DRAFT - · PDF fileDRAFT . Language Centre ... and Norhasnizan binti Hj ... Reference List...

Universiti Brunei Darussalam Language Centre

APA REFERENCING GUIDE

2015

http://lc.ubd.edu.bn/

DRAFT

Language Centre

Universiti Brunei Darussalam

2015

http://lc.ubd.edu.bn

Thank you to the following former LE-1503 and LE-2503 students who have given permission for

their work to be printed in this guide; Sabrina binti Mohamad Daud, Regene Lim Kychin, AHM Saiful

Hakimin PH Duraman, Dk Nur Afiqah Jalwati Puteri Pg Md Caesar Perkasa Putera; and Norhasnizan binti Hj

Abd Razak, Nurul Fatin Afiqah Bte Haji Abdul Razak ; Zatil Izni Syamimi Bte Hj Awg Tengah.

DRAFT

1 CONTENTS

2 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 5

3 GLOSSARY ............................................................................................................................ 5

4 EXAMPLE OF IN-TEXT REFERENCING ...................................................................................... 6

5 EXAMPLE OF REFERENCE LIST ................................................................................................ 6

6 MATCH BETWEEN IN-TEXT AND LIST OF REFERENCES ............................................................. 7

7 MORE EXAMPLES OF IN-TEXT REFERENCING .......................................................................... 8

EXAMPLE ONE ..................................................................................................................................... 8

EXAMPLE TWO .................................................................................................................................... 8

8 PRINCIPLES ........................................................................................................................... 9

9 APA – GENERAL RULES ........................................................................................................ 10

10 APA IN-TEXT GUIDE ......................................................................................................... 11

BASIC FORMS OF A QUOTATION ...................................................................................................... 11

BASIC FORMS OF A PARAPHRASE ..................................................................................................... 11

11 APA LIST OF REFERENCES GUIDE ...................................................................................... 12

BOOK- one author ............................................................................................................................. 12

BOOK - two authors .......................................................................................................................... 12

BOOK - three to five authors ............................................................................................................. 12

BOOK - six or more authors .............................................................................................................. 12

BOOK - chapter in edited book ......................................................................................................... 12

BOOK - chapter in edited book from database ................................................................................. 12

BOOK or REPORT – Corporate author, eg. organisation, association, government department ..... 13

BOOK or REPORT – When author and publisher are the same ........................................................ 13

JOURNAL ARTICLE - Academic/scholarly (electronic version) with DOI ........................................... 13

JOURNAL ARTICLE - Academic/scholarly (electronic version) with no DOI ...................................... 13

JOURNAL ARTICLE - Academic/scholarly (print version) ................................................................... 13

JOURNAL ARTICLE - Academic/scholarly (Internet only – no print version) ..................................... 13

JOURNAL ARTICLE – Three to Five authors ....................................................................................... 14

NEWSPAPER ARTICLE - (Print version) .............................................................................................. 14

NEWSPAPER ARTICLE - (Database like proquest) ............................................................................. 14

NEWSPAPER ARTICLE - No author .................................................................................................... 14

NEWSPAPER ARTICLE – Online.......................................................................................................... 14

WEBPAGE .......................................................................................................................................... 14

WEBPAGE – No author ...................................................................................................................... 15

WEBPAGE – No date ......................................................................................................................... 15

DRAFT

THESIS ............................................................................................................................................... 15

GOVERNMENT DOCUMENT .............................................................................................................. 15

REPORT FROM A PRIVATE ORGANISATION - Author and publisher are the same ........................... 15

CONFERENCE PAPER - online ............................................................................................................ 15

ENCYCLOPEDIA OR DICTIONARY ....................................................................................................... 15

POWERPOINT SLIDES ........................................................................................................................ 16

COURSE HANDOUTS - Course handout/Lecture notes ..................................................................... 16

PERSONAL COMMUNICATION (letters, telephone conversations, emails, interviews) ................... 16

MAGAZINE ARTICLE popular/trade/general interest........................................................................ 16

FILM................................................................................................................................................... 16

SONG ................................................................................................................................................. 16

12 WHAT DO I DO IF … ? ...................................................................................................... 17

MALAY NAME .................................................................................................................................... 17

CHINESE NAME ................................................................................................................................. 18

CHINESE NAME MIXED WITH ENGLISH NAMES ................................................................................ 18

INHERITED title.................................................................................................................................. 18

CONFERRED TITLE ............................................................................................................................. 18

NO NAME .......................................................................................................................................... 18

NO DATE ............................................................................................................................................ 18

MULTIPLE AUTHORS ......................................................................................................................... 19

MULTIPLE TEXTS - Different authors ............................................................................................... 19

MULTIPLE TEXTS – one author-different years ................................................................................. 19

MULTIPLE TEXTS – one author -SAME YEAR ..................................................................................... 19

WESTERN NAMES.............................................................................................................................. 19

SECONDARY SOURCE ........................................................................................................................ 20

13 RECOMMENDED WEBSITES ............................................................................................. 20

FOR MORE INFORMATION ................................................................................................................ 20

FOR PRACTICE - Quizzes .................................................................................................................... 20

APPENDICES .............................................................................................................................. 20

Appendix A – Sample essay ........................................................................................................ 20

Appendix B – Sample report ....................................................................................................... 20

21

26

DRAFT

UNIVERSITI BRUNEI DARUSSALAM – LANGUAGE CENTRE – APA REFERENCING GUIDE, 2015

5 http://lc.ubd.edu.bn/

DRAFT

2 INTRODUCTION

There are several purposes for using correct referencing; to acknowledge the work of others; to

avoid plagiarism; to show that you have read relevant information about the topic; and to enable a

reader to find and read the source if they wish to.

APA is one of several styles of referencing (APA, Harvard, Chicago, MLA) and it is used through most

of the university. Your faculty may use another style. If so, the principles are the same, but the

formatting may be quite different. You will need to learn both styles. The letters APA stand for

‘American Psychological Society’ and that organization issues The Publication Manual of the

American Psychological Association. The book has guidelines on document formatting (font size, font

style, spacing, margins and so on) and on spelling, structure of research papers, tables and citations.

This booklet will cover referencing.

3 GLOSSARY

Citation – crediting a specific source used in research. The in-text citation gives a brief indication of

the source. The full details are generally given in a reference list at the end of the paper.

Bibliography – A list of relevant sources. It is different to a Reference List because a bibliography can

list sources that you have not used in your paper while a Reference List includes only sources that

have been used in the paper.

DOI– Digital Object identifier – If you retrieved a document from a database, you must cite the

article DOI in the reference. You don’t need to cite the database. Using this information, your

readers can find the article by entering the DOI into a DOI resolver (not by entering it into the

address bar like a URL). You can find DOI resolvers at DOI.org and crossref.org.

Ellipsis – three spaced dots … which are used to show that you have omitted something from a

quotation. Note that if you omit something, you must not change the meaning of the original text.

Hanging indent - first line of each reference is on the left margin, but the following lines are

indented by 1.25 cm creating a hanging indent.

Indirect quotation – also called ‘paraphrasing.’ Restating the author’s words in your own words

while keeping the original meaning. To avoid plagiarism there must be significant changes to the

original work.

In-text referencing – uses the author’s name and the year a document was published. This shows

the reader where the material came from.

Reference List – A list of all the sources you have paraphrased or quoted in your assignment. The

Reference List should be on a separate page. All the works are listed alphabetically by the author’s

family name (or if there is no name, by the first word in the title). Documents that have been

consulted, but not quoted or paraphrased are not used in your list.

Secondary citation – When you are doing your research you sometimes see a quotation in the

document you are reading. If you quote the original document, that becomes a secondary citation.

See page 20 for an example.



DRAFT

4 EXAMPLE OF IN-TEXT REFERENCING

There are no L1 or L2 studies examining the relationship between coverage and television

comprehension. However, research investigating the coverage necessary for reading and listening

comprehension may provide some indication of how much vocabulary is necessary for adequate

comprehension of television programs. L2 studies have differed in the amount of text coverage that is

needed for adequate comprehension to occur. Estimates are 95% for reasonable comprehension of a

text (Laufer, 1989), 98% for learners to read for pleasure (Hirsh & Nation, 1992), 98% for adequate

unassisted reading comprehension (Hu & Nation, 2000), and 98% for ideal coverage of written text

(Nation, 2006). Hu and Nation's (2000) research is the most comprehensive study of text coverage.

They examined L2 learners' comprehension of a relatively easy fiction text with differing amounts of

text coverage. The results indicated that at 90% text coverage, a small number of learners gain

adequate comprehension; at 95% text coverage, more learners gain adequate comprehension but they

are still a minority; and at 100% text coverage, most learners are able to understand the text. A

regression analysis indicated that 98% coverage was needed for adequate comprehension without use

of a dictionary or glossary. Hu and Nation also suggested that because the text in their study was

relatively easy to understand, learners may need greater coverage of texts from different genres such

as newspapers and academic texts. Hu and Nation's study is supported by L1 research that also found

text coverage of 98–99% to be appropriate, with the difference in coverage dependent on the

difficulty of the text (Carver, 1994).

5 EXAMPLE OF REFERENCE LIST

REFERENCES

Carver, R. P. (1994). Percentage of unknown vocabulary words in text as a function of the relative

difficulty of the text: Implications for instruction. Journal of Reading Behavior, 26, 413–

437.

Hirsh, D., & Nation, P. (1992). What vocabulary size is needed to read unsimplified texts for

pleasure? Reading in a Foreign Language, 8(2), 689–696.

Hu, M., & Nation, I. S. P. (2000). Vocabulary density and reading comprehension. Reading in a

Foreign Language, 13(1), 403–430.

Laufer, B. (1989). What percentage of text lexis is essential for

comprehension? In C.Lauren & M.Nordman (Eds.), Special language: From humans

thinking to thinking machines (pp. 316–323). Clevedon , UK : Multilingual Matters.

Nation, I. S. P. (2006). How large a vocabulary is needed for reading and listening? Canadian Modern

Language Review, 63, 59–82.

Example text for In-text and List of References is from DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9922.2009.00509.x

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.libraryproxy.griffith.edu.au/enhanced/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9922.2009.00509.x/

NOTE THE FOLLOWING

1. The first line of each reference is on the left margin, but the subsequent lines are indented

creating a hanging indent.

2. The font is Times New Roman

3. References are listed in alphabetical order by author.

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.libraryproxy.griffith.edu.au/enhanced/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9922.2009.00509.x/#b18








DRAFT

6 MATCH BETWEEN IN-TEXT AND LIST OF REFERENCES

There are no L1 or L2 studies examining the relationship between coverage and television

comprehension. However, research investigating the coverage necessary for reading and listening

comprehension may provide some indication of how much vocabulary is necessary for adequate

comprehension of television programs. L2 studies have differed in the amount of text coverage that is

needed for adequate comprehension to occur. Estimates are 95% for reasonable comprehension of a

text (Laufer, 1989), 98% for learners to read for pleasure (Hirsh & Nation, 1992), 98% for adequate

unassisted reading comprehension (Hu & Nation, 2000), and 98% for ideal coverage of written text

(Nation, 2006). Hu and Nation's (2000)research is the most comprehensive study of text coverage.

They examined L2 learners' comprehension of a relatively easy fiction text with differing amounts of

text coverage. The results indicated that at 90% text coverage, a small number of learners gain

adequate comprehension; at 95% text coverage, more learners gain adequate comprehension but they

are still a minority; and at 100% text coverage, most learners are able to understand the text. A

regression analysis indicated that 98% coverage was needed for adequate comprehension without use

of a dictionary or glossary. Hu and Nation also suggested that because the text in their study was

relatively easy to understand, learners may need greater coverage of texts from different genres such

as newspapers and academic texts. Hu and Nation's study is supported by L1 research that also found

text coverage of 98–99% to be appropriate, with the difference in coverage dependent on the

difficulty of the text (Carver, 1994).

REFERENCES

Carver, R. P. (1994). Percentage of unknown vocabulary words in text as a function of the relative

difficulty of the text: Implications for instruction. Journal of Reading Behavior, 26, 413–

437.

Hirsh, D., & Nation, P. (1992). What vocabulary size is needed to read unsimplified texts for

pleasure? Reading in a Foreign Language, 8(2), 689–696.

Hu, M., & Nation, I. S. P. (2000). Vocabulary density and reading comprehension. Reading in a

Foreign Language, 13(1), 403–430.

Laufer, B. (1989). What percentage of text lexis is essential for

comprehension? In C.Lauren & M.Nordman (Eds.), Special language: From humans

thinking to thinking machines (pp. 316–323). Clevedon , UK : Multilingual Matters.

Nation, I. S. P. (2006). How large a vocabulary is needed for reading and listening? Canadian Modern

Language Review, 63, 59–82.

NOTE THE FOLLOWING

1. Every citation is linked to an entry in the List of References.

2. The List of References is in alphabetical order.









DRAFT

7 MORE EXAMPLES OF IN-TEXT REFERENCING

EXAMPLE ONE

‘Culture’ too, has many definitions. One of importance is from Hall (1977), who states, “All countries

have their own identity, language, systems of nonverbal communication, material culture, history and

ways of doing things” (p. 2). There is also another definition, which divides culture into two concepts

(Moran, 2001). The first is called the ‘big C,’ which is the traditional, objective culture (for example,

food, theater, art, dance, or music). Then there is ‘small c’ which is the called the subjective culture.

This has no existence except in human behavior. ‘Small c’ culture is an abstraction produced by

thought and can define characteristics such as body movement, how we live, how we learn, how we

work, and how we express love, in response to similar events and experiences.

This text is from an article by:

Meiki, S., (2010). A Topic-Based Syllabus for a Cross-Cultural Communication Course: The Case of a University in Japan. Intercultural Communication Studies XIX: 1 2010. Downloaded from http://www.uri.edu/iaics/content/2010v19n1/15SusanMeiki.pdf

EXAMPLE TWO

In psychology, disagreement focuses on the empirical process and away from investigators as

individuals. Three common disagreement strategies were illustrated in the sample articles from

psychology. The generality of another's proposal may be challenged, as Tenpenny and Shoben

(1992) did in asserting, “this [theoretical] distinction is not able to deal with an increasing number of

results” (p. 25), or methodology may be questioned as illustrated by Hirshman and Durante (1992):

“The primary criticism is that the threshold-setting procedures used in previous experiments are not

adequate to ensure that …” (p. 255); or the data of another investigator may be reinterpreted to

support a rival position. Myers's (1990) analysis of empirical biology articles found similar examples

of disagreement.

This text is from an article by:

Madigan, R., Johnson, S., & Linton, P., (1995). The Language of Psychology: APA Style as Epistemology. American Psychologist 50 (6) 428-436

NOTE THE FOLLOWING

1. In the corresponding List of References, we would expect to see a listing for each of the

authors cited above.

2. Note the placement of the page number for a quotation. It comes at the end of the sentence

outside the quotation marks, but before the full stop.

http://www.uri.edu/iaics/content/2010v19n1/15SusanMeiki.pdf

http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com.libraryproxy.griffith.edu.au/sp-3.13.1a/ovidweb.cgi?QS2=434f4e1a73d37e8cac9293c431158c1164b9570132ed0ad9aacd61104fe67aac79b874ca43a516843abaecfa541bab2c97f7bbdbe109e9d3a8dbee8b8966c2a5d589a2f3222524bf309c0ca420da879e1223a41c1f372c75779b7a3ee493a5d17277b341e9c262868125a342454c9cd41e4de143c9fa463bf7a20c021a654094f0dda1f242701c2ead57e84a2e3f5ed55b44a3f3dd95a0a778eb0fb0724be75b8617c912a4f28351d932a6257d4267852780068cb0979feb9ce4d364f413ea00f8d55426306bcb1bdb069ce334d81c5f87fd12532a701e76b915fe8d809f9d76b1e6a504b4f1d208537f139739b0064e4d4da9d55386de08#102






DRAFT

8 PRINCIPLES

1. When do you need to use a citation? To answer that you need to ask the question; is it common knowledge? If it is common knowledge, don’t use a citation. If it isn’t common knowledge, use a citation. If you aren’t sure, use a citation. So for example, if you read that the population of Brunei is 420,000 and you want to use that information, you must first ask, is it common knowledge. In this case it is, so you don’t need a citation. However, if you read that the population of Brunei is 428, 362 and you use that number, that isn’t common knowledge, so you do need a citation. Here are some examples.

1. Pandas are black and white. (Common knowledge – no citation) 2. There are only 1650 pandas left in the wild. (Not common knowledge – use a

citation) 3. The currency of Europe is the Euro. (Common knowledge – no citation) 4. One hundred Kazakhstan Tenge is equal to 72 Brunei sen. (Not common knowledge

– use a citation).

2. The entries in the in-text citations must match the entries in the List of References. So, for example, if the entry in the list of references is:

Carver, R. P. (1994). Percentage of unknown vocabulary words in text as a function

of the relative difficulty of the text: Implications for instruction. Journal

of Reading Behavior, 26, 413–437.

Then the in-text citation must begin in exactly the same way (Carver) and then also include

the year.

(Carver, 1994)

3. If there is no author and you have to use the name of an article, then again the List of

References and the in-text must match:

Malaysia to cut fuel subsidies. (2014, November 22). The Brunei Times. Retrieved on

November 23, 2014 from: http://www.bt.com.bn/business-

asia/2014/11/22/malaysia-cut-fuel-subsidies

And the in-text will be

(“Malaysia to cut fuel,” 2014)

Note that usually we reduce the article title to the first three or four words and we put it in

quotation marks. Here is another example. An article written in 2014 with no author called

“New training facility for welders soon” would be shortened to

(“New training facility,” 2014)

4. If you have a document with no date such as a website, you use the letters n.d. instead of

the date. For example,

(Smith, n.d.)



DRAFT

5. If you are quoting, you cannot change anything. You must use quotation marks and you

must reproduce the words of the original author exactly. However, there are two exceptions

to this. One is for ellipsis and one for square brackets.

a. Ellipsis means three dots … They are used when we have left out a word or words.

We do this when we don’t need the whole quote and we want to leave out

something in the middle. That is okay, but we must not change the meaning.

“The participants are also assessed … on presentation” (Zailani, 2014)

b. Square brackets. We use square brackets when we change or add a word. The usual

reason for doing this is to make the grammar match the rest of our sentence. Again

we must not change the meaning.

Currently “the participants are also [being] assessed based on presentation” (Zailani,

2014).

6. If you are uncertain about how to format something, google it. It is usually reasonably easy

to find the information you are looking for. However, if you are really stuck, then you need

to give it your best attempt. This is the advice from the APA website.

In general, a reference should contain the author name, date of publication,

title of the work, and publication data. When you cannot find the example

reference you need in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological

Association, choose the example that is most like your source and follow that

format. Sometimes you will need to combine elements of more than one

reference format. (APA Style, 2014)

http://www.apastyle.org/learn/faqs/example-reference.aspx

This means that you should make every attempt to find the correct way to reference

something, but if you can’t find how to do it, use something similar as your model and do

your best. The main ideas are to clearly acknowledge your source, avoid plagiarism, use the

formatting as appropriately as possible and be consistent. If you do something one way the

first time, continue to use the same format throughout the document.

9 APA – GENERAL RULES

1. Your essay should be written in Times New Roman, size 12. 2. Use a 2.5 cm margin above below and on both sides of your text. 3. Use a header with the name of your essay – all in capital letters. 4. Put the page number in the top right of your header. 5. Double space your writing. 6. There are specific formats for headings.

a. Level 1 – centred, bold b. Level 2 – left aligned, bold c. Level 3 – indented 5 spaces, bold, lowercase with a full stop at the end. d. Level 4 – indented, bold, italics. Lower case with a full stop.

7. Put the List of References on a separate page.



DRAFT

10 APA IN-TEXT GUIDE

BASIC FORMS OF A QUOTATION

Use quotation marks around the quote and include page numbers when they are available.

Zailani (2014) reports that “the annual Executive Development Programme for Senior

Government Officials (EDPSGO) had a total of 754 participants since its start in 1996” (p.1).

“The annual Executive Development Programme for Senior Government Officials (EDPSGO)

had a total of 754 participants since its start in 1996” (Zailani, 2014. p. 1).

BASIC FORMS OF A PARAPHRASE

Don’t use quotation marks. Page numbers are optional.

In the last 18 years 754 people have participated in the Executive Development program

(Zailani, 2014. p. 1).

According to Zailani (2014) 754 people have participated in the Executive Development

program since it began 18 years ago (p. 1).



DRAFT

11 APA LIST OF REFERENCES GUIDE

SOURCE & IN-TEXT REFERENCE REFERENCE LIST

BOOK- ONE AUTHOR (Stiggins, 1995) or

Stiggins (1995) compares …

Stiggins, R. (1995) Student-Centered Classroom Assessment.

New York: Macmillan.

Note: The first letter of the first word of the main title, subtitle and all proper nouns have capital letters.

BOOK - TWO AUTHORS (Valdes & Figueroa, 1994) or

Valdes and Figueroa (1994) said…

NOTE: When paraphrasing in text, use “and,” not “&.”

Valdes, G., & Figueroa, R. A. (1994). Bilingualism and

testing: A special case of bias. Norwood, New Jersey:

Ablex

NOTE: Before “&”between authors, do not forget to put a comma.

BOOK - THREE TO FIVE AUTHORS (Benner, Sutphen, Leonard & Day,

2010)

Benner, Sutphen, Leonard and Day (2010) argue

that …

NOTE: The next time you cite the source you can use et al. (Benner et al., 2010)

Benner et al. (2010) argue that …

Benner, P., Sutphen, M., Leonard, V., & Day, L. (2010).

Educating nurses: A call for radical transformation.

The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of

Teaching. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

BOOK - SIX OR MORE AUTHORS (Churchill et al., 2013)

Churchill et al (2013) suggest …

NOTE: When there are six or more authors you can use et al.

Churchill, R., Ferguson, P., Godinho, S., Johnson, N. F.,

Keddie, A., Lets, W., & Mackay, J. (2013). Teaching:

Making a difference. Sydney, Australia: John Wiley

& Sons.

BOOK - CHAPTER IN EDITED BOOK (Kamii & Kamii, 1990)

Kamii and Kamii (1990) compare …

Kamii, C., & Kamii, M. (1990). Why achievement testing

should stop. In C.Kamii (Ed), Achievement testing in

the early grades? The games grownups play 15-38.

Washington, DCs NAEYC.

NOTE: Include the page numbers of the chapter after the book title.

BOOK - CHAPTER IN EDITED BOOK FROM DATABASE (Parson & Baer, 1992)

Parson and Baer (1992) believe …

Parson, B. S., & Baer, D. M. (1992). The visual analysis of

data, and current research into the stimuli controlling

it. In T. R. Kratochwill & J. R. Levin Single-case

research design and analysis: New directions for

psychology and education. 15-40. Hillsdale, NY:

Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Retrieved July 21,

2005 from Questia database:

http://www.questia.com/PM. qst?a=o&d=29202605>



DRAFT

BOOK OR REPORT – CORPORATE AUTHOR, EG. ORGANISATION, ASSOCIATION, GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENT (National Commission on Writing, 2003)

NOTE: Corporate authors may be abbreviated if they are easily recognisable.

National Commission on Writing in America’s Schools and

Colleges. (2003). The Neglected “R”: The need for a

writing revolution. Princeton, NJ: College Entrance

Examination Board.

BOOK OR REPORT – WHEN AUTHOR AND PUBLISHER ARE

THE SAME (Alaska State Department of Education, 1989)

Alaska State Department of Education. (1989). Alaska

writing assessment pilot survey. 1988-89. Juneau,

AK: Author.

NOTE: when the author and publisher are the same, write ‘Author’ in the publisher field at the end.

JOURNAL ARTICLE - ACADEMIC/SCHOLARLY

(ELECTRONIC VERSION) WITH DOI (Blum, Borglund, & Parcells, 2010)

Blum, Borglund, & Parcells (2010) demonstrate

…

NOTE: If there are 3-5 authors, then next time you can write (Blum et al., 2010)

Blum, C., Borglund, S., & Parcells, D. (2010). High-fidelity

nursing simulation: Impact on student self-confidence

and clinical competence. International Journal of

Nursing Education Scholarship, 7(1), 1-14. Doi:

10.2202?1548-923X.2035

NOTE: A capital letter is used for key words in journal title. The journal title and volume number are in italics.

JOURNAL ARTICLE - ACADEMIC/SCHOLARLY

(ELECTRONIC VERSION) WITH NO DOI (Greenwald, 2013) or

Greenwald (2013) recommends ...

Greenwald, J. (2013). APA expands list of mental

disorders. Business Insurance, 47(15), 32. Retrieved

from ProQuest Education Journals database.

JOURNAL ARTICLE - ACADEMIC/SCHOLARLY (PRINT

VERSION) (Glickman, 1991)

Glickman (1991) contradicts ...

Glickman, C. (1991). Pretending not to know what we know.

Educational Leadership. 48, 4-10.

JOURNAL ARTICLE - ACADEMIC/SCHOLARLY (INTERNET

ONLY – NO PRINT VERSION) (Baryla, Shelley & Trainor, 2000)

Baryla, Shelley and Trainor (2000) counsel

against …

Baryla, E., Shelley, G., & Trainor, W. (2012, January).

Transforming Rubrics Using Factor Analysis.

Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 17(4).

Retrieved from

http://pareonline.net/getvn.asp?v=17&n=4



DRAFT

JOURNAL ARTICLE – THREE TO FIVE AUTHORS 1

st time you cite the writers:

(Moll, Saez & Dworin, 2001)

Moll, Saez and Dworin (2001) demonstrate …

2nd

time you cite:

(Moll et al., 2001)

Moll et al. (2001) demonstrate …

NOTE: When a work has three, four or five authors, cite all authors the first time, and in subsequent citations include only the first author followed by et al. If there are six authors, you can use et al. the first time you cite.

Moll, L, C., Saez, R., & Dworin, J. (2001). Exploring

biliteracy: Two student case examples of writing as a

social practice. The Elementary School Journal, 101,

437-449.

NEWSPAPER ARTICLE - (PRINT VERSION) (Wood, 2014)

Wood (2104) makes a strong case for …

NOTE: Only include the year, not the month and day in the in-text citation.

Wood, D. (2014, November 23). Plan to cut losses due to

illegal fishing. The Brunei Times. p.1.

NOTE: Include p. (one page) or pp. (several pages) before the page number (for newspapers only, not magazines).

NEWSPAPER ARTICLE - (DATABASE LIKE PROQUEST) (Behrendt, 1998)

Behrendt (1998) argues that …

Behrendt, B. (1998, Jan 23). Educator: Control of classes key

to learning. St.Petersburg Times Retrieved from

Proquest database.

NOTE: The full date is listed in the List of References, but only the year goes into the in-text citation.

NEWSPAPER ARTICLE - NO AUTHOR (“2 men fined,” 2014)

NOTE: Abbreviate title to the first three or four words. Use double quotation marks.

2 men fined for untaxed cigarettes. (2014, November 28).

The Brunei Times. Retrieved on November 28, 2014

from: http://www.bt.com.bn/news-

national/2014/11/28/2-men-fined-untaxed-cigarettes

NOTE: Article title comes first.

NEWSPAPER ARTICLE – ONLINE (“Malaysia to cut fuel,” 2014)

Malaysia to cut fuel subsidies. (2014, November 22). The

Brunei Times. Retrieved on November 23, 2014

from: http://www.bt.com.bn/business-

asia/2014/11/22/malaysia-cut-fuel-subsidies

WEBPAGE (Shah, 2014)

Shah (2014) advises …

Shah, A. (2014). Health Issues. Global Health Issues.

Retrieved on 28 November, 2014 from

http://www.globalissues.org/issue/587/health-issues



DRAFT

WEBPAGE – NO AUTHOR (Central Intelligence Agency, 2014)

NOTE: If many webpages are referenced from the same site, reference the homepage only.

Central Intelligence Agency. (2014). Antarctica. Retrieved

on November 28, 2014 from

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-

factbook/geos/ay.html

NOTE: Include the retrieval date if it is likely to change.

WEBPAGE – NO DATE (PETA, n.d.)

PETA (n.d.) argues ...

PETA. (n.d.). Companies That Don’t Test on Animals.

Retrieved from http://features.peta.org/cruelty-free-

company-search/index.aspx

THESIS (Vingsle, 2014)

Vinglsle (2006) argues that …

Vingsle, C. (2014). Formative Assessment: Teacher

knowledge and skills to make it happen. (Doctoral

dissertation, Umea Universitet, Sweden). Retrieved

from http://umu.diva-

portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A735415&d

swid=7909

GOVERNMENT DOCUMENT (Queensland Health, 2014)

Queensland Health. (2014). Lyssavirus in bats prompts

reminder not to touch the animal. Retrieved from

http://www.health.qld.gov.au/news/stories/140313-

lyssavirus.asp

REPORT FROM A PRIVATE ORGANISATION - AUTHOR

AND PUBLISHER ARE THE SAME (Engineers Australia, 2007)

In a recent study, Engineers Australia (2007)

found …

Engineers Australia. (2007). Telecommunications

Infrastructure Report Card 2007: An Assessment of

Australia's Fixed and Mobile Telecommunications

Infrastructure. Barton ACT: Author

NOTE: When the author and the publisher are the same, write “Author” at the end where you would normally write the publisher.

CONFERENCE PAPER - ONLINE (Sheehan, 2010)

According to Sheehan (2010) ...

Sheehan, S. (2010, October). What to teach and assess from

A1 to C1. Putting the CEFR to Good Use. Paper

presented at the IATEFL Testing, Evaluation and

Assessment Special Interest Group (TEA SIG) and

EALTA Conference in Barcelona, Spain. Retrieved

from

http://www.ealta.eu.org/documents/resources/IATEF

L_EALTA_Proceedings_2010.pdf

ENCYCLOPEDIA OR DICTIONARY (Podium, 2014)

Podium. (2014). In Oxford Dictionaries: Language Matters.

Retrieved from

http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/

podium



DRAFT

POWERPOINT SLIDES (California State University, n.d.)

California State University (n.d.). Introduction to Item

Response Theory. [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from

www.csun.edu/~ata20315/psy427/Topic08_IntroIRT.

ppt

NOTE: In this example there is no author’s name and no date. Use square brackets to show what kind of document it is. Eg. [PowerPoint slides] [Lecture notes]

COURSE HANDOUTS - COURSE HANDOUT/LECTURE

NOTES (Templin, n.d.)

Templin, J. (n.d.). Lecture 2: ICPSR Item Response Theory

Workshop. [pdf]. Kansas: University of Kansas.

NOTE: Use square brackets to show what kind of document it is. Eg. [PowerPoint slides] [Lecture notes]

PERSONAL COMMUNICATION (LETTERS, TELEPHONE

CONVERSATIONS, EMAILS, INTERVIEWS) (J. Amrobit, personal

communication, August 15, 2014)

NOTE: there is no entry in the Reference List entry as the information is not recoverable.

MAGAZINE ARTICLE POPULAR/TRADE/GENERAL

INTEREST (Parsons, 2014) or

Parsons (2014) recommends ...

Parsons, H. (2014, September). Birds in Backyards 3.

Birdlife Australia. 43(9), 69

NOTE: For weekly magazines include the year, month and day. For monthly magazines include the year and month only.

FILM

(Hitchcock, 1954)

Hitchcock (1954) began …

Hitchcock, A. (Producer & Director). (1954). Rear Window

[Motion picture]. US: MGM

NOTE: For movies, DVDs or videorecordings put [Motion picture] in square brackets. Give the country of origin and the name of the movie studio.

SONG (McCartney, 1969)

McCartney (1969) first recorded …

McCartney, P., (1970). Let it Be [Recorded by The Beatles]

On Let it Be. [Album]. London. Apple. (1969).

NOTE: The first date is the date of copyright. The second date is the date of recording. In this example, the song is called “Let it Be” and the album (in italics) has the same title. The recording artist is listed in square brackets.



DRAFT

12 WHAT DO I DO IF … ?

IN-TEXT LIST OF REFERENCES

MALAY NAME (Ena Herni Wasli, 2011)

Recommended method:

Ena Herni Wasli. (2011). Group Stage Drama ‘SIRIH.'

Brunei: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.

NOTE: Enter the name as it appears in the document, but do not include titles like Dato, Haji, Tun or Dr. Do not include bin or binti or Haji or Hajah. The general rule is that if someone is born with the title, it should remain, but if they have acquired it, it is dropped for referencing purposes. Ena Herni binti Wasli becomes Ena Herni Wasli. IMPORTANT NOTE: The APA style guide does not discuss how to reference Malay names. As a consequence there are several different styles in use. We recommend the style above which involves taking out any titles and presenting the name/s in the order they appear. The rationale is that Malay names do not include a family name.

(Wasli, 2011)

However, there are other options. These are also possible:

1. Reference it as you would a western name. Ena Herni Wasli becomes Wasli, E.H.

Wasli, E.H. (2011) … followed by year and document title

(Noor Azam Haji-Othman, 2014)

(Hairuni, 2014)

2. Ask the author how they would like their name referenced. For example, Associate Professor, Noor Azam OKMB Haji-Othman from UBD would tell you that his preference is : Noor Azam Haji-Othman

Noor Azam Haji-Othman (2014) … followed by year and document title

3. Another UBD staff member Hairuni Hj Md Ali Maricar is generally cited as: Hairuni M.A.

Hairuni M.A. (2014) … followed by year and document title

So you can see that the whole area is quite confusing. We recommend the example at the top of the page, but the MOST IMPORTANT RULE is that whatever you choose to do, you MUST BE CONSISTENT. The List of References and the in-text references must match. If you ask the writers you are citing and two or three of them ask for different styles, one option that is sometimes used is to put a note in italics at the top of the page under the ‘References’ heading. In that note you can give a quick explanation of why you have used different styles for different Malay names.



DRAFT

CHINESE NAME (Du, 2011)

Du, W. H. (2011). Empirical study on unbalanced development of

regional environmental economy in china. Asian Social

Science, 7(2), 12-19. Retrieved from Proquest database.

NOTE: Use the first listed name and the initials of the subsequent names. Du Wei Hua becomes Du, W. H.

CHINESE NAME MIXED

WITH ENGLISH NAMES (Chong, 2013)

Chong, C.W.S. (2013). Sarawak: Today and Tomorrow Selangor,

Malaysia: Fajar Bakti.

NOTE: If the first name is an English name, use the first Chinese name as the family name. Start with this, then use the initial of the English name followed by the initials of the other Chinese names. Cassandra Chong Wei Shan becomes Chong, C. W. S.

INHERITED TITLE (Ak Ali Pg Osman, 2014)

(Dk Ismahana Pg Abu, 2014)

(Malai Ahmad Sheikh Amir, 2014)

(Wan Safinah Malai Daud, 2014)

(Ampuan Reza Ampuan Ibrahim, 2014)

(Sharifah Muna Sheikh Adnan, 2014)

Ak Ali Pg Osman (2014). … followed by document title

Dk Ismahana Pg Abu (2014). … followed by document title

Malai Ahmad Sheikh Amir (2014). … followed by document title

Wan Safinah Malai Daud (2014). … followed by document title

Ampuan Reza Ampuan Ibrahim (2014). … followed by document

title

Sharifah Muna Sheikh Adnan (2014). … followed by document

title

NOTE: Inherited titles such as Awangku, Pengiran, Dayangku, Malaj, Wan, Ampuan and Sharifah should not be removed. Only conferred titles are removed.

CONFERRED TITLE (Mahathir Mohamad, 2011)

Mahathir Mohamad (2011). The challenges of turmoil. Selangor,

Malaysia: Pelanduk Publications.

NOTE: Drop titles like Dato, Haji, Tun or Dr. Do not include bin or binti or Haji or Hajah. Tun Mahathir Mohamad becomes Mahathir Mohamad.

NO NAME NOTE: If it is a book, place the book title in the author position. If it is a wepage, use the title of the page. If it is a newspaper, use the article title. If it is a corporate website, use the corporation name. If it is a government website, use the name of the department.

NO DATE NOTE: If there is no date, use the abbreviation (n.d) meaning no date.



DRAFT

MULTIPLE AUTHORS 1st time you cite: (Moll, Saez & Dworin, 2001)

Moll, Saez and Dworin (2001) demonstrate

…

2nd time you cite: (Moll et al., 2001)

Moll et al. (2001) demonstrate …

NOTE: When a work has three, four or five authors, cite all authors the first time, and in subsequent citations include only the first author followed by et al. If there are six authors, you can use et al. the first time you cite.

Moll, L.C., Saez, R., & Dworin, J. (2001). Exploring Biliteracy:

Two Student Case Examples of Writing as a Social Practice. The

Elementary School Journal, 101(4), 435-449 NOTE: The information must be written out fully according to the style for the particular document you are working with (book, journal, etc.)

MULTIPLE TEXTS - DIFFERENT AUTHORS (Schmoker, 2008; Spillane, 1998)

NOTE: Sometimes two or more authors have said the same thing and you are paraphrasing all of them. In that case you list them in brackets as above separated by a semi-colon.

Schmoker, M. (2008). Measuring what matters. Educational

Leadership, p. 70-74.

Spillane, J. P. (1998). State policy and the nonmonolithic nature of

the local school district: Organizational and professional

considerations. American Educational Research Journal, 35(1), 33-

63.

NOTE: In the List of References, you list them separately in alphabetical order as you normally would.

MULTIPLE TEXTS – ONE AUTHOR-DIFFERENT YEARS (Olson, 1994, 1995)

Olson, D. R. (1994). The world on paper. Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press.

Olson, D. R. (1995). Conceptualizing the written word: An

intellectual autobiography. Written Communication,

12(3), 277-297.

MULTIPLE TEXTS – ONE AUTHOR -SAME YEAR

(Singer, 2009a, 2009b)

Singer, P. (2009a). Animal Liberation: The definitive classic of

the animal movement. Melb: Harper Perennial

Singer, P. (2009b). The life you Can Save: Acting now to end

world poverty. NY: Random House.

NOTE: If you have two or more works by the same author in the

same year, in your list of references, number them a, b, c and so

on. Then refer to them the same way in-text.

WESTERN NAMES (Donovan, 1938)

Donovan, P.A. (1938) … followed by document title The family name is almost always the last name. Paul Alex Donovan = Donovan, P.A. NOTE: There is an exception when there is a comma after the first name. Donovan, Paul Alex = Donovan, P.A.



DRAFT

SECONDARY SOURCE Sybler (as cited in Green, McCulloch and

Black, 2003) introduced …

You want to use information from Sybler, but you haven’t read the original. You found it in another author’s work. For the In-text citation name the author being paraphrased or quoted AND in brackets show where the information was found.

Green, P., McCulloch, E., & Black, J. (2003). Introduction to

Psychology: A Primer. New York, NY: Black

Publishing House.

If you want to quote or paraphrase something that Sybler said, but you haven’t seen the original, you’ve only read a quote or paraphrase in another source, then you need to do two things:

1. In-text use the name of the person you are citing (in this case Sybler), but in brackets show the secondary source (the place where you read the information).

2. In the List of references, ONLY cite the secondary source.

13 RECOMMENDED WEBSITES

FOR MORE INFORMATION http://apastyle.org/

FOR PRACTICE - QUIZZES http://latrobe.libguides.com/content.php?pid=145852&sid=1268095

https://ilrb.cf.ac.uk/citingreferences/apaactiv2/index.html (double click the items!)

https://ilrb.cf.ac.uk/citingreferences/apaactiv1/index.html

https://ilrb.cf.ac.uk/plagiarism/quiz/index.html

https://ilrb.cf.ac.uk/plagiarism/whentocite/index.html

http://symmetree.smartbuilder.com/repository/ReferencingDragNdropV2/loz0003b6000000000001

f/share.html

http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2010/05/alphabetization-in-apa-style.html

APPENDICES

The papers in the appendices were written by students in LE-1503 and LE-2503. The students have

generously agreed to have their papers reproduced here so that future students will have a good

idea of what is required.

Thank you to Sabrina binti Mohamad Daud, Regene Lim Kychin, AHM Saiful Hakimin PH Duraman, Dk Nur

Afiqah Jalwati Puteri Pg Md Caesar Perkasa Putera; and Norhasnizan binti Hj Abd Razak, Nurul Fatin Afiqah

Bte Haji Abdul Razak ; Zatil Izni Syamimi Bte Hj Awg Tengah.

APPENDIX A – SAMPLE ESSAY

APPENDIX B – SAMPLE REPORT

http://apastyle.org/

http://latrobe.libguides.com/content.php?pid=145852&sid=1268095



https://ilrb.cf.ac.uk/plagiarism/quiz/index.html

https://ilrb.cf.ac.uk/plagiarism/whentocite/index.html

http://symmetree.smartbuilder.com/repository/ReferencingDragNdropV2/loz0003b6000000000001f/share.html

http://symmetree.smartbuilder.com/repository/ReferencingDragNdropV2/loz0003b6000000000001f/share.html

http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2010/05/alphabetization-in-apa-style.html

BRUNEI, ABU DHABI AND DEPLETING OIL AND GAS RESERVES

21

DRAFT

SAMPLE ESSAY

MARKING CRITERIA COMMENTS

1. Content Good work on the research. Evidence and ideas are relevant to the topic and are well organized.

2. Language & Style Good vocabulary. Some mistakes with grammar, but they don’t interfere with meaning.

3. Coherence Excellent structure (thesis statement, topic sentences, organization of paragraphs). Good linking of ideas.

4. Referencing Excellent referencing.

MARK A

The following essay is printed with permission of the authors and was written as a group project by:

Sabrina binti Mohamad Daud, Regene Lim Kychin, AHM Saiful Hakimin PH Duraman, Dk Nur Afiqah

Jalwati Puteri Pg Md Caesar Perkasa Putera (2014).

BRUNEI, ABU DHABI AND DEPLETING OIL AND GAS RESERVES 1

1

DRAFT

What can Brunei Darussalam learn from Abu Dhabi or Qatar’s

exploration of alternative energy sources to ensure Brunei’s economic

prosperity in the light of its depleting oil and gas reserves?

Sabrina binti Mohamad Daud, Regene Lim Kychin, AHM Saiful

Hakimin PH Duraman, Dk Nur Afiqah Jalwati Puteri Pg Md Caesar

Perkasa Putera

LE-1503


October, 2014.


DRAFT

As the world’s population continues to grow, the strain increases on the limited

energy resources that can be provided, particularly its finite oil and gas reserves.

According to Central Intelligence Agency, CIA (2014), the world’s oil reserves have

been depleting as there is only a proven reserve of 1.63 trillion barrels left. Thus, it is

vital to look into alternative energy resources to reduce the world’s over-reliance on oil

and gas. Brunei and Qatar are two particular examples of oil-producing countries that

need to focus more on sustainable alternative energy resources to meet the rising

demands of their people and to ensure the prosperity of their respective economies.

However, Qatar has made far more progress in exploring alternative resources compared

to Brunei. This essay will discuss: the current status of Brunei and Qatar’s oil and gas

reserves; actions in overcoming the prevalent issue of over-dependency on oil and gas,

using solar energy in particular; and what Brunei can learn from Qatar towards enhancing

Brunei’s economic prosperity.

Brunei’s oil and gas are depleting and it is now looking towards alternative

energy resources. According to CIA World Factbook (2014), it was estimated in 2013

that Brunei has proven reserves of 1.1 billion barrels of crude oil. Despite the country’s

continuous efforts in preserving their sustainability, Brunei’s amount of oil and gas is still

moving in a downward trajectory. Thus, Brunei is determined to search for alternative

energy resources in order to maintain its economic prosperity. A number of possible

options - namely solar, wind, biomass and hydroelectricity - have been considered.

Currently, solar energy has been discovered to have the highest potential as a major

alternative in Brunei, due to the high availability of solar radiation in the country since it

is located near to the equator. A few projects have been conducted to prove this. For

instance, a solar diesel battery hybrid electric power system was installed in the

Temburong district back in 2000, and the first demonstration solar power plant that is

able to provide 1.2 MW of renewable energy was built in the Belait district in 2011

Comment [u1]: NICE BACKGROUND. This raises the reader’s interest

Comment [u2]: GREAT! Your THESIS statement is simple and clear. It effectively tells the reader what to expect in your three body paragraphs.

Comment [u3]: GOOD. TOPIC sentence is very simple, but it does its job well. It is quite clear what your paragraph will be about.

Comment [u4]: GRAMMAR - 2013 is the past. >> Brunei had

Comment [u5]: GRAMMAR - Delete

Comment [u6]: GRAMMAR – due to its location

Comment [u7]: ‘Prove’ is a word that is best avoided in academic essays. It is really hard to ‘prove’ anything at all.


DRAFT

(Green Brunei, 2014). Another example to show that solar thermal energy is highly

viable in the country and a significant level of technologies can be utilised is the

production and experimentation of a solar cooker in a local university, which yielded an

interior temperature of 130°C without any reflectors (Malik, 2011). This energy may be

the key in preventing the reduction of oil and gas supplies and in sustaining the country’s

economic prosperity. In order to achieve this, “The government has made it a priority to

increase production in oil and gas, reassure an efficient and considerable supply of

energy and improve the economy with the help of the energy sector by 2030, as stated in

the Energy White Paper” (Islam and Bahari, 2012, p. 9). Additionally, more solar-

powered plants are already under development to help provide energy in exchange for oil

and gas. According to Malik (2011), Brunei has also formed partnerships with Japan and

USA in expanding Brunei’s use of other alternative resources. With this, Brunei attempts

to ensure that it is not over-reliant on its oil and gas.

Qatar’s oil and gas are also depleting, however, it has more proven reserves than

Brunei and it is already exploring alternative energy resources. Statistics as revealed by

CIA World Factbook (2014) show that Qatar has the third largest amount of proven

natural gas resources in the world which is 25.2 trillion cubic metres, and also 25.38

billion barrels of proven oil reserves as of 2013. It is clearly evident that these figures far

exceed those of Brunei’s. This is also apparent based on the reserves-to-population ratio

for oil resources of both nations, which can be derived based on the amount of available

reserves for each country divided by the generally-known population numbers

respectively. Qatar’s figure is approximately 12,000 barrels per person while the figure

for Brunei is estimated at 2,700 barrels per person. Nevertheless, Qatar has taken a

proactive approach towards achieving a sustainable future in the field of energy by

expanding their potential resource options, such as the use of biofuels and assessing the

prospects of solar, nuclear, geothermal and hydroelectric energy applications for the gulf

nation. Qatar is currently more focused on using solar energy as an alternative as its

Comment [u8]: GRAMMAR – this sounds odd. We don’t usually qualify the word ‘viable.’ Drop the word ‘highly.’

Comment [u9]: GRAMMAR - with

Comment [u10]: GRAMMAR - to

Comment [u11]: This would benefit from a rewrite.

Comment [u12]: WRONG WORD. You’ve said that Brunei is already exploring alternatives too. IN this sentence, do you want to say ‘is also exploring’ OR do you want to say ‘is further advanced in its exploration’ ?

Comment [u13]: Delete

Comment [u14]: GRAMMAR >> Brunei

Comment [u15]: Did you calculate this, or do you need to cite a source?


DRAFT

geographical location ensures that the country receives a high solar exposure. One of the

major actions that has been taken by Qatar is the construction of a polysilicon production

plant in Ras Laffan Industrial City which is projected to produce 8000 tonnes per year of

polysilicon - a vital component in photovoltaic cells used for solar energy generation

(Bachellerie, 2012 in Bhutto, Bazmi, Zahedi and Klemes, 2014). Furthermore, in the light

of Qatar’s successful bid for the hosting of the World Cup in 2022, it has plans to build

new stadiums equipped with solar-powered cooling facilities (Marsh, 2013). In fact,

Darwish (2013) stressed that His Highness The Emir of Qatar has pledged in December

2012 whereby at least two percent of Qatar’s energy production would be supplied by

solar energy by the year 2020. This further highlights Qatar’s ever-growing commitment

towards the application of solar technologies to sustain its future energy requirements.

Brunei has much to learn from Qatar in finding alternative energy resources to

maintain and improve its economy by taking more actions in diversifying its options. It

was discovered that Brunei has the potential to produce more than 16,000 MW of solar

power (ASEAN Affairs, 2011). Therefore, similar to Qatar’s goal in achieving a two

percent target of solar-produced energy by 2020, Brunei has the ability to supply most of

its required energy through solar-powered plants. Solar energy can be used in the

production of materials to further expand the development of solar power generation,

hence broadening the applications of the technology. Brunei can also decide to use solar

energy for more useful purposes such as providing a better environment and service for

the society by channeling and widening its usage to improve Brunei’s infrastructure.

Brunei must learn from Qatar to advance its research on more energy resource options

such as nuclear energy, geothermal energy and biofuels. This, however, will require a

huge sum of financial investment which Brunei needs to take into account of. Moreover,

Brunei must be prepared to take risks and be more ambitious in undertaking projects and

cooperating with more countries to achieve a better future for Brunei in its energy sector.

Comment [u16]: You could simplify this: ‘hosting the’

Comment [u17]: GRAMMAR – check this and rewrite.

Comment [u18]: Example?

Comment [u19]: GRAMMAR – Check your grammar here.


DRAFT

In conclusion, Brunei and Qatar have both taken steps to reduce their dependency

on oil and gas, hence assuring the stability of their respective economies. This essay has

discussed Brunei’s rising interest in solar energy and the projects that the sultanate has

embarked upon to utilise this renewable resource. Qatar, on the other hand, has

conducted more studies on alternative resources and has used solar energy in the

production of other important materials. In addition, Brunei has to learn from Qatar to

have more initiative and be assertive in taking on projects; to increase research on other

possible energy resources; and to implement solar technologies for better, more

pragmatic applications. This would therefore ensure that Brunei’s economic prosperity

can still be preserved in the light of the depletion of its limited oil and gas resources, for

the benefit of its current and future generations on its road of transition from being a

developing country to becoming a developed nation.

Comment [u20]: This is quite strong. Do you mean ‘could learn?’

Comment [u21]: GRAMMAR – Phrasal verbs are best avoided. Better to replace it with something more academic.

Comment [u22]: NICE final sentence. It takes the reader back to the essay topic.


DRAFT

REFERENCES

Asean Affairs (2011). Brunei has solar potential. Retrieved on Oct 5 2014 from

http://www.aseanaffairs.com/brunei_news/energy/brunei_has_solar_potential

Bhutto, A.W., Bazmi, A. A., Zahedi, G. & Klemes, J. J. (2014). A review of progress in

renewable energy implementation in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries. Journal

of Cleaner Production, 71, pp. 168 – 180.

CIA World Factbook (2014). The World Factbook. Retrieved on Sept 12 2014 from

https://www.cia.gov/index.html

Darwish, M. A. (2013). Energy status in Qatar. International Journal of Energy Sector

Management, 7 (2), pp. 163 – 193.

Green Brunei (2014). Green Brunei visit to Tenaga Suria. Retrieved on Oct 13 2014 from

http://www.green-brunei.com/green-brunei-visit-to-tenaga-suria/

Islam, S. & Bahari, Z. (2012). Energy Commodities for Economic Growth of Brunei. Institute

Technology of Brunei, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam.

Malik, A. Q. (2011). Assessment of the potential of renewables for Brunei Darussalam.

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15, pp. 427 – 437.

Marsh, S. (2013, April 8). Qatar races to develop solar-powered cooling for World Cup.

Reuters. Retrieved on October 12 from http://uk.reuters.com/article/2013/04/18/uk-

soccer-world-qatar-idUKBRE93H0PC20130418

This essay is printed with permission of the authors and was written as a group project by: Sabrina

binti Mohamad Daud, Regene Lim Kychin, AHM Saiful Hakimin PH Duraman, Dk Nur Afiqah Jalwati

Puteri Pg Md Caesar Perkasa Putera (2014).

Comment [u23]: NICE work on your referencing.

Comment [u24]: Use capital letters.

Comment [u25]: Check your formatting.

28

DRAFT

SAMPLE REPORT

MARKING CRITERIA COMMENTS

1. Sections & layout, length, relevance to

section, on task

Great layout. Two areas for improvement are the section on ‘recommendations’ and the ‘introduction.’ Remember that the recommendations need to be much more closely related to your research findings. For your introduction, consider the sections of the template you were given initially.

What is the problem? Why is it interesting?

Background

Vocabulary / concepts

Scope / limitations You have done most of this, but it could have been stronger.

2. Grammar, Vocabulary, Academic style

Grammar is a weak area in this report. Importantly the problems don’t interfere with meaning, but they do interfere with readability and they do undermine the credibility of your work. In future, you need to spend more time on proof-reading.

3. Referencing

Excellent work on this criterion. Well done!

4. Depth of research, logic, strength of argument

Your use of the literature is strong and you have done some good work with your data collection and analysis. For the most part your report is logical and you’ve argued well. Importantly you’ve been realistic about your findings and have not over-claimed. Generally you have been quite cautious in your findings and your language. Well done.

MARK A

1

DRAFT

FAST FOOD OUTLETS AND EATING HABITS IN BRUNEI

Has the proliferation of fast food outlets in the last 5 years changed the eating habits

of people in Brunei?

Norhasnizan Binti Hj Abd Razak, Nurul Fatin Afiqah Bte Haji Abdul

Razak ; Zatil Izni Syamimi Bte Hj Awg Tengah

LE-2503


April, 2014.


DRAFT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Introduction 3

2. Literature Review 3

3. Methodology 4

4. Findings 5

5. Discussion 8

6. Conclusion 9

7. Recommendations 9

References 10

Appendices

Appendix A: Adults aged 20 years and above who are obese, 2008 12

Gender distribution of survey respondents 12

Appendix B: Age group distribution of respondents 13

Respondents favourite fast food restaurant by gender 13

Appendix C: Top favourite fast food restaurant of respondents 14

Frequency of eating fast food according to respondents age-group 14

Appendix D: Questionnaire on relationship between 15

proliferation of fast food, eating habits and health problems

in Brunei-Muara District

List of Figures

Figure 1: Frequency of eating fast food five years ago compared to these days 5

Figure 2: Respondents frequency of eating fast food, 2014 6

List of Tables

Table 1: Forecast of obese adults aged 30 years and older in Brunei 4

Table 2: Respondent's opinions on the increase of the fast food restaurant over 5

five years affect eating habits of Bruneians

Table 3: Reasons why Bruneians favours fast food 6

Table 4: Respondent's opinion on the relationship between fast food 7

consumption and health problem

Table 5: Respondent's health status 7

Table 6: Row percentages (crosstabulation) for each health condition category 7


DRAFT

with frequency of eating fast food

1. Introduction

This report was requested on January 22, 2014 for LE-2503 Academic Report Writing

and Presentation Skill assessment. The topic is “Has the proliferation of the fast food

outlets in the last five years changed the eating habits of the people in Brunei?”

Findings must be submitted by March 29, 2014. The main task is to research if there

was a change in the eating habits among Bruneians in relation to rise of fast food

outlets during the past five years. An additional interest is the increase of health

problems among Bruneians as a result of unhealthy fast food consumption. Fast food

can cause high blood pressure, obesity and heart disease due to the high amounts of salt

and fat in the food (Therien, 2013). Therefore there could be a relationship between an

increase of health problems, the proliferation of fast food outlets and eating habits of

Bruneians. This report will focus on fast food restaurants and fifty Bruneian customers

aged fifteen to sixty years old in Brunei-Muara District, overlooking foreign buyers and

other district in Brunei Darussalam.

2. Literature Review

Obesity is the number one fastest-growing health problems in Brunei and the number

of Bruneian adults who are obese has doubled to 27 per cent in 2011 compared to 1997

data (Oxford Business Group, 2014).

Research conducted by the American Heart Association on South East Asia

populations showed that people in this region who ate fast food (hamburgers, hot dogs,

French fries and pizza) at least twice a week were 56 per cent more likely to die of

heart disease (Therien, 2013).

According to University of Denver’s (n.d.) forecasting system, total percentage of

Brunei’s adults aged 30 years and older that are obese shows increasing trends from

Comment [u26]: Change the word … perhaps ‘discover’ or ‘find’

Comment [u27]: delete

Comment [u28]: change ‘in response to the’

Comment [u29]: Unnecessary addition - delete

Comment [u30]: GRAMMAR

Comment [u31]: GREAT use of referencing in your Lit Review. Well done.

Comment [u32]: GRAMMAR – future – use ‘will’


DRAFT

29.6 per cent in 2014 to 30.6 per cent in 2030 and by 2060 the obesity rate will reach

one third of the overall population aged 30 years and older (Table 1).

Year 2014 2030 2060

Percentage 29.6 30.6 33.1

Table 1: Forecast of obese adults aged 30 years and older in Brunei

There are twelve new fast food outlets in Brunei from the year 2009 to 2014 which are

five KFC branches, three Sugar Bun outlets, two Jollibee branches and one outlet each

for both Burger King and Pizza Hut (Zin, 2010; “KFC branch opens in SPARK”, 2011;

Noor, 2011&2013; Joanda, 2011&2012; Lee, 2012; “KFC opens in Mentiri”, 2013;

Adnan, 2013; & Salleh, 2014).

3. Methodology

Research for this report was conducted through survey and references from newspaper

and authorised websites. The aim of the survey is to gather data and information on

Bruneians eating habits and preference in relation to fast food. A common set of

questions was used for all the surveys and the survey was in English language. A self-

administered survey with fifteen questions was used and was conducted from 8th

to 19th

March 2014. The number of respondents is fifty people which are approximately 0.02

per cent of the total population in Brunei-Muara Districts. The target respondent for the

survey are Brunei’s working age-group aged between fifteen to sixty years old and they

were randomly chosen at shopping complexes, government office and universities.

Microsoft excel was used to analyse the data and for constructing the tables and

figures. Simple statistics methods also used to analyse the data such as cumulative

Comment [u33]: GRAMMAR ‘are’ = now You want from the past until now

Comment [u34]: meaning is not clear. What is an ‘authorised website?’



DRAFT

frequency distributions and crosstabulations. The responses of the survey will not

reflect the views of a majority of Bruneians about the research.

4. Findings

Almost 85 per cent of the respondents say either slightly agree or agree that the

increase of the fast food restaurant over five years does affect Bruneians eating habits

(Table 2).

Respondent’s opinion Number of respondents Percentage

Disagree 0 0%

Slightly disagree 0 0%

Neutral 8 16%

Slightly agree 17 34%

Agree 25 50%

Total 50 100%

Table 2: Respondent's opinions on the increase of the fast food restaurant over five years affect eating habits of Bruneians

Nearly one-third of the respondents say they eat more fast food nowadays compared to

5 years ago (Figure 1).

Less

30%

More

32%

Same

26%

Not Sure

12%

Frequency of eating fast food five years ago compared to

these days

Comment [u36]: Why not? More explanation of the limitations of your survey is needed.


Comment [u38]: GRAMMAR Only one restaurant?

Comment [u39]: Change to >> the last five years


DRAFT

Figure 1: Frequency of eating fast food five years ago compared to these days

Figure 2 shows that both responds for ate fast food more than once a week and ate fast

food twice a month score 29 per cent followed by eating fast food once a week (21 per

cent).

Figure 2: Respondents frequency of eating fast food, 2014

Table 3 shows the three main reasons why the respondents favour fast food; fast (70

per cent), tasty (68 per cent) and affordable price (54 per cent).

Reasons Number of respondents Percentage

Accessible 24 48%

Affordable 27 54%

Ambience 2 4%

Convenient 22 44%

Fast 35 70%

Quality 6 12%

Tasty 34 68%

Table 3: Reasons why Bruneians favours fast food

29%

21%

29%

17%

4%

Respondents frequency of eating fast food, 2014

More than once a week

Once a week

Twice a month

Once a month

Other

Comment [u40]: FONT - labelling – should use a headline font to differentiate it from other text.

Comment [u41]: wrong word



DRAFT

The majority (90 per cent) of the respondents says either slightly agree or agree that

there are relationship between fast food consumption and health problem (Table 4).

Respondent’s opinion Number of respondents Percentage

Disagree 0 0%

Slightly disagree 0 0%

Neutral 5 10%

Slightly agree 15 30%

Agree 30 60%

Total 50 100%

Table 4: Respondent's opinion on the relationship between fast food consumption and

health problem

Around two-fifth (42 per cent) of the respondents are healthy and about one-third (34

per cent) is either overweight or obese and one of the obese respondents (2 per cent) is

also having diabetes and high blood pressure disease (Table 5).

Health status Number of respondents Percentage

Healthy 21 42%

Underweight 12 24%

Overweight 11 22%

Obese only 5 10%

Obese, diabetic and

high blood pressure 1 2%

Total 50 100%

Table 5: Respondent's health status

A crosstabulation is use to find out the relationship between both variables that is a

health condition and frequency of eating fast food (Table 6).

Health condition

of respondents

More

than

once a

week

Once a

week

Twice

a

month

Once a

month

Other Never Total

Underweight 33.33 8.33 16.67 41.67 0.00 0.00 100.00

Healthy 38.10 33.33 19.05 4.76 4.76 0.00 100.00





Comment [u47]: GRAMMAR ‘also has’

Comment [u48]: PUNCTUATION


DRAFT

Unhealthy exclude

underweight 11.76 11.76 52.94 11.76 5.88 5.88 100.00

Table 6: Row percentages (crosstabulation) for each health condition category with frequency of eating fast food

5. Discussion

Based on the findings, there is no correlation seen between the respondent’s eating

habits and the increased of fast food outlets for the past five years. Although there is an

increase of approximately twelve new fast food outlets from the year 2009 to 2014

(Zin, 2010; “KFC branch opens in SPARK”, 2011; Noor, 2011&2013; Joanda,

2011&2012; Lee, 2012; “KFC opens in Mentiri”, 2013; Adnan, 2013; & Salleh, 2014),

there is no significant difference in the frequency of fast food consumption of the

respondents today compare to five years ago as shown in Figure 1. However 84 per

cent of the respondents slightly agree and agree that the eating habits of Bruneians were

affected by the increase of the fast food outlets for the past five years (Table 2).

From the findings, it is seen that half of the respondents eat fast food at least once a

week (Figure 2). This could be because in the fast food outlets, the preparation of meals

is fast, tasty and the price is affordable. Other reasons could be accessibility,

convenience, and have high ambience and quality (Table 3). It is also seen that 29 per

cent of the respondents eat fast food more than once a week. These respondents are 56

per cent more likely to die of heart disease (Therien, 2013). There is a relationship

between fast food consumption and health problems according to almost all (90 per

cent) of the respondents (Table 4).

Obesity has become one of the fastest growing public health problems in Brunei

(Oxford Business Group, 2014). There is an increasing trend in obesity among Brunei’s

Comment [u49]: Could be? Does your research point to this?

Comment [u50]: Again … is this based on your research? Does the research suggest …?

Comment [u51]: Wow! That’s bad news for the respondents. I’d suggest changing this around so that the focus is on the risk rather than on the respondents. According to Therien (2013) this group is at greater risk because consumption of fast food more than once a week increases risk of death from heart disease by 56 per cent

Comment [u52]: This could also be worded with more caution. Ninety per cent of respondents believe that …


DRAFT

adult aged 30 years and older (University of Denver’s, n.d.). According to Table 5,

approximately one-third of the respondents are either overweight or obese and one of

the obese respondents has both diabetes and high blood pressure. However from Table

6, shows that there is no distinct relationship between unhealthy respondents with the

frequency of eating fast food. This because if there is relationship between both

variables (health condition and frequency of eating fast food), the more frequent the

respondents consume the fast food the greater the percentages are for the unhealthy

respondents but in Table 6 it does not reflect those answers. Therefore there is no

relationship between the two variables.

6. Conclusion

In conclusion, although majority of the respondents slightly agree and agree that the

eating habits of Bruneians were affected by the increase of the fast food outlets for the

past five years and almost all of them agree there is relationship between fast food

consumption and health problems but from the survey analysis results, there is no

relationship between the increase of health problems in particular obesity, the

proliferation of fast food outlets and eating habits among the respondents.

7. Recommendations

In order to stay healthy, Bruneian should adopt a healthy lifestyle by reducing the

quantity and frequency of eating fast food but consume more healthy food and do

exercise regularly. Bruneian also should maintain their body mass index at healthier

level and do health screening yearly to prevent or detect any early symptoms of

diseases. Ministry of Health should vigorously promote awareness programmes to

public on healthy diet through media, roadshows and seminars.

(1,286 words)


Comment [u54]: Use more caution … ‘suggests’

Comment [u55]: Wrong word

Comment [u56]: This sentence needs a rewrite.

Comment [u57]: It is possible to collapse this into one category and report that ‘the majority of respondents agree that …’


Comment [u59]: GOOD conclusion. It is clear and simple and it links back to your initial report question.

Comment [u60]: GRAMMAR Only one Bruneian? Which one?

Comment [u61]: This information is not within the scope of your report. You haven’t discussed this previously. The content of this section needs to be more aligned to your research. You might recommend that the link between fast food and health problems needs to be monitored as although there is no obvious short term link, a link may become more evident over time. A reference to that effect would be useful.


DRAFT

References

Adnan, A. (2013, July 12). First in Brunei, KFC opens drive-thru. The Brunei Times.

Retrieved from www.bt.com.bn/2013/07/12/first-brunei-kfc-opens-drive-thru

Joanda, Z. (2011, November 12). Eleventh KFC outlets opens at Airport Mall. The Brunei

Times. Retrieved from www.bt.com.bn/happenings/2011/11/12/eleventh-kfc-outlets-

opens-airport-mall

Joanda, Z. (2012, May 24). Pizza Hut opens at Airport Mall. The Brunei Times. Retrieved

from www.bt.com.bn/happenings/2012/05/24/pizza-hut-opens-airport-mall

Joanda, Z. (2012, October 27). Sugar bun opens Mulaut branch. The Brunei Times. Retrieved

from www.bt.com.bn/2012/10/27/sugarbun-opens-mulaut-branch

KFC branch opens in SPARK. (2011, September 3). The Brunei Times. Retrieved from

www.bt.com.bn/happenings/2011/09/03/kfc-branch-opens-spark

KFC opens in Mentiri. (2013, November 11). The Brunei Times. Retrieved from

www.bt.com.bn/happenings/2013/11/22/kfc-opens-mentiri

Lee, M. F. (2012, November 23). Jollibee opens 13th in Times Square. The Brunei Times.

Retrieved from dns.btclick.com.bn/2012/11/23/jollibeeopens13th-branch-timessquare

Noor, A. (2011, August 1). Sugar Bun open fifth outlet in Giant Rimba. The Brunei Times.

Retrieved from www.bt.com.bn/happenings/2011/08/01/sugarbun-opens-fifth-outlet-

giantrimba

Noor, A. (2013, October 24). KFC opens at The Core, UBD. The Brunei Times, p. 12.

Comment [u62]: EXCELLENT work on referencing. Well done.

http://www.bt.com.bn/2013/07/12/first-brunei-kfc-opens-drive-thru

http://www.bt.com.bn/happenings/2011/11/12/eleventh-kfc-outlets-opens-airport-mall

http://www.bt.com.bn/happenings/2011/11/12/eleventh-kfc-outlets-opens-airport-mall

http://www.bt.com.bn/happenings/2012/05/24/pizza-hut-opens-airport-mall

http://www.bt.com.bn/2012/10/27/sugarbun-opens-mulaut-branch

http://www.bt.com.bn/happenings/2011/09/03/kfc-branch-opens-spark

http://www.bt.com.bn/happenings/2013/11/22/kfc-opens-mentiri

http://www.bt.com.bn/happenings/2011/08/01/sugarbun-opens-fifth-outlet-giantrimba

http://www.bt.com.bn/happenings/2011/08/01/sugarbun-opens-fifth-outlet-giantrimba


DRAFT

Oxford Business Group. (2014). A good prognosis: health care strategies target prevention

and best practices. The report: Brunei Darussalam 2013. Oxford Business Group.

Retrieved from http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/news/good-prognosis-health-

care-strategies-target-prevention-and-best-practices

Salleh, I. (2014, February 26). Burger King opens for business. The Brunei Times, p. 13.

Therien, S. (2013). Statistics of health risks from eating fast food. Livestrong.com. Retrieved

from http://www.livestrong.com/article/383621-statistics-of-health-risks-from-

eating-fast-food/

University of Denver. (n.d.). Forecast categories for Brunei. International Futures, University

of Denver. Retrieved from

http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=BN

World Health Organization. (2013). World health statistics 2013. World Health Organisation.

Retrieved from

http://www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/EN_WHS2013_Full.pdf

Zin, R. A. (2010, December 22). Fourth Sugar Bun outlet open in Times Square. The Brunei

Times. Retrieved from www.bt.com.bn/happenings/2010/12/22/fourth-sugarbun-

outlet-opens-times-square

http://www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/EN_WHS2013_Full.pdf

http://www.bt.com.bn/happenings/2010/12/22/fourth-sugarbun-outlet-opens-times-square

http://www.bt.com.bn/happenings/2010/12/22/fourth-sugarbun-outlet-opens-times-square


DRAFT

Appendix A

Adults aged 20 years and above who are obese, 2008 (World Health Organization, 2013)

Gender distribution of survey respondents

Age group distribution of respondents

Male

26%

Female

74%

Gender distribution of survey respondents

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

15 - 20 21 - 25 26 - 30 31 - 40 41 - 50 51 - 60

Nu

mb

er o

f R

esp

on

den

ts

Age Group / years old

Age group distribution of respondents

Country Male Female

% Ranked % Ranked

Brunei Darussalam 8.5 2 7.2 4

Cambodia 1.6 9 2.8 9

Indonesia 2.5 6 6.9 5

Lao People’s Democratic Republic 1.7 8 4.1 8

Malaysia 10.4 1 17.9 1

Myanmar 2.0 7 6.1 7

Philippines 4.5 5 8.3 3

Singapore 6.6 3 6.2 6

Thailand 4.9 4 11.8 2

Viet Nam 1.2 10 2.0 10

South East Asia 1.7 - 3.7 -

Global 10.0 - 14.0 -


DRAFT

Appendix B

Respondents favourite fast food restaurant by gender

Top favourite fast food restaurant of respondents

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Percen

tag

e o

f resp

on

ds

Fast food restaurants

Respondents favourite fast food restaurant by gender

Male

Female

3

0 0

7

9

4

9

3

6

0 0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Nu

mb

er o

f resp

on

den

ts

Fast food restaurants

Top favourite fast food restaurant of respondents


DRAFT

Appendix C

Frequency of eating fast food according to Bruneian age-group

0

1

2

3

4

5

Everyday > 3 times a

week

Once a

week

Twice a

week

Once a

week

Other

Nu

mb

er o

f R

esp

on

den

ts

Age group / frequency of eating fast food

Frequency of eating fast food according to Bruneian age-group

15 - 20 years old

21 - 25 years old

26 - 30 years old

31 - 40 years old

41 - 50 years old

51 - 60 years old


DRAFT

UNIVERSITI BRUNEI DARUSSALAM

SURVEY PARTICIPANT INFORMATION SHEET

1. Topic of survey

Relationship between proliferation of fast food, eating habits and

health problem in Brunei-Muara District.

2. Purpose of survey

The survey is part of the module assignment requirement. This

has been assigned to students who are taking module LE-2503

Communication Skills II: Academic Report Writing and

Presentation Skills. The purpose of this survey is to investigate

the relationship between the increase of fast food outlets, eating

habits and health conditions of the respondents.

3. Confidentiality

The survey collects no identifying information of any respondent.

All of the response in the survey will be recorded anonymously.

4. Name of researchers

Nurul Fatin Afiqah binti Haji Abdul Razak

Zatil Izni Syamimi binti Haji Awang Tengah

Norhasnizan binti Haji Abdul Razak

If you have any questions regarding the survey or this research project

in general, please contact any of the researchers above at their

respective email. By completing and submitting this survey, you are

indicating your consent to participate in the study. Your participation is

highly appreciated.

Appendix D

Comment [u63]: EMAILS DELETED FROM THIS DOCUMENT FOR PUBLICATION PURPOSES.

https://www.google.com.bn/url?url=https://eginc.ubd.edu.bn/SiteAssets/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=12&rct=j&sa=U&ei=3JsAU7PJNKmTiAewzYG4DA&ved=0CC8Q9QEwAQ&q=ubd+logo&usg=AFQjCNEmckqJe_2udmqxAcajOKRqgM-j0Q


DRAFT

SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

Please put a “” in the corresponding □

1. Gender

□ Male □ Female

2. Which age group are you in?

□ Below 15 □ 31 – 40

□ 15 – 20 □ 41 – 50

□ 21 – 25 □ 51 – 60

□ 26 – 30 □ Above 60

3. Weight (kg)

___________________________________________ (please

state)

4. Height (cm)

___________________________________________ (please

state)

5. Are you currently on medication? If yes, please more than

one if applicable.

□ No □ Diabetes mellitus

□ Cancer □ Hypertension

□ Cardiovascular/heart disease □ Obesity

□ Other, _________________________________ (please

specify)

6. Do you like fast food?

Comment [u64]: GOOD font size throughout.

Comment [u65]: You made tables for some of the information you asked, but you didn’t actually use it in the main part of your report. So in fact it was not necessary to ask some of these questions. In future, always carefully consider what information you need. Don’t ask questions if you aren’t going to use the information.

Comment [u66]: We go from general to specific questions and from simple to more invasive. This may be a cultural issue, but as an Australian, I’d be reluctant to answer this question honestly on a questionnaire; particularly if it is one of the first questions. Once I have an idea of what sort of information you want (later in the questionnaire), I would be more inclined to answer honestly. However, if Bruneians would have no problem with this question, and if you are only surveying Bruneians, then it would be okay … but I’d still recommend putting it later on the basis that it is more specific than some of the other questions.

Comment [u67]: Now, that’s an easy, general question and would be good as the first question.


DRAFT

□ Yes

□ No ___________________________________ (please

specify)

7. Do you eat in fast food restaurants? If yes, please more

than one the reason why, if applicable.

□ No (please proceed to question 12)

□ Accessible

□ Affordable

□ Ambience

□ Convenient

□ Fast

□ Quality

□ Tasty

□ Other, ________________________________ (please

specify)

8. How often do you eat in fast food restaurants? Please one

only.

□ Everyday □ Twice a month

□ More than 3 times a week □ Once a month

□ Once a week

□ Other, ________________________________ (please

specify)

9. Which time of the day do you normally eat in the fast food

restaurant? Please more than one if applicable.

□ Breakfast □ Hi-tea

□ Brunch □ Dinner

□ Lunch

□ Other, ________________________________ (please

specify)



DRAFT

10. What is your favourite fast food restaurant? Please more

than one if applicable.

□ Ayamku □ KFC

□ Burger King □ McDonald

□ Express RBC □ Pizza Hut

□ Ideal □ Sugarbun

□ Jollybee □ Tasconi pizza

□ Other, ________________________________ (please

specify)

11. Please specify and rank your top three favourite fast food

restaurant.

i. _______________________________________________

_____

ii. _______________________________________________

_____

iii. _______________________________________________

_____

12. How often do you eat fast food five years ago compare to

these days?

□ Less

□ More

□ The same

□ Not sure

13. Do you think the increase of the fast food restaurant over the

past five years affect eating habits of Bruneians? Please

one only.

Disagree Slightly

Disagree

Neutral Slightly

Agree

Agree

□ □ □ □ □





DRAFT

14. Do you think there is a relationship between fast food

consumption and health problems? Please one only.

Disagree Slightly

Disagree

Neutral Slightly

Agree

Agree

□ □ □ □ □

15. Other opinion, please specify.

_________________________________________________

_____

_________________________________________________

_____

End of questions.

Thank you for your participation.

Comment [u72]: Rewrite this.

Comment [u73]: GOOD

DRAFT - · PDF fileDRAFT . Language Centre ... and Norhasnizan binti Hj ... Reference List...

Documents

Transcript of DRAFT - · PDF fileDRAFT . Language Centre ... and Norhasnizan binti Hj ... Reference List...