not required
64
regulations. The replacement requirements referred to all of the Riga urban administrative area. A reasonable period of time is set (but no longer than 31 December 2030) for the introduction of the requirement
9.6. To carry out regular inspections of heating installations by assessing whether or not the corresponding installations have been set up and suitable fuel has been used
Regular inspection of installations and ensured compliance with set out requirements, thus improving air quality and reducing complaints about the use of improper heating installations or fuel
PM10 PM2.5
Benzo(a)pyrene
1) carried out assessment on the additional resources needed for performing such functions and the necessary means planned in the municipality budgets; 2) appropriate control plan developed, and a regular inspection of the set-up installations carried out
RCC 1) carried out assessment on the additional resources needed – second half of 2019; 2) developed control plan and a regular inspection of the set-up installations carried out
Unknown
9.7. Prohibition on the use of coal
Prohibition on the use of coal in the Riga urban administrative area directly included in the binding rules. Established responsibility for carrying out the control.
PM10 PM2.5
Benzo(a)pyrene
Requirement included in the RCC binding rules and a control on compliance with rules is carried out
RCC 2020-2021 Is not required
Sub-task: reduction of pollution from transport
9.8. Development of park-and-ride system in municipalities of the metropolitan area of Riga
Operational park-and-ride system in Riga
PM10 PM2.5
NOx Benzo(a)pyrene
1) to develop an efficient transport modelling system and to study potential options for the introduction of park-and-ride system; 2) based on the investigation, to begin the development of park-and-ride facilities
RCC Municipalities of
Pieriga
MoTC
1) Second half of 2020 2) Second half of 2024
Unknown
65
9.9. Construction of bicycle paths
Enhanced bicycle path infrastructure in Riga and Pieriga
PM10 PM2.5
NOx Benzo(a)pyrene
In addition to the existing ones, 50 km of bicycle paths built
RCC MoTC Second half of 2025 Unknown
9.10. Creation of a low emission area in Riga
Creation of a low emission area taking into account the necessity for limiting emissions from diesel fuels
PM10 PM2.5
NOx Benzo(a)pyrene
1) to develop an efficient transport modelling system and to study potential options for the introduction of low emission areas; 2) based on the investigation, created low emission area in Riga
RCC 1) Second half of 2020 2) Second half of 2024
Unknown
66
Annex 1: Legal framework in the sector of air quality and air pollution Environmental Protection Law is a comprehensive (“umbrella”) law of environmental sector
activities. The Law seeks to ensure preservation and restoration of environmental quality and a
sustainable use of natural resources. It also prescribes general rights to society in the environmental
sector. It prescribes principles of environmental protection: the State environmental policy shall be
developed and decisions, which may affect the environment or human health, shall be taken by
observing the “polluter pays” principle, the precautionary principle, the prevention principle, and the
assessment principle.
The Law on Pollution seeks to prevent or, if not possible, to reduce pollution resulting from polluting
activities, including emissions to air, and to prevent or reduce harm caused to human health,
property or the environment due to pollution and consequences resulting from it. The Law prescribes
the classification of polluting activities into categories. It prescribes framework requirements to be
taken into account when issuing permits for performing Category A and B activities and procedures
for the initiation of a Category C activity. Therefore, provisions of the Law on Pollution are the basis
pursuant to which the Cabinet Regulation below has been drawn up and issued in order to reduce
emissions to air from stationary sources. Amendments to the Law adopted on 12 April 2018 included
two new Sections: Section 161 “Inventory of air pollutant emissions at a national level” and
Section 162“Reduction of air pollution at a national level”.
Cabinet Regulation No 736 of 12 December 2017 on procedures for preventing, limiting and
controlling emissions of air-polluting substances from incineration plants lays down emission limit
values for large (over 50 MW) and medium (from 1 to 50 MW) combustion plants, procedures for
preventing, limiting and controlling emissions of air-polluting substances from such plants, including
control and monitoring performed by the operator. Introduction of new standards for medium
combustion plants is intended in two steps. As from 20 December 2018, the requirements are
applicable to new plants (new plants are all medium combustion plants the operation of which
initiated after 20 December 2018), but from 2025 – to existing combustion plants with a capacity of
5-50 MW, and from 2030 – to existing combustion plants with a capacity of 1-5 MW. Specific
requirements apply to plants the installation of which is co-financed from the EU funds.
The EU overall framework on the implementation of emission limit values for small combustion
plants (below 500 kW) is established by Directive 2009/125/EC of the European Parliament and of
the Council of 21 October 2009 establishing a framework for the setting of ecodesign requirements
for energy-related products (Directive recast). The legal framework resulting from this Directive is
included in the respective Cabinet Regulation No 941 of 6 December 2011 establishing Regulations
Regarding Ecodesign Requirements for Energy-related Goods (Products). Implementing regulations of
the mentioned Directive have been adopted which affect in the nearest future the projected
emissions from small combustion plants:
Commission Regulation (EU) 2015/1185 of 24 April 2015 implementing
Directive 2009/125/EC with regard to ecodesign requirements for solid fuel local space
heaters with a nominal heat output of 50 kW or less (requirements of the Regulation will
enter into force on 1 January 2022)
Commission Regulation (EU) 2015/1189 of 28 April 2015 implementing
Directive 2009/125/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to
ecodesign requirements for solid fuel boilers with a nominal heat output of 500 kW or less
(requirements will enter into force from January 2020).
67
Latvia has adopted separate Cabinet Regulation with regard to small boilerhouses whose output
complies with Category C polluting activity. Namely, Cabinet Regulation No 1015 of
14 December 2004 on environmental requirements for the management of small boilerhouses lays
down special environmental requirements for the management of combustion plants with a nominal
thermal input of 0.2 MW or more but less than 1 MW irrespective of the type of fuel used therein.
Emissions from small boilerhouses must not exceed emission limit values set for existing medium
combustion plants in Annex 4 to the mentioned Cabinet Regulation No 736 of 12 December 2017.
Cabinet Regulation No 1082 of 30 November 2010 establishing Procedure by Which Polluting
Activities of Category A, B and C Shall Be Declared and Permits for the Performance of Category A
and B Polluting Activities Shall Be Issued sets out the list of B and C Category polluting activities,
specifies procedures indicated in the title of the Regulation, specifies compliance with conditions of
use of the best available techniques in Category A permits, as well as the procedure for the issuance
of a Category C polluting activity and confirmation.
Special environmental requirements for Category A activities for the production of cellulose, paper or
cardboard, manufacture of glass and glass fibre, production of cement, lime, and magnesium oxide,
production of iron and steel, treatment of leather are laid down by separate Cabinet Regulation.
These requirements are set based on the best available techniques reference document.
Currently, the Commission has adopted several implementing decisions based on the best available
techniques, in several other manufacturing sectors – waste-gas treatment systems in the chemical
industry sector; non-ferrous metal production sector, production of bulk organic chemicals;
manufacture of wood-based panels; refining of mineral oil and gas; chlor-alkali industry – must be
implemented within four years from the date of publishing.
Cabinet Regulation No 182 of 2 April 2013 establishing Regulation on the Elaboration of Projects of
Stationary Pollution Source Emission Limit sets out procedures whereby this project and its content
are elaborated so that the installation providing emissions to air would receive permission for
carrying out of Category A or B polluting activity.
Cabinet Regulation No 401 of 24 May 2011 establishing Requirements for Incineration of Waste and
Operation of Waste Incineration Plants sets out the requirements and limit values for emissions to
air, including for hazardous waste, mentioned in the title of the Regulation.
Cabinet Regulation No 409 of 12 June 2012 establishing Regulation Regarding Environmental
Protection Requirements for Service Stations, Oil Terminals and Tank Containers sets out
requirements for Stage I and II petrol vapour recovery systems at service stations; for petrol vapour
recovery, recycling and storage at oil terminals and when transporting petrol from service stations to
an oil terminal; environmental requirements for service stations intended for fuelling of small vessels
and yachts, operating conditions for oil terminal reservoirs and pipelines and overall operating
environmental protection requirements.
Cabinet Regulation No 186 of 2 April 2013 on Procedures for Limiting Emissions of Volatile Organic
Compounds from Plants Using Organic Solvents sets out procedures, conditions and requirements
for permit application and permit conditions in order to operate such plant
Cabinet Regulation No 231 of 3 April 2007 establishing Regulations Regarding the Limitation of
Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds From Certain Products refer to products that are
68
produced for placing on the market (except for those products used in plants to which the previous
Cabinet Regulation No 186 of 2 April 2013 refers). The Regulation prescribes:
the procedures whereby the emissions of volatile organic compounds from paints, varnishes
and vehicle refinishing products (hereinafter – products) shall be limited;
the requirements for the labelling of products;
special environmental requirements for the activities with products with an increased
volatile organic compound content.
A number of Cabinet Regulations for separate Category C activities have been adopted:
Cabinet Regulation No 691 of 3 August 2004 on Environmental Requirements for Sawmills and
Wood Processing Plants;
Cabinet Regulation No 726 of 17 August 2004 on Environmental Requirements for the Chemical
Protection of Timber (for impregnation);
Cabinet Regulation No 380 of 22 April 2004 on Environmental Requirements for the Creation and
Operation of Motor Vehicle Repairers.
Requirements for the compliance of fuel and motor fuel
Cabinet Regulation No 801 of 26 September 2006 establishing Regulations Regarding
Sulphur Content Restrictions for Certain Types of Liquid Fuel set out the allowable sulphur
content in liquid fuel released for free circulation or being marketed, as well as
environmental quality standards for plants and certain types of vessels using this fuel.
Cabinet Regulation No 772 of 18 October 2005 establishing Regulations Regarding
Requirements for Biofuel Quality, Conformity Assessment, Market Supervision and
Procedures for Consumer Information in Latvia. Cabinet Regulation No 332 of
26 September 2000 on Requirements for Conformity Assessment of Petrol and Diesel Fuel.
The Regulations contain provisions on maximal percentage of sulphur, lead, as well as
hydrocarbons and maximum content of metallic additive MMT in petrol and maximal
percentage of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and the maximal limit value of sulphur in
diesel. Likewise, the mentioned Regulations set out the compulsory admixture of biofuels.
Control of emissions from mobile machinery
Cabinet Regulation No 295 of 30 May 2017 establishing Regulations regarding the Technical
Inspection and Technical Control of Vehicles on the Road ensure conformity control of
emissions from operated road vehicle engines with standards.
Cabinet Regulation No 30 of 13 January 2009 establishing Regulations regarding the
Technical Inspection and Technical Control of Tractors and Trailers Thereof on the Roads
ensure conformity control of emissions from operated tractor engines with standards.
requirements on air pollutant emissions from non-road mobile machinery’s internal
combustion engine, as well as from separate internal combustion engines used in railway and
river traffic, procedures for the approval of these motor types and market supervision are
established by Cabinet Regulation No 1047 of 27 December 2005 on Air Pollutant Emissions
from Non-Road Mobile Machinery’s Internal Combustion Engines.
Limitation of emissions from agricultural activities
69
With regard to agricultural activity, provisions that promote reduction in ammonia emissions are
included in Cabinet Regulation No 834 of 23 December 2014 establishing Regulations Regarding
Protection of Water and Soil from Pollution with Nitrates Caused by Agricultural Activity and in
Cabinet Regulation No 829 of 23 December 2014 establishing Special Requirements for the
Performance of Polluting Activities in Animal Housing.
Fiscal regulatory framework with an impact on forming emissions to air
In this chapter to the Annex, fiscal framework is described in accordance with:
Natural Resources Tax Law
Law On Excise Duties
Value Added Tax Law
The Natural Resources Tax Law prescribes the imposition of air pollutant emissions tax and its
specific rates. A taxpayer shall be a person who has received or in accordance with the laws and
regulations regarding environmental protection he or she had a duty to receive a permit or
C category polluting activity certificate. Fine particulate matter PM10, carbon monoxide (CO), sulphur
dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), ammonia (NH3), hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and other non-organic
compounds, volatile organic compounds and other hydrocarbons (CnHm), heavy metals (Cd, Ni, Sn,
Hg, Pb, Zn, Cr, As, Se, Cu) and their compounds, vanadium pentoxide.
70
Annex 2: Detailed information on existing air quality and emission standards laid down in legislation
Particulate matter PM10
Table 9: Air quality limit values for particulate matter PM10
Type Period of fixation Numeric value
Cabinet Regulation No 1290 of 3 November 2009 establishing Regulations Regarding Ambient Air
Quality
Annual limit value for the
protection of human health
(LVa)
Calendar year
40 µg/m3
Daily limit value for the
protection of human health
(LVd)
24 hours 50 µg/m3, not allowed to be exceeded
more than 35 times per calendar year
World Health Organisation Guidelines
Annual limit value Calendar year 20 µg/m3
Daily limit value 24 hours 50 µg/m3, not allowed to be exceeded more than 3 times per calendar year
Figure 18: Annual average concentration values, µg/m3 of particulate matter PM10, Riga,
for 2013-2017 (s – excluding the impact of salting/sanding)
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Figure 19: Annual average concentration values, µg/m3 of particulate matter PM10, Latvia
(outside the metropolitan area of Riga), for 2013-2017
Figure 20: Number of daily concentration limit value exceedances of particulate matter
PM10 at the stations of Riga, for 2013-2017 (s – excluding the impact of salting/sanding)
Particulate matter PM2.5
Table 10: Air quality limit values for particulate matter PM2.5
Type Period of fixation Numeric value
Cabinet Regulation No 1290 of 3 November 2009 establishing Regulation Regarding Ambient Air Quality
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Annual limit value for the protection of human health (LVa)
Calendar year
25 µg/m3, must be ensured until 1 January
20 µg/m3, must be ensured as from 1 January 2020
World Health Organisation Guidelines
Annual limit value Calendar year 10 µg/m3
Daily limit value 24 hours 25 µg/m3, not allowed to be exceeded more than 3 times per calendar year
Figure 21: Annual average concentration values µg/m3 of particulate matter PM2.5 at
air quality observation network monitoring stations in Latvia, for 2013-2017
Nitrogen dioxide
Table 11: Air quality limit values for nitrogen dioxide Type Period of fixation Numeric value
Cabinet Regulation No 1290 of 3 November 2009 establishing Regulations Regarding Ambient Air Quality
Annual limit value for the protection of human health (LVa) Calendar year 40 µg/m3
Hourly limit value for the protection of human health (LVh) 1 hour
200 µg/m3, not allowed to be exceeded more than 18 times per calendar year
World Health Organisation Guidelines
Annual limit value Calendar year 40 µg/m3
Hourly limit value 1 hour 200 µg/m3
Table 12: Annual average concentration values at monitoring stations in Latvia, for 2013-2017
Year “Ķengarags” “Parks” “Kr.Valdemāra iela” “Brīvības iela”
2013 Did not exceed 26 µg/m3 32 31.8 µg/m3 50.6 µg/m3 43.4 µg/m3
2014 Did not exceed 26 µg/m3 28.4 µg/m3 44.8 µg/m3 47.9 µg/m3
2015 Did not exceed 26 µg/m3 27.1 µg/m3 51.1 µg/m3 49.7 µg/m3
2016 26.08 µg/m3 Did not exceed 26 µg/m3 Measurements were Measurements were
32 Given value – 26 µg/m3 – complies with the lower assessment threshold: a level below which modelling or objective-estimation techniques alone may be used to assess ambient air quality (in accordance with Cabinet Regulation No 1290 of 3 November 2009 establishing Regulations Regarding Ambient Air Quality)
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not made not made
2017 Did not exceed 26 µg/m3 Did not exceed 26 µg/m3 Measurements were not made
Measurements were not made
Benzo(a)pyrene Table 13: Target value of air quality for benzo(a)pyrene
Type Period of fixation Numeric value
Cabinet Regulation No 1290 of 3 November 2009 establishing Regulations Regarding Ambient Air Quality
Target value of air quality for the protection of human health (TVa) Calendar year 1 ng/m3
Figure 22: Annual average concentration values ng/m3 of benzo(a)pyrene at air quality
observation network monitoring stations in Latvia, for 2013-2017
Benzene (C6H6)
Table 14: Target value of air quality for benzene Type Period of fixation Numeric value
Cabinet Regulation No 1290 of 3 November 2009 establishing Regulations Regarding Ambient Air Quality
Target value of air quality for the protection of human health (TVa) Calendar year 5 µg/m3
Table 15: Annual average concentration values µg/m3 of benzene at air quality observation
network monitoring stations in Latvia, for 2013-2017
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Observation stations in Riga
“Brīvības iela” 4.1 3.5 1.2 (dif.)
“Ķengarags” 4.2 3.3 2.7 2.7 2.9
“Parks” 3.5 4.0 3.7
Industrial station “Mīlgrāvis” 4.7 4.9
Observation stations in the rest of Latvia
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“Liepāja, Liepāja: Beam 2” (maximum value from both stations)
3.8 3.3 2.4 2.9 3.4
“Rēzekne, Rēzekne: Beam 2” (maximum value from both stations)
4.3 4.0 2.6 3.0 3.3
Rural background station “Rucava” 0.6 (dif.) 0.5 (dif.) 0.5 (dif.) 0.3 (dif.) 0.5 (dif.)
Target value of air quality for the protection of human health (TVa) = 5
EEA reference value for decrease of cancer incidence = 1.7
Air quality parameters at rural background or EMEP33 stations
Table 16: Air quality parameters at ambient air EMEP station “Rucava” for 2013-2017, µg/m3, annual average concentrations
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Sulphur dioxide 0.62 0.54 0.44 0.40 0.34
Nitrogen dioxide 2.59 2.66 2.38 2.46 2.14 PM10 14.3 18.1 15.5 13.18 11.08 PM2.5 9.2 12.2 10.5 9.1 7.82
Benzene (monthly exposure) 0.63 0.49 0.49 0.29 0.49
Pb 2.32 1.62 1.11 1.58 1.02
Cd 0.11 0.18 0.11 0.08 0.05
As 0.45 0.58 0.32 0.40 0.19
Ni 1.04 1.77 1.71 0.78 0.50
Benzo(a)pyrene 0.23 0.32 0.25 0.23 0.23
Air quality parameters at rural background station “Rucava” indicate relatively high annual average
concentration values of particulate matter PM10 (ranging from 55 % to 90 % from the WHO
recommended limit values) and annual average concentration values of particulate matter PM2.5
(ranging from 78 % to 122 % from the WHO recommended value) in the last five years. Particulate
matter is the principal problematic aspect indicated by measurements at the “Rucava” station.
Monitoring data indicate a decrease in the annual average concentrations of particulate matter PM10
and PM2.5 after 2014; at the same time monitoring data from 2018 are needed in order to confirm
the continuation of this trend.
With regard to ozone, the maximum eight-hour average value at observation stations “Rucava” and
“Zosēni” is close to the long-term objective for the protection of human health. Maximum
exceedance of this long-term objective – by 28 % – was in 2015. In turn, a very small number of cases
involving exceedance of maximum eight-hour average concentration has been recorded (below 10 %
from the permissible number in the “worst” years).
It should be noted that a very small number of these permissible exceedances has been recorded in
Riga (overall only 3 exceedance cases in the period 2013-2017), but these exceedances have not
been recorded at the rest observation stations Latvia’s cities
Target value for the protection of vegetation has been attained at both “Rucava” and “Zosēni”
stations. However, at the “Rucava” station, the five-year average value of target value for the
protection of vegetation slightly – by 28 % – exceeds the long-term objective for the protection of
vegetation. The five-year average value of target value for the protection of vegetation at “Zosēni”
station is significantly – by more than 50 % – lower than the mentioned long-term objective.
33 Cooperative programme for the monitoring and evaluation of the long-range transmission of air pollutants in Europe (EMEP – The European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme)
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Annex 3: Assumptions used in emission projections
Emission projections have been calculated for 2020, 2025, and 2030. Emission projections in the
baseline scenario contain and prescribe the implementation of policies and measures that are laid
down in the drawn-up policy documents of the Latvian government until 2018. A list and description
of the existing actions for reducing emissions of atmospheric pollutants is given in the following
table. The actions are divided into groups of measures and sectors. The mentioned measures are
included in the baseline scenario for the calculation of emission projections.
Table 17: Existing and planned actions for reducing emissions of atmospheric pollutants
Course of action Action Short description of action
MEASURES TO CONTROL EMISSIONS
Emission limit values for large combustion plants (over 50 MW)
Cabinet Regulation No 736 of 12 December 2017 on Procedures for Preventing, Limiting and Controlling Emissions of Air-Polluting Substances from Incineration Plants
Regulatory framework The mentioned Regulation sets outs minimum requirements to be applied only in the event of a derogation, since determination of emission limit values for large combustion plants is based on the limit values included in the best available techniques reference document
Special environmental requirements for Category A polluting activities
BAT conclusions Regulatory framework Emission levels to be followed and best available techniques for different Category A activities are laid down in the following European Commission Implementing Decisions: (EU) 2016/902 (chemical industry sector), (EU) 2016/1032 (non-ferrous metal production), (EU) 2017/2117 (production of bulk organic chemicals), (EU) 2015/2119 (manufacture of wood-based panels) (EU) 2014/738 (refining of mineral oil and gas), (EU) 2014/738 (chlor-alkali industry) (EU) 2017/302 (intensive rearing of poultry and pigs) (EU) 2018/1147 (waste treatment)
Emission limit values for NEW medium combustion plants (1-50 MW)
Cabinet Regulation No 736 of 12 December 2017 on Procedures for Preventing, Limiting and Controlling Emissions of Air-Polluting Substances from Incineration Plants
Regulatory framework Normally enters into force on 20 December 2018
Emission limit values for EXISTING medium combustion plants (1-50 MW)
Cabinet Regulation No 736 of 12 December 2017 on Procedures for Preventing, Limiting and Controlling Emissions of Air-Polluting Substances from Incineration Plants
Regulatory framework Normally with regard to new plants, enters into force on 20 December 2018, while with regard to existing ones – in 2025 and 2030 depending on plant capacity
Emission limit values for small (Category C) combustion plants
Cabinet Regulation No 1015 of 14 December 2004 on Environmental Requirements for the Management of Small Boilerhouses
Regulatory framework Existing framework: emissions from small boilerhouses cannot exceed emission limit values set out for the existing medium combustion plants
Transmission of emissions from volatile organic compounds from activities in port areas
The Law on Pollution. Section 24 Regulatory framework Requirements for the installation, operation, and monitoring of emission control systems for cargo fumes34
Environmental protection requirements for service stations, oil terminals, and mobile containers
Cabinet Regulation No 409 of 12 June 2012 establishing Regulation Regarding Environmental Protection Requirements for Service Stations, Oil Terminals and Tank Containers
Regulatory framework
ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND RES MEASURES Ensuring efficiency of Cabinet Regulation No 243 (2016)
Regarding the Energy Efficiency Regulatory framework The Regulations set out regulatory requirements for energy
34 if the overall throughput of oil products and hazardous chemicals and mixtures set out in the polluting activity permit owned by the operator or from in-use port area is 200 000 tonnes per year and more
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fuel use in centralised heating systems
Requirements for Centralised Heating Supply Systems in the Possession of a Licensed or Registered Energy Supply Merchant, and the Procedures for Conformity Examination Thereof
production technologies and for network efficiency of centralised heating systems
Support for investment: Co-funding from the EU Cohesion Fund
Economic instrument EU Funds 2014-2020 programming period, operational programme “Growth and Employment”, specific support objective 4.3.1. “To promote energy efficiency and the use of local RES in centralised heating”
Imposition of taxes on air pollution Natural resources tax on air pollution
Making residential buildings more energy efficient
Cabinet Regulation No 383 of 9 July 2013 establishing Regulations Regarding Energy Certification of Buildings
Regulatory framework Sets out energy efficiency classes for residential buildings, sets out mandatory cases for carrying out energy certification on Class F buildings (energy efficiency indicator for heating exceeds 150 kWh/m2/year) is necessary for improving energy efficiency Sets out the minimum permissible energy efficiency level for residential buildings and new buildings to be reconstructed or renovated The conformity of new residential buildings with nearly zero energy building criteria35 has been set from 1 January 2021
Support for investment for apartment building energy efficiency: Co-funding from the EU ERDF
Economic instrument EU Funds 2014-2020 programming period, operational programme “Growth and Employment”, Measure 4.2.1.1. “To promote the increase of energy efficiency in residential buildings”
Information campaign Information instrument Information campaign “Let’s Live Warmer”
Custom inventory of owner’s thermal heat consumption based on the readings of installed measurement devices in the end-user rooms Amendments to the Cabinet Regulation No 876 of 21 October 2008 establishing Regulations Regarding the Supply and Use of Thermal Energy which have been adopted on 3 November 2015
Informative instrument Promotes economy and efficient use of thermal heat Requirements apply to buildings for which construction licence has been issued after 1 January 2016 and whose heating is ensured from a common heat source or from centralised heating system and which are (i) new buildings or are reconstructed, (ii) are renewed using resources from EU funds, State or local government budget The requirement is applied as from 31 December 2016
Tax credit policy Fiscal instrument Several Latvia’s municipalities have set an immovable property tax credit for an energy efficient renovation of multi-apartment residential buildings
Making non-residential buildings, including public buildings more energy efficient
Energy management systems in State direct administration authorities (Energy Efficiency Law: Section 5, Paragraph three)
Regulatory framework State direct administration authorities in the ownership or possession of which there are buildings with the total heated area of 10 000 square metres or more shall put in place an energy management system.
Energy management systems in municipalities (Energy Efficiency Law: Section 5, Paragraph two and three)
Regulatory framework Energy management system shall be put in place by local governments of the cities; local governments of municipalities the territory development index of which is 0.5 or more and the number of population is 10 000 or more; the remaining local governments of municipalities can introduce the energy management system voluntarily
Cabinet Regulation No 383 of 9 July 2013 establishing Regulations Regarding Energy Certification of Buildings
Regulatory framework Sets out energy efficiency classes for non-residential buildings, sets out mandatory cases for performing energy certification Sets out the minimum permissible energy efficiency level for non-residential buildings and new buildings to be reconstructed or renovated The conformity of new non-residential buildings with nearly zero energy building criteria has been set as from 1 January 2021, while for buildings in the State ownership or in possession of State authorities this conformity is set as from 1 January 2019
35 not applicable if application of these requirements is not possible technically or functionally or if the cost-benefit analysis on the period of service of the respective building indicates losses
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Support for investment for the purpose of State building energy efficiency: Co-funding from the EU ERDF
Economic instrument EU Funds 2014-2020 programming period, operational programme “Growth and Employment”, specific support objective 4.2.1.2. “To promote improvement of energy efficiency in State buildings”
Support for investment for the purpose of municipality building energy efficiency: Co-funding from the EU ERDF
Economic instrument EU Funds 2014-2020 programming period, operational programme “Growth and Employment”, specific support objective “According to the integrated development programme of the municipality, to facilitate the increase of energy efficiency and use of renewable energy sources in municipality buildings”
Support for investment for the purpose of high energy efficiency building construction: national emission allowances auction instrument
Economic instrument With the support of emission allowances auction instrument, new or reconstructed buildings with low (nearly zero) energy consumption have a significant demonstration value and public awareness activities are carried out
Increasing energy efficiency in the industry sector
Membership of enterprises complying with criteria for participation in the EU ETS
Development of the EU ETS is aimed at the reduction of allocation of GHG emission allowances free of charge GHG emission-reducing measures carried out by enterprises can be connected to measures on increasing energy efficiency or the use of RES
Introduction obligation of energy audit or energy management system for large enterprises and large electricity consumers (Energy Efficiency Law, Chapter IV)
Energy Efficiency Law lays down an obligation that large enterprise shall introduce at least three energy efficiency measures proposed in the energy audit or within the framework of a certified energy management system until 1 April 2020, the large electricity consumer – until 1 April 2022. Each year the mentioned enterprises report on the introduced energy efficiency improvement measures and energy savings achieved as a result
Support for investment in order to increase energy efficiency (industrial buildings and technologies) in the manufacturing sector Co-funding from the EU Cohesion Fund
2014-2020 programming period, operational programme “Growth and Employment”, specific support objective “To promote effective use of energy resources, reduction of energy consumption and transfer to RES in manufacturing industry”
Support for investment in order to increase energy efficiency (industrial buildings and technologies) in the food processing sector Co-funding from the Rural Development Programme
Within the framework of sub-measure 4.2 “Support for investments in processing” of measure 4 “Investment in physical assets” of the Rural Development Programme for 2014-2020
TRANSPORT SECTOR
Limitation of emissions from existing vehicles
Cabinet Regulation No 295 of 30 May 2017 establishing Regulations regarding the Technical Inspection and Technical Control of Vehicles on the Road
Regulatory framework Systematic vehicle roadworthiness tests ensure conformity control of emissions from operated vehicle engines with standards
Cabinet Regulation No 30 of 13 January 2009 establishing Regulations regarding the Technical Inspection and Technical Control of Tractors and Trailers Thereof on the Roads
Regulatory Framework ensure conformity control of emissions from operated tractor engines with standards
Cabinet Regulation No 180 of 28 March 2017 establishing Energy Efficiency Requirements for Goods and Services in Procurements by State Direct Administration Authorities
Regulatory framework Public procurement for tires: purchase of energy efficient tires
Control of emissions from non-road mobile machinery engines
Cabinet Regulation No 1047 of 27 December 2005 on Air Pollutant Emissions from Non-Road Mobile Machinery Internal Combustion Engines
Regulatory framework
Requirements for fuels to be used in vehicles
Cabinet Regulation No 332 of 26 September 2000 on Requirements for Conformity Assessment of Petrol and Diesel Fuel Cabinet Regulation No 772 of 18 October 2005 establishing Regulations Regarding Requirements for Biofuel Quality, Conformity Assessment, Market Supervision and Procedures for
Regulatory framework Contains provisions on the maximum limit value of sulphur, lead, as well as the maximum percentage of hydrocarbons and maximum content of metallic additives MMT (methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyls) in petrol and the maximum percentual share of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and limit value of sulphur in diesel
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Consumer Information in Latvia
Promoting the use of clean vehicles
Tax policy Fiscal instruments The aim of fiscal instruments is to promote structural changes in the vehicle fleet, as a result of which promoting fuel consumption economy and emission reduction: Excise duty for oil products and natural gas (Law On Excise Duties) Annual motor vehicle tax (Law on the Vehicle Operation Tax and Company Car Tax)
Informative instrument (Cabinet Regulation No 608 of 2004)
Informative instrument Information on fuel consumption of new light duty vehicles and on specific carbon dioxide emissions
Support for investment in EV charging infrastructure Co-funding from the EU ERDF
Economic instrument 2014-2020 programming period, operational programme “Growth and Employment”, specific support objective “to develop EV charging infrastructure in Latvia” by defining the introduction of 150 direct current fast charging stations with a capacity of at least 50 kW and ensuring a common national level coverage of charging infrastructure and possibility of EV use in Latvia
Promotion of environmentally friendly public transport
Purchase of clean (green) public transport (Public Procurement Law, Law On Public Transport Services)
Regulatory framework and informative instrument When making a purchase, the amount of emissions to air is considered
Support for investment for the purpose of public transport Co-funding from the EU Cohesion Fund
Economic instrument EU Funds 2014-2020 programming period, operational programme “Growth and Employment”, specific support objective “to develop the infrastructure of environmentally friendly public transport” prescribe: (i) development of tram route networks in Riga, Daugavpils, and Liepāja, (ii) in development centres of national significance without tram route network – acquisition of new environmentally friendly public buses, equipment of the existing buses for environmentally friendly operation, creation of related charging/refuelling infrastructure.
Tax policy Fiscal instrument Electricity Tax Law prescribes electricity used for the carriage of goods and public carriage of passengers, including on rail transport and in public carriage of passengers in towns shall be exempt from tax
AGRICULTURE
Management and land application of manure
Cabinet Regulation No 829 establishing Special Requirements for the Performance of Polluting Activities in Animal Housing
Regulatory framework The Regulation sets outs that the storage facilities of liquid manure, semi-liquid manure and slurry shall be of closed type or shall have a permanent natural or artificial floating covering layer, which reduces evaporation. The floating covering layer shall continuously cover the surface of the storage facility.
Cabinet Regulation No 834 establishing Regulation Regarding Protection of Water, Soil and Air from Pollution Caused by Agricultural Activity
Regulatory framework The Regulation prescribes that solid manure and fermentation residues (except for fluid fraction from separated fermentation residues) shall be incorporated into the ground within 24 hours after spreading, whereas liquid manure, slurry, and fluid fraction from separated fermentation residues – within 12 hours. Liquid manure, slurry, and fermentation residues (except for solid fraction from separated fermentation residues) shall not be incorporated into the soil, if they are used as additional fertilisers.
The created baseline scenario also contains all policies and measures that are incorporated into the
climate policy scenario which has been drawn up for the attainment of climate and energy package
objectives for 2030.
Macroeconomic framework
The emission projections have been calculated by using the macroeconomic long-term projections
for 2030 drawn up by the Ministry of Economics in 2018. Macroeconomic indicator projections have
been drawn up based on conservative assumptions and by considering external and internal
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environmental risks. The principal driving force is income from export and extension of export
possibilities, ability to integrate into international product chains with a higher value-added product
and to create more qualitative final products. More rapid medium-term and long-term development
is expected in sectors capable of increasing productivity that is affected by overcoming technology
gap, modernisation of production, investment in human capital, research and innovation, and other
supply-side factors. The economic development rate in the baseline scenario will be affected by
negative demographic trends as well.
In the coming years, a relatively strong economic development is expected. Investment growth
in 2018 and 2019 will be fostered by a more rapid investment of EU funds. A strong private
consumption will remain which will be fostered by an increase in wages and salaries and an
increasing purchasing power of inhabitants. Whereas export and development of sectors oriented
towards external markets will be positively impacted by the benign conjuncture in the external
environment and by the growth of demand in principal export markets.
Medium-term (2023) and long-term (2030) economic development rate will become slower.
Transition to a higher value-added economy will happen gradually. Depopulation and a slower
income growth rates will affect the growth of private consumption in the long-term.
According to the demographic’s projections, number of inhabitants will continue to decrease in
Latvia in the medium-term and long-term; moreover, the number of working age inhabitants will
decrease more rapidly than the total number of inhabitants. The principal reason for depopulation
both in the medium-term and in the long-term will be population ageing, as a result of which the
difference between births and deaths will continue to increase.
Development trends in sectors
In the baseline scenario, a more rapid growth rate remains in the manufacturing sector as against the
average rate in the economy in the medium-term and long-term. Relatively rapid growth rate is
projected in the largest manufacturing industry sector – wood processing. The development of
sectors oriented towards the internal market (such as food industry, printing) will be primarily
affected by dynamics of domestic demand. Non-metallic mineral production industry will be closely
connected to construction trends.
Baseline scenario until 2030 does not anticipate a very significant structural change of economic
sectors compared to the existing situation. It will remain close the existing one. The proportion of
commercial service sectors could increase by one percent until 2030. An increase is expected also in
the proportion of IT, construction, and industry economic sectors. Whereas the proportion of
agricultural, transport, finance service and public service sectors could slightly decrease.
Table 18: Macroeconomic indicator projections used in the calculation of emission projections 2017 2020 2025 2030
Population, million 1.986 1.884 1.759 1.638
Private consumption, in reference prices (2010) billion EUR
13.266 16.158 18.386 20.339
GDP, in reference prices (2010), billion EUR
21.328 25.230 28.564 31.599
For the calculation of emission projections in the energy and heat production, transport, fuel use in
industry, service sector, and households the created energy – economic – climate model
MARKAL-Latvia (Macroeconomic indicator projections used in the calculation of emission projections
(Institute of Physical Energetics)) is used which enables to link economic development with energy
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consumption, energy production, and emission calculation. The model detects an optimal solution in
each defined scenario, taking into account objective function which prescribes that the optimal
solution is the one which ensures the least costs in the common system (energy supply costs) at a
specific set of limitations.
Figure 23: Macroeconomic indicator projections in the baseline scenario
For the calculation of emissions in agriculture, activity data calculated by means of econometric set
of models (LASAM (Latvian Agricultural Sector Analysis Model)) are used, but the calculation of
emissions has been done according to Tier 1 and Tier 2 methodological level of EMEP/EEA 2016
Guidebook. For the calculation of emission projections in other sectors, calculation models from
spreadtables, which comply with Tier 1 level of EMEP/EEA 2016 Guidebook, are used.
Short description of calculation requirements of emission projections in sectors
Energy sector
Calculation of emissions in the energy sector, including transport sector, is based on the creation and
modelling of energy development scenario. Baseline scenario of the energy sector prescribes policies
and measures that are compiled in the following table.
By using the macroeconomic projection and the described energy sector modelling method, final
consumption of energy is projected until 2040 (see figure below). The principal policies affecting the
energy scenarios are the RES policy and energy efficiency policies. The baseline scenario prescribes
that complex measures for the cancellation of mandatory procurement component and for the
development of electricity market are implemented, increasing of energy efficiency and using local
RES in centralised heating are stimulated and different instruments for the implementation of
measures on increasing energy efficiency are implemented (see Table 6 for more detailed description
of measures).
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Figure 24: Projected final consumption of energy on a sectoral basis in the baseline
scenario
The projections for the calculated final consumption of energy prescribe that the principal energy
consumption sectors in 2030 will be transport and industry which will respectively consume 25.0 %
and 25.3 % from the total final consumption of energy. Households will consume 24.7 % and the
service sector – 15.4 %, while the remaining will be consumed by the agricultural sector for
non-energy purposes.
The projection for final consumption of energy foresee the most significant energy consumption
growth in the industry sector (3.8 PJ) in 2030 as against 2016 which is determined by the
assumptions on the growth rate of the annual value added throughout the entire period. At the same
time, a decrease in the final consumption of energy is projected in other sectors, except for
agriculture. This trend is determined by assumptions on the implementation of energy efficiency
policy and projections on population for 2030 and 2050. The total final consumption of energy is
by 7.9 % lower in 2030 as against 2016.
It should be noted that in the baseline scenario until 2030 the electricity proportion in the total final
consumption of energy increases by about 3 %. At the same time, given the increase in vehicle
efficiency, the proportion of energy consumed in transport decreases.
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Figure 25: Projected consumption of primary energy in the baseline scenario, PJ
Based on the calculated projection of final consumption of energy in the model, the optimisation
model detects the optimal solution for the baseline scenario (minimum overall system costs) under
the measures and policies in force for the balance sheet of primary resources for 2050.
The calculated consumption of primary energy is by about 1.3 % higher in 2030 as
against 2016. The primary reason for such an increase is the decrease of electricity import
in 2030 and its replacement with locally produced electricity;
The baseline scenario does not foresee significant changes to the structure of primary types
of energy in 2030 as against 2016. Proportion of solid fossil fuel, natural gas, and of oil
products decreases in the total consumption of primary energy, while the proportion of solid
biomass and of other (solar, wind, hydro) RES types increases in the total consumption of
primary energy.
Use of renewable energy sources
The baseline scenario foresees that, given the existing policy, the current amount of aid is decreased
for electricity production from RES. Under such condition and assumptions on fossil energy source
prices and technology costs until 2030, the calculated RES proportion in the baseline scenario
until 2030 ranges between 40 %, but later increases and reaches 55 % in 2050. Assumptions on the
price projection for fossil fuel and on trends in RES technology costs prescribe that after 2030 the use
of RES becomes even more advantageous from the viewpoint of total costs of the energy system.
83
Figur
e 26:
Prop
ortio
n of
RES
from
the
total
ener
gy
final
cons
ump
tion
in the baseline scenario
The projections for the calculated final consumption of energy prescribe that the principal energy
consumption sectors in 2030 will be transport and industry which will respectively consume 25.0 %
and 25.3 % from the total final consumption of energy. Households will consume 24.7 % and the
service sector – 15.4 %, while the remaining will be consumed by the agricultural sector for
non-energy purposes.
The projection for final consumption of energy foresees the most significant energy consumption
growth in the industry sector (3.8 PJ) in 2030 as against 2016 which is determined by the
assumptions on the growth rate of the annual value added throughout the entire period. At the same
time, a decrease in the final consumption of energy is projected in other sectors, except for
agriculture. This trend is determined by assumptions on the implementation of energy efficiency
policy and projections on population for 2030 and 2050. The total final consumption of energy is
by 7.9 % lower in 2030 as against 2016.
It should be noted that until 2030 the electricity share in the baseline scenario in the total final
consumption of energy increases by about 3 %. At the same time, given the increase in vehicle
efficiency, the proportion of energy consumed in transport decreases.
Agricultural sector
Agricultural production figures (Table 19) calculated by means of econometric set of models (LASAM
(Latvian Agricultural Sector Analysis Model)) created in cooperation with the Ministry of Agriculture
have been used for making projections. For the calculations of activity data, sources from SUDAT,
DG-AGRI, and from Central Statistical Bureau were used
Table 19: Activity data projection of the agricultural sector for the calculation of
emission projections 2020 2030 2040 2050
Arable land, thousand ha 1312 1327 1320 1316
N fert., thousand t 83.3 90.5 93.7 96.2
Dairy cows, thousand 147.3 151.6 141.7 144.2
Bovine animals, thousand 443.9 480.2 460 465.1
Sheep, thousand 124 154.9 178 196.5
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Pigs, thousand 307.9 291.6 287.3 283.2
Goats, thousand 12.5 12.1 11.9 11.7
Horses, thousand 7.8 5.9 5.3 5.6
Poultry, thousand 5011 5241 5406 5535
Milk yield, kg 6898 8328 9272 10000
Considered emission-reducing measures in the agricultural sector comply with the ones considered
in the 2016 report: liquid manure storage facilities are covered with natural coating (straw) or if
there is no frequent discharging of storage facility, a natural rind forms (Cabinet Regulation No 829
establishing Special Requirements for the Performance of Polluting Activities in Animal Housing), as
well as liquid manure from bovine animals and pigs is applied within 12 hours, while solid manure –
within 24 hours (Cabinet Regulation No 834 establishing Regulation Regarding Protection of Water,
Soil and Air from Pollution Caused by Agricultural Activity)
EMEP/EEA 2016 Guidebook which complies with the methodology used for preparing the previous
inventory report has been used for making projections. A detailed description is available in the
2018 information report. The calculation of NH3 and NOx emissions in the manure management
category has been made according to Tier 2 methodological level, in the crop production category –
according to Tier 1 and Tier 2.
Agricultural production figures affect the amount of NH3 emissions. Within the framework of
measures considered in the existing inventory, NH3 emissions from agriculture could increase
by 13.5 % until 2030 (Table 14). Almost all categories have experienced an increase. Negative NH3
emission trends are observed only in pig, horse, and goat rearing in the manure management
section, as well as in the soil management category from sewage sludge. The highest increase in NH3
emissions until 2030 as against 2016 could be from the application of manure and fertilisers.
Solvent use in sectors
NMVOC emissions from the solvent sector are calculated by means of top-down calculation method,
principally on the basis of changes in population and by applying a common methodology to the
whole time series. Calculations have been made according to EMEP/EEA 2016 Guidebook and comply
with Tier 1 methodological level. Based on the population projection until 2030, it is estimated that
NMVOC emissions from the solvent sector will decrease in the period 2016-2030, respectively
by 3.4 % in 2020, by 15.8 % in 2030. The projected emissions are by 18.6 % lower in 2030 as
against 2005.
Sensitivity analysis
As mentioned before, assumptions on macroeconomic indicator changes in the future are one of the
most important parameters in the calculation of emission projections. In order to assess the impact
of macroeconomic parameters on emissions in the energy sector, emissions for an alternative
scenario (Baseline scen_Calc) were calculated in which macroeconomic indicators (GDP, population,
added value, private consumption) from the “optimistic scenario” of the Ministry of Economy were
used. Sensitivity analysis was carried out on NOx, SO2, NMVOC and PM2.5 emissions of 1A1; 1A2; 1A3
and 1A4 NFR format reporting sectors (energy transformation sector, industry, transport, households
and service sector).
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F
i
g
u
r
e
2
7
:
C
o
m
p
arison of macroeconomic indicators used in the modelled scenarios
It is assumed that in the alternative scenario the GDP is by about 20 % higher in 2030 as against the
baseline scenario and the population is by about 12 % larger.
As shown in the figure below, assumptions on more rapid GDP growth rates and the stabilisation or
stoppage of decrease of population increase the calculated projections of final consumption of
energy by 10 % for 2030 as against the baseline scenario but final consumption of energy on a
sectoral basis in the alternative scenario increases in the range from 5 % to 17 % for 2030 as against
the baseline scenario. Household sector has a greater impact where the increase of population as
against the baseline scenario causes an increase of final consumption of energy in the alternative
scenario by 16.9 % for 2030 as against the baseline scenario. Final consumption of energy increases
by 14.2 % as against the baseline scenario in the transport sector.
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Figure 28: Calculated projections of final consumption of energy in WM and alternative scenario
Higher final consumption of energy also creates higher emissions on condition that additional
polici
es
direct
ed
towar
ds
emiss
ion
reduc
tion
are
not
appli
ed.
Figure 29: Calculated NOx emission projections in the baseline and alternative scenarios
Increase in the final consumption of energy and thus in the total consumption of primary energy
create higher NOx emissions. NOx emissions calculated in the alternative scenario are by 9.8 % higher
in 2030 as against the baseline scenario. The largest increase in emissions as against the baseline
scenario is in the energy transformation sector and transport (13 %), as well as in the industry (10 %).
Figure 30: Calculated NMVOC emission projections in the baseline and alternative
scenarios
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Given that the decrease in the combustion of fuel and motor fuel amounts to about 45 % from total
NMVOC emissions, the total NMVOC emissions calculated in the alternative scenario as against the
baseline scenario are less affected compared to other pollutants. Emissions in the alternative
scenario are by 5.9 % higher in 2030 as against the baseline scenario. The largest increase in
emissions as against the baseline scenario is in the energy transformation sector and industry –
12 % – but in the service and transport sectors and in the industry – 10 %.
Figure 31: Calculated PM2.5 emission projections in the baseline and alternative
scenarios
Given that the decrease in combustion of fuel and motor fuel amounts to about 95 % from total
PM2.5 emissions and that biomass represents a significant proportion from the consumed fuel,
increase of emissions is by 12.2 % higher in 2030 as against the baseline scenario in the alternative
scenario which is characterised by a greater final consumption of energy and the total consumption
of primary energy. The largest increase as against the baseline scenario is in the industry (21 %),
transport and energy transformation sectors (13 %).
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Figure 32: Calculated SOx emission projections in the baseline and alternative scenarios
SOx emissions calculated in the alternative scenario are by almost 7 % higher in 2030 as against the
baseline scenario. Increase in emissions is primarily determined by the energy transformation sector
and industry where mostly the use of solid fuel increases. As shown in the figure, the largest increase
as against the baseline scenario is in 2020, given that the increase in fuel used in the energy
transformation sector is the largest as against the baseline scenario in the alternative scenario. The
reason for it is decrease of electricity import and increase in produced electricity by using solid
biomass as well.
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Annex 4: Link of the Plan with policy planning documents in force The Annex contains a description of objectives and the principal courses of action to be taken to achieve the objectives which impact the forming of air emissions
set out in Latvia’s policy planning documents.
Title of the document Objective Principal courses of action to be taken to achieve the objectives which impact the forming of air emissions
Energy sector (including buildings sector) planning documents and their relation to the priorities of air pollution reduction policy
Sustainable Development Strategy of Latvia Until 2030
Section “Renewable and Safe Energy” of the strategy To ensure energy independence of the state by increasing self-sufficiency in energy resources and integrating into the EU energy markets.
Extensive use of local RES for the production of thermal energy and electricity: all types of biomass (solid, biogas, biofuel) resources non-combustible RES – wind, sun, water Energy efficiency measures: increase in thermal energy production efficiency, increase in the efficiency of centralised heat supply systems increase of the energy efficiency of apartment buildings decrease of electricity loss during transmission and distribution energy efficient street lighting in cities promotion of rational energy consumption in households energy efficiency and considerations on the inclusion of the life cycle analysis of products in the criteria of state and local government procurement procedures. Creation of energy interconnections
Informative Report “Long-Term Energy Strategy of Latvia 2030 – Competitive Energy for the Society”
A competitive economy, by developing a well-balanced, effective, market-principle based energy policy, which ensures the further development of the Latvian economy, its competitiveness in the region and worldwide, and welfare of the society. Energy supply security objectives are ensured. Indicative targets 2030: - 50 % proportion of RES energy in gross final energy consumption - reduced average consumption of thermal energy for heating by 50 % - reduced energy and energy resource import from current third country suppliers by 50 %
To establish, in the short-term, considerably higher and at the same time cost-efficient classes of mandatory construction standards for the thermal stability of new and renovated buildings to establish voluntary energy efficiency classes of buildings, including zero energy consumption buildings; intensive support programme for the increased energy efficiency of the current housing fund and public buildings, specifically in the multi-apartment sector introduction of smart meters, raising final consumer awareness on the options to reduce their energy consumption increasing energy efficiency of centralised heat supply system networks thereby reducing the benchmark of loss to 10 % in 2030 incentivising the connection of new consumers to efficient centralised heat supply systems, Wider introduction of green procurement to introduce requirements and support mechanisms for the use of RES technologies in new and renovated buildings, with a view to facilitating the integration of these systems in centralised heat supply systems development of efficient regulation for the development of onshore and offshore wind energy development of a new RES electricity production support instrument measures on the further development of the Baltic energy market interconnection
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Long-Term Strategy for Renovation of Buildings
To mobilise investment in the renovation of the national stock of residential and commercial buildings, both public and private
The implementation of measures for improvement of energy efficiency of buildings by using new financing approaches (ESKO etc.) – development of these new approaches is needed The minimum requirements for energy efficiency of buildings (for structural elements of external building envelopes and building engineering systems) should be regularly reviewed in order to achieve a balance in terms of costs between financial investments and saved energy costs during the life cycle of a building, an additional measure is desirable
To develop support instruments for construction of nearly zero-energy buildings, an additional measure is desirable
National Reform Programme of Latvia for the Implementation of the “Europe 2020” strategy
Energy efficiency target
Renewable energy sources target
GHG emission reduction target
Increasing energy efficiency in residential, public and industrial buildings Efficient lighting infrastructure in public territories of municipalities Improving energy efficiency in heat energy production Adjusting the legal basis and ensuring availability of financial resources for the production of renewable energy GHG emission limitation
National Development Plan of Latvia for 2014-2020
To ensure the sustainable use of the energy resources required by the national economy by promoting the availability of a market for the resources,
a decrease of the energy intensity and emission intensity in certain sectors, and an increase of the proportion of RES in the total consumption, while focusing on competitive energy prices.
(Objective 1 of strategic objective “Energy efficiency and energy production”)
Development of local government energy plans providing for complex measures to promote energy efficiency and transition to RES;
Energy efficiency programmes in the sector of state and local government public buildings
Support programmes for the energy efficiency of residential buildings and transition to RES
Use of RES in energy production
Promotion of energy efficiency in centralised heat supply
Development of energy infrastructure grids
Supply of energy-efficient goods and services in public procurement (“Green public procurement”)
National Operational Programme “Growth and Employment” for the EU Funds 2014-2020 programming period
Priority axis “Shift towards a low-carbon economy in all sectors”
Support is given to energy efficiency measures and to the use of local RES in centralised heat supply, to energy efficiency measures in state, municipality and (multi-apartment) buildings
Latvian Energy Development Guidelines 2016-2020
The key long-term objective of Latvia’s energy policy is to enhance the competitiveness of the national economy, along with implementing government policies on other industries through contributing to secure supplies, the formation of prices on energy resources and energy under the free market and competition, sustainable energy
To promote the use of biomass and peat in energy supply, granting aid of the European Union funds thereto, to ensure the installation of corresponding purification technologies for restricting emissions of air polluting substances caused by such facilities, to evaluate efficient use of other alternative sources, and the circumstances related to their extraction, taking into account the environmental impact of its extraction and use. Reconstruction and construction of centralised heating supply heat sources and transmission and distribution systems Improvement of energy efficiency in state, municipal, and multi-apartment buildings Promoting the introduction of smart meters Raising public awareness and building its education on different possibilities and practice of increasing energy efficiency, including opportunities offered by smart meters
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Improvement of the electricity transmission system infrastructure, Improvement of the safety of the electricity distribution system and modernisation of the electricity network
Alternative Measure Plan of the Energy Efficiency Policy for the Attainment of the Final Energy Consumption Savings Target 2014-2020
To ensure measures of the energy efficiency policy
in the final energy consumption implemented by the
state and municipalities which can be combined
with energy efficiency obligation scheme in order to
attain the mandatory final energy consumption
savings target 2014-2020 accrued by the state
Implementation of energy efficiency measures: Voluntary agreements on energy efficiency of the energy management system in state authorities and municipalities (Note: measures that are EU funds and thus are indicated elsewhere are not included)
Energy Efficiency Obligation Scheme
Energy efficiency obligation scheme for the attainment of mandatory final energy consumption savings is launched on 29 May 2017 and implemented until 31 December 2030
Energy efficiency measures Energy retail merchants included in the scheme carry out the measures until 31 December 2020. A decision can be taken on the inclusion of additional sectors in the scheme after 31 December 2020
Operational Strategy of Emission Allowance Auction Instrument
To identify the operational capacity of the emission allowance auction instrument and to establish priority axis for the use of auctioning revenue.
Indicative investment project tender themes for the period until 2020: Reduction of GHG emissions in architectural monuments of national significance (takes place) Reduction of GHG emissions – low energy consumption buildings (takes place) Reduction of GHG emissions by means of smart urban environment technologies (takes place) Reduction of GHG emissions by developing construction of energetically self-sufficient buildings (takes place) Reduction of GHG emissions in manufacturing processes by ensuring the recovery and reuse of used energy (indicatively provided in the Strategy) Reduction of GHG emissions by using RES technologies in households (indicatively provided in the Strategy)
Transport sector planning documents and their relation to the priorities of air pollution reduction policy
Sustainable Development Strategy of Latvia Until 2030
Development direction “Renewable and Safe Energy”
Long-term priority course of action “Energy efficient and environmentally friendly transport policy”
Primarily the quality and access to public transport should be improved, as well as the popularity of public transport with the society should be increased by developing public transport infrastructure, including by improving regional and international traffic, the priority must be rail transport improvement of energy efficiency of electrical transport and linking thereof with other types of transport gradual servicing of public transport vehicles with local RER fuel types should be organised the use of fuel-saving vehicles should be supported at household level to promote the transition of the public transport and private vehicles to electric drive, vehicles equipped with engines operated by biogas and biofuel and hybrid engines electromobiles and vehicles equipped with hybrid engines should be promoted, particularly in the centres of large cities and agglomerations restrictions in the use of personal transport are possible environment and infrastructure appropriate for pedestrians and cyclists should be created
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low emission areas for achievement of air quality standards should be determined in centres of big cities pilot projects regarding partial or complete restriction of road transport movement in city parts, regarding creation of pedestrian streets and integrated network of bicycle paths should be implemented to limit irrational use of freight transport, applying fiscal methods and to promote the use of freight transport, which emits the lowest amount of polluting substances per unit of the freight carried and per mass of the vehicle railway should be used as much as possible for freight transport access to broadband Internet and e-services as a means of avoiding forced displacement
Informative Report “Long-Term Energy Strategy of Latvia 2030 – Competitive Energy for the Society”
Competitive economy with a sustainable energy and increasing the security of energy supply.
Wider use of RES in public transport, among other things, by implementing the further electrification of railway transport to promote modifications of public transport to use biofuels to retain the mandatory addition of biofuels to fossil fuel in the mid-term to develop a state support mechanism to facilitate the generation of second-generation biofuels to ensure the introduction of a single electric road transport charging network
Latvian Energy Development Guidelines 2016-2020
To evaluate the possibilities for generation and use of second-generation biofuel and other sustainable biofuels, inter alia, generation of e-fuel, using hydrogen technologies to develop an environmentally friendly public transport infrastructure to promote the development of zero emissions transport in Riga (responsible – RCC)
National Reform Programme of Latvia for the Implementation of the “Europe 2020” Strategy
Energy efficiency target
Renewable energy sources target
Increasing energy efficiency in transport sector Promoting the use of biofuels in the transport sector
National Development Plan of Latvia for 2014-2020
Strategic objective “Highly productive manufacturing and internationally competitive services with export potential”
Objective 4: To limit pollution and GHG emissions into the environment in order to respect the goals of sustainable development (by reducing the emission of pollutants and the amount of waste produced by the energy, industry, transportation, agricultural and fisheries sectors and households)
Strategic objective “Availability of services for creating more equal work opportunities and living conditions”
Objective 1: To ensure convenient and safe access
to development centres
To improve the competitiveness of Latvian products and services and to increase their export volumes, a sustainable transportation infrastructure that ensures domestic mobility and international accessibility is also required The Plan emphasises the importance of electrification and modernisation of transportation corridors. Support programmes are necessary for transition to RES in the transportation sector and provision of the required infrastructure through assistance only for those RES that are economically advantageous, and by supporting innovation resulting in the promotion of the use of economically advantageous RES It is necessary to create an efficient and balanced common bus-train route and a public transportation system
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Operational programme “Growth and Employment”, 2014-2020
Priority axis
“Shift towards a low-carbon economy in all sectors”
Specific support objectives: to develop an environmentally friendly transportation infrastructure, to increase the number of environmentally friendly transport and its routes in cities with rail transport (Riga, Daugavpils and Liepāja), urban rail transport is further developed, in six other Latvia’s major cities – use of RES and electricity in public transportation buses promotion of electro-mobility by creating a national level fast charging network (150 charging points) railway electrification
Transport Development Guidelines (TDG) for 2014-2020
Competitive, sustainable, co-modal transport system guaranteeing high-quality mobility by efficiently using resources (including EU funds)
Organisation and preservation of state and regional roads development of infrastructure for significant transport corridors construction and reconstruction of bridges, overpasses, and tunnels in Riga, organisation of transit streets in cities development of Riga into a dynamically growing significant Northern European air traffic centre, as well as promotion of regional airport development port development by anticipating a more rapid increase in cargo turnover in ports than in those of competing countries, competitive railway infrastructure, including the development of domestic railway transport acquisition of new rolling stock of railway electric trains for the period 2020-2023 organisation and development of passenger service infrastructure by ensuring the possibility to all inhabitants to reach the centre of county, attend education establishments, reach workplaces, state, and municipality institutions during their normal working hours by public transport promotion of electro-mobility by creating a charging network development of cycling Significant results with a positive impact on air quality: reduced length of state roads with a bad and very bad quality of asphalt surface by 57 % as against 2012
increased role of electro-mobility – EV constitutes 2.3 % of new vehicles in 2020
The Alternative Fuels Development Plan 2017-2020 (AFDP)
To determine the necessary directions for the research and analysis as a result of which further action policy will be developed in respect of deployment of alternative fuels in certain transport sectors in order to reduce GHG emissions. Applies to road transport, air and maritime transport
Even though the AFDP does not separately analyse the impact of the transport sector on the air quality, it must be emphasised that taking into account the impact of emissions caused by road transport on the air quality, it may be indirectly concluded that by implementing the measures provided for in the Plan a positive impact on the air quality is possible, particularly taking into account such types of alternative fuel discussed in the Plan as hydrogen fuel and electricity, the development of the charging infrastructure of which will promote more extensive use of such types of vehicles. It is also emphasised that natural gas and biomethane can become an important type of fuel for vehicles.
Cycle Traffic Development Plan 2018-2020
To integrate cycling in the common transport system and promote the use of environmentally friendly means of transport
Development of cycle traffic infrastructure, resulting in increased total length of cycle tracks and percentage of cyclists from the total population
Manufacturing sector planning documents and their relation to the priorities of air pollution reduction policy
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Sustainable Development Strategy of Latvia Until 2030
Development of innovations and industry with high added value, increase of efficiency in production Transition to the creation of goods and services with low carbon emissions and energy storage, use of RES and development of technologies Approximately twofold decrease of energy intensity in the economy is expected in 2030 as against the base value It is estimated that the proportion of export from the sectors of high technologies from the total annual export exceeds 15 % in 2030, proportion of innovative enterprises from the total enterprises – 40 %.
Informative Report “Long-Term Energy Strategy of Latvia 2030 – Competitive Energy for the Society” Latvian Energy Development Guidelines 2016-2020
Competitive economy with a sustainable energy and increasing the security of energy supply
Promotion of energy efficiency in the industry sector improvement of energy efficiency of SMEs by promoting the introduction of the energy audit and energy management system and by activating the role of industry associations in promotion of energy efficiency, state support for the introduction of measures on increasing energy efficiency in the industry sector
National Reform Programme of Latvia for the Implementation of the “Europe 2020” strategy
Research and development objective Promotion of innovations, support for development of innovative enterprises
National Industrial Policy Guidelines 2014-2020
To promote structural economic changes that favour a higher added value production of goods and services, among other things, increasing the role of industry, by modernising industry and service provision, as well as to improve and expand export
To establish the necessity for developing a state support programme for solutions regarding the increase of energy efficiency and emission reduction in the industry sector by means of financial instrument principle with a view to increase energy efficiency of enterprises.
National Development Plan of Latvia for 2014-2020
Strategic objective “Highly productive manufacturing and internationally competitive services with export potential”
To ensure development without exceeding pollution and GHG emissions into the environment in order to respect sustainable development. The Plan also prescribes the necessity to support the introduction of new technologies and a rational use of resources, thus reducing the emission of pollutants in manufacturing and other sectors.
Operational programme “Growth and Employment”, 2014-2020
Priority axis “Shift towards a low-carbon economy in all sectors”
One of the specific support objectives of the priority axis prescribes to promote efficient use of energy sources, reduction in energy consumption and transition to RES in the manufacturing industry sector Implementation of a number of other specific support objectives of the operational programme establishes synergies with air emission reduction
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Alternative Measure Plan of the Energy Efficiency Policy for the Attainment of the Final Energy Consumption Savings Target 2014-2020
To ensure measures of the energy efficiency policy in the final energy consumption implemented by the state and municipalities which can be combined with energy efficiency obligation scheme in order to attain the mandatory final energy consumption
savings target 2014-2020 accrued by the state
Energy audits and energy management systems in large enterprises and large electricity consumers Voluntary agreements on energy efficiency
Waste management sector planning documents and their relation to the priorities of air pollution reduction policy
National Development Plan of Latvia for 2014-2020
To maintain the natural capital as the basis for
sustainable economic growth and promote its
sustainable uses while minimising natural and
human risks to the quality of the environment
(Goal 1 of the strategic objective “Sustainable
management of natural and cultural capital”)
Sorting of waste and processing of separately collected waste
Informative Report “Long-Term Energy Strategy of Latvia 2030 – Competitive Energy for the Society”
Competitive economy with a sustainable energy and increasing the security of energy supply
To promote the use of waste for energy production
Latvian Energy Development Guidelines 2016-2020
To evaluate the possibilities to facilitate waste disposal in energy generation and the possibilities to deploy pilot projects
National Waste Management Plan 2013-2020
To reduce the flow of waste disposed of by increasing waste recycling by 50 %-80 % depending on the type of waste.
To develop and improve society’s environmental awareness and green thinking
Agricultural and forestry sector planning documents and their relation to the priorities of air pollution reduction policy
National Development Plan of Latvia for 2014-2020
Strategic objective “Highly productive manufacturing and internationally competitive services with export potential”
Prescribes the necessity to support the introduction of new technologies and a rational use of resources, thus reducing the emission of pollutants in the agricultural sector as well
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Rural Development Programme of Latvia 2014-2020
Priority measures in agriculture consist of increasing efficiency, namely, intensification of industrial and recycling activities in order to reduce emissions. The Plan prescribes introduction of new technologies and rational use of resources. Support for investment is granted for acquisition of new and more energy efficient technological equipment and for increasing efficiency of industrial buildings in food processing enterprises, as well as for energy generation by using economically justified RES technologies and based on the use of RES in agricultural industry and recycling compliant with sustainability principles Agri-environmental payments are an instrument for pollution reduction as well. The Programme emphasises synergies between GHG emission and ammonia emission reducing activities. Reduction of GHG and ammonia emissions is intended primarily by means of supporting construction of new manure storage facilities, use of precision technologies in order to improve competitiveness of holdings and economic indicators. Measures included in the programme facilitate the supply and use of RES, of by-products, wastes, residues and other non-food raw material or the purposes of bioeconomy.
Latvian Bioeconomy Strategy 2030
Innovative approaches for efficient and sustainable use of natural resources are being developed and introduced in bioeconomy sectors of Latvia in order to develop national economy by providing high added value, promoting export and employment, as well as concurrently balancing economic interests with ensuring of environmental quality, climate change mitigation, adaptation to climate changes, and preservation and increase of biological diversity
The development of bioeconomy allows to avoid the undesirable effects caused by the use of fossil resources and to achieve a reduction in the quantity of dangerous waste, and replacement of chemical substances with safe alternatives. By-products and waste products of agricultural and forestry produce which cannot be used in food production and wood processing or in production of other products with high added value may be used for energy generation, thus replacing the fossil energy resources. At the same time, efficient technologies which reduce air pollution should be used.
Forest and Related Sectors Development Strategy 2015-2020
Products from Latvia’s forest sector are competitive and with a high added value
Development of new timber products and enterprises – to reduce the proportion of roundwood and wood processing by-product export Solutions are considered for reduction of GHG and atmospheric pollutant emissions in forest harvesting process. One of the measures is an optimal road density
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Annex 5: Identified additional ammonia emission-reducing measures in the agricultural sector
The principal source of ammonia emissions in the agricultural sector are manure management and
the use of synthetic fertilisers. Ammonia emission projections for 2030 indicate that without
substantially changing the usual practice of manure management and use of synthetic fertilisers,
ammonia emissions will continue to increase, and they could be by 13 % higher in 2030 as
against 2016. In order to improve this situation, researchers at the Latvia University of Life Sciences
and Technologies in cooperation with representatives of the Ministry of Agriculture have identified
several measures (Table 20) the introduction of which in holdings would significantly assist in
reducing ammonia emissions.
Table 20: List of ammonia emission-reducing measures and their sphere of influence
Sphere of influence of measure
Measure
Efficient use of N fertilisers
Use of precision fertilisers
Fertilisation planning
Nitrogen fixation (Fabaceae inclusion in crop rotation)
Replacement of urea with ammonium nitrate (in additional fertilisers)
Direct application of liquid manure into the soil - with pipeline spreader system option - with a direct application spreader option - with a band spreader with pendant pipelines option - with a band spreader with pendant pipelines equipped with spreading nozzles
Reduced application time for liquid manure (4 h)
Reduced application time for solid manure (4 h)
Reduced application time for solid manure (12 h
Efficient management of manure outside of housing
Sealing of liquid manure storage facilities - with a floating lightweight expanded clay aggregate layer option - with a floating plastic film coating option - with a concrete coating option - with a tent cover option Replacement of lagoons with cylindrical storages
Promotion of biogas production
Management of livestock feeding
Development of plans for the management of poultry and pig feeding
Development of organic farming
Promotion of biological dairy farming
In order to assess the impact of selected measures on the reduction of ammonia emissions, an
overall description of measures was carried out by indicating the nature of measure implementation,
restrictions and indicative costs, as well as their impact on the reduction of ammonia emissions
which is primarily based on Framework Code for Good Agricultural Practice for Reducing Ammonia
Emissions (UN, 2014).
Table 21: List of ammonia emission-reducing measures and their sphere of influence.
Assumptions on the reduction of N used with fertilisers (source: calculations from Latvia
University of Life Sciences and Technologies)
Indicator 2020 2025 2030
N used with fertilisers, total, thousand t (baseline forecast) 83.3 87.8 90.5
N used with fertilisers with additional measures, total, thousand t 78.9 77.6 72.2
Relative reduction of N:
Use of precision fertilisers 0.1 % 0.4 % 1.05 %
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Fertilisation planning 0.8% 3.3% 7.3%
Fabaceae in the plant rotation 4.4% 7.9% 11.9%
Total reduction of N used as a result of measures 5.3% 11.7% 20.2%
General description of ammonia emission-reducing measures
Use of precision fertilisers
Use of precision fertilisers is a coherent set of operations related to the use of newest technologies
(GPS, GIS, sensors, software, applications, particularly equipped dispersants, etc.) in norm planning
for the use of fertilisers and in differentiated spreading. The emission reduction effect results from
the reduction of nitrogenous manure consumption. Studies conducted in Latvia (Lēnerts et al., 2016),
as well as similar ones in France (Pellerin et al., 2013) show that by using precision N fertilisation
application management with GPS, efficiency of N usage significantly increases, and N consumption
reduces. The measure is costly, since investment is needed for the acquisition of precision
technologies, which is why it is to be introduced in large and intensive grain holdings (with AL
over 200 ha). In Latvia’s conditions, use of precision fertilisers is based on wheat and rapeseed areas
which are the dominant crops in Latvia’s crop production (Degola et al., 2018).
Precision spreading sensors are primarily used for spreading of granulated N fertilisers. Use of N
spreading sensors for monitoring of nitrogen and determining its spreading norm is expensive.
Sensor price is around EUR 27 500. Precision fertiliser application equipment can be rented for about
EUR 27 (without VAT) per day or also received as a service (Lēnerts, Popluga, Kreišmane, 2018)
Fertilisation planning
The fundamental objective of fertilisation planning is to ensure optimal fertilisation of crops, given
that the lack of fundamental elements needed for plants can reduce growth and productivity, while
the surplus of spare N will cause damage to the economy and the environment, forming N2O
emissions and nitrogen leakage into groundwater and surface watercourses, as well as to ensure the
conformity of fertilisation plans with the requirements set out in the provisions of legislation of the
Republic of Latvia Introduction of fertilisation planning consists of the following processes: 1 –
agrochemical investigation of soil; 2 – drawing up of crop fertilisation plan; 3 – calculation of balance
for N and other elements necessary for plants. Theoretically, this measure should be introduced in all
types of holdings using any type of fertilisers for crop production. This measure is relatively cheap,
given that its primary introduction costs are related to agrochemical investigation of soil, drawing up
of crop fertilisation plan and calculation of balance for N in specific fields – costs of introducing this
measure are about EUR 23 ha-1, while in subsequent years additional costs will amount to about
EUR 4 ha-1, given that agrochemical investigation of soil has to be carried out every 6 years. Practice
shows that this measure is more suitable for small and medium-sized holdings (with AL up to 400 ha)
where introduction of other measures directed towards efficient use of fertilisers requires additional
investment and financial resources that small and medium-sized holdings cannot implement (Degola
et al., 2018).
Cabinet Regulation No 1056 of 15 September 2009 on Requirements for Integrated Cultivation,
Storage and Labelling of Agricultural Products and the Procedures for Control Thereof prescribes that
the development of crop fertilisation plans is compulsory for holdings located in highly vulnerable
zones and that use fertilisers in 20 ha and larger areas, but in fruit and vegetable holdings – 3 ha and
larger areas; and for holdings using plant protection products of the second registration class.
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It follows that fertilisation planning is compulsory for a large part of holdings; therefore, in assessing
the potential for introducing this measure, it was assumed that this measure should be introduced
also in holdings to which the mentioned provisions of legislation do not relate.
Nitrogen fixation (Fabaceae inclusion in crop rotation)
Protein crops can be successfully cultivated in Latvia both for animal feed, green manuring and bee
pastures, ensuring additional 50-370 kg ha-1 N for soil which is equal to the amount used with
fertilisers. This advances both the increase in organic matter content in soil and the improvement of
other soil qualities, as well as reduces the use of chemically synthesised N, NH3 and N2O emissions by
nitrogen fixation. Fabaceae cultivation brings about financial benefits, since expenditure on the
acquisition of N fertilisers decrease both in the year of Fabaceae cultivation and in the subsequent
one. However, Fabaceae inclusion in the plant rotation will generate foregone revenue from yield
that would exist if the usual crop would be cultivated, for example, wheat, since Fabaceae yield is
lower and bean or pea price per tonne is lower than wheat price per tonne. Cultivation of biennial or
multiannual Fabaceae in holdings is also limited by the fact that most intensive crop production
holdings do not need animal feed. Damage arising through foregone revenue can amount to
EUR 350 ha-1 for a farmer. It is partly compensated by supporting protein crop cultivation or the
so-called greening payment which is EUR 46 ha-1 in 2018 (Popluga, Kreišmane, 2018).
Replacement of urea with ammonium nitrate (in additional fertilisers)
Using ammonia emissions from fertilisers depend on several factors – type of fertilisers, weather
conditions, and soil. Studies have demonstrated (Bittman et al., 2014) that emissions from urea are
significantly higher than from other type of fertilisers, given that when urea reaches soil and
chemically reacts with water and urease enzyme, rapid hydrolysis occurs, resulting in a volatile
compound – ammonium carbonate which quickly dissolves and turns into ammonia. NH3 emissions
from urea (typically 5 %-40 % from N used) are significantly higher than ammonium nitrate emissions
(typically 0.5 %-5 % from N used) Therefore, replacement of urea with other types of fertilisers, for
example, ammonium nitrate, is an efficient ammonia emission-reducing measure (Bittman et al.,
2014). This measure is binding on all holdings using urea. Replacement of urea with ammonium
nitrate is recommended when carrying out additional fertilisation of crops. As farmers themselves
indicate, one of the reasons for using urea in crop production is the visual effect, since urea-applied
plants turn green quicker and are visually “healthier” compared to other types of fertilisers which
gives the impression that this type of fertilisation is more effective. However, industry experts
indicate that there is no economic justification for using urea, given that the price is very similar to
the one for ammonium nitrate.
The use of precision fertilisers reduces NH3 emissions by 0.2 % in 2030, fertilisation planning –
by 2.3 %, but Fabaceae inclusion in crop rotation – by 3.2 %.
Direct application of liquid manure into the soil
The aim of the measure is to reduce losses of nitrogen by spreading liquid organic manure on soil or
by applying it into soil in holdings with liquid manure and/or storage facilities of slurry or biogas
stations. The measure is appropriate for crop production and livestock holdings with grain, maze, and
grassland areas. The amount of manure spread onto the field has to be applied into the soil as soon
as possible, given that 50-60 % of ammonia vaporises within the first twelve hours. Ammonia losses
are reduced if liquid manure is spread during crop growth; moreover, crops cannot be longer
than 20 cm. Liquid manure can be spread onto the field by several means (Naglis-Liepa, Popluga,
Kreišmane, 2018a).
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Option 1 – with pipeline spreader system
Pipeline systems can be used for transportation of liquid manure from storage facility to fields as an
alternative to transport vehicles. Liquid manure is pumped from storage facility or buffer volume to
manure dispersant by means of a pump, using specific pipelines. The dispersant does not have a
tank, and it uses approximately 100 metre hose wound onto the coil of front hitch of a tractor for
ensuring manure flow during spreading (association “Zemnieku saeima”, 2017). The method is less
popular in Latvia; however, it is very convenient and productive if liquid manure storage facility is
located no more than 4 km from field arrays. If field arrays are located further or in difficult to access
locations, it is possible to use transfer system by using an additional pump or specific intermediate
storage facilities. For the purpose of manure transfer up to 8 km, stationary pipelines are used as
well; however, it is a significantly more expensive system. Transportation via pipelines has several
significant advantages: less spreading of smells, roads are conserved, soil does not get piled, fuel is
saved (up to 40 % compared to transportation with barrels), lower noise levels, quicker application
(time economy, particularly in spring), reduced nitrogen losses, high labour productivity – by working
10 hours per day approximately 1200 m3 liquid manure can be spread onto an area of
approximately 30 ha, as well as there is an option of reducing the width of protection zone. It is
possible to pump manure if the content of dry matter in liquid manure is below 5 % – then pipeline
do not get clogged. It is recommended to carry out separation of solid fractions under higher content
of dry matter. The placement of pipelines can be hindered by different obstacles (roads, land of
neighbours, water bodies, etc.) (Naglis-Liepa, Popluga, Kreišmane, 2018a; association “Zemnieku
saeima”, 2017).
For the purpose of spreading liquid manure after it is delivered via pipelines, direct application
dispersants (injectors) or band spreaders with pendant pipelines can be used depending on
technological capabilities of the holding. In choosing manure spreading with band spreaders,
reduction in ammonia emissions will be 30 %-35 %, while in applying liquid manure with injectors,
reduction in ammonia emissions will be 70 %-90 % (UN, 2014). In calculating impact of this measure
on reduction in ammonia emissions, it was assumed that after transportation of liquid manure via
pipelines, they are afterwards applied into soil by means of a band spreader. Indicative costs for the
acquisition of the pipeline system are around EUR 40 000; however, this measure produces
additional benefits as well, and an increasing number of holdings choose this system, the most
significant advantages are time and petrol savings. Based on the evaluation of industry experts, fuel
savings compared to liquid manure spreading with a barrel amount to 3.5 l ha-1, while the average
time savings are 6.5 h ha-1 per year, considering working hours for tractor use which consist of
pouring, refuelling, and distance (Naglis-Liepa, Popluga, Kreišmane, 2018a).
Option 2 – with a direct application spreader
Direct application spreaders (injectors) consist of a tank, pipelines, and a distributor – shredder and
usually of a soil treatment implement fixed with spreader pipelines. The benefit is that direct
application is combined with manure spreading and application, as well as with topsoil earthing.
Compared to other direct application options, this option has low ammonia emissions, since manure
is applied directly into the soil. Moreover, the deeper the application the higher dose of fertilisers
can be applied. The main disadvantages of this type of application are the high traction resistance
and fuel consumption, not suitable for fields with growing crops, since it can damage them, as well as
this is the most expensive spreader with the most expensive operation, since it has many wearing
parts (association “Zemnieku saeima”, 2017).
Two types of direct application are distinguished:
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shallow injectors – spreaders apply manure directly into open slots of soil with or without
closing the slots where slots are usually 4-6 cm deep and 25-30 cm apart from one another
that are filled with slurry or liquid manure. They are most often used in grassland areas, but
not in very dry, lithosol or sealed soils. Reduction in ammonia emissions for shallow injectors
is 70 % (open slots), 80 % (closed slots) (ANO, 2014);
deep injectors – spreaders apply manure 10-30 cm deep into the soil by means of injector
stands placed 50 cm or even 75 cm apart from one another. Stands are usually equipped
with side wings in order to spread manure into the soil better and increase the amount
applied. They are best suited for arable land, given that grassland turf can be mechanically
damaged. Reduction in ammonia emissions for deep injectors constitutes 90 %. However, it
must be taken into account that this method requires a powerful tractor, and it is not used in
very shallow soils, very clayey soils (> 35 %), very dry weather conditions, peatlands (> 25 %
organic matter) and in drained soils where leakage can occur (UN, 2014).
Due to the narrow working lane, it must be taken into account that damage from wheels increases
when using the manure injection system. Indicative costs for the acquisition of the direct application
spreaders are EUR 75 000 (LLC ARAGRO), which increase up to EUR 100 000 if a transportation barrel
is required (Naglis-Liepa, Popluga, Kreišmane, 2018a).
Option 3 – with a band spreader with pendant pipelines
Band spreaders consist of a tank, pipelines, and a distributor – shredder and a stand to which
spreading pipes are fitted. These spreaders band-spread the manure, spreading equal amount of
manure from each pipe over the entire width of the stand. Structure of band spreaders varies
depending on the structure of spreading apparatus, their working width ranges from 6 to 36 m. The
benefit is the even distribution of manure, lower nitrogen (NH3) emissions than by spreading
continuously with a deflector plate, the possibility to use them on growing crops without covering
them with manure, high labour productivity of spreading and a more convenient manoeuvrability
compared to direct application spreaders, can be used on rocky surfaces or in fields with particularly
heavy soil. However, manure needs to be applied separately (association “Zemnieku saeima”, 2017;
UN, 2014).
Several limitations exist to the introduction of the measure – inclination, size and shape of the field,
highly viscous slurry cannot be used, and in case of liquid manure – width of rails for cultivation of
grain crops. Reduction in ammonia emissions constitutes 30-35 %. Reduction in emissions in arable
land is bigger if plants are higher (UN, 2014).
Option 4 – with a band spreader with pendant pipelines equipped with spreading nozzles
Slurry and liquid manure are usually discharged via fixed pipelines equipped with metal ploughshares
at their ends which are designed to slide through the upper layer of soil and to create a division
between crops by spreading slurry and liquid manure directly onto the upper layer below crop
foliage. Some types of trailing shoes are constructed to create a narrow slot in the soil which helps
manure to soak into it. Such application of liquid manure is usually used for grassland areas and
arable land (before sowing) and for sower crops. Usually, it is not used for arable crops, but can be
used for sower crops during the development phase of rosette. Reduction in ammonia emissions
constitutes 30 %-60 % (UN, 2014).
Reduced application time for liquid manure (4 h)
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The aim of this measure is the application of liquid manure as quickly as possible after it has been
spread on the surface. The most effective emission reduction is achieved when liquid manure is
applied into the soil immediately after spreading (i.e. in a few minutes) – in such case ammonia
emissions decrease by 70 %-90 %. In applying slurry and liquid manure within 4 hours, the decrease
amounts to 45%-65 %, whereas in applying it within 24 hours, the reduction will be around 30 %
(UN, 2014). The aim of this measure is to apply liquid manure within 4 hours after its spreading.
Application is carried out by a plough, stands or a disk cultivator. Complete ploughing of liquid
manure into the soil requires a long time; therefore, a sufficiently substantial machinery park must
be at the disposal of a holding. Outsourcing or shared use of machinery with other holdings can be
used as an alternative.
Reduced application time for solid manure (4 h)
Quick application into the soil is the only practical expedient for reducing ammonia emissions from
solid manure, given that most of the ammonia from solid manure is released into the environment
within first hours after spreading the manure. For the purpose of maximal emission reduction,
manure needs to be completely mixed with soil or applied therein, and with certain types of solid
manure (for example, those with a lot straw) it is usually more difficult to achieve than with slurry
and liquid manure. If solid manure is ploughed into the soil within 4 hours after fertilisation,
ammonia emissions can be reduced by 60 %-90 % (UN, 2014). Complete ploughing of solid manure
into the soil requires a long time; therefore, a sufficiently substantial machinery park must be at the
disposal of a holding. Outsourcing or shared use of machinery with other holdings can be used as an
alternative. Use of a plough is recommendable for the purpose of ploughing of solid manure into the
soil, since it yields better results than application with a disk or stand, irrespective of the fact that
ploughing takes more time.
Reduced application time for solid manure (12 h)
If solid manure is ploughed into the soil within 12 hours after fertilisation, ammonia emissions can be
reduced by 50 %. Use of a plough is recommendable for the purpose of ploughing of solid manure
into the soil, since it yields better results than application with a disk or stand, irrespective of the fact
that ploughing takes more time.
Sealing of liquid manure storage facilities
In order to reduce or prevent ammonia emissions from liquid manure storage facilities, the upper
part of manure layer needs to be covered with a natural or artificial covering layer. Natural floating
covering layer is formed when straw litter is used in livestock animal houses. However, in some
manure removal technologies straw is not used or it is used in small amounts, which is why is such
cases other solutions need to be applied for sealing storage facilities.
Option 1 – floating lightweight expanded clay aggregate layer
Lightweight expanded clay aggregate is a convenient material the use of which for sealing liquid
manure storage facilities reduced losses of ammonia. Lightweight expanded clay aggregate (for
example, LECA) with the size of 10-20 mm and density of 220 kg/m3 is appropriate for creating a
covering layer. The floating covering layer must be about 10 cm thick. The granules float above the
liquid manure. Therefore, after rain, storm, or mixing of liquid manure, they float to the surface
again. Coating made out of lightweight expanded clay aggregate does not need to be replenished;
however, its inspection is necessary as often as in the case of the covering layer. This material has
high durability. However, just like straw, this material does not prevent rainwater from entering the
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storage facility. It must also be taken into account that it can cause the clogging-up of pipelines in
storage facilities, particularly in couplings for hoses. Indicative costs for the introduction of this
measure are EUR 1-4 m3 per year, while the ammonia emission reduction effect constitutes 60 %
(Bittman et al., 2014; Priekulis, Murikovs, 2006).
Option 2 – floating plastic film coating
Plastic film is a convenient material placed directly on the surface of liquid manure and follows its
movements upward and downward. Such coating is primarily used for medium and small lagoons. It
is densely connected to the upper side of the storage facility walls, thus ensuring the necessary
tightness The benefit of this material is that the rainwater aggregated on the film can be collected
and pumped away, which compared to the natural floating layer ensures additional capacity for the
storage facility. After stirring of liquid manure in the storage facility, as well as emptying it, the
coating has to be partly of completely removed. Practice shows that after removing the coating,
difficulties in putting it back can arise. Film coating does not need maintenance; however, it needs to
be inspected as often as the straw coating. Indicative costs for the introduction of this measure are
EUR 1.5-3 m3 per year, while the ammonia emission reduction effect constitutes 60 % (Bittman et al.,
2014; Priekulis, Murikovs, 2006).
Option 3 – concrete coating
This is a very expensive but convenient material. Concrete coating is usually used in sunken storage
facilities, however it can also be used in semi-sunken storage facilities and surface storage facilities
made out of industrial concrete blocks. If the storage facility is round, a support stand is fitted at the
centre of it. It is very important that the concrete block manufacturer verifies the durability of such
liquid manure storage facility. An additional option is that both the storage facility and its coating are
concreted on the spot. Then the need for support stand(s) depends on the dimensions of storage
facility gauge. Concrete coating prevents the accumulation of rainwater, thus ensuring additional
capacity for the storage facility. It has high durability as well.
Option 4 – tent cover
Relatively expensive but convenient material. Suitable only for cylindrical liquid manure storage
facilities. In this case, a central support stand is fitted in the middle of the storage facility, while a
roof made out of dense textiles is fastened from this stand to the walls of the tank. When selecting
the tent cover, it is very important to follow the instructions of manufacturer which provide
guidelines for assembling and operating such structure. The tent cover should have openings for
administration of a propeller-type liquid manure stirrer (operated by a tractor or electric drive).
These openings need to be large enough so that the cover would not get damaged when
administering the stirrer to, or removing it from, the storage facility. Tent cover prevents the
accumulation of rainwater, thus ensuring additional capacity for the storage facility. The benefit of
this material is its high durability (up to several tens of years) and the fact that particular equipment
for rainwater drainage is not needed. However, it must be taken into account that this material
cannot be placed on all types of storage facilities, as well as it can cause difficulty during stirring of
liquid manure (Priekulis, Murikovs, 2006). The measure is suitable for intensive mixed-specialization
holdings keeping their livestock primarily in indoor housing. Indicative costs for the introduction of
this measure are EUR 2-4 m3 per year, while the ammonia emission reduction effect constitutes 80 %
(Bittman et al., 2014).
Measure: management of poultry or pig feeding for intensive rearing
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The measure is defined in the BAT conclusions on intensive rearing of poultry or pigs. The measure
includes techniques for reducing total nitrogen and respectively ammonia emissions (see the
following table).
Table 22: Techniques for the management of poultry or pig feeding (source: BAT)
No Technique
1. To reduce the crude protein content by ensuring an N-balanced diet based on the energy needs and digestible amino acids
2. To ensure multiphase feeding where animal feed content is adjusted to special requirements at different general development phases of animals, as well as for the attainment of relevant productivity indicators during the whole keeping period
3. Addition of controlled amounts of essential amino acids to a low crude protein diet
4. Use of authorised feed additives which reduce total nitrogen excreted
Assumptions related to BAT on the total nitrogen excreted in holdings in whose permits for
Category A polluting activities the specific measure is mentioned have been used in calculations of
emission projections. Values of total excreted nitrogen related to BAT that have been for emission
calculations are compiled in the following table. The upkeep of this measure in 2030 ensures a
reduction by 2.8 % of total emissions from the agricultural sector
Table 23: BAT-associated total nitrogen excreted (source: BAT)
Parameter
Animal category BAT-associated total
excreted nitrogen (kg N excreted/animal
place/year)
Total excreted
nitrogen
expressed as N
Weaners 1.5-4.0
Rearing pigs 7.0-13.0
Sows (including piglets) 17.0-30.0
Laying hens 0.4-0.8
Broilers 0.2-0.6
Ducks 0.4-0.8
Turkeys 1.0-2.3
Measure: biological dairy farming
For the purpose of evaluating the measure, results from second sub-project “Corrections and
enhancement for calculations of methane and nitrogen excreted during the fermentation process in
bovine animal and pig intestines” of study “Development of a calculation methodology for GHG
emissions from the agricultural sector and of data analysis with a modelling tool by integrating
climate change” were used. The following table contains information on the amount of emissions
from one dairy cow per year in biological and conventional agricultural systems. The upkeep of this
measure in 2030 ensures a reduction by 4.4 % of total emissions from the agricultural sector.
Table 24: Comparison of emissions from one dairy cow within the framework of different
agricultural systems (source: results of the Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies
project)
Indicator Biological
agriculture Conventional
agriculture Emission reduction
in biological agriculture
Total GHG emissions kg CO2 ec. 3636 4517 -19.5 % NH3 emission kg NH3 16.2 53.3 -69.7 %
Nitrogen excreted kg N 74.3 119.24 -37.6 %
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In order to assess the potential of the selected ammonia-reducing measures, households in which
the specific measures should be implemented were identified (Table 24). Holdings are divided into
cluster and in Table 24 their general description is given.
Table 25: Assumptions on the introduction of ammonia emission-reducing measures in
holdings
Measure Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3 Cluster 4 Cluster 5
Use of precision fertilisers X
Fertilisation planning X
Replacement of urea with ammonium nitrate (in additional fertilisers)
X X X
Direct application of liquid manure into the soil
Option 1 – with pipeline spreader system X
Option 2 – with a direct application spreader X
Option 3 – with a band spreader with pendant pipelines
X
Option 4 – with a band spreader with pendant pipelines equipped with spreading nozzles
X
Reduced application time for liquid manure (4 h) X
Reduced application time for solid manure (4 h) X
Reduced application time for solid manure (12 h) X X
Sealing of liquid manure storage facilities
Option 1 – floating lightweight expanded clay aggregate layer
X
Option 2 – floating plastic film coating X
Option 3 – concrete coating X
Option 4 – tent cover X
Promotion of biogas production X
Development of plans for the management of poultry and pig feeding
X
Promotion of biological dairy farming X
Explanation of holding clusters:
Cluster 1 – intensive mixed-specialization holdings keeping their livestock primarily in indoor housing
Cluster 2 – intensive grain holdings
Cluster 3 – medium-sized mixed-specialization holdings putting livestock to graze
Cluster 4 – biological holdings
Cluster 5 – household farms
Table 26: Description of holding clusters
Indicator Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3 Cluster 4 Cluster 5
Holdings, % of the total 0.4 % 0.1 % 25.4 % 4.3 % 69.8 %
AL used, % from total area 15 % 9 % 46 % 10 % 20 %
Area of AL in holding, ha >400 or 036 >200 <400 x <10 ha
Livestock
Bovine animals (without dairy cows), % of 24 % x 37 % 28 % 11 %
36 In the case of pig and poultry rearing
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the total
Bovine animals (without dairy cows) in a holding
>200 x <200 NC <5
Dairy cows, % of the total 66 % x 21 % 8 % 5 %
Dairy cows in a holding >300 x <300 NC <5
Sheep, % of the total x x 65 % 26 % 9 %
Sheep in a holding x x >10 NC <10
Pigs, % of the total 91 % x 5 % 1 % 3 %
Pigs in a holding >1000 <1000 NC <10
Poultry, % of the total 88 % x 11 % 0.6 % 0.4 %
Poultry in a holding >10 000 x <10 000 NC <50
Goats, % of the total x x 42 % 18 % 39 %
Horses, % of the total x x 41 % 9 % 50 %
Average milk yield, t/year-1 anim. 8.5 x 7.0 5.0 4.5
Milk yield, kg/day 41.3 x 27.8 21.6 18.3
Duration of grazing season for bovine animals, days
x x 160 180 160
Use of AL
Meadows and grazing land, % from total area
3 % x 64 % 14 % 19 %
Permanent crops, % from total area x x 51 % 11 % 38 %
Arable land, % from total area 21 % 13 % 57 % 3 % 6 %
including grain area, % from total area 19 % 21 % 54 % 4 % 2 %
Nitrogen fertilisers used (recalculating into 100 % plant nutrient elements), % from total amount in the country
13 %
25 %
60 %
0
2 %
Organic fertilisers applied, t/ha-1 9 0 2 5 2.6
For the purpose of calculating the potential for reduction of ammonia emissions, it is important to
know the eligible areas and number of animals (number of target areas and target animals is set
for 2030, assuming that the attainment of this objective will occur gradually, as of 2021 when the
new EU programming period begins) upon the introduction of the measure. Assumptions used in the
calculations are based on the results and experience acquired from sub-project 3.2 “Analysis of GHG
emissions in the agricultural sector and economic assessment of emission-reducing measures” of
National Research Programme “The value and dynamic of Latvia’s ecosystems under changing
climate (EVIDEnT)” that are summarised in Table 4. Moreover, in order to establish the possibilities
for introducing ammonia emission-reducing measures in a holding, a survey was prepared with a
view to find out the opinion of farmers on the level of difficulty for the introduction of selected
measures in a holding. 8 agricultural experts participated in the survey and the results obtained are
summarised in Table 22. In order to assess the introduction of measures, three descriptions were
used:
Easy to be introduced – measure is introduced easily, given that no specific knowledge is needed,
and introduction of the measure does not require large investment
Semi-difficult to be introduced – measure is introduced with semi-difficulty, given that knowledge is
needed, but it can be acquired easily, and investment is reasonable
Difficult to be introduced – measure is introduced with difficulty, given that specific knowledge and
very large investment are needed.
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Table 27: Measures defined for groups of holdings
Measure Referable potential for the introduction of measure Appraisal for the introduction of measure
Reduction in ammonia emissions, % NH3 2030
To promote the use of new technologies in order to ensure the use of precision fertilisers
Target holdings: Cluster 2, which constitutes 0.1 % from all holdings, manages 9 % from AL, manages 23 % from all wheat and 16 % from all rapeseed areas in the country, consumes 25 % from all N fertilisers. Target crops: wheat and rapeseed. Areal objective for 2025: ~27 thousand ha of wheat area or ~5 % from total wheat area in the country, ~1 thousand ha if rapeseed area or ~1 % from total rapeseed area in the country. For 2030: ~61 thousand ha of wheat area or ~11 % from total wheat area in the country, ~4 thousand ha of rapeseed area or ~4 % from total rapeseed area in the country.
Difficult to be introduced, given that introduction of this measure is related to large investment and acquisition of new knowledge
0.232 %
To develop and introduce into practice fertilisation planning for crops which is based on results from agronomic research of soils and ensures an optimal fertilisation of crops in territories where such requirements are currently not laid down.
Target holdings: For the purpose of calculating the reduction of GHG emissions, data only from Cluster 3 were used, given that N consumption in the remaining clusters is not high enough to generate N savings as a result of fertilisation planning. Cluster 3 constitutes 25 % from total holdings in the country, manages 46 % from AL, applies 60 % from total N fertilisers. Target crops: all crops Areal objective for 2025: ~ 109 thousand ha of AL or ~6 % from total area of AL in the country. For 2030: ~246 thousand ha of AL or ~12 % from total area of AL in the country.
Easy to be introduced, given that this measure does not require large investment
2.317 %
To promote Fabaceae inclusion in crop rotation in order to ensure fixation of atmospheric nitrogen and to reduce the use of synthetic nitrogen fertilisers
Areal objective for 2025: ~111 thousand ha of AL or ~6 % from total area of AL in the country. for 2030: ~172 thousand ha of AL or ~9 % from total area of AL in the country.
Easy to be introduced, given that this measure does not require large investment
3.244 %
Replacement of urea with ammonium nitrate (in additional fertilisers)
Target holdings: Holdings of Clusters 1, 2, and 3 which together consume 98 % from all N fertilisers. Target crops: all crops Target amount (objective for 2030): 50 % from the total amount of urea used.
Easy to be introduced, given that this measure does not require large investment
Replacement of urea has
been assessed in
calculations of amount of N
used as part of the
measures for reducing
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amount of N used with
fertilisers
To promote direct application of liquid manure into the soil (option 1 – with pipeline spreader system)
Target holdings: Holdings of Cluster 1 which constitute around 0.3 % from all holdings, rear 66.4 % from all dairy cows and 90.4 % from all pigs in the country. Target animals whose manure is used in direct application with pipeline spreader system (objective for 2025 and 2030): dairy cows ~1 thousand dairy cows or 1 % from all dairy cows in the country; ~3 thousand pigs or 1 % from all pigs in the country.
Difficult to be introduced,
given that introduction of this
measure is related to large
investment and acquisition of
new knowledge
0.072 %
To promote direct application of liquid manure into the soil (option 2 – with a direct application spreader)
Target holdings: Holdings of Cluster 1 which constitute around 0.3 % from all holdings, rear 66.4 % from all dairy cows and 90.4 % from all pigs in the country. Target crops: all crops Target animals whose manure is used in direct application with a direct application spreader (injector) (objective for 2025 and 2030): ~9 thousand dairy cows or 6 % from all dairy cows, ~24 thousand pigs or 8 % from all pigs.
Difficult to be introduced, given that introduction of this measure is related to large investment and acquisition of new knowledge
0.418 %
To promote direct application of liquid manure into the soil (option 3 – with a band spreader with pendant pipelines)
Target holdings: Holdings of Cluster 3 which constitute around 69.8 % from all holdings, manage 46.2 % from AL, rear 20.7 % from all dairy cows in the country. Target crops: all crops Target animals whose manure is used in direct application with a direct application with a band spreader with pendant pipelines (objective for 2025 and 2030): ~13 thousand dairy cows or 8 % from all dairy cows in the country.
Difficult to be introduced, given that introduction of this measure is related to large investment and acquisition of new knowledge
0.147 %
To promote direct application of liquid manure into the soil (option 4 – with a band spreader with pendant pipelines equipped with spreading nozzles)
Target holdings: Holdings of Cluster 3 which constitute around 69.8 % from all holdings, manage 46.2 % from AL, rear 20.7 % from all dairy cows in the country. Target crops: all crops Target animals whose manure is used in direct application with a direct application with a band spreader with pendant pipelines equipped with spreading nozzles (objective for 2025 and 2030):
Difficult to be introduced, given that introduction of this measure is related to large investment and acquisition of new knowledge
0.131 %
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~3 thousand dairy cows or 2 % from all dairy cows in the country
To reduce application time (until 4 h) for liquid manure
Target holdings: Holdings of Cluster 1 which constitute around 0.3 % from all holdings, rear 23.5 % from all bovine animals, 66.4 % from all dairy cows, 88.3 % from all poultry, and 90.4 % from all pigs in the country. Target crops: all crops Target animals whose liquid manure is used in quick application (4 h) Objective for 2025: ~52 thousand dairy cows or ~33 % from all dairy cows in the country, ~90 thousand pigs or ~30 % from all pigs in the country; For 2030: ~50 thousand dairy cows or ~33 % from all dairy cows in the country, ~90 thousand pigs or ~31 % from all pigs in the country.
Difficult to be introduced, given that complete ploughing of liquid manure into the soil requires a long time; therefore, a sufficiently substantial machinery park must be at the disposal of a holding
1.855 %
To reduce the application time for solid/non-solid manure (until 4 h)
Target holdings: Holdings of Cluster 1 which constitute around 0.3 % from all holdings, rear 88.3 % from all poultry. Target crops: all crops Target animals whose solid manure is used in quick application (4 h) Objective for 2025: ~2260 thousand poultry or ~44 % from total poultry in the country;
For 2030: ~2304 thousand poultry or ~44 % from all poultry in the country
Difficult to be introduced, given that complete ploughing of liquid manure into the soil requires a long time; therefore, a sufficiently substantial machinery park must be at the disposal of holdings.
0.096 %
Reduce the application time for solid manure (until 12 h)
Target holdings: Holdings of Cluster 3 which constitute around 69.8 % from all holdings, manage 46.2 % from AL, rear 23.4 % from all bovine animals, 20.7 % from all dairy cows, 10.7 % from all poultry, 6.5 % from all sheep, 5.3 % from all pigs, 42 % from all goats, 41 % from all horses in the country. Holdings of Cluster 4 which constitute around 4.2 % from all holdings, manage 9.9 % from AL, rear 27.9 % from all bovine animals, 7.5 % from all dairy cows, 6.1 % from all poultry, 26.4 % from all sheep, 1.4 % from all pigs, 18.2 % from all goats, 8.8 % from all horses in the country. Target crops: all crops Target animals whose solid manure is used in quick application (12 h)
Semi-difficult to be introduced
0.868 %
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Objective for 2025: ~171 thousand bovine animals or ~51 % from all bovine animals in the country, ~863 poultry or ~17 % from all poultry, ~46 thousand sheep or ~33 % from all sheep, ~7 thousand goats or ~57 % from all goats, ~3 thousand horses or 50 % from all horses.
For 2030: ~169 thousand bovine animals or ~51 % from all bovine animals in the country, ~880 poultry or ~17 % from all poultry, ~51 thousand sheep or ~36 % from all sheep, ~7 thousand goats or ~57 % from all goats, ~3 thousand horses or 50 % from all horses.
Sealing of liquid manure storage facilities (option 1 – floating lightweight expanded clay aggregate layer or Hexa-Cover material)
Target holdings: Holdings of Cluster 1 which constitute around 0.3 % from all holdings, rear 23.5 % from all bovine animals, 66.4 % from all dairy cows, 88.3 % from all poultry, and 90.4 % from all pigs in the country. Target animals whose manure is covered: dairy cows and pigs. Target animals whose liquid manure is covered with a floating lightweight expanded clay aggregate layer. Objective for 2025: ~12 thousand dairy cows or ~8 % from all dairy cows in the country; ~32 thousand pigs or ~11 % from all pigs in the country; For 2030: ~20 thousand dairy cows or ~13 % from all dairy cows in the country; ~53 thousand pigs or ~18 % from all pigs in the country
Semi-difficult to be introduced
0.517 %
Sealing of liquid manure storage facilities (option 2 – floating plastic film coating)
Target holdings: Holdings of Cluster 1 which constitute around 0.3 % from all holdings, rear 23.5 % from all bovine animals, 66.4 % from all dairy cows, 88.3 % from all poultry, and 90.4 % from all pigs in the country. Target animals whose manure is covered: dairy cows and pigs. Target animals whose liquid manure is covered with a floating plastic film coating Objective for 2025: ~12 thousand dairy cows or ~8 % from all dairy cows in the country; ~32 thousand pigs or ~11 % from all pigs in the country; For 2030: ~20 thousand dairy cows or ~13 % from all dairy cows in the country; ~53 thousand pigs or ~18 % from all pigs in the country
Semi-difficult to be introduced
0.517 %
Sealing of liquid manure storage facilities (option 3 – concrete
Target holdings: Holdings of Cluster 1 which constitute around 0.3 % from all holdings, rear 23.5 % from all bovine animals, 66.4 % from all dairy cows, 88.3 % from all poultry, and 90.4 % from all pigs in the country. Target animals whose manure is covered: dairy cows and pigs.
Difficult to be introduced, given that introduction of this
0.637 %
111
coating) Target animals whose liquid manure is covered with a concrete coating Objective for 2025: ~3 thousand dairy cows or ~2 % from all dairy cows in the country, ~8 thousand pigs or ~3 % from all pigs in the country; For 2030: ~5 thousand dairy cows or ~3 % from all dairy cows; ~13 thousand pigs or ~4 % from all pigs in the country.
measure is related to large investment
Sealing of liquid manure storage facilities (option 4 – tent cover)
Target holdings: Holdings of Cluster 1 which constitute around 0.3 % from all holdings, rear 23.5 % from all bovine animals, 66.4 % from all dairy cows, 88.3 % from all poultry, and 90.4 % from all pigs in the country. Target animals whose manure is covered: dairy cows and pigs. Target animals whose liquid manure is covered with a tent cover. Objective for 2025: ~9 thousand dairy cows or ~6 % from all dairy cows, ~24 thousand pigs or ~8 % from all pigs in the country; For 2030: ~15 thousand dairy cows or ~10 % from all dairy cows; ~34 thousand or ~12 % from all pigs in the country.
Semi-difficult to be introduced
0.557 %
Replacement of lagoon storage facilities with cylindrical storage facilities
Target holdings: Holdings of Cluster 1 which constitute around 0.3 % from all holdings, rear 90.4 % from all pigs in the country. Holdings of Cluster 3 which constitute around 69.8 % from all holdings, manage 46.2 % from AL, rear 20.7 % from all dairy cows in the country. Target animals: pigs, dairy cows. Number of target animals: Holdings of Clusters 1 and 3 which have not introduced the described measures and manage lagoon storage facilities.
Difficult to be introduced, given that introduction of this measure is related to large investment and acquisition of new knowledge
0.724 %
Promotion of biogas production
Target holdings: Cluster 1 which constitutes around 0.3 % from all holdings, rears 88.3 % from all poultry. Target animals: poultry Target animals whose manure is passed on to biogas Objective for 2025: ~408 thousand poultry or ~8 % from all poultry in the country; For 2030: ~922 thousand poultry or 18 % from all poultry in the country.
Difficult to be introduced, given that introduction of this measure is related to large investment and acquisition of new knowledge
0.231 %
112
Annex 6: Geographical distribution of the calculated emissions in Latvia (emission data from 2015 used)
NOx emissions
113
NMVOC emissions
114
SO2 emissions
115
PM2.5 emissions
