Draft CSP Moradabad CSP

PLAN MORADABAD

NAGAR NIGAM MORADABAD,

MORADABAD, INDIA

ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF

INDIA

HYDERABAD, INDIA

CITY SANITATION PLAN

MORADABAD

CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD

ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

PREFACE

ABSTRACT

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

LIST OF FIGURES/ CHARTS/ GRAPHS

LIST OF TABLES

CHAPTER 01

INTRODUCTION

1.1 CONTEXT

1.2 CSP SANITATION RANKING

1.3 EXPECTED OUTPUTS

1.4 NUSP AND STATE SANITATION PLAN

1.5 CSP PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES

1.6 CSP APPROACH, SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

1.7 CSP METHODOLOGY

1.8 CSP COMMUNICATION NEEDS ASSESSMENT

CHAPTER 02

CITY PROFILE

2.1 DEMOGRAPHY

2.2 TOPOGRAPHY

2.2 ECONOMY

2.3 URBAN POVERTY AND SLUMS

2.4 INSTITUTIONAL ARRAGEMENTS

CHAPTER 03

SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SANITATION IN THE CITY

3.1 SERVICE PROFILE

3.1.1 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

3.1.2 SEWERAGE AND STORM WATER DRAINAGE

3.1.3 WASTE WATER GENERATION AND TREATMENT

3.1.4 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

3.2 ASSESSMENT OF SANITATION FACILITIES IN POTENTIAL AREAS

3.2.1 SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION AT HOUSEHOLD LEVEL

3.2.2 SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION IN SLUM AREAS (COMMUNITY TOILETS)

3.2.3 SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION IN INSTITUTIONAL AREAS

3.2.4 SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION AT HOSPITALS

3.2.5 SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION AT SCHOOLS



3.2.6 SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION AT COMMERCIAL/ MARKET PLACES

3.2.7 SANITATION IN INDUSTRIAL AREAS

3.2.8 SANITATION AT OTHER POSSIBLE POTENTIAL AREAS

3.2.9 SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF WATER BODIES

3.3 FINANCIAL PROFILE OF THE CITY

3.4 COST RECOVERY AND USER CHARGES

3.5 O&M ARRANGEMENTS

3.6 IEC AND AWARENESS ISSUES

CHAPTER 04

INFERENCES/ GAPS IDENTIFICATION AND REQUIREMENTS

4.1 SUMMARY OF THE KEY ISSUES

4.2 IEC AND AWARENESS- MESSAGES & CHANNELS

CHAPTER 05

KEY POTENTIAL ISSUES

5.1 IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF KEY POTENTIAL ISSUES USING MATRIX METHOD

5.2 PRIORITIZING THE IDENTIFIED POTENTIAL ISSUES USING MATRIX METHOD

5.3 SOLUTIONS TO KEY POTENTIAL ISSUES USING MATRIX METHOD

CHAPTER 06

PROPOSALS/ RECOMMENDATIONS

6.1 SWOT ANALYSIS

6.2 VISION

6.3 SANITATION OPTIONS

6.3.1 TECHNOLOGICAL OPTIONS

6.3.2 FINANCING OPTIONS

6.3.3 COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF OPTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF MOST APPROPRIATE OPTIONS

6.3.4 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS

6.3.5 IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS

6.3.6 LINKAGE WITH STATE SANITATION PLAN

6.3.7 IEC AND AWARENESS ACTION PLAN

6.3.8 MONITORING AND EVALUATION

CHAPTER 07

ROAD MAP

BEST PRACTICES

REFERENCES

APPENDIX



CHAPTER 01

INTRODUCTION

1.1 CONTEXT

The population of India is 1027 million with approximately 28% or 285 million living in urban centers

and it is expected that the share of urban population will increase to about 40% of total population

by the year 2021. This is in sharp contrast to only 60 million (15 percent) who lived in urban areas in

1947 when the country became independent. During the last fifty years the population of the

country has grown two and half times, while the urban India has grown by nearly five times. The

positive role of urbanization has often been over-shadowed by the deterioration in the physical

environment and quality of life in the urban areas caused by widening gap between demand and

supply of essential services and infrastructure. It is further associated with many problems, such as

high levels of poverty, environmental stress, risks to productivity, high health costs, and lack of

access to basic services, such as water supply, sanitation, and housing. The insufficient availability of

services, inadequate awareness and also poor operation and maintenance has also given rise to poor

sanitation conditions. Hence, therefore, proper allocation of resources both in terms of human and

monetary will improve the sanitary conditions and also awareness among people – in turn improve

the hygienic conditions of the city.

Since the level of investments and participation required for this sector i.e. on water supply,

sanitation and solid waste management is of very high order, it is felt that the national level

initiatives are required that would bring the Central, State and Local governments and on the other

side Non-government organizations and public participation are also required together to ensure

proper flow of necessary funds to bring about any kind of developments and improvements in these

sectors to an acceptable level in tune with the international standards. The government should also

recognize the urban issues which require integrated approaches that specifically target the urban

poor and slum areas, promote sanitation and sewerage services at basic household levels to

community levels and develop the city as a living eco-sanitation and foster the involvement of

private sectors and also the civic societies.



Considering Moradabad, this city and its development activities are the prime drivers of sanitation

and sewerage problems and also problems in solid and liquid waste management and in other key

potential areas such as slaughter houses, hospitals, public places, institutions, industries and schools,

the Vision provides incentives or development strategies at every possible potential areas at local

level, and also incentives that can be undertaken at institutional, structural and fiscal reform levels

that are necessary for improved and sustainable service delivery systems – addressing all sectors/

groups of population and also enhance the operation and maintenance of these services. The

incentives also include IEC strategies and action plans to bring awareness and improve the public

participation in well-utilization of available sanitation and sewerage services. Thus, in order to

propose any strategies/ proposals for the improvements of the city’s sanitation and sewerage

conditions and reduce the potential problems of the city, it is very important to make a situational

analysis of the current conditions.

1.2 CSP SANITATION RANKING

The Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD), Government of India (GoI), organized and conducted

the comprehensive survey during Mar- Jun 2010, to carry out sanitation rating exercises for the 436

Class-I cities of India. In order to ensure the standard outputs, a uniformly methodology (Annexure

1) administered across the cities that follows a standard set of steps, fixes the protocol for data

collection and analysis, and uses a consistent analysis and evaluation scheme leading to valid and

comparable results. Brief details of city sanitation ranking indicators are given below.

Three Categories of Indicators

The rating exercise will involve three categories of indicators:

1. Output Indicators: pertain to the city having achieved certain results or outputs in different

dimensions of sanitation ranging from behavioral aspects and provision, to safe collection,

treatment and disposal without harm to the city’s environment. There are nine main output-

indicators accounting for 50 points of the total of 100 points.

2. Process Related: indicators pertain to systems and procedures that exist and are practiced

by the city agencies to ensure sustained sanitation. There are seven main process-indicators

accounting for 30 points of the total of 100 points.



3. Outcome Related: indicators include the quality of drinking water and that of water in

water-bodies of city, as also the extent of reduction in sanitation-related and water-borne

diseases in the city over a time period. There are three main outcome-indicators accounting

for 20 points of a total of 100 points (The weights for output, process and outcome

indicators are valid for this round of rating. In later years, with improvements in the situation

of cities and better availability of data, greater importance and hence, weights will be

accorded to outcome indicators).

Ideally, data for the above outputs, processes and outcomes should have been regularly collected by

city authorities but at present, very few cities will have, at best, partial data. This rating exercise will

help in highlighting the need for regular data-collection and monitoring of indicators.

Based on CSP ranking methodology (see Annexure 1.1) which is applied to the current study city i.e.

Moradabad, following all the indicators at different levels and giving marks to each indicator

resulted in overall marks for Moradabad city as 38.322/100, which states the rank is #138 for

Moradabad city out of 423 cities in India (see Annexure 1.2). The following chart shows the total

points and secured points for the Moradabad city for different indicators.

Fig. 1.1: RATING CHART FOR SANITATION IN CITIES-MORADABAD

NO INDICATORS TOTAL

POINTS

POINTS

SECURED

1 OUTPUT RELATED 50 13.9

A No open defecation sub-total 16 5.9

I Access and use of toilets by urban poor and other un-served

households (including slums) - individual and community sanitation

facilities

4 0

II Access and use of toilets for floating and institutional populations -

adequate public sanitation facilities

4 1.1

III No open defecation visible 4 0.8

IV Eliminate Manual Scavenging and provide personnel protection

equipment to sanitary workers

4 4



B Proportion of total human excreta generation that is safely collected

(6 points for 100%)

6 2

C Proportion of total black waste water generation that is treated and

safely disposed of (6 points for 100%)

6 0

D Proportion of total grey waste water generation that is treated and

safely disposed of

(3 points for 100%)

3 0

E Proportion of treated wastewater that is recycled and reused for non

potable applications

3 0

F Proportion of total storm-water and drainage that is efficiently and

safely Managed

(3 points for 100%)

3 2

G Proportion of total solid waste generation that is regularly collected

(4 points for 100%)

4 1

H Proportion of total solid waste generation that is treated and safely

disposed of

(4 points for 100%)

4 0

I City wastes cause no adverse impacts on surrounding areas outside

city Limits

(5 points for 100%)

5 3

2 PROCESS RELATED 30 13.9

A M&E systems are in place to track incidences of open defecation 4 3

B All sewerage systems in the city are working properly and there is no

exfiltration

(Not applicable for cities without sewerage systems)

5 1.3

C Septage / sludge is regularly cleaned, safely transported and disposed

after treatment, from on-site systems in the city (Maximum 10 marks

for cities without sewerage systems)

5 3

D Underground and Surface drainage systems are functioning and are

well maintained

4 2



E Solid waste management (collection and treatment) systems are

efficient (and are in conformity with the MSW Rules, 2000)

5 1.6

F There is clear institutional responsibility assigned; and there are

documented operational systems in practice for b)/c) to e) above

4 3

G Sanctions for deviance on part of polluters and institutions is clearly

laid out and followed in practice

3 0

3 OUTCOME RELATED 20 10.6

A Quality of drinking water in city compared to baseline 7 4.6

B Water quality in water bodies in and around city compared to

baseline

7 0

C Reduction in water-borne disease incidence amongst city population

compared to baseline

6 6

TOTAL 100 38.322

Thus, one of the main objectives of the City Sanitation Plan is to increase the points of Moradabad in

these different indicators, which is only possible after detailed understanding and analysis of the

existing situation and ground realities. Based on the situational analysis, key potential issues and

gaps are identified and then recommendations are made which are economically feasible and

ecologically sustainable.

1.3 EXPECTED OUTCOMES

• Roll out ‘Sanitation Vision and Goals’ for Moradabad City to become open defecation city by

2015

• Brings out the Moradabad City Sanitation Situational Analysis

• Highlights the major sanitation gaps and recommendations to overcome them in a

acceptable timeframe

• IEC &Awareness action plan with indicative budget

• Suggest low cost and high impact initiatives before new projects funding approved by

central/state governments

• Suggest institutional & regulatory framework to improve and sustain the sanitary services



• Suggest convergence of institutions & people participation in city sanitation

• Improve the Moradabad city sanitation rating

1.4 NUSP AND STATE SANITATION PLAN

The National Urban sanitation Policy launched during 2008 envisages “All Indian cities and towns

become totally sanitized, healthy and livable and ensure and sustain good public health and

environmental outcomes for all their citizens with a special focus on hygienic and affordable

sanitation facilities for the urban poor and women.”

1.5 CSP PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES

The overall goal of National policy is to transform Urban India into community-driven, totally

sanitized, healthy and livable cities and towns. Specific goals include:

A. Awareness Generation and Behavior Change,

B. Open Defecation Free Cities,

C. Integrated City-Wide Sanitation,

D. Sanitary and Safe Disposal, and

E. Proper Operation & Maintenance of all Sanitary Installations.

The City Sanitation Plan (CSP) is aimed at developing and maintaining a clean, safe and pleasant

physical environment in Moradabad city to promote social, economic and physical well-being of all

sections of the population. It encompasses plan of action for achieving 100% sanitation in the city of

Moradabad through demand generation and awareness campaign, sustainable technology selection,

construction and maintenance of sanitary infrastructure, provision of services, O&M issues,

institutional roles and responsibilities, public education, community and individual action, regulation

and legislation.

The principal components of city-wide approach include:

(a) Collection and sanitary disposal of wastes, including solid wastes, liquid wastes, excreta,

industrial wastes, clinical and other hazardous wastes;

(b) Storm water drainage;



(c) Cleansing of thoroughfares, markets and other public spaces;

(d) Environmental sanitation education;

(e) Inspection and enforcement of sanitary regulations;

(f) Monitoring the observance of environmental standards.

1.6 CSP APPROACH, SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

The process detailed below for planning urban sanitation and wastewater management

improvements offers a step-by-step guide for:



Fig. 1.2: Process for planning urban sanitation

Profiling NNM: As a preparatory work, a preliminary profiling of Moradabad City was carried out

using Service Level Benchmarking (SLB) indicators, City Sanitation Ratings and secondary data

sources to highlight the ODF status, sanitation situation, health indicators and status of current

ongoing projects.

Stakeholder Analysis: Nagar Nigam Moradabad is in the frontline of implementation and has a key

role in ensuring sanitation and should focus on demand responsive approach. Plan formulation

through stakeholder consultation will provide the foundation for CSP which has government

endorsement as well as an informed civil society to monitor its implementation. To play their part,

as per the requirements of CSP, institutions, organizations, individuals, NGOs, academics, journals,

Finalization of CSP at Stakeholder Workshop 10

Initiating IEC Activities 5

Stakeholder Analysis

Constituting: CTF

Core Team – Technical Core

Team - IEC

Sensitisation / Orientation Workshop

Profiling ULB 1

4

Developing and Consolidating CSP

Situation Analysis and Mapping Current Status

Formulation of Action Plans & Road Map

Problem Analysis and Assessment of Options

Surveys

Transect walks

FGDs

Planning for:

Solutions

Selecting options

New facilities

Behaviour change

Monitoring and

Evaluation

Data collection

& Gaps 6

7

8

9

3

2

Preparatory

Steps



local councilors, industry owners, consultants, representatives of private sector etc are identified

and analyzed the strengths and competencies required for sanitation.

Constituting City Sanitation Task Force ‘CSTF’ – CSTF has been constituted (Annexure ) headed by

Mayor of Moradabad City to mobilize Stakeholders to elevate the consciousness about sanitation in

the mind of municipal agencies, government agencies and amongst the people of the city. CSTF will

organize a multi-stakeholder, multi-party meeting in the preparatory stage, and take a formal

resolution to make the city 100% sanitized. The task force should meet periodically to monitor and

guide the process of planning and implementation.

Sensitisation/Orientation Workshop: A sensitisation cum orientation workshop involving identified

stakeholders and City Sanitation Task Force was organised on 16 November 2010 at Moradabad to

access the concerns & issues of citizen about the city sanitation. Dr S T Hasan, Mayor and Mr Sri

Ram, Nagar Ayukt Moradabad chaired the meeting and Col J Jamwal, Advisor, ASCI Hyderabad gave

a comprehensive presentation highlighting the importance of sanitation issues relating to toilets

access especially in slums; awareness generation for changed behaviour and practices; community

participation and mobilization to accord sanitation priority at all levels from policy to action on

ground; and a number of technical, institutional and financial issues to be addressed in CSP. All the

CSTF members, prominent citizen, NGOs, corporators of various political parties, nagar nigam

officials, media people etc actively participated and expressed their views about the state of city

sanitation. The list of the CSTF members & participants and summary of their concerns are given in

Annexure 1.3.

Fig. 1.3 & 1.4 CSTF Meeting at Moradabad



Initiating IEC activities: The objective of well driven IEC has to be demand-driven with social

marketing approaches to increase demand for toilets and ensure hygiene behaviors, promote

government schemes for household toilets, and encourage diversity in technology and design. For

this purpose Nagar Nigam may utilize suitable players for IEC and training from the existing system

like; ward development committees, health institutions, schools, National Service Scheme

volunteers, self help groups, neighborhood committees and NGOs.

Tools Used: Data Templates, Survey Questionnaire, Transect Walks along with schedules of

interviews (Slums, markets, water bodies), Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), Discussions with Nagar

Nigam Officials, Stakeholders Consultations at city level etc.

Problem Analysis and Assessment of Options: Followed by situational analysis problem and

challenges have been identified in coverage, access, treatment and disposal, institutional, financial,

social and cultural aspects and capacity concerns. Also reviewed comprehensive range of sanitation

and wastewater management options, including industrial and municipal sewerage, sewage

treatment , conventional & low cost centralized and decentralized sewerage, separate and

combined effluent disposal options, on-site sanitation options, separate programs for schools,

public toilets, sanitation in slums, community-based NGO-supported programs etc.

Purpose of options analysis is to identify plausible technical, financial and institutional solutions and

will consider (i) unit cost per beneficiary, (ii) maximizing both human and environmental benefits,

(iii) sustainability, (iv) a long term plan, (v) government policy including land use zoning, (vi) piloting

new approaches, (vii) beneficiary participation, (viii) wastewater as a resource, (ix) lessons learned

from the past and (x) political commitment.

Developing and Consolidating CSP: Having completed above steps, CSP has been formulated to

articulate Sanitation Goals, specific quantifications both in terms of technical, capacities and

financials based on stakeholder consultations and the analysis of choices made depending on costs

of capital investments, operation and maintenance, monitoring, and evaluation.

The study will prioritise & focused on the following:

(i) Serving the un-served urban poor



(ii) Serving the un-served schools

(iii) Serving the un-served public areas

(iv) Institutional capacity building for sustainability and environmental monitoring

(v) Grant elements for demonstration pilot projects for eco-sanitation (private

developers)

(vi) Rehabilitation of existing facilities.

(vii) Improvement of existing sanitation (septic tank sludge and effluent treatment).

(viii) Extension of existing sewerage and sewage treatment (as a last priority).

Action Plan and Road Map

Keeping in view the vision and goals, city sanitation action plan and road map has been evolved in

terms of short, medium and long term projects.

1.7 CSP RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The current project on City Sanitation Plan for Moradabad city highlights the extent of services

provided at city level and proposes strategies to improve the conditions of services with long term,

medium term and short terms strategies which are at-most low cost high impact strategies. This

research study requires wide range of data in various areas and population groups, to develop a

robust analysis and produce outputs; and this is only possible with well-established methodology to

achieve the required set of results. This chapter primarily focuses on the methodology of this

research and illustrates that is undertaken in the current project. The methods used within this

project were varied and chosen in order to achieve the most robust and valuable information in

meeting the requirements of aims and objectives. This chapter also outlines the epistemological

research methods that are most appropriate for this current research study.

EPISTOMOLOGY AND ONTOLOGY CONSIDERATIONS: The research study will consider the

epistemology, which acts as an important basis for any research in natural and social science

projects (Willis, 2007). Since the evaluation of existing situation of services require wide range of

data, the current project shall reflect on components such as water services, sewerage services, solid

waste management services at city level, making sure that it reflects upon the entire sanitation and



solid waste management scenario of the city. According to Sarantakos (2005), the diversity in

ontology and epistemology directly influence the research study. Further, there is no single fixed rule

to conduct a social research study; different people follow different methods and different ways to

explain and understand the research. Underlying these different explanations are paradigms which

are considered by Babbie (2007) to be fundamental models or frames of references we use to

organize observations and reasoning. These different paradigms are just different ways of looking at

a research study; they are neither true nor false way of approaches. These paradigms make their

own assumptions about the nature of the social reality and each inspires different kinds of research

(see Babbie, 2007).

This research has recognized a positivist paradigm which focuses on applications that involve social

aspects in natural aspects. The social aspects in this current research would be of population and the

services available to them. The paradigm of positivist is the most suitable approach, since it

emphasizes on human behavior and surveying different groups of population i.e. in relevant to the

current study, understanding the human behavior in terms of their usage of the available sanitation

and sewerage facilities of different respondents. This project study also considers the situational

analysis of available services provided and the usage patterns of these services by the population

throughout the city. This research project study also into qualitative analysis to support the

interpretations made which includes interviews, Questionnaire surveys and analysis of primary and

secondary data to estimate the current status of sanitation and sewerage and other key potential

issues and also to evaluate the possible recommendations/ proposals to meet the goals of the

project. Thus, positivism approach is most appropriate to the current study. In addition, the other

possible paradigm is Critical Realm which also considers social factors involved in shaping the city

and its infrastructure services and facilities. It was expected that population’s role in usage patterns

of these available infrastructure facilities influence the healthy and livable conditions of the city.

Since the research project study considers the population’s socio-economic and demographic details

and their behavior that influences the living conditions in the city, the critical realism can also be

considered as an apt approach. Further to epistemology considerations, ontology of the research

considered the constructive nature. This is primarily depended upon the facts that the research

being accomplished solely by population at the city level and also unavoidable personal bias in

carrying out the research.



RESEARCH STRATEGIES: The current research project is in assessment of key potential problems

related to sanitary, sewerage and solid waste management and provides suitable strategy options to

overcome them. Therefore, this involves robust and in-depth study for which Case Study Approach

was used for analyzing the situation and gaps in sanitary conditions. As the case study approach of

research is more precise to specific boundaries and make convenience in collection of data

(Denscombe, 2007; Blaxter et al, 2006), it became the appropriate strategy for the current project

study. Therefore, the case study population that was chosen for the current research study includes

population at residential areas, slum areas, institutional areas, schools, hospitals, public areas,

industries, market places, commercial areas and understanding the sanitary conditions at these

places.

RESEARCH METHODS: As this research study involves qualitative analysis that involves statistical

methods to support the situational analysis and interpretations of the research team. And one of the

best qualitative methods is a closed Questionnaire interview which directly helps in collecting the

required data and estimates the gaps and conditions – based on which the proposal could be given

to improve the existing conditions. In addition, there is also detailed analysis of policy reviews of

various documents in order to get the complete picture of present and future scenario of the city

developments.

The prime objective of research study in assessing the situation of key potential problems related to

sanitary, sewerage, water supply and solid waste management in the city with the chosen research

paradigm is only possible with Questionnaire interviews. The other possibility in the assessment

includes Focus Group Discussion. This would be used on various participants or respondents within

the study area, but taking care to cover entire city population and different possible potential areas

those affecting from poor sanitation and sewerage facilities and high rate of open defecation. The

Questionnaires are the only means of gathering first hand information, thus they play vital role in

any research studies (Oppenheim, 2001). Further, Oppenheim (2001) also states, Questionnaires are

cheapest means of data collection without any bias, less cost of processing and the best way to

cover wide range of population within the study region.

The Questionnaire those used in this project study were of different categories and these categories

are based on the criteria that complete sanitary, sewerage, water supply and solid waste of the city

is understood and analyzed. The Questionnaires are designed so as to get the complete picture and



make the situational analysis of the city sanitary conditions – thus different Questionnaires are

designed for different target areas such as for households include residential, slums and other

possible potential areas. The other set of Questionnaires target areas such institutions, public areas

(community toilets and public toilets), hospitals, schools, commercial/ market areas, industries and

other potential areas such as slaughter houses and water bodies. There are separate Questionnaires

prepared for each category in order to know the present conditions of toilet facilities and their usage

conditions. On the other hand to support these Questionnaires, Focus Group Discussions are also

conducted at slum areas, selected residential areas, with elected representatives and other potential

areas to understand the situation of sanitary, sewerage, water supply and solid waste management

conditions of the city. The following table illustrates the different activities undertaken by the

research team to make a situational analysis and also the focused areas of the Questionnaire

interviews and the type of tools used to gather the required information and also the sample sizes at

each level to support and further understand the situations.

S.NO. ACTIVITIES FOCUSED

AREAS TOOLS SAMPLING SAMPLE SIZE

01 Household

surveys Household level Questionnaire

Random

Sampling

Upto 300

households

02

Focused

Group

Discussions

Slum areas,

residential

areas, elected

representatives,

and other

potential areas

Check list Random

Sampling 10 – 12 FGDs

03 Institutions

Collector office,

Municipal

office, Bus &

Rail station,

etc.,

Questionnaire Random

Sampling 10 (in Nos)

04 Community

Toilets

All potential

areas Questionnaire

Random

Sampling 50 – 100%

05 Public Toilets

All potential

areas Questionnaire

Random




06 Hospitals

All Hospitals

with 100+ beds

(must) or 50 –

100 beds


Sampling

10 – 15 (in

Nos)

07 School

Sanitation

Primary,

Secondary, High

school and all

government

schools


Sampling 10%

08 Slaughter

Houses

Potential areas Questionnaire Random

Sampling 2 – 3 (in Nos)

09 Commercial/

market areas

Potential areas

(include

Questionnaires

both for

shopkeeper and

customers)


Sampling

10 – 15 (in

Nos)

10 Industries Potential areas Questionnaire Random

Sampling 5 – 10 (in Nos)

11 Secondary

Data - Check list - -

12 Water Bodies Potential areas Questionnaire Random


1.8. CSP COMMUNCATION NEEDS ASSESSMENT

Information, Education and Communication (IEC) & Capacity Building strategy are integral to the

core issue of developing the city sanitation plan. In fact it will lead to development of robust yet

effective awareness and communication strategy for promoting hygiene & sanitation in the city to

trigger behavior change and demand for sanitation. The strategy will aim for citizen participation in

improving city sanitation specifically reaching out to the slum dwellers and urban poor in the city. It

will evolve a methods, tools & techniques, and use of various media (interpersonal, print, electronic,

folk etc) including advocacy with opinion leaders, NGOs/CBOs and other stakeholders to deliver

awareness strategy in the city.



Objectives: The objective of IEC & Capacity Building Strategy is to evolve an effective plan of

sustainable programmes for capacity building and sensitization of implementers, education and

enhanced awareness for stakeholders specifically citizens regarding sanitation activities in

Moradabad City. The strategy is designed to:

• Strengthening CSP implementation by Nagar Nigam Moradabad (NNM) through training

and capacity building;

• Sensitize citizens for adopting water wastage minimization, segregation & management

of solid waste and open defecation free practices through IEC campaign.

• By working at both the levels mentioned above a culture of communications and

consultations is fostered leading to participation.

Methodology: Moradabad is renowned for its brass work and popularly known as Brass City or

Peetal Nagri. The city faces specific challenge of Water and Sanitation services. This pose challenges

to the city administration with respect to water supply, toilets, solid waste management and storm

water drainage. It is found that communication strategy is a crucial element in improving service

delivery standards. However, apart from educating citizens on health and hygiene, improving

municipal processes by way of citizen consultation and participation remains a necessary goal;

without citizen inputs right from the design stage to implementation of water and sanitation

projects risk failure.

Communication needs assessment identified three stages for implementation of Information,

Education and Communication strategy for improvement in water and sanitation services. These are

1) Awareness, 2) Process and 3) Compliance. While it is generally understood that these stages

would lead to better citizen participation in the schemes, it is in fact imperative for all stakeholders

to be appraised of them from their own specific stand points. Awareness includes an understanding

of health and hygiene related education specifically directed towards slums. Equally important is an

awareness of municipal officials about the problems face by all the city residents including slum &

middle class households and sanitation workers. This awareness is generally taken for granted. Here,

we propose that open and specific appraisals be carried out without assuming too much of prior

knowledge regarding sanitation issues. Next is to create processes which are essential to maintain

improved services. These could include citizen participation in community toilet maintenance,



outsourcing of operations and maintenance to private partners in public toilets, solid waste

management and establishing citizen grievance resolution systems to name a few. A consolidation

of these gains can only occur when all stakeholders comply with the laid down norms. As system of

incentivizing desirable behaviors and weeding out undesirable behaviors must be developed, these

programmes, processes and goals will be set by the Nagar Nigam.

The key idea is to carry out a needs assessment within the existing infrastructure of service delivery.

Following steps were identified before visiting the field:

1. Identifying stakeholder groups and available channels of communication

2. Focus Group Discussions, Interviews, Transect Walks.

3. Topic Guides and Probes prepared for each stakeholder group.

4. Field assessment of communications needs to be carried out.

These methods helped us to evolve a case study approach towards communication needs

assessment for Moradabad city. Case study approach offers the best possible method for

evolving a Information, Education and Communications strategy for the city concerned. The

random sampling based survey will be labour intensive and time consuming. Moreover,

such a survey is likely to conceal extreme situations within the city. A case study approach

utilizing information sampling can reveal much more through discussions with citizens on

the margins and those on the frontlines of implementation.

Stakeholders: Opinion leaders to be targeted as a high influence group both for interviews and

implementation of communications strategies among residents, establishments and Nagar Nigam

officials. Residents include all those living within city municipal limits; they can be classified as HIG,

LIG and slum dwellers. Shopkeepers and commercial establishments constitute a separate group

especially for generation of market waste. Specifically, in Moradabad a series of focus group

discussions (FGDs) conducted with slum residents in various parts of the city. Interview and

discussions included officials from various Nagar Nigam departments particularly Health & Sanitary

officials, sanitation workers, prominent citizens, residents in middle class areas, NGOs involved in

water and sanitation sector, shopkeepers, media persons etc.



Locations for FGDs & Transact Walks were selected to represent the variety of samples. Generally,

slum in outskirts and those in interiors offer two different typologies. The core city areas are

predominantly by small scale brass works units and business class. Similarly there are slum on the

outskirts are predominant with muslim, SC or ST population.

Probes for interviews and FGDs:

1. Residents including slum residents

• Awareness regarding Health and Hygiene: The current practices and awareness regarding ill-

effects of lack of sanitation, ODF, hand washing, water logging etc.

• Awareness regarding government schemes/policies for improving water and sanitation:

NUSP, SUDA, DUDA, sources and channels of such knowledge and communication.

• Awareness regarding various technical options toilets.

• Willingness to upgrade sanitation facilities: financial, space and behavioural

constraints

• Participation in any public awareness campaign regarding sanitation, agencies that

carried the campaign and learning from the campaign.

• Activities of local SHGs and other community organizations such as RWAs.

• Media consumption patterns reading newspapers, Cable TV etc

• Information regarding demography of the slum, quality of water supply etc.

• Complaint resolution system: complaints and mechanisms of resolution, how do they deal

with water and sanitation crisis, approaching local corporators, complain to Nagar Nigam,

satisfaction level with current arrangement.

2. Municipal officials

• Role envisaged for communication for implementing CSP.

• Channels of communication at Nagar Nigam’s disposal, extent to which these

channels are being exploited.

• Technological options, geographic and infrastructural issues involved in

implementing Water and Sanitation schemes.



• M&E, feedback, support, rewards: Maintenance of citizen grievance records,

discernible patterns in complaints, efficiency of complaint redressal.

• Details of any specific communication campaign being taken up, Content, Channels

used, budget allocated, awareness regarding multiplying message through media.

• Kinds of training given to Safai Karamcharies for safe disposal of waste etc and their

satisfaction level what has been provided to them.

3. Commercial establishment and Public places

• Observation regarding sanitation is these places.

• Practices involved in disposal of commercial waste such as door to door collection,

segregation.

• O&M practices, regular upkeep of public places.

• Major complaints, public redressal mechanisms and its effectiveness.

• Willingness to pay user charges for public toilets.



CHAPTER 02

CITY PROFILE

Moradabad is a small town in Western part of the state of Uttar Pradesh, in Northern India. It was

founded in c. 1600 as part of Mughal Emperor Akbar’s Empire. It was named Rustam Nagar and was

later changed to Moradabad after Murad, the son of Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, also the grandson

of Akbar. Today, Moradabad is also the headquarters of a district by the same name. It is located on

the banks of Ram Ganga River. The City has a population of around eight lakh and thirty seven

thousand in an urban area of 70 sq.m. The following image gives the locational and regional setting

of the city.

Fig. 2.1: Regional location of Moradabad city

The city has a decent infrastructure for transport and medical services. It is well connected by rail to

Delhi, Calcutta and Lucknow. Among interesting places to visit are the Jama Masjid, built in 1631 by

Rustam Khan (allegiance to Mughal Emperor Akbar and the original founder of the city). Moradabad

falls en route from Delhi to any popular hill stations in the Kumaon region of Uttarkhand (like

Nainital, Ranikhet etc) or Jim Corbett National Park (Tiger Reserve). So for anyone staying in

Moradabad, a safari to the Corbett National park is a must. For those who love the mountains,

Kumaon hills await. Nainital, Naukuchiatal, Bhimtal, Ranikhet and Almora are close by and worth

visiting. In recent years, the city has seen sudden spurt in construction works that has resulted in to

the establishment of several posh high-end societies and townships. The city has grown manifold

since then and has firmly established itself as flourishing commercial town.



The geographical area of the Moradabad District is 70 Sq. Km. The city is situated in western U.P.

between 28°-21´ to 28°-16´ Latitude North and 78°- 4´ to 79 Longitude East. It has an average

elevation of 186 metres (610 feet).

Presently it is an administrative, industrial and commercial city of western UP. After the

establishment of Divisional Commissioner Office, its importance and status has further been

elevated. This city lies on National Highway 24 from traffic and transport point of view and is a main

Railway Station, also Divisional Headquarters of Northern Railways, on Howrah & Amritsar main line.

It is very well connected with main cities like Delhi, Lucknow, Indore, Patna, Haridwar, etc. by Rail

and Road transport.

Fig. 2.2: Connectivity of Moradabad city

Ramganga River flows in the north east and Ganga River is there in south west of the city.

The temperatures vary in summer from 43°C to 30°C and in winter from 5 °C to 25 °C.

2.1 DEMOGRAPHY

The total geographical area of Moradabad District is 70 sq kms. Its total population as per 2001

census is 6,52,248.

The following table2.1 gives the population details of the city:



Table 2.1: Trend in Population growth

YEAR POPULATION DECADAL INCREASE GROWTH RATE

1961 189238

1971 270340 81102 42.8%

1981 386202 115862 42.8%

1991 429214 43012 11.13%

2001 652248 223034 51.9%

2010 837000 184752 28.3%

Source: Nagar Nigam Moradabad, 2010

Fig. 2.3: Population growth graph of Moradabad city

0

500000

1000000

19

61

19

71

19

81

19

91

20

01

20

10

Population growth

Population

growth


2.2 SOIL AND TOPOGRAPHY CONDITIONS

It lies within the great Gangetic plain, and is demarcated into three subdivisions by the rivers

Ramganga and Sot. The eastern tract consists of a submontane country, with an elevation slightly

greater than the plain below, and is traversed by numerous streams descending from the Himalayas.

The central portion consists of a level central plain descending at each end into the valleys of the

Ramganga and Sot. The western section has a gentle slope towards the Ganges, with a rapid dip into

the lowlands a few miles from the bank of the great river.



2.3 ECONOMY

Primarily the economy of Moradabad District is agrarian based. However, there are number of small

scale cottage industries in the city. Major crops cultivated in the district are Paddy, wheat, sugarcane

and mustard. There is a network of Agro based industries namely Rice and Dal Processing Units in

Moradabad District. Over 15000 small scale industry units are spread all over the district having

more concentration on urban cities – Moradabad and Sambhal. Moradabad city is famous for the

Brass Metal Handicrafts and exports. Moradabad is renowned for brass work and has carved a niche

for itself in the handicraft industry throughout the world. The brassware is exported to several

foreign countries across the world. Therefore, Moradabad is also called ‘Brass City’ or Peetal Nagri.

The city is also known as the Brass City or Peetal Nagri (the Hindi equivalent of Brass City). The city

has carved out a niche for itself worldwide in brass related handicrafts and products. There are more

than Six Hundred Export Oriented Units engaged in brass work in Moradabad, exporting nearly INR

2,500 worth of Brass Products. Furthermore, there are more than Five Thousand small medium scale

industries engaged in Brass Work in the district. One will find everything possible made in Brass from

utensils, to decorative items, to furniture, to jewelry, to cutlery, to statuettes, to handicrafts. Other

than Brass, the Industrialization of Moradabad also revolves around Furniture, Glass, Aluminum,

Animal Bone and Horn, Kitchen-ware, combs, and wooden sticks in a smaller but significant manner.

Recently other products like Iron Sheet Metal wares, Aluminium Artworks and Glassware's have also

been included as per need of the foreign buyers. Due to increase of exports and popularity in

foreign especially in Europe, America, and other countries, a large number of exporters are

establishing their units and started their export business.

2.4 URBAN POVERTY & SLUMS

There are a about 100 notified slum settlements in Moradabad city. The approximate slum

population is 1,80,000 in 2010. The list of slums is given in Annexure 2.1.The percentage of slum

population to total population is 21% in 2010.



Fig. 2.4: Graph of Slum population to total population

0

500000

1000000

2010

Total

population

Slum

population

Source: NNM & DUDA 2010

The total number of slum households is approximately 30,000 and the percentage of slum

households to total households is 23% in 2010.

Fig. 2.5: Graph of Slum households to total households

0

50000

100000

150000

2010

Total

households

Slum

households

Source: NNM & DUDA 2010

Slum location map is given in Annexure 2.2.

2.4.1 OPEN DEFECATION

The areas of open defecation are Kundanpur, Dhakka, Fazalpur, Panditangala, Manpar Narayanpur,

Mau, Mainather,Dhimri,Kalyanpur,Lodhipur,Bhimather,Sirkoi,Meerpur,ShahpurTigri, Kajipura,

Bhattawali, Paipatpura, Lakdi, Chauhani ki Milak, Pandit Nagla ki milak, Jhajhanpur, Daanshah ki

milak. Map showing open defecation areas is given in Annexure 2.3.

2.5 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS

The Nagar Ayukt is the highest administrative body of Moradabad city. The Health Department

(Swasth Vibhag) and Engineering Department (Nirman Vibhag) are the two executive bodies

responsible for implementation of the solid waste management plan and civil infrastructure in the

city, respectively. The Health Department is involved in planning and management of the SWM

activities and in providing sanitary facilities to the residents of Moradabad. The Engineering

department works in coordination with the Health department and undertakes civil and

infrastructure development activities for the city. The Varisht Nagar Swasth Adhikari and the Chief



Engineer are the senior officers of the Health and Engineering departments respectively, who report

to the Nagar Ayukt.

The administrative charts for each of these governing bodies are as shown below:

Fig. 2.6: Administrative Set-up of Nagar Nigam Moradabad for Solid waste management

ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT

HEALTH DEPARTMENT

Nagar Ayukt

Upper Nagar Ayukt

Sahayak Nagar Ayukt

Varishth Nagar Swasth Adhikari

Chief Sanitary Inspectors (2)

Zonal health officers

Sanitary Inspectors (5)

Supervisors

Safai karamcharis

Chief Engineer

Executive Engineers

Assistant Engineers

Junior Engineers



CHAPTER 3

SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SANITATION IN THE CITY

3.1 SERVICE PROFILE OF THE CITY

3.1.1 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

3.1.1.1 Source of Water

The source of water in Moradabad city is mainly ground water. The following tables give the list of

sources of water.

Table 3.1: Sources of water

List of Ground water sources:

1598 hand pumps

73 power bores with pump sets


There are 73 power wells in Moradabad city, 1598 hand pumps and 327 public stand posts. There

are 6 tankers for fulfilling the water demand in the needed areas. The average volume of water

produced in Moradabad city is 141.68 MLD.

Table 3.2: Water Production capacity

Type of Source Unit Installed Production

Ground water (power pumps) MLD 141.6 141.6

Total MLD 141.6 141.6




3.1.1.2 Existing Transmission, Distribution and Storage Capacities

The total length of distribution network is 480 km.

Table 3.3: Water distribution

Length of distribution network Kilometers 480

Average age of distribution pipes Years 30

Total service storage capacity in network MLD 39.23

Tankers Trips Trips/Month 180

Total area covered by distribution network Sq Km 60


3.1.1.3 Service coverage

Table 3.4: Number of service connections


The duration of water supply is 2 to 3 hrs. per day on an average.

Total Number of Service Connections 37768

Domestic House service connections 36057

Commercial Connections 1384

Number of PSPs (Public Stand Posts) 327



3.1.1.4 Water Consumption

Table 3.5: Volume of Water Consumed and Billed

Type of connection Unit Unmetered Total

House Service Connections MLD 95.55 95.55

Public taps MLD 13.65 13.65

Commercial MLD 6.83 6.83

Industrial MLD 6.83 6.83

Institutional MLD 6.83 6.83

Other MLD 6.83 6.83

Total MLD 136.5 136.5


3.1.1.5 Water Quality

Table 3.6: Water service quality

Average duration of water supply Hours/day 2-3

Leaks reported in the year Number 90

Leaks repaired in the year Number 90

Details of Water Quality Lab Utility/Other 1 No.




Table 3.7: Treated Water Quality Surveillance

Sample location Sampling

Frequency

Number of Samples tested for

Residual

Chlorine

Bacteriological Physical/chemical

At outlet of WTP 2 / Zone 2 2 2

At intermediate points 2 / Zone 2 2 2

At consumer end 2 / Zone 2 2 2

Total 6 / Zone 2 6 6

Total Tests Passed 6 / Zone 6 6 6

Tests required as per standard 6 / Zone 6 6 6


3.1.1.6 Water Demand and Deficit

Table 3.8: Deficit in water supply

Year Projected Population

(in lakh)

Water demand (in

MLD)

Water Availability

(in MLD)

Deficit (in MLD)

2006 4.5 96.15 86.83 9.32

2011 8.5 181.61 164.01 17.00

2016 11.9 254.26 229.61 24.65

2021 16.06 343.14 309.88 33.26

Presently the water available per capita per day is 85 lpcd while required is 135 litres, so there is a

shortage of 50 lpcd.

3.1.1.7 Water supply Tariff structure

Table 3.9: Water supply tariff rates

Category Flat Rate (per month) Rs/-

Domestic 30 pm

Commercial 75 pm



Table 3.10: Connection costs

S. No. Cost per connection Rs/-

Domestic 815

Commercial 1050

3.1.1.7 Water supply Management System in Moradabad City

3.1.1.7a. Manpower engaged in water supply management system

Table3.11: Staff Information

Category Unit Technical Non-technical

Class I Number 1 1

Class II Number 1 -

Class III Number - -

Class IV Number 34 50

Contracted Staff Number 170 -

Others Number 30 -

Total Number 236 51




3.1.1.7 b. Complaint Redressal

A control room has been set up for redressal of complaints relating to drinking water supply. The

complaints relating to maintenance of hand pumps are resolved within 72 hours and relating to

leakage are redressed within 24 hours.

3.1.2 SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

3.1.2.1 Sewerage network

The city has an underground sewer line of total length of 44 km. which does not cover the whole

city. The sewer lines have completed their term of usability and are not in a good condition. Only 6%

of the households are connected to sewer line.

Table 3.12: Sewerage Network

Length of sewerage network pipes Kilo Meters 44.0

Average age of sewerage network pipes Years 20.0

Total area covered by sewerage network Sq Km 5.0


There is no provision of Sewer Treatment Plant and all the wastewater is directly discharged in to the

nallas without any treatment which is a major health hazard in the city.

3.1.2.2 Storm water drainage network

The coverage of storm water drainage network is 40% of the city.

The regular initiatives are taken by Nagar Nigam to clean the drains of the city particularly before the

onset of monsoon season.



Fig. 3.1 to 3.4: Cleaning of drains

3.1.1.4 Sewage and drainage Management System in Moradabad City

3.1.1.4a. Manpower engaged in sewerage management system

Table3.13: Staff Information

Type of Staff Unit Technical Non-technical

Class I Number 1 1

Class II Number 1 -

Class III Number - -

Class IV Number - 5

Contracted Staff Number - 15

Total Number 2 21




3.1.1.4b. Complaint Redressal

Table 3.14: Complaints recorded and rectified

Sewer blockages reported for the year Number 120

Sewage related complaints recorded in the year Number 200

Sewage related complaints rectified in the year Number 200


3.1.3 WASTE WATER GENERATION & TREATMENT

The total wastewater generated is 109.2 MLD out of total water consumption of 136.5 MLD. The

wastewater generated is calculated based on the sewage return factor taken as 0.8 which indicates

that 80% of water supplied returns as sewage.

There is no waste water treatment plant in Moradabad.


3.1.4.1 Generation of Solid waste

The waste generated from the city includes household waste, commercial waste, bio-medical waste

and industrial waste.

Following are the major sources of generation of waste at city level:

• Residential establishments,

• Commercial establishments,

• Hotels & Restaurants,

• Bazaar and vegetable markets,

• Industrial establishments,

• Hospitals and dispensaries,

• Slaughter houses,

• Street sweeping,

• Drain silt and

• Construction debris.

About 336 MT of solid waste is generated every day in the city, which comes out to be about

400 grams per capita per day. For the purpose of solid waste management the city is divided

into 9 sanitary wards/circle. Presently there are 8 Sanitary Inspectors managing the sanitary

wards.



Table 3.15: Waste Generation

Category MT / Day MT / Month

Residential 95 2856

Street Sweeping 168 5040

Commercial Establishments 11 336

Hotels/Restaurants/Marriage/Banquet Hall 28 840

Markets (e.g. Vegetable markets, mandis) 11 336

Other (construction & demolition waste, horticulture waste, drain silt) 22 672

Total 336 10080


Residential Establishments

The residents in the residential areas dump their household waste outside their homes and in some

cases in Dumper Placer (DP) containers or on the streets (open dumps). The open dumps are not

designated by NNM and are only temporary dumping places. The private agency A2Z Infrastructure

has starts the door to door collection in few wards of the city as a pilot project. Most the collected

garbage is dumped on roadside as shown below in Figure 3.2. The estimated total daily waste

generated is around 95 MT from residential establishments.

Fig. 3.5: Waste lying on the streets in

Moradabad



Commercial Establishments

The commercial establishments are identified in the areas of Bodha Bazar, Harthala, Fal mandi, Sabji

mandi in Moradabad city. These areas are mixed zones comprising of commercial (shops and

markets) and residential areas as well as hotels and restaurants.

The waste from these establishments is accumulated in Dumper Placer (DP) containers or on the

roads/streets side (open dumps) in the morning hours (7.00-11.00 AM.). Nagar Nigam Safai

Karamcharis clean the roads/streets and market places and dump the waste in the nearby DP

containers (if available)/open dumps. The estimated total waste generated from these areas is

around 22 MT/day.

Hotels/Restaurants/Dhabas/Guest houses/Banquet/Marriage Halls

The waste from these establishments is mostly includes left-over food and disposable crockery.

Workers from these establishments dump the wastes at nearby DP container/open dump sites from

where the same is transported to designated dump site by Nagar Nigam. An estimate of the total

waste generated from hotels, restaurants, dhabas, guest houses and banquet/marriage halls is 28

MT/day.

Street Sweeping

Street sweeping starts in the morning at 6.00 AM and continues up to 10.00 AM and in the second

shift starts at 3.00 P.M. upto 6 P.M. The sweepers are provided with jharoo(brooms), pans, favda,

handcarts, panji (bamboo stick used to clean drains) and gayti (pointed favda to clean roads). They

collect the waste on road/street sides, which is then transported to the nearby dustbins by means of

handcarts and then transported to open dumping sites. The estimated total waste collected by street

sweeping is around 168 MT/day.

Drain silt

The drainage is inadequate as it is unable to cope with the developing demands of the city. There are

a total of 159 drains in the city.

At places, the waste generated from various sources is disposed off in storm water drains, which

degrades over a period of time, thus becoming a part of the drain silt. The drains are cleared of the

accumulated solid waste almost daily in few parts of the city. At other parts, the waste is left

unattended for months and cleared before the monsoon season or when complaints are received

from the local residents.

The cleared waste is left for drying for one to two days adjacent to the drains and then transported

to the secondary collection points, from where they are disposed off to the dumpsites. The drain silt

constitutes about 3.33% of the MSW generated in Moradabad city.



Construction and Demolition Sites

This waste varies from time to time depending upon the construction or demolition activities in

Moradabad city. A major portion of this waste is generally used in reconstruction activities or for

filling up of the low lying areas. The individual generating construction waste generally engages the

services of private bullock carts or tractors to collect the construction waste and dump it elsewhere

in the city for a nominal cost. As such, there are no standard practices for disposal of construction

waste in Moradabad city.

3.1.4.2 Segregation of waste

There is no segregation of waste at source practiced in Moradabad.

3.1.4.3 Waste Collection

Primary Collection of Waste

The primary collection of waste refers to door to door collection of waste or collection of wastes in

the community waste bins either by the resident themselves or by the sanitary workers. Door-to-

door collection of waste has started in few wards as a pilot project by A2Z Infrastructure Ltd.,

Gurgaon. Presently, only 2% of the population is covered by door-to-door collection. The waste from

households, restaurants, shops is being dumped on the roads/streets side or thrown into the nallas,

open drains, open spaces etc. Community bins are not available at convenient locations for

depositing the waste. It was also observed that the condition around the DP containers or dustbins

is unhygienic and unaesthetic.

Fig.3.6: Waste dumped outside the

DP container at Moradabad



Table 3.16: List of containers for solid waste disposal

S. No.

No. of R.C. bins(1100 litres)) 22

No. of R.C. bins(600 litres) 350

No. of D.P. Bins 8

No. of big handcarts 120

No. of small handcarts 50

No. of Rickshaws 40


There is no arrangement of door to door collection of garbage in Moradabad city.

Secondary Waste collection system

The MSW collected from each of the primary collection points mentioned above is transported to

the DP containers (if available) or open dumps, which are the secondary collection points identified

in Moradabad city. Most of the waste is transported manually (by means of handcarts) to the

secondary collection points. In some cases, JCB loaders are used for transferring the waste into the

tractor trolleys, which in turn are used to transport the waste to locality dumps. In addition, the JCB

loaders are also used to transfer the construction and demolition waste as and when a complaint is

filed with Nagar Nigam.

The waste is collected from the secondary collection points in three to four trips per day. The

estimated collection efficiency is 70%.

3.1.4.4 Transportation of waste

i) Transportation Equipment/Vehicles

At present, Nagar Nigam Moradabad has close to 52 waste transportation vehicles, used for day-to-

day collection/transportation of waste. In addition to these, Nagar Nigam has close to 170 handcarts

and 40 rickshaws for transportation of waste. These vehicles make three to four trips per day for

collecting and transporting the MSW from secondary collection points to the waste dump sites. The

table below provides the details of each of these collection and transportation vehicles, furnished by

NNM. These vehicles transport about 235 MT/day of MSW.

Table 3.17: Details of transportation equipment

Vehicle Number

Swaraj Majda 10

Mini Lorries/ Trucks 2

Tractors 14

JCB 4

Loader 4

RC 5

Tata 407 3

DCM 1



Tempo 6

New RC 3


ii) Routing of vehicles

There are no specific routes followed by drivers as the location from where waste is to be lifted but

keeps on changing on day to day basis. Based on quantity of waste at a particular location,

JCB/loader is allocated along with Tipper. The drivers are required to make entries in logbook in the

afternoon when they return from work regarding the amount of fuel used, number of locations

visited, timing, etc.

The vehicles make three to four trips per day to transport the MSW to these dumpsites.

iii) Transfer Stations

There is no transfer station as part of the MSW transportation process. The waste collected from

secondary collection points is directly sent to the trenching ground located at the outskirts of city on

Rampur road.

3.1.4.5 Waste Processing and Disposal mechanisms

This section describes the waste processing and disposal methods for each type of wastes adopted

in Moradabad city. Various types of wastes were identified in Moradabad city-recyclables, bio-

degradable wastes, and non-biodegradable wastes.

Recyclable Wastes

The recyclable wastes (polythene, plastics, paper, cartons, etc.) are segregated manually by rag-

pickers. The rag-pickers in turn sell the same to scrap dealers (kabadiwalas) at the nominal rates.

However, ragpickers do not exploit the recyclable waste to the maximum extent, thereby allowing

them to be a part of the dumpsite waste.

Fig. 3.7: Vehicles for transportation of

MSW, Moradabad



Bio-degradable Wastes

Bio-degradable waste is not segregated either at the primary or secondary collection points or at

dumping sites. Most of the bio-degradable waste is found to be grazed upon by cattle at the open

dumps sites resulting in waste being littered here and there, thereby leading to unhygienic and dirty

conditions.

Non-biodegradable Wastes

Street sweepings and drain silt is a major constituent of the non-biodegradable wastes. This waste is

disposed off at the dumping sites along with other wastes without any prior processing.

3.1.4.6 Dumping site

The existing SWM system of Moradabad does not have a designated engineered sanitary landfill for

scientific disposal of solid waste. The waste collected from secondary collection points is dumped in

an unorganized manner at trenching ground on the outskirt of city Rampur road. This ground has an

area of 30 acres and is situated near Ramganga river. There is no weighbridge available at this

dumping site to weigh and quantify the daily solid waste being dumped.

Fig. 3.8: Waste lying in the drains,

Moradabad

Fig. 3.9: Dumping site on Rampur

Road, Moradabad



3.1.4.7 Quantification and Characterization of Waste

The total waste generation in Moradabad city is 336MT/day (approximately). Since a major portion

of the waste is dumped into open drains (nallas), which is eventually converted into drain silt, it is

difficult to characterize the waste into its various components.

Table 3.18: Characterization of MSW in Moradabad

Waste Characteristic Percentage(%) of total waste

Recyclables (paper, rubber, synthetics, glass and

metals)

8

Bio-degradable 42

Inert material (sand, soil, construction waste, drain

silt)

50

Total 100


3.1.4.8 MSW Management System in Moradabad City

3.1.4.8a. Manpower engaged in MSW Management system

A total of 1736 workers are engaged in cleaning the city of Moradabad.

Table 3.19: Manpower engaged for MSW Management

Staff Information

Category Unit Working

Senior Management - Health

Officer Number

Sanitary Inspector Number 7

Sanitary Superviser Number 33

Regular Safai Karam chari Number 795

Class III workers Number 323

Class IV workers Number 190

Contracted workers Number 428

Total Number 1736


3.1.4.8b. Complaint redressal

Nagar Nigam has computerized solid waste management complaint redressal system. The people

make complaints through phone or letter.



3.2 ASSESSMENT OF SANITATION FACILITIES IN POTENTIAL AREAS

3.2.1 SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION AT HOUSEHOLD LEVEL

Moradabad has a total of 1,27,924 households in slum and non-slum areas combined with a

population of 8,37,000. An analysis of the sanitation facilities at the household level is as below:

Fig. 3.10: Sanitation facilities at household level


TOTAL HHs: 1,27,924

TOTAL POPULATION: 8, 37, 000

Households with access to

toilets

HHs- 1,12,424- 88%

Households w/o access

to toilets

15500 HHs -12%

Sewerage

connection

7910 HHs-6.2%

Onsite disposal

HHs-101014

79%

Using community

toilets

3500 HHs-2.8%

Open defecation

15500 HHs-12%-

100440 population

Kuddi-

HHs-47189

37%

Pour flush with

septic tank-

HHs-53,333

41.6 %

Sewerage

connection

6.2%

Open

defecation –

12%- 100440

population

Dry toilet-

HHs-492

0.4%

Manual

Scavenging

-492 HHs



A survey was conducted of around 250 households primarily in the notified slum areas to know the

present sanitation situation of the city. The average household size is around 6.0. An analysis of the

survey results was done and is as below:

Fig. 3.11: Sanitation facilities in slum households


Open defecation : It is 48% in the slums which is a very high percentage.

Sewer Connection : There is no sewer connection in any of the slum households.

Pour flush Pit Latrine: 56% of the pit latrines are single pit and 44% are two pit.

SLUM TOTAL HHs- 30,000

SLUM POPULATION: 1,80,000

Households with

access to toilets

15,500HHs-52%

Households w/o access

to toilets

14,500 HHs -48%

Sewerage

connection

0%

Onsite disposal

12300 HHs-41%

Using community

toilets

3200HHs--11%

Open defecation

14,500 HHs-48%

Kuddi-8508

HHs-28%

ILCS/Pour flush

with septic tank-

3300 HHs-11 %

Sewerage

connection

0%

Open

defecation

48%

Dry toilet-

492 HHs-2%



Septic tanks: Only 11% of the slum households have toilets connected to pour flush with septic

tanks. Only 53% of the septic tanks are cleaned by the municipality and 47% of them are cleaned by

private sweepers. Also in 65% of the cases it is cleaned once in two years and in 24% of the cases it is

cleaned once in a year. Also, the soakpit is not working in all seasons in some of the toilets and is

connected to open drain.

Unimproved latrines: In case of unimproved latrines, most of them have overflowing problem. The

other problems faced by dry pit latrine are bad odour, fly nuisance and unhygienic condition.

Water supply to toilets: 93% of the households are dependent on hand pumps and only 6% are

dependant on municipal supply and 1% have their own arrangement. This shows that the people are

dependent on hand pumps and municipal supply is highly inadequate.

Fig. 3.12: Percentage distribution of households according to water supply to toilets

0

20

40

60

80

100

Own

Arrangement

Municipal

supply

Handpump

Water supply to toilets

Source: Primary Survey, 2010

The municipal supply is not adequate in 95% of the cases.

The duration of water supply is 1-2 hours per day in 57% of the households and it is 2-4 hours per

day in 43% of the households.

Households depending on community toilets:

Condition of toilets: The conditions of most of the community toilets (about 70%) are very bad and

unserviceable. Merely few (about 10%) community toilets are in serviceable and usable condition.

The overall O&M of these toilets is far below the expectation and people are having monthly family

passes for using the toilets.



Fig. 3.13: Percentage distribution of community toilets according to their condition

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Average Unusable Not in use

Condition of

toilets


There is no institutionalise arrangement of maintaining the upkeep & cleanliness of these

community toilets. The people are not satisfied with the present system of maintenance of these

community toilets.

Fig. 3.14: Percentage distribution of households according to reason for unable to construct toilet

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Co

nst

ruct

toil

et

Sp

ace

con

stra

int

Lack

of

wa

ter

Reason for unable to construct

toilet


32% of the households are unable to construct toilet.60% are having space constraint and 8% have

lack of water.

Most of the people prefer to have pour flush twin over open defecation.

51% of the people are willing to have pay for use of community toilets and monthly pass is preferred

and 49% are not willing to pay. This shows that a high proportion of people are not willing to pay for

the community toilets.



Wastewater disposal: Maximum numbers of households dispose off wastewater (from

kitchen/bath/wash other than latrine) directly into public drain/nalla/pond.

Health: Around 60% of the people were affected with diseases like malaria, diarrhoea, cholera and

skin disease in the last six months. The people are spending a lot on health. Around 50% of the

households are spending Rs.100-500 on health, 45% are spending Rs. 501-1000 on health and some

of the people spend even Rs. 1001-2000 and Rs. 2000 and above.

Fig. 3.15: Percentage distribution of households according to expenditure on health

0

10

20

30

40

50

100-500 501-1000 1001-2000 2001 & above

Expenditure on health


Solid waste disposal: The solid waste is disposed at open dumping sites by about 69% of the

households, in roadside bins by 20% of the households and 11% of the households dispose in drain.

Fig. 3.16: Percentage distribution of households according to disposal of solid waste

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Roadside bin Open dumping

spot

Drain

Disposal of solid waste


There is no door to door collection in slum households.



The distance to disposal site is around 100-200 ft. in most of the cases. The municipality does not lift

the waste openly dumped in most of the localities. The frequency of collection of waste is once in

two days in 24% of the cases and once in 3 days in 40% of the cases. The people say that the service

of the municipality is very bad.

Road sweeping is irregular in 94% of the cases. The drains cleaning is also very irregular. Around 13%

of the areas in slums are prone to flooding during rains.

The complaint redressal system in the slum areas is not very efficient. The people are partially

satisfied with the system.

3.2.2 SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION IN SLUM AREAS (COMMUNITY TOILETS)

There are a total of 16 community toilets in Moradabad city. The list of toilets is as below:

Table 3.20: List of community toilets by Nagar Nigam, Moradabad (total 16 in number):

S. No. Name of community toilet Funding Organisation

1. Gulab Badi Sulabh

2. Railway Station Sulabh

3. Nagaphani Thane Ke Piche Sulabh

4. Ekta Dvar Sulabh

5. Roadwej Bus Stand Sulabh

6. Kajari Sray Sulabh

7. Dehari Gaw Nagar Nigam

8. Gulab Badi Nagar Nigam

9. Dolat Gaw Nagar Nigam

10. Rja Ali Compound Nagar Nigam

11. Makhaniya Nagar Nigam

12. Nabav Pura Nagar Nigam

13. Kali Ka Mandir Nagar Nigam

14. Indra Chok Nagar Nigam

Fig. 3.17: Water logging near the

houses



15. Dehari Ghat Sulabh

16. Taun Hal Sulabh

Source: Primary survey,2010

100% survey was conducted and the analysis gave the following results:

Urinals/Bath/washbasin

Urinals:

Around 60% of the community toilets do not have urinals.33% of the toilets have 1-5 no. of urinals and

only 1 community toilet at Roadways Bus stand has 6-10 no. of urinals.

Fig. 3.18:Percentage distribution of community toilets

according to no. of urinals provided

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 1 to 5 6 to 10

No. of urinals


Bath:

Around 33% of the community toilets have no bath facility.

Fig. 3.19:Percentage distribution of community toilets

according to no. of bath provided

0

100

0 1 to 5

No. of Bath

provided


Washbasins

Around 33% of the community toilets have no washbasins.



Fig. 3.20: Percentage distribution of community toilets

according to no. of washbasins provided

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0 1 to 5

No. of

washbasins


Number of toilets (male + female)

The graph below shows that 27% of the community toilets have 1-5 no. of toilets,60% have 6-10

number of toilets and 13% have 11-15 number of toilets.


according to no. of toilets provided

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1 to 5 6 to 10 10 to 15

No. of toilets


Male toilets

73% of the toilets have male toilets 1-5 in number and 27% have 6-10 in number.




according to no. of male toilets provided

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1 to 5 6 to 10

No. of male

toilets


Female toilets

93% of the toilets have 1-5 number of female toilets and 7% have 6-10 number of female toilets.


according to no. of female toilets provided

0

20

40

60

80

100

1 to 5 6 to 10

No. of female

toilets


Number of users per day:

The no. of people using the community toilets is 100-150 in 40% of the toilets. It is 150-200 in 27% of

the toilets.




according to no. of users per day

0

10

20

30

40

50

50-

100

100-

150

150-

200

200-

250

250-

300

No. of users per

day


Condition of the toilets:

70% of the toilets are in unusable condition.21% are not in use. Only 9% of the toilets are in average

condition.


according to condition of toilets

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Average Unusable Not in use

Condition of

toilets




Fig. 3.26 & 3.27: Community toilets in unusable condition


Cleaning (times per day):

The cleaning of toilets is done once a day in most of the community toilets.

Type of latrine:

In 13% of the community toilets, the type of latrine is unimproved pit latrine and 87% of the toilets

have water closets.


according to type of latrine

0

20

40

60

80

100

Unimproved

pit latrine

Water closet

Type of latrine


Effluent Discharge: Most of the effluent discharge from the community toilets is thrown in to the

drains or nallas. In few cases, it is discharged in to the septic tanks.

O & M Arrangements:

The community toilets are being maintained by Nagar Nigam Moradabad and Sulabh.



3.2.3 SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION IN INSTITUTIONAL AREAS

A survey conducted of institutions namely Bus stand, B.S.A. Office, Electricity department office,

Varishth Aayojan Adhikari , Thana, Jila Panchayat office, Kachahri and State Govt. Bank. The

analysis of the survey gives the following results:

Condition of toilets:

Only 10% of the toilets are in serviceable condition. About 60% of toilets are in poor condition and

rest 30% of the toilets are in worst condition.

Fig. 3.29: Percentage distribution of toilets according to condition of toilets

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Good Bad Worst

Condition of

toilets


No. of toilet seats provided:

The toilet facilities are provided to male and female staff separately. The number of toilet seats

available for male and female staff are 1-3 in number. The number of toilet seats available for both

the genders are 1-5 in number.

Infrastructure in toilets:

60% of the toilets do not have minimum infrastructure facilities.

In 57% of the toilets the source of water supply is overhead tank and in 28% it is ground water and

14% have piped water as the source of water supply.



O & M in toilets:

A lot of improvements are required in the toilet conditions. They are not maintained properly. The

type of improvements required are cleaning, continuous water supply, maintenance and

upgradation of infrastructure. There is no monthly annual budget for O & M of toilets. User charges

are not collected.

3.2.4 SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION AT HOSPITALS

A survey was conducted of hospitals like Nais dental hospital, D.L. hospital, Government hospital,

Varshney hospital, Sanjeevani hospital, Aashirwaad hospital, Vivekanand hospital, Sai hospital,

Lohia hospital and P.K. hospital. The analysis gives the following results:

Quantity of waste produced (kg.): The hospitals produce daily solid waste of around 15-20 kgs.

Segregation of waste: No colour coding is done for the waste produced. There is no segregation of

bio-degradable and non-biodegradable wastes.

Bio-medical Waste disposal: The hospitals have private arrangement for waste disposal and there is

no arrangement by the municipality for waste disposal. Moreover, the system of disposing bio-

medical waste is not in accordance with bio-medical waste (management and handling) rules 1998.

3.2.5 SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION AT SCHOOLS

A survey was conducted of schools and the analysis gave the following results:

Infrastructure facilities in schools: Most of the schools are not having proper toilet facilities. Hand

pumps are the main source of water supply and there is no facility of water storage. About 77% of

toilets are in unusable condition because there is no provision of water supply and

maintenance/cleaning arrangement.

O& M of toilets: The toilets are not cleaned regularly in 83% of the schools. There is no specific

budget allocated for O & M of the toilets of the schools.

Drop-out of students and teachers: The survey shows that the students and teachers have dropped

out because of poor sanitation in schools.



3.2.6 SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION AT COMMERCIAL/ MARKET PLACES

A survey was conducted of the market places in Moradabad city such as pettal bazaar, sabji mandi,

fal mandi, railway station market etc. The sanitation facility in the commercial places is very poor.

Toilet Facility: The market places do not have toilet facility. There is no awareness about public

toilets in the area. The shopkeepers defecate openly when needed. Also, they are not willing to

have pay and use toilets.

Waste collection: Most of the market waste is thrown on the roadsides, nallas, and bins. The market

garbage is not collected regularly. In 40% of the markets it is collected once in 2 days and in 20% of

the markets, it is collected once in 3 days. The shopkeepers are not satisfied with the present

system.

A survey of the customers gave the following results:

Most of them are not aware of toilet facility in the markets. They mostly urinate in the open. They

are willing to have pay and use toilets. The present condition of garbage management is bad. They

suggested that there should be a public toilet and the market place should be cleaned daily.

3.2.7 INDUSTRIAL SANITATION

There are a total of around 1305 Brass industrial units in Moradabad city.

A survey was conducted of medium and large scale industries and it gave the following results: Most

of the industries are located in the industrial areas, some are in commercial areas.

Waste generated: The quantity of daily solid waste generated is 10-100 kg in about 50% of the

industries, it is 101-200 kg in 35% of the industries, and above 200 kg in 15% of the industries.

Fig.3.30: Percentage distribution of industries according to solid waste generated

0

10

20

30

40

50

10 to 100 101 to 200 above 200

Solid waste

generated




The solid waste is managed by private agencies. The payment made to private agency is as below:

Fig.3.31: Percentage distribution of industries according to Payment to private agencies

0

10

20

30

40

50

1000-2000 2001-3000 3001-4000 4001-8000

Payment to private

agency


Around 45% of the industries pay Rs. 2001-3000 to private agencies for the disposal of solid waste.

The liquid waste is disposed off in the nalas, open place and sewerage. The amount of liquid waste

generated is 10-100 litres in 55% of the industries, 100-200 litres in 25% of the industries and above

200 litres in 20% of the industries.

Fig.3.32: Percentage distribution of industries according to liquid waste generated (litres)

0

20

40

60

10 to 100 101 to 200 above 200

Liquid waste

generated

3.2.8 SANITATION SITUATION AT SLAUGHTER HOUSES

One of the slaughter houses surveyed has a very unhygienic condition. It is an open slaughter house

functioning from the last 25 years. It is totally polluted with foul smell and filth all around. There is

no systematic arrangement of cleaning/maintenance. The solid waste is dumped in the open and

liquid waste is discharged in nallas.



3.2.9 SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF WATER BODIES

In Moradabad city, the water bodies which were surveyed are: Pond at Chauhan ki malik, Pond at

Khushhaalpur, river near Ram ganga kalyanpur and Betadi river. These water bodies are maintained

by nagar nigam.

Condition of water bodies: These water bodies are mainly the drain receiving points. Most of the

city wastewater is discharged in to these water bodies. These water bodies are very dirty and

pollute the complete surrounding environment. There are also instances of flooding in nearby areas

in case of 80% of these water bodies.

3.3 FINANCIAL PROFILE OF THE CITY

The Income – Expenditure Accounts of the Nagar Nigam for the last financial years i.e. year 2001-02,

2002-03, 2003-04, 2004-05 & 2005-06 were obtained and have been analyzed for the financial

assessment. Expenses on new projects are treated as Capital Expenditure and expenses towards

maintenance are treated as Revenue Expenditure.

Table 3.21: Financial status of NNM - Abstract Statement

Head 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06

Revenue

Account

Income 1825.41 2310.87 2002.52 2048.22 2561.89

Expenditure 1935.47 2107.74 2277.31 2448.12 2329.68

Capital Account

Income 64.56 151.38 86.74 86.74 89.12

Expenditure 105.00 107.86 107.05 191.06 90.67

Fig. 3.33: Highly polluted water bodies



The Revenue Receipts is classified under two main heads i.e. Tax Receipts and Non-Tax Receipts as

under:

Table 3.22: Revenue Receipts/Income of the last five years (in actual):

S. No Head

Actual (Rs. in Lakhs)

2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06

I Taxes

1 a) Property Tax 167.10 243.67 165.44 189.06 235.35

2 b) Vacant Land Tax

Total Taxes 229.51 342.04 246.36 303.02 353.07

II Non Taxes

1

a) D & O Trades, Market Fees,

Encroachment Licence Fees 0.26 3.28 1.06 10.84 6.88

2

b) Betterment Contribution, Building

License Fees

3 c) Miscellaneous Receipts 3.98 17.88 19.64 14.5 8.22

4 d) Water Supply and other charges 40.48 55.55 37.09 37.45 48.67

Total Non-taxes

III Assigned Revenues

1 a) Entertainment Tax 2.28 2.26 2.14 2.02 2.16

2 b) Surcharge on Stamp Duty 145.67 17.92 179.02 237.58

3 c) Profession tax compensation

4 d) Others 34.39

Total Assigned Revenues 478.00 827.59 555.86 783.94 876.95

IV Grants

1

State Govt. Education Programmes

etc.,S.F.C. 1347.41 1483.29 1446.66 1264.28 1684.94

2 Parliament members Grant 11.21 9.00 3.75 0.80



3 11th Finance Commission Grants 64.56 151.38 86.74 86.74 89.12

4 Others 104.01

Grand Total 2005.19 2541.26 2123.01 2186.96 2719.01

Observations:

• The tax receipts show an increasing trend in 2005-06.

• While the population and geographical area of the city are increasing, the tax receipts do not

show a corresponding increase indicating substantial non-compliance in tax payment.

Table 3.23: NNM Capital Receipts (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year

State government Financing

Institutions

Market Others Total

Grants Loans

2001-02 64.56 104.00 - - - 168.56

2002-03 151.38 70.00 - - - 221.38

2003-04 86.74 30.00 - - - 116.74

2004-05 86.74 51.20 - - - 137.94

2005-06 89.12 68.00 - - - 157.12

REVENUE EXPENDITURE

This includes:

• Establishment Expenses

• Operation & Maintenance

• Interest Payment



• Others

Based on the Accounts procured from NNM, the information in respect of Revenue Expenditure in

the prescribed format is as under:

Table 3.24: NNM Revenue Expenditure (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year Establishment

(wages and salaries)

Operation and

Maintenance

Interest

payment Others Total

2001-02 1139.58 546.88 - 249.01 1935.47

2002-03 1136.42 754.06 - 217.21 2107.74

2003-04 1252.14 908.06 - 117.11 2277.31

2004-05 12181.31 872.45 - 294.36 2448.12

2005-06 1236.16 952.85 - 140.67 2329.68

Observations:

The revenue expenditure shows an increasing trend in 2004-05 and a declining trend in 2005-06.

The following table shows the contribution of various heads in Revenue Expenditure:

Table 3.25: Section-wise Expenditure for O&M (Rs. In Lakhs)

Items 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07

a) General Taxation 88.43 80.81 79.16 81.14 77.04 95.68

b) General

Administration 32.06 30.63 34.83 33.55 39.80 38.83

c) Engineering 278.24 306.45 470.23 500.51 363.76 459.85

d) Street Lighting 17.02 63.51 100.25 70.82 49.25 74.01

e) Electricity Services

f) Water Supply 100.00 135.95 158.64 169.77 147.03 189.95

g) Town Planning



h) Drains & Culverts

I) Public Health 715.88 689.43 939.25 823.31 779.53 926.54

j) Buildings 9.02 21.89 8.82 19.68 9.11 4.09

k) Estate

l) Sports 0.46 0.73 0.44 0.66 0.74 0.37

m) Pension 58.01 71.02 86.71 69.51 70.76 135.74

n) Others 636.35 707.32 398.98 679.17 792.66 667.73

Total Taxes (a) to (n) : 1935.47 2107.74 2277.31 2448.12 2329.68 2592.78

CAPITAL EXPENDITURE

Table 3.26: NNM Capital expenditure (Rs. in Lakhs)

Year

State government Financing

Institutions

Market Others Total

Grants Loans

2001-02 105.07 143.95 249.02

2002-03 107.86 109.35 217.21

2003-04 107.05 10.06 117.11

2004-05 191.06 103.30 295.00

2005-06 90.66 50.00 140.66



3.4 COST RECOVERY AND USER CHARGES

3.4.1 Water Supply: Cost recovery

Table 3.27: Annual Operating Revenues from water consumption

Opening Balance as on 31-03-10 Rs. Lakhs 7.18

Demand raised for the period 2009-10 Rs. Lakhs 124.05

House service connections Rs. Lakhs 0.37

Public Taps Rs. Lakhs 0.03

Total Revenue Demand Rs. Lakhs 157.00

Collection against arrears Rs. Lakhs 1.4

Collection against current demand Rs. Lakhs 32.00

Closing Balance as on 31-03-09 Rs. Lakhs 7.18

Other revenues (taxes, connection fees) Rs. Lakhs 2.50


Table 3.28: Annual Operating Expenses (Rupees in Lakhs)

Category

Regular Staff Costs Rs. Lakhs 133.00

Contracted Staff Costs Rs. Lakhs 35.60

Electricity charges/Fuel costs Rs. Lakhs 203.03

Chemical Costs Rs. Lakhs 3.50



Repairs/Maintenance costs Rs. Lakhs 10.00

Bulk supply (Raw/treated water) Rs. Lakhs 38.25

Total Rs. Lakhs 18.88

Debt service (interests & principal) in Rupees Rs. Lakhs 577.40

Capital expenditure during the year Rs. Lakhs 442.26

Sources of capital investments

Government Grants Rs. Lakhs 17.00


3.4.2 Sewerage Management: Expenditure

Table 3.29: Annual Operating Expenses (Rupees in Lakhs)

Staff Rs. Lakhs 1.80

Power/fuel Rs. Lakhs 8.00

Repairs/maintenance Rs. Lakhs 12.74

Administrative & other establishment Rs. Lakhs 12.00

Contracted labor Rs. Lakhs 5.40



3.4.3 Solid waste Management: Expenditure

Table 3.30: Annual Operating Expenses (Rs. Lakhs/Year) as of March 31, 2010

Regular Staff Salary Rs. Lakhs 1013.81

Contractual Staff salary Rs. Lakhs 184.93

Electricity Charges/ Fuel Costs Rs. Lakhs 132.45



Chemical Costs Rs. Lakhs 14.84

Repair & Maintenance Costs Rs. Lakhs 46.58

Contracted Services Costs Rs. Lakhs 19.09



3.5 O&M ARRANGEMENTS

The operation and maintenance of water supply is undertaken by the Jal Sansthan. The storm water

drainage system and solid waste management is being taken care by Nagar Nigam Moradabad.

3.6 IEC AND AWARENESS ISSUES

Open Defecation

The number of villages located at the outskirts of the city have been merged with Nagar Nigam

Moradabad but over the period of time no civic development has taken place in these areas. Most of

the households in these areas are not having the provision of any kind of toilets and maximum

people open defecate in the fields around these localities.

Community Toilets

There are seventeen community toilets in the city mainly in slum areas. As of now these toilets are

not looked after properly and having several inherent problems. In the worst case scenario these are

in dilapidated condition with crumbling building, leaking septic tanks, broken seats, and broken

doors, with no water arrangement and no provision of routine upkeep & maintenance. Such toilets

are seen in. Open defecation sites and garbage dumps in the proximity of community toilets are a

common sight. Moreover, it has been noticed that in most of community toilets, children are

allowed to use the community toilets. The children accompanying their mothers, defecate in and

around the community toilets in open drains. It is essential to classify toilets based on the survey

results to devise a plan of action. Broadly, the toilets would need the following measures. In worst

case scenario this may require rebuilding the entire toilets complex. Generally, deteriorating



infrastructure such as cracks in septic tanks, broken seats and doors need to be repaired. Proper

operation and maintenance of theses toilets assumes significance in the context of promoting toilet

usage. Where the toilets are not maintained properly, people tend to go back to the habit of open

defecation. Cleaner and well maintained community toilets will ensure their better usage and in turn

arrest the open defecation habit of people. An IEC campaign involving local NGOs and SHGs is

recommended to bring the change in the behavior of people.

Commercial Areas

Commercial areas and markets are lacking the provision of toilets and urinals. Roads and streets

sweeping is done irregularly by the Nagar Nigam Safai Karamcharis and waste piles up fast on the

roads/streets sides. There is no provision of dustbins in the commercial places/markets and the

people tend to throw the waste on the roadside or in the drains/nallas. The waste/garbage in most

these areas is collected once in two or three days.

Water Supply

Pipe water supply network is there but without any metering. This leads to maximum wastage of

water particularly at public stand posts in the slum/LIG areas. Thus there is ample scope for public

awareness, as most people don’t seem to bother about the optimum utilization of water. To

overcome the shortage of water, Jalkal Vibhag has installed about hand pumps in the slum/LIG

areas. Besides this large number of households have made their own private arrangement of hand

pumps. Illegal connections and resultant leakages in the pipeline are very common resulting in

mismanagement & supplying of contaminated water to the consumers. In such a scenario it is not

unusual that people of Moradabad city prefer the hand pump water to the supplied water for

domestic purpose.

Solid Waste Management

There is no arrangement of door to door collection and segregation of municipal waste at source in

the city. As of now, the municipal waste is unscientifically dumped openly at the outskirts of the

city. There is a need to organize the solid waste management on priority and expedite the

completion of ongoing integrated solid waste management project.



Sanitation Consciousness: Current Status of Services and Behaviour

Generally, slums located in outskirts of the city and those in interior offer two different typologies.

The core and old city areas are predominantly Muslim population; representing diversity in terms of

demography. And the slums on the outskirts are predominant with Valmiki, SC or ST population.

Based on these typologies we have identified the following stakeholder groups and their behavioral

patterns:

Table 3.31:Behavioural Patterns of people of Moradabad

Stakeholder

Groups

Areas of Habitation Socio-cultural/Behavioural Patterns

Slums Outskirts Mau, Pandit Nagla,

Fazalpur, Mirpur,

Menadher and

Other areas as

marked on the map

• Open defecation is prevalent.

• Most of the households are not having the

toilet/latrine facilities and all the habitants of

these areas open defecate in the fields.

• There is no provision of community toilets in

these areas.

• There is no provision of door to door collection

but residents throw garbage on the open

road/street or in vacant land,/drains/nallas.

• No pipe water supply network and the source

of water supply is hand pumps.

• There is no drainage system and water logging

take place at low lying areas.

Slums Inner

City

Lodhipur, Fakirpura,

Bemather and other

such areas as marked

on the map.

• This area is having community toilets with

several operation and maintenance challenges.

• Children are not allowed to enter the

community toilets

• Open defecation by children in drains and open

spaces is common.

• Water Scarcity and poor state of community

toilets forces elders also to defecate in open



but, it is not very common. Some community

toilets do not have water, electricity connection

with broken toilet seats force people to

defecate in close vicinity.

• People are in some ways constrained in going

out to defecate in the inner city areas. Open

areas such as Public Park land or vacant plots

have become open defecation spots.

• Most of community toilets discharge their

waste into open nallas/drains.

.

Shopkeepers Commercial

Areas/Markets like

pettal bazar, railway

station road, bus

stand and other

areas on map

• Moradabad is prominent industrial city of UP.

• General hygiene & sanitation awareness is far

below among the shopkeepers; particularly

meat, milk products, vegetables/fruits or

eatable shops.

• Most of the shopkeepers throw their waste on

the road/street side or in nallas. The nallas get

clogged and cleaned at irregular intervals by

Nagar Nigam.

• No provision of dustbins in the commercial

areas and markets.

• Very few public toilets and urinals in the market

areas.

Higher Income

Group

Residents

Civil lines and other

areas locatable on

map

• No door to door collection

• Irregular water supply is a major issue for the

residents.

• Residents tend to install motors to draw up

water to first and second floors. These motors

are attached directly to the supply pipe posing

problems to those down the line.



Low Income

Group

Residents

• Marked by individual toilets, irregular sweeping

of street, occasional clearing of drains.

• Irregular water supply

• Dumping of solid waste in open on roadside

Municipal

officials

City Wide • Officials should call meetings of shopkeepers

specially butchers/eatable vendors to raise

their awareness about hygiene and to promote

safe practices of waste disposal.

• Nagar Nigam officials need help to enhance

their capacities for better implementation of

sanitation projects.

• A better co-ordination between various

departments such as Jalkal Vibhag, MDA is

required.

• Nagar Nigam should look into operational as

well as maintenance aspects of community

toilets.



CHAPTER 4

INFERENCES/ GAPS IDENTIFICATION AND REQUIREMENTS

4.1 SUMMARY OF THE KEY ISSUES

4.1.1 WATER SUPPLY

Fig. 4.1: Water supply analysis

Source: Jal Sansthan & NNM, 2010

27% coverage

of water

supply

connections

Total water supplied-141.6 MLD

Total volume of water billed-136.5 MLD

Total Domestic connections-36057

Non domestic connections-1384

Public taps -327

Per capita

supply of

water-85lpcd 35% cost

recovery in water

supply services

Continuity of

water supply

2-3 hrs./day

0% metering of

water supply

connections

20% collection

efficiency of

water supply

related charges



• Low per capita water supplied

The per capita water supplied is 85 lpcd against the national level of 135 lpcd.

• 27% coverage of water supply connections

The water supply coverage is only 27% of the households.

• Daily water supply -2 to 3 hours per day

The water is supplied for 2-3 hours per day on an average.

• Water Quality

The water quality testing is not as per BIS IS -10500 laid down guidelines and standards.

4.1.2 SEWERAGE AND WASTEWATER GENERATION

Fig. 4.2: Sewerage and wastewater generation analysis


Manual

scavenging-

492 HHs

Open

defecation

12 %- 1,00,440

population

40% coverage

of storm water

drainage

network

Wastewater generation-109.2MLD

Collected & treated- Nil

Total length of road network- 1773.08 km.

0% of

sewerage

water

treatment

Households with access to toilets-1,12,424 HHs

Households w/o access to toilets-15,500 HHs

Coverage of

toilets -88%

Households with onsite disposal- 101014HHs

Households with sewer connections- 7910

HHs

6% coverage of

sewerage

network

services



• Only 6% coverage of sewerage network :

In Moradabad city, there is only 6% coverage of sewerage network. The households are

having septic tanks or kuddis. An integrated sewerage network needs to be laid out in the

city.

• No sewage treatment plant: There is no sewage treatment plant. Most of the sewerage

goes into the open drains and nallas.

4.1.3 STORM WATER DRAINAGE

• The drainage system is quite old and needs immediate repairs.

• The drainage system is heavily silted because of lack of routine upkeep and regular

maintenance.

• Most of the city drains and nallas are discharging in the water bodies and thus polluting the

complete environment.

4.1.4 HOUSEHOLDS

• There are about 23% of slum households and 77% of non slum households in Moradabad city.

• About 42% of households are having the flush latrines with septic tanks.

• About 12% of households are not having access to toilets and thus defecating in open

particularly recently included villages in the Nagar Nigam. 37% households are using the ‘Khudi’

which is a small structure built with bricks and directly discharging the effluent in open nallas.

• Dry toilets are also present in Moradabad city. Around 492 households have manual

scavenging.

• Approximately 3500 households are using the services of 16 community toilets in the slum and

non slum areas.

• No proper mechanism for the safe disposal of solid and liquid waste including the sludge &

septage of households.




Fig. 4.3: Solid waste management Analysis


• The municipal waste is not disposed off scientifically as per MSW Rule 2000.

• The waste is disposed off at open dump sites. No scientific landfill site exists.

• No community involvement in managing the solid and liquid waste of the city.

• Only 2% city wide door to door collection of solid waste.

4.1.6 COMMERCIAL AREAS AND MARKETS

• Poor solid waste disposal and collection mechanism.

No

Recovery of

MSW

Waste dumped

on open trench

ground-unsafe

disposal

No scientific

disposal of

MSW

2% door to

door

collection

Waste Generation

10080 MT/month

Population covered by DTD Collection- 21000



• Very few proper public toilets in the markets. Most of the market places do not have toilet

facility.

• There is no awareness about public toilets in the area.

• No arrangement of proper cleanliness of the public toilets and urinals.

• No willingness to pay and use the toilet facilities among the shopkeepers. However, the

customers are willing to have pay and use toilets.

• The common and prevalent problems faced by general public in markets areas is improper

garbage disposal causing the blockage of roads, foul smell, clogging of drains/nallas.

4.1.7 HOSPITAL SOLID AND LIQUID WASTE MANAGEMENT

• Maximum hospitals do not follow the Bio-medical rules -1998

• No scientific arrangement of treating the bio-medical liquid waste of hospitals and nursing

homes. All the bio-medical liquid waste is discharged in nallas/drains.

4.1.8 SCHOOL SANITATION

• Most of the government primary schools are not having proper arrangement of toilet and

drinking water facilities.

• There is no dedicated staff available in the schools for the upkeep, cleanliness and

maintenance of toilets and other facilities.

• The students and teachers have dropped out because of poor sanitation in schools.

• No proper budget has been allocated for the O & M of toilets.

• Most of the schools dispose their waste on the roadside or throw in the open site.

4.1.9 WATER BODIES

• The water quality is very poor and it is highly polluted. There is no system in place to ensure

the proper upkeep and maintenance of water bodies.



• Most of the nallas/drains of the city are discharging their wastewater in these water bodies

which is completely unhygienic and hazardous for the city.

• There are instances of flooding in nearby areas in the case of 80% of the water bodies.

• Toilet discharge also goes into most of the waterbodies like Betadi river, Pond near Chauhan

ki malik and pond at Khushhaalpur.

• There is high risk of waterborne diseases because of accumulation of sludge and wastewater

in the water bodies.

• The water flow is clogged in 60% of the water bodies including Betadi river and Ram ganga

river .The stagnated water and filth in the water bodies is causing the foul smell and acute

air pollution in the surrounding areas.

GAPS IDENTIFICATION

• In maximum households, the toilet flush are not connected to soakpits. The water from

septic tanks goes directly into drains which is very unhygienic. Sewer line network needs to

cover more areas in Moradabad city.

• Most of the city drainage system is clogged with polythenes bags and it should be cleaned

regularly.

• The condition of the city drainage system is very poor and need immediate repairs and

regular upkeep/maintenance.

• The large drains are being encroached by dwelling units, milk diaries, shopkeepers etc and

thus difficult to clean & maintain them. It should be checked so that sanitary conditions of

the city are improved.

• There is acute shortage of the community toilets in the city and thus compelling the people

particularly in slum and LIG areas to defecate in the open. More community toilets should be

constructed in the city.

• There is no Wastewater Treatment Plant in the city.

• There is no institutional arrangement in place for the routine upkeep and maintenance of

water bodies .



• General awareness about the importance of sanitation and health issues is far below among

the people of the city.

Solid Waste Management

a. Segregation at source is not practiced

The waste generators in Moradabad city do not segregate the waste prior to disposal. They dump

mixed waste into the DP containers, drains, open sites and low-lying areas.

As a standard practice, MSW has to be segregated into bio-degradable and non-biodegradable

wastes and disposed off in separate containers to aid in efficient waste processing and disposal

mechanisms.

b. Primary collection of solid waste is not appropriate

Nagar Nigam Moradabad has taken initiative in providing door-to-door collection service to its

residents with the help of a private company A2Z ,Gurgaon but only 2% of the households are

covered which is a very small proportion. The residents of city dump the household waste outside

their residences from where sweepers of NNM collect waste by means of handcarts and dump the

same into the DP containers or roadside (open dump).

The Safai Karamcharis employed by the NNM do street sweeping, collect drain silt & waste, put

heaps on roadsides and transport them at nearby open dumps. These unorganized disposal methods

have resulted in accumulation of solid waste on roadsides and vacant plots, low lying areas and

drains/nallas.

Door to door collection service has to be provided to households as well as commercial

establishments. Containers/dustbins should be put near the shops and some agency should be there

to collect garbage regularly. The roadside waste collected by street sweepers must be directly

dumped into a separate bin at the secondary waste collection point.

c. Secondary storage of solid waste is unorganized

There are very few containers available for secondary storage of MSW. At places where containers

are available, either they are rusted or damaged. At other places, waste is dumped on open dumps

which have evolved over a period of time. In the absence of secondary storage facility for MSW, it is



dumped at any location in the vicinity-drains, vacant plots, street corners, low lying areas, or other

open areas. Heaps and stretches of un-segregated waste in open areas causes environmentally

hazardous and unhygienic conditions across the city, thus, creating conducive conditions for

breeding of mosquitoes, insects or grazing by cattle.

Separate coloured bins must be provided at the secondary storage location for bio-degradable and

non-biodegradable and recyclable wastes. The bins must be covered and cleared at the scheduled

time to prevent storage of waste for a long time and littering of waste outside the bins.

d. Solid waste is transported in open vehicles

Most of the times, solid waste is transported in open trolleys hauled by tractors. These open trolleys

are overloaded with waste, resulting in road littering during transportation. The loading and

unloading of waste is done manually and safai karamcharis involved in this activity do not use any

Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) for their protection.

The waste transportation vehicles must be covered at all times except while loading and unloading

activities and the loaded waste should not exceed the capacity of these vehicles.

e. Slaughter house waste is mixed with the MSW

Waste from slaughter houses is dumped along with the MSW in open and low-lying areas. As such,

there is no provision for segregation and safe disposal in the city.

Slaughter house waste should be collected separately and disposed off by controlled incineration,

burial, anaerobic digestion and other approved processing methods.

f. Biomedical waste is not managed properly in all healthcare facilities

The private hospitals and nursing homes do not segregate their waste. Waste is not dumped in the

dual bin system (green and blue) and it is not segregated and is dumped along with MSW.

Biomedical waste segregation, handling and disposal mechanisms adopted by all medical institutions

must be strictly in compliance with the Bio-medical Waste Rules.



g. Collection and disposal of construction waste is not appropriate

The construction/demolition waste generated by local residents is transported in tractor trolleys and

disposed off in open/low-lying areas in the vicinity, privately.

The construction and demolition waste (from private or NNM sites) must not be dumped in any open

area in an unorganized manner .It must be handled under the guidance of NNM staff.

h. Disposal of solid waste is not appropriate

The solid waste collected from various sources is disposed off in open dumpsites indiscriminately

without segregation or pre-processing. There is no engineered sanitary landfill for safe disposal of

solid waste.

According to MSW Rules 2000, biodegradable waste should be processed and converted into

compost or used for power generation; recyclables should be segregated and sold to recyclers; no

hazardous waste be dumped along with MSW; construction waste to be segregated and used for

filling low lying areas and only remaining waste should be dumped into engineered landfill facility.

i. Manual handling of solid waste

Safai karamcharis involved in primary collection of MSW do not use any Personal Protection

Equipment (PPEs)such as face masks, disposable gloves, boots, hats, and proper safety clothing

(sturdy coloured uniform) to avoid direct contact with waste and reduce the likelihood of on the job

injury. Manual handling of solid waste during primary collection is an acceptable practice in

Moradabad city.

j. Lack of awareness among city residents and civic authorities

The NNM staff is responsible for managing MSW in Moradabad city in accordance with the MSW

Rules 2000.The NNM staff needs to understand the environmental, social and economic implications

of an unorganized MSW management system. Likewise, public participation is very essential in

successful implementation of the MSW management plan in the city. Therefore, a planned and

concerted effort is required to bring about awareness among the public and make them realize their

responsibilities as individuals and as a community. In summary, public awareness, community

participation, transparent administration, accountability at all levels is the need of hour so as to

ensure success of any MSW management plan.



4.2 IEC AND AWARENESS MESSAGES & CHANNELS

Household Survey

About 300 households particularly in slum areas were surveyed to gauge water and sanitation

situation in Moradabad city. Though the data does not claim to yield statistically significant results

for Moradabad, there were some interesting findings. About 48% slum households are not having

access to toilets and thus defecating in open. More surprisingly few houses are reporting manual

scavenging also. There is no door to door collection except in few pockets started recently as pilot

project and high proportion of the respondents are dumping solid waste in designated container (if

available) or open site on the road/street side. The municipality does not lift the waste openly

dumped in most of the localities. The frequency of collection of waste is once in 3 days in most of

the cases. About 94% of the residents opined that their streets are not swept regularly and drains

are cleaned irregularly. Around 13% of the areas in slums are prone to flooding during rains. The

complaint redressal system in the slum areas is not very efficient. The people are partially satisfied

with the system.

Public toilets in commercial places

According to our survey there are very few public toilet facilities in the commercial areas or

markets of the city. Most of the commercial places and markets are having some arrangement of

urinals particularly for gents only. Few shopkeepers use the existing public urinals and maximum

people urinate in open drains. Sampled respondents have appreciated the idea of pay and use toilets

if proper toilet facilities are made available. If they have to pay they prefer monthly pass. Our survey

results indicate that while on one hand shopkeepers and customers are experiencing difficulties due

to lack of access to toilets, the overall willingness for pay per use option was found to be low. In such

a situation a behavior change campaign is first required to create demand for toilets. Then it could

be recommended to build toilets in commercial areas on pay and use terms. Shopkeepers could opt

for monthly passes and customers pay per use.

Community Toilets

As explained, in the worst case scenario these are in dilapidated condition with crumbling building,

leaking septic tanks, broken seats, and broken doors, with no water or electricity or maintenance

person. Several of these community toilets need to be rebuilt. Our survey covered 16 (100%)



community toilets in Moradabad, merely 9% of these are in fully serviceable condition. About 70%

are reported to be in bad implying that they are in unsanitary or dilapidated condition. 21% of the

toilets are not in use. Investing in community toilets is a pressing need for the city. At present O&M

work is being shared by a host of organizations including Nagar Nigam and Sulabh. No Correlation

has been found between condition of toilets and the organization responsible for O&M.

Key Messages for Stakeholders

National Urban Sanitation Policy 2008, by the Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India

has outlined constitution, roles and responsibilities of City Sanitation Task Forces envisaging multi-

stakeholder involvement. Some eminent persons from the city (from fields of academics, NGOs,

media, art, business etc) could be included into this task force. At a more micro level, creation of

Ward Sanitation Action Committees headed by corporators of the concerned wards and comprising

members from NNM, office bearers of RWAs, Safai Karamcharies is recommended.

A set of powerful mnemonics related to sanitation could be one of the ways of beginning the process

of developing sanitation consciousness- say something like ‘swach ghar samridh parivar’. The

messages that need to be put across to the stakeholders are as follows:

Table 4.1: Messages to be put across to stakeholders:

Target

Audience

Messages/Themes Channels of Communication

Nagar Ayukt,

NN Health &

Sanitary

officials,

Corporators etc

• Seeking community inputs for building

and repairing community and

individual toilets, toilets should be

designed for social acceptance.

• Anti- open defecation and sanitation

campaigns

• How to ensure compliance from

people through rewards/Punishments

• Better co-ordination between various

departments including NNM, DUDA,

Training Programs for Officials

from Nagar Nigam, Jal Kal

Vibhag, DUDA

Participation in interactive

programmes such as transact

walks etc to promote city

sanitation

CSTF meetings, CSP workshops,

Newspaper Advertisement



Jal Kal for implementation of City

Sanitation Plan

• Safe handling of garbage by Sanitation

workers

• Promoting source segregation at

source and dump yards

• Safe deposition of garbage by

Contractors

calling for meeting/seeking

participation in transect walks

Press Conference-sharing the

goals and plan of action for CSP

with press persons

Videos on best practices and

their impact

Corporators,

Office bearer of

Slum Resident

Federations,

NGOs

representing

slums in inner

City

• Consultations on preventing open

defecation, especially highlighting the

risks on railway line

• Consultation seeking inputs of

residents on improving community

toilets and their usage

• Toilet options two pit, septic tank

• Safe disposal of Human Excreta

• Contamination due to Fecal Matter

• Health and hygiene: Diarrhea, GE,

Malaria, Scabies

• Consultation of water supply situation

• Consultation on expectations form

Municipality

Organising interactive

programmes with elected

representatives and officials.

These could include transact

walks in slum areas

RWA/SRF/NGO Meeting

Door to door campaign

Newspaper Advertisement.

Press Conference

Screening of videos for sanitation

awareness

Corporators,

office bearers

of Slum

Resident

Federations

representing

slums in City

Outskirts

• Consultation seeking inputs of

residents on improving community

toilets and their usage

• Health Risks due to open defecation

• Toilet options two pit, septic tank

• Contamination due to Fecal Matter

• Safe disposal of Human Excreta

• Health and hygiene: Diarrhea, GE,

Organising interactive

programmes with elected

representatives and officials.

These could include walks in the

outskirt slums.

RWA/SRF/NGO Meeting



Malaria, Scabies

• Consultation on problems with water

supply

• Consultation on expectations form

NNM

Door to door campaign


Press Conference

Screening of videos and films at

meetings

Office bearers

of Residents

Welfare

Association

middleclass

localities

• Consultation on problems with current

toilets

• Consultation on septic tank cleaning

• Consultation on Environmental

sanitation

• Consultation of water supply situation

• Consultation of willingness to pay user

charges

• Consultation on expectations from

NNM

Meetings with officials,

Door to door campaigning


Cable TV

Educational videos screening at

meetings

Water and

sanitation

officials

• Display responsibilities of officials viz

Sanitation Inspectors in their Circles

especially in the vicinity of open

defecation areas, markets, public

parks, slaughter houses, around water

bodies

• Establish public grievance redressal

mechanism.

• Appreciation of what people desire

Printed pamphlets given with

newspapers, newspaper

advertisements, painting on

Elevated/underground reservoirs

Print the phone numbers of

responsible officials on the NNM

garbage lifting vehicles

Water and

Sanitation

Workers

• Importance of safe handling of waste,

protective gear

• Important messages like not burning

plastics, not dropping waste on the

Training Programs, Workshops

on better gear, improved

practices, consultations with

Safai Karamcharis or sanitary



way to dump sites, intermediate bins

• Educating residents about Segregation

of waste

worker unions

Shopkeepers,

Commercial

establishments,

SSI units

• Do not dump garbage in by lanes, in

drains

• Organize a meeting with NNM to

appraise the officials of their

grievances

• If you need to dispose heavy waste

call the NNM and ask for a tractor.

• Improving sanitation facilities within

the shops and factories for workers

and customers

• Participation in Public toilets building

and maintenance

Area specific meeting with

shopkeepers, slaughter house

operators , traders and

representatives of SSI units

City Wide • Keep houses and neighborhood clean

• Boil/Filter the Water before drinking

• Wash your hands before and after

eating/drinking

• Don’t allow mosquitoes to breed in

your neighborhood

• Immunize Children

• Don’t share clothes of persons

infected with skin diseases

Road Side Billboards

News Paper Advertisements

City TV Cable

Short Films or videos to be

screened in theatres etc.

PLAN MORADABAD

CHAPTER 05

KEY POTENTIAL ISSUES

5.1 IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF KEY POTENTIAL ISSUES USING MATRIX METHOD

KEY ISSUES

IMPACT SCALE/ PRIORITY

RANK

I II III

I 1/1

Open Defecation

½

6% sewerage coverage

and No treatment of

waste water

1/3

Waste disposal in

open drains

II 2/1

Schools with no

toilets

Poor O&M of school

toilets

No public toilets at

commercial/ market

places

2/2

No proper Fecal sludge

management of

community toilets and

even at household level

(those using septic tank)

Low drinking water

quality

No proper maintenance of

Institutional toilets

2/3

Slaughter house

waste disposal into

nallas

III 3/1

Poor arrangements

of operation and

maintenance of both

community and

public toilets

3/2

2% door to door collection

of household waste

Unscientific disposal of

liquid waste and fecal

sludge from hospitals,

3/3

Encroachments,

waste dump sites -

Water bodies



community toilets

The existing situation of the cities (i.e. key problems are listed out – further, analysis for their

consequences and their impacts.) A matrix is developed to highlight the areas of high priority that

need to be addressed by ULB.

5.2 PRIORITIZING THE IDENTIFIED POTENTIAL ISSUES USING MATRIX METHOD

IMPACT SCALE/ PRIORITY RANK I II III

I 1/1

Individual toilets

Community toilets

½

Sewerage System

1/3

STP/DEWATS

II 2/1

Public toilets

School sanitation

2/2

Fecal sludge management

Water Quality

Institutional toilets

2/3

Proper disposal of

Slaughter house

waste

III 3/1

O&M arrangements

of community toilets

3/2

Solid waste management

Proper disposal of BMW

3/3

Upkeep/maintenance

of Water bodies



CHAPTER 06

PROPOSALS/ RECOMMENDATIONS

This section essentially deals with the requirements at the city level for sanitation services to

support urban stability, enable social balance, economic growth and development and are

imperative for the improvement of urban public services in Moradabad. Although there have been

some national and state initiatives to increase sanitation coverage in Moradabad, a substantial part

of urban population, especially in slums, has no adequate sanitation facilities made available to them

by the government machinery.

6.1 SWOT Analyses

The importance of SWOT analysis lies in its ability to help clarify and summaries the key issues and

opportunities facing a sector. Value lies in considering the implications of the things identified and it

can therefore play a key role in helping a sector to set objectives and develop new strategies. The

ideal outcome would be to maximize strengths and minimize weaknesses in order to take advantage

of external opportunities and overcome the threats. The biggest advantages of SWOT analysis is that

it is simple and only costs time to do. It can help generate new ideas as to how a sector can use a

particular strength to defend against threats in the performance. If a sector is aware of the potential

threats then it can have responses and plans ready to counteract them when they happen. SWOT

Analysis is the foundation for evaluating the internal potential and limitations and the likely

Short - term

Mid - term

Long- term



opportunities and threats from the external environment. It views all positive and negative factors

inside and outside the sector that affect the success. A consistent study of the environment in which

the sector operates helps in forecasting/predicting the changing trends and also helps in including

them in the decision-making process of the particular sector in the context of Moradabad.

PLAN MORADABAD

Strengths

� Satisfactory coverage in HIG areas of the city

Weaknesses

� Lack of metered connections

� Leakages

� Using private electric pumps to suck water

� Illegal connections

� Unwillingness to use water at the consumer end due to

contamination in the supply line

� Water borne diseases due to poor quality of water

supplied

Opportunities

� Improving water quality and reducing water borne

diseases

� Rehabilitation of the existing lines

� Constant vigilance to control illegal connections

� IEC campaign to overcome illegal connections from rising

main and usage of untreated water leading to

contamination

� Encouraging individual metered connection to increase

revenue

� IEC to bring forth change in the mindset to go for

Individual metered connections

SWOT Analysis for Nagar Nigam Moradabad -Water Supply

Threats

� Poor service in some areas � Contamination due to household & commercial waste

directly lead to open drains and nallas



Threats

� All nallas /drains discharging in water bodies

� Stagnated water bodies are major source of pollution and health

hazard

Strengths

� Extensive nallas and drain network

� city covered by sewer lines

Weaknesses

� No sewerage treatment plant ‘STP’

� Black and gray water not treated

� Household and commercial waste directly lead to open drains

and nallas

Opportunities

� Plan sewerage network and STPs

� IEC campaign against throwing garbage in storm water drains

SWOT Analysis for Nagar Nigam Moradabad - Sewerage & Storm Water Drainage



SWOT Analysis for Nagar Nigam Moradabad - Solid Waste Management

Weaknesses

� No door to door collection

� Gap between the waste generated and collected in the city

� Open dumping sites are located inside the city

� No system in place for tracking the collection and transportation

of the waste

Strengths

� New integrated solid waste management project under PPP model is

coming up

� Willingness to pay for the user charges

Threats

� Gap between generation and collection has let large amount of

garbage in the city leading to public health hazards � Open dumping sites are major public health hazards

Opportunities

� Effective IEC campaign to illustrate and explain the hazards of

unscientific disposal of municipal waste can stop the citizens from

dumping the garbage in open

� Willingness to pay for the user charges can be converted in educating

people to give the waste in a segregated manner

� CBOs are more than willing to participate in any sort of campaign to

improve the quality of life



SWOT Analysis for Nagar Nigam Moradabad - Open defecation, community toilets and public toilets

Strengths

� Community / Public toilets have been built for the population of the

city

Weaknesses

� No M & E system for tracking Open Defecation

� Few community toilets for large slum population

� Number of community toilets are in unusable condition

� Most of community toilets leading waste to open drains

Opportunities

� Increasing number of Community Toilets would bring down the

instances of open defecation to a large extent

� Rehabilitation of existing Community Toilets

� BOT models in building toilets have high chances

� IEC & Behavioral Change campaign can bring down the cases of open

defecation

Threats

� Open Defecation has become a major public health hazard

� Mosquitoes leading to several diseases and instances of skin

diseases

PLAN MORADABAD

6.2 VISION AND SPECIFIC GOALS

Moradabad City to become totally sanitized, livable and sustain good public health and

environmental outcomes for all the citizens with a special focus on hygienic and affordable sanitation

facilities for the urban poor by 2015.

SPECIFIC GOALS

a) Awareness generation and behaviour change

b) Making Moradabad a open defecation free city

c) Re-Orienting Institutions and Mainstreaming Sanitation

d) Sanitary and Safe Disposal of human excreta and liquid wastes

e) Proper Operation & Maintenance of all Sanitary Installations

The city’s concerted efforts would be in achieving the vision and the goals in a stipulated timeframe.

6.3 SANITATION OPTIONS

6.3.1 TECHNOLOGICAL OPTIONS

Application of technology is one of a number of integrated measures required to improve sanitary

conditions. Although sanitation is often understood as dealing with urine and excreta, the definition

of sanitation is much broader and concerns the conditions relating to public health. To improve

sanitation, the entire environment needs to be looked at in a holistic manner so that improvements

in one area are not undermined by the neglect of another, and to prevent the problem being

transported elsewhere with the discharge of untreated sewage or indiscriminate tipping of solid

waste.



The infrastructure necessary to provide a sanitation facility which is safe, reliable, private, protected

from the weather and ventilated, keeps smells to the minimum, easy to keep clean, minimises the

risk of the spread of sanitation-related diseases by facilitating the appropriate control of disease

carrying flies and pests, and enables safe and appropriate treatment and/or removal of human waste

and wastewater in an environmentally sound manner. Technology does not fail humans; humans fail

technology if the introduced technology cannot be sustained in the socio-economic, personal or

cultural environment. The users are often blamed for the failure but the reality is that failure occurs

because the technology is inappropriate to the circumstances.

Regardless of the technology selected, making sanitation improvements in any community requires

careful planning and concerted investment efforts between households and government. Lacking

proper coordination, some investments can become very wasteful and redundant. For instance, the

disposal of contaminated wastewater in densely populated areas is both expensive and technically

challenging, while the prospects for charging for this service are limited. Thus, if water services are

introduced in an area without a proper drainage and sewerage system, there will be no way to take

away the volumes of wastewater.

Sanitation systems can be divided into ‘onsite’ and ‘offsite’ technologies. Onsite sanitation systems

aim to contain human excreta at the point of generation (the household level). Onsite sanitation can

be classified into two main categories: ‘wet’ which require water for flushing; and ‘dry’ which do not

require any water for flushing. This type of infrastructure comprises of (improved) latrines, septic

tanks and other household level technologies that do not involve sewerage.

Offsite sanitation systems transport human excreta to another location for treatment, disposal or

use. Offsite sanitation can be classified into two main categories: ‘decentralized’ and ‘centralized’.

Decentralized systems include systems where groups of two or more houses are linked to a network

leading to a communal treatment system. Wastewater systems serving one or several communities

are termed centralized systems.

Technology Option for On-site sanitation systems

Septic Tank with soak pits

Application Level- Household, Apartments, Institutions



Septic tanks consist of a chamber or series of chambers into which wastewater is discharged and

contained. Sediment and solids settle at the bottom of the tank and organic wastes are decomposed

by the action of bacteria. The effluent from septic tanks may contain pathogens and should be

discharged into a soak away. In practice, many septic tanks in India discharge effluent to the nearest

open drain.

Liquid flows into the tank and heavy particles sink to the bottom, while scum (oil and fat) floats to

the top. With time, the solids that settle at the bottom are degraded anaerobically. However, the

rate of accumulation is faster than the rate of decomposition, and the accumulated sludge must be

removed at some point. Generally, Septic Tanks should be emptied and cleaned every 2 to 5 years,

although they should be checked yearly to ensure proper functioning. The design of a Septic Tank

depends on the number of users; the amount of water used per capita, the average annual

temperature, the pumping frequency and the characteristics of the wastewater. A variation of the

Septic Tank is called an aqua privy, which is a simple storage and settling tank located directly below

the toilet, so that the excreta fall into the tank. To prevent odor from surfacing, a water seal must be

maintained but it may not completely prevent smells and the tank must be frequently desludged.

Adequacy: A Septic Tank is appropriate where there is a way of dispersing or transporting the

effluent. Because the Septic Tank must be desludged regularly, a vacuum truck should be able to

access the location. Often Septic Tanks are installed in the home, under the kitchen or bathroom

which makes emptying difficult. If Septic Tanks are used in densely populated areas, onsite

infiltration should not be used otherwise the ground will become oversaturated and excreta may rise

up to the surface posing a serious health risk. Instead, the Septic Tank should be connected to a

sewer and the effluent should be transported to a subsequent treatment or disposal site. Septic

Tanks can be installed in every type of climate although the efficiency will be affected in colder

climates. Even though the Septic Tank is watertight, it should not be constructed in areas with high

groundwater tables or where there is frequent flooding. Aqua privies can be built indoors and above

ground and are appropriate for rocky or flood prone areas where pits or other technologies would

not be appropriate. However, because they require frequent emptying and constant maintenance,

they are only recommended for very specific applications.

Health Aspects/Acceptance: Although the removal of pathogens is not high, the entire tank is below

the surface so users do not come in contact with any of the wastewater. Users should be careful



when opening the tank because noxious and flammable gases may be released. Septic Tanks should

have a vent. A vacuum truck should be used to empty the sludge from the Septic Tank. Users should

not attempt to empty the pit themselves except with a manual technology.

Maintenance: Septic Tanks should be checked to ensure that they are watertight and the levels of

the scum and sludge should be monitored to ensure that the tank is functioning well. Because of the

delicate ecology, care should be taken not to discharge harsh chemicals into the Septic Tank. The

sludge should be removed annually using a vacuum truck to ensure proper functioning of the Septic

Tank.

Pros & Cons:

� Can be built and repaired with locally available materials

� Long service life

� No real problems with flies or odours if used correctly

� Low capital costs, moderate operating costs depending on water and emptying

� Small land area required

� No electrical energy required

� Low reduction in pathogens, solids and organics

� Effluent and sludge require secondary treatment and/or appropriate discharge

� Requires constant source of water

Reference: Mara, DD (1996), Low-Cost Urban Sanitation. Wiley, Chichester, UK (Sizing, volume and

emptying calculations and example design solutions, Chapter 6)

Pour Flush toilet with double leach pit

Application Level- Household

A Pour Flush Toilet is like a regular Flush Toilet except that instead of the water coming from the

cistern above, it is poured in by the user. When the water supply is not continuous, any cistern Flush

Toilet can become a Pour Flush Toilet. Just like a traditional Flush Toilet, there is a water seal that

prevents odours and flies from coming back up the pipe. Water is poured into the bowl to flush the

toilet of excreta; approximately 2 to 3L is usually sufficient. The quantity of water and the force of



the water must be sufficient to move the excreta up and over the curved water seal. Both pedestals

and squatting pans can be used in the pour flush mode. Due to demand, local manufacturers have

become increasingly efficient at mass-producing affordable, Pour Flush Toilets and pans. The S-shape

of the water seal determines how much water is needed for flushing. To reduce water requirements,

it is advisable to collect toilet paper or other dry cleansing materials separately. The waterseal at the

bottom of the Pour Flush Toilet or pan should have a slope of 25 to 30°. Water seals should be made

out of plastic or ceramic to prevent clogs and to make cleaning easier. The optimal depth of the

water seal is approximately 2cm to minimize the water required to flush the excreta. The trap should

be approximately 7cm in diameter.

Adequacy: The water seal is effective at preventing odors and it is appropriate for those who sit or

squat (pedestal or slab) as well as those who cleanse with water. It is only appropriate when there is

a constant supply of water available. The Pour Flush Toilet requires much less water than a

traditional cistern Flush Toilet. However, because a smaller amount of water is used, the Pour Flush

Toilet may clog more easily and thus, require more maintenance. If water is available, this type of

toilet is appropriate for both public and private applications. Pour Flush Toilets are adequate for

almost all climates.

Health Aspects/Acceptance: The Pour Flush Toilet (or squatting pan) prevents users from seeing or

smelling the excreta of previous users. Thus, it is generally well accepted. Provided that the water

seal is working well, there should be no odors and the toilet should be clean and comfortable to use.

Maintenance: Because there are no mechanical parts, Pour Flush Toilets are quite robust and rarely

require repair. Despite the fact that water is used continuously in the toilet, it should be cleaned

regularly to prevent the buildup of organics and or/stains. To prevent clogging of the Pour Flush

Toilet, it is recommended that dry cleansing materials be collected separately and not flushed down

the toilet.

Pros & Cons

� The water seal effectively prevents odors

� The excreta of one user are flushed away before the next user arrives

� Suitable for all types of users (sitters, squatters, wipers and washers)

� Low capital costs; operating costs depend on the price of water requires a constant source of

water (can be recycled water and/or collected rain water)



� Requires some education to be used correctly

Reference: Mara, DD (1996), Low-Cost Urban Sanitation. Wiley, Chichester, UK.

(Provides detailed drawings of Indian glass-fibre squat pan and trap with dimensions and critical

design criteria. A description of how to modify a Pour Flush Toilet to a cistern Flush Toilet is included.

Single Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP)

Application Level- Household,

The Single VIP is a Ventilated, Improved Pit. It is an improvement over the Single Pit because

continuous airflow through the ventilation pipe vents odours and acts as a trap for flies as they

escape towards the light. Despite their simplicity, well-designed Single VIPs can be completely smell

free, and be more pleasant to use than some other water-based technologies. Flies that hatch in the

pit are attracted to the light at the top of the ventilation pipe. When they fly towards the light and

try to escape they are trapped by the fly-screen and die. The ventilation also allows odours to escape

and minimizes the attraction for flies.

The vent pipe should have an internal diameter of at least 110mm to a maximum of 150mm and

reach more than 300mm above the highest point of the toilet superstructure. The vent works better

in windy areas but where there is little wind, its effectiveness can be improved by painting the pipe

black; the heat difference between the pit (cool) and the vent (warm) creates an updraft that pulls

the air and odours up and out of the pit. To test the efficacy of the ventilation, a small, smoky fire

can be lit in the pit; the smoke should be pulled up and out of the vent pipe and not remain in the pit

or the superstructure.

The mesh size of the fly screen must be large enough to prevent clogging with dust and allow air to

circulate freely. Aluminium screens, with a hole-size of 1.2 to 1.5mm have proven to be the most

effective. The top diameter of the Single VIP should be between 1 to 1.5m and be dug at least 3m

deep, although the deeper the better. Deep pits can last up to 15, 20, 30 or more years. As the

effluent leaches from the Single VIP and migrates through unsaturated soils, faecal organisms are

removed. The degree of faecal organism removal varies with soil type, distance travelled, moisture

and other environmental factors and thus, it is difficult to estimate the necessary distance between



a pit and a water source. A minimum distance of 30m between the pit and a water source is

recommended to limit exposure to chemical and biological contamination.

Adequacy: Treatment processes in the Single VIP are limited, and therefore, pathogen reduction and

organic degradation is not significant. However, since the excreta are contained, pathogen

transmission to the user is limited. This technology is a significant improvement over Single Pits or

open defecation.

Single VIPs are appropriate for peri-urban areas; single pits in urban or dense areas are often difficult

to empty and/or have insufficient space for infiltration. Depending on the pit depth, depth to the

water table, number of users and soil conditions, some pits can be used for 20 years without

emptying. VIPs are especially appropriate when water is scarce and where there is a low

groundwater table. They should be located in an area with a good breeze. They are not suited for

rocky or compacted soils or for areas that flood frequently.

Health Aspects/Acceptance A Single VIP can be a very clean, comfortable, and well accepted

sanitation option. However some health concerns exist:

• Latrine leachate can contaminate groundwater;

• Pits are susceptible to failure/overflowing during floods;

• Health risks from flies are not completely removed by ventilation.

Maintenance: To keep the Single VIP free of flies and odours, regular cleaning and maintenance is

required. Dead flies, spider webs, dust and other debris should be removed from the ventilation

screen to ensure a good flow of air.

Pros & Cons:

� Flies and odours are significantly reduced (compared to non-ventilated pits)

� Does not require a constant source of water

� Suitable for all types of users


� Can be used immediately after construction

� Low (but variable) capital costs depending on materials and pit depth



� Small land area required

� Sludge requires secondary treatment and/or appropriate discharge

� Costs to empty may be significant compared to capital costs

Reference: Mara, DD (1996), Low-Cost Urban Sanitation. Wiley, Chichester, UK. (Provides detailed

design information.)

Double Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP)

Application Level-Household, Public Toilet, Community Toilet

The Double VIP has almost the same design as the Single VIP with the added advantage of a second

pit that allows the technology to be used continuously and allows for safer and easier emptying. By

using two pits, one pit can be used while the contents of the second pit rests, drains, reduces in

volume, and degrades. When the second pit is almost full (the excreta is 50cm from the top of the

pit), it is covered, and the contents of the first pit are removed. Due to the extended resting time (at

least 1 year of filling/resting) the material within the pit should be sanitized and humus-like. The

Double VIP is specifically designed to produce humus and as such, it requires regular additions of

soil, ash and/or leaves.

The superstructure may either extend over both holes or it may be designed to move from one pit to

the other. In either case, the pit that is not being filled should be fully covered and sealed to prevent

water, garbage and animals (and/or people) from falling into the pit. The ventilation of the two pits

can be accomplished using one ventilation pipe moved back and forth between the pits or each pit

can be equipped with its own dedicated pipe. The two pits in the Double VIP are continually used

and should be well lined and supported to ensure longevity.

Adequacy: The Double VIP is more appropriate than the Single VIP for denser, peri-urban areas. The

material is manually emptied, so vacuum truck access to the pits is not necessary. The users can

remove the pit material after a sufficient resting time of one or more years even though the

treatment processes in the pit are not complete and the material is not entirely hygienic. The Double

VIP technology will only work properly if the two pits are used sequentially and not concurrently.

Therefore, an adequate cover for the out of service pit is required. Double VIPs are especially

appropriate when water is scarce and where there is a low groundwater table. They should be



located in an area with a good breeze. They are not suited for rocky or compacted soils (that are

difficult to dig) or for areas that flood frequently.

Health Aspects/Acceptance: The Double VIP can be a very clean, comfortable and well accepted

sanitation option. However some health concerns exist:

• Latrine leachate can contaminate groundwater;

• Pits are susceptible to failure/overflowing during floods; and

• Health risks from flies are not completely removed by ventilation.

Maintenance: To keep the Double VIP free of flies and odours, regular cleaning and maintenance is

required. Dead flies, spider webs, dust and other debris should be removed from the ventilation

screen to ensure a good flow of air. The out of service pit should be well sealed to reduce water

infiltration and a proper alternating schedule must be maintained.

Pros & Cons:

� Longer life than Single VIP (indefinite if maintained)

� Flies and odours are significantly reduced (compared to non-ventilated pits)

� Does not require a constant source of water

� Suitable for all types of users


� Small land area required and can be used immediately after construction

� Can be used immediately after construction

� Low/moderate reduction in pathogens

� Higher capital cost than Single VIP

Reference: Mara DD (1984), The Design of Ventilated Improved Pit Latrines (UNDP Inter reg. Project

INT/81/047). The World Bank+ UNDP, Washington.

Community Toilet Block- The Sulabh Model

Application Level- Slum, Low Income Areas, General Public Area



A community toilet block is a shared facility provided for a group of residents or an entire

settlement. Pour flush technology is generally used though dry ‘ecological sanitation’ (ecosan) toilet

blocks have been piloted in a few locations. Washing facilities are sometimes included in the block.

These are usually constructed in low income residential areas and slum to cater to the local

community who would otherwise have no access to sanitation. Provided these are managed well

and maintained, this system can be effective in meeting the needs of the local community and

promoting improved public health.

Adequacy: As far as possible, separate circular pits should be constructed as these are structurally

more stable and the sludge is dry and safe to handle. Where separate circular pits of standard sizes

cannot be constructed due to space constraint, pits of smaller diameter (not less than 750mm) be

provided, but the depth should be increased suitably to provide required storage volume and

infiltration surface area. If it is not possible to construct small diameter pits, combined oval, square

or rectangular pits divided into two equal compartments by a partition wall can be provided. The

partition wall should be taken 300mm below the bottom of the pit and be plastered on both sides

with cement mortar of 1:6 ratio. The partition wall and pit lining in 300mm width adjoining the

partition wall should not have holes. However the possibility of water from one pit finding its way to

the other pit is very much there. Therefore the desludging of the filled up pit has to be done with

care to avoid health hazards.

Health Aspects/Acceptance:

� Hygienically and technically appropriate, and socio-culturally acceptable

� Eliminates mosquito, insect and fly breeding.

� Free from health hazards and does not pollute surface or ground water, if proper

precautions and safeguards are taken during construction.

� Can be located within the premises as it is free from foul smell and fly/mosquito nuisance

etc.

Maintenance: For the best maintenance of these types of toilets the user should remember that

before using, they have to wet the pan by pouring only a little quantity of water, after defecation,

have to pour 1.5 to 2 litres of water in the pan for flushing. Half litre of water should be poured in

the pan after urination and the pan should be cleaned once a day with a brush or a broom and with

soap powder periodically. Very important component is not to allow kitchen, bathroom waste water



or rain water to enter the pits also the other solid wastes like kitchen waste, rags, cotton, sweepings

etc. should not be thrown in the pan, as this could block the toilet. When the first pit in use is full,

the flow should be diverted to the second pit and the filled up pit should be desludged after 1.5 to 2-

year rest period. The first pit can then be put to reuse, when the second pit fills up.

Pros and Cons

� Affordable and easy to construct with locally available materials

� Design and specifications can be modified to suit householder's needs and affordability.

� Can be constructed in different physical, geological and hydrogeological conditions.

� Can be constructed on upper floors of houses.

� Pits are generally designed for 3-year desludging interval, but if desired, it can be designed

for longer periods or it can be reduced even to two years.

� Maintenance is easy, simple and costs very little.

� Needs only 1.5 to 2 litres of water for flushing, while conventional flush toilet needs 12 to 14

litres of water.

� Needs less space than a septic tank toilet system.

� Does not need scavengers for cleaning the pits or disposal of sludge. This can be done by the

householder.

� Makes available rich fertilizer and soil conditioner.

� Can be easily connected to sewers when introduced in the area.

� A low volume flushing cistern could be attached to avoid pour flushing.

Reference: http://www.sulabhinternational.org

Technology Option for Off-site sanitation systems

Sewerage

Application Level- City Wide

Costly sewerage-based systems are unlikely to be cost effective solutions in most urban areas.

Instead, decentralized excreta management systems are required. While many technological

solutions exist, awareness and knowledge of them is limited to a small group of experts and needs to

be broadened. Similarly, the technical knowledge of decision-makers needs to be increased. In some



situations, such as for slums above water, appropriate technological solutions are yet to be found

and more innovation is needed. Also, comparisons of primary and secondary costs and further

investigation of what does and does not work, in the case of community-developed and managed

facilities would be helpful.

Maintenance: Sewers and manhole chambers will occasionally require structural repair or

replacement, and broken and missing manhole covers should be replaced immediately. In gravity

sewers, wastewater and solids are flushed along the sewer line to a treatment plant. If sewers are

laid to self-cleansing velocities, they should require little routine maintenance. However, silting can

be a problem where falls are limited and/or storm run-off carrying silt enters sewers. In such

situations, periodic rodding, flushing or jetting will be required to remove blockages. Where

pumping is required, considerably more attention will be required to operate and maintain pumps

and other associated electro-mechanical equipment.

Pros and Cons

Operation and maintenance costs can be high, especially where pumping is required or silt and other

solids cannot effectively be excluded from the sewer. As a result, many service providers rely upon

subsidies to keep the system functional.

� Sewers often become heavily silted and lose hydraulic capacity or become completely

blocked.

� Illegal storm water collections may lead to hydraulic overload of the sewerage system during

heavy rainfall events. This may result in the flow of runoff contaminated with excreta

flowing in streets and sometimes houses.

� In order to save electricity costs, pumping station operators often maintain wastewater

levels in the wet well above the invert level of the incoming sewer. This reduces flow

velocities in the incoming sewer and leads to rapid siltation.

� In many cases a sewerage system is built in isolation from the sewage treatment plant and

the two do not connect.

� Households may not connect their facilities to the sewer network due to high connection

charges and low willingness to pay.

�



Simplified Sewers or Shallow Sewers

Application Level- Neighborhood and City Wide

Simplified Sewers describe a sewerage network that is constructed using smaller diameter pipes laid

at a shallower depth and at a flatter gradient than conventional sewers. The Simplified Sewer allows

for a more flexible design associated with lower costs and a higher number of connected

households. Expensive manholes are replaced with simple inspection chambers. Each discharge

point is connected to an interceptor tank to prevent settle-able solids and trash from entering the

sewer. As well, each household should have a grease trap before the sewer connection.

Another key design feature is that the sewers are laid within the property boundaries, rather than

beneath the central road. Because the sewers are more communal, they are often referred to as

condominium sewers. Oftentimes, the community will purchase, and connect to, a single legal

connection to the main sewer; the combined effluent of the auxiliary sewer network flows into the

main sewer line. Because simplified sewers are laid on or around the property of the users, higher

connection rates can be achieved, fewer and shorter pipes can be used and less excavation is

required as the pipes will not be subjected to heavy traffic loads. However, this type of Conveyance

technology requires careful negotiation between stakeholders since design and maintenance must

be jointly coordinated. All Grey water should be connected to the Simplified Sewer to ensure

adequate hydraulic loading. Inspection chambers also function to attenuate peak discharges into the

system. For example, a 100mm diameter sewer laid at a gradient of 1m in 200m (0.5%) will serve

around 200 households of 5 people (10,000 users) with a wastewater flow of 80L/person/day.

Although watertight sewers are the ideal, they may be difficult to achieve, and therefore the sewers

should be designed to take into account the extra flow that may result from storm water infiltration.

Blocks of community-based Simplified Sewers are connected to an existing Conventional Gravity

Sewer or routed to a Simplified Sewer main constructed with pipes of a larger diameter. A Simplified

Sewer main can still be placed at a shallow depth providing it is placed away from traffic.

Adequacy: Where the ground is rocky or the groundwater table is high, the excavation of trenches

for pipes may be difficult. Under these circumstances, the cost of installing sewers is significantly

higher than in favorable conditions. Regardless, Simplified Sewerage is less expensive than

Conventional Gravity Sewerage because of its shallow installation depth. Simplified Sewers can be



installed in almost all types of settlements and are especially appropriate for dense, urban

settlements. To prevent clogging and maintain the sewers, good pre-treatment is required. It is

recommended that the scum from Grey water, heavy solids and garbage be removed from the

wastewater prior to entering the sewer.

Health Aspects/Acceptance: If constructed and maintained well, sewers are a safe and hygienic

means of transporting wastewater. Users must be well educated about the health risks associated

with maintaining/ cleaning blockages and inspection chambers.

Maintenance: Pre-treatment with interceptor tanks and a grease trap is essential. The homeowner

must maintain the interceptor tanks and the grease trap. Ideally, households will also be responsible

for the maintenance of the sewers; however in practice this may not be feasible. Alternatively, a

private contractor or users committee can be hired to assume responsibility for the maintenance as

inexperienced users may not detect problems before they become severe, and therefore, more

costly to repair. A related problem is that households may drain storm water into the sewer. This

practice should be discouraged whenever possible. Blockages can usually be removed by opening

the sewer and forcing a length of rigid wire through the sewer. Inspection chambers must be

emptied periodically to prevent grit overflowing into the system.

Pros & Cons:


� Construction can provide short-term employment to local labourers

� Capital costs are between 50 and 80% less than Conventional Gravity Sewers; operating

costs are low

� Can be extended as a community changes and grows

� Requires expert design and construction supervision

� Requires repairs and removals of blockages more frequently than a Conventional Gravity

Sewer

� Effluent and sludge (from interceptors) requires secondary treatment and/or appropriate

discharge.

Reference: Mara, DD, (1996) Low-Cost Sewerage, Wiley, Chichester, UK. (Assessment of different

low-cost systems and case studies)



Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (Popularly called as DEWATS)

Application Level- Neighborhood, Household, Public

An Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR) is an improved septic tank because of the series of baffles under

which the wastewater is forced to flow. The increased contact time with the active biomass (sludge)

results in improved treatment. The system operates without mechanical means and sewage flows by

gravity through the different components of the system. Up to 1,000 cubic metre of domestic and

non-toxic industrial sewage can be treated by this system. DEWATS applications are based on the

principle of low-maintenance since most important parts of the system work without electrical

energy inputs and cannot be switched off intentionally (BORDA). DEWATS applications provide

state-of-the-art-technology at affordable prices because all of the materials used for construction

are locally available. DEWATS approach is an effective, efficient and affordable wastewater

treatment solution for not only small and medium sized enterprises (SME) but also for the un-served

urban households in developing countries, especially South Asia. For instance, DEWATS can operate

in individual households, at the neighborhood level and even in small and big factories not

connected to sewage lines. DEWATS can also treat municipal waste. The recycled water is used for

irrigation or for growing plants and is absolutely safe for human use. In certain urban areas the

processed water is taken for use as flush- water in toilets.

Adequacy: This technology is easily adaptable and can be applied at the household level or for a

small neighborhood. An ABR can be designed for a single house or a group of houses that are using a

considerable amount of water for clothes washing, showering, and toilet flushing. It is mostly

appropriate if water use and supply of wastewater are relatively constant. This technology is also

appropriate for areas where land may be limited since the tank is installed underground and

requires a small area. It should not be installed where there is a high groundwater table as

infiltration will affect the treatment efficiency and contaminate the groundwater.

Health Aspects/Acceptance: Although the removal of pathogens is not high, the ABR is contained so

users do not come in contact with any of the wastewater or disease causing pathogens. Effluent and

sludge must be handled with care as they contain high levels of pathogenic organisms. To prevent

the release of potentially harmful gases, the tank should be vented.



Maintenance: Adequate arrangements must be made for periodic removal of sludge from the first

compartment. Sludge accumulation in the baffled compartments should be much less. Although

desludging at regular intervals is necessary, it is important that some active sludge is left in each of

the compartments to maintain a stable treatment process. ABR tanks should be checked to ensure

that they are watertight and the levels of the scum and sludge should be monitored to ensure that

the tank is functioning well. Because of the delicate ecology, care should be taken not to discharge

harsh chemicals into the ABR. The sludge should be removed annually using a vacuum truck to

ensure proper functioning of the ABR.

Pros & Cons

� Resistant to organic and hydraulic shock loads

� No electrical energy required


� Grey water can be managed concurrently

� Long service life and no real problems with flies or odours if used correctly

� High reduction of organics

� Moderate capital costs, moderate operating costs depending on emptying; can be low cost

depending on number of users

� Requires constant source of water and effluent requires secondary treatment and/or

appropriate discharge

� Requires expert design and construction

Reference:

a) Sasse, L. 1998. DEWATS: Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems in Developing Countries.

Bremen Overseas Research and Development Association, (BORDA), Bremen, Germany

b) Consortium for DEWATS Dissemination (CDD) Society, Bangalore

c) The Vigyan Vijay Foundation, New Delhi

6.3.1a. Options for Removal and Transport of Fecal Sludge and Septage

Fecal sludge management must be integral part of every sanitation plan, which builds on on-site

sanitation facilities. Sludge management is an indispensable part of the maintenance of these

facilities. However, in reality sludge management is often neglected in sanitation planning because

the need for it is less apparent than it is for the provision of water supply or toilet facilities. Even

when a sanitation plan foresees a component for sludge management, its implementation is often



impaired for the same reasons. On-site sanitation systems are often perceived as cheap in

comparison to sewerage systems, because the investment costs are covered by individuals and not

by the public bodies. However, fecal sludge management is an important cost factor, which cannot

be neglected and which has always to be taken into account when sanitation systems are planned.

Conventional on-site sanitation includes facilities like pit latrines, community/public toilets, flush

toilets connected to septic tanks, etc. In these sanitation systems, feces, urine, and in some cases

grey water is mixed and the sludge produced can be quite diluted. The efforts for sludge collection,

transport and treatment are high, because the sludge is of high volume and difficult to handle.

The removal of sludge from toilet facilities, and the transport to the site of treatment or disposal is

the first important component of fecal sludge management. Hygiene with sludge handling is usually

an important issue when manual pit or vault emptying is common. The workers whether

independent or employees of private or municipalities, are rarely aware of the health risks and may

use no protection during their work.

Source Characteristics Emptying and cartage implications

Dry pits/vaults Highly concentrated quasi-solids Vacuum desludging systems are

with high pathogen content required for cleaning of single pit

(depending upon residence Latrines.

time in latrine).

Leach pits As above, but higher moisture content Twin pits can be emptied manually

without the need for specialized

equipment.

Septic tanks Varies enormously depending Septage vacuum trucks are widely

on the number of people utilizing utilized for cleaning of septic tanks.

the septic tank, water consumption,

tank size, and pumping frequency.

Adopted from ‘A Guide to Decision-making—Sanitation Technology Options for Urban India’,

Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) with support from the Water and Sanitation Program South

Asia.



6.3.2 FINANCING OPTIONS

Expansion of sanitation systems will not be possible unless an institution or group of individuals,

preferably the intended users, are willing to pay user charges for the new facilities required. Even

when facilities have been provided, they will fail sooner or later unless funds are available to cover

their ongoing operation and maintenance. So, it will be impossible to first provide and then sustain

services to cities as a whole unless the finances of those who are responsible for providing and

managing them are sound. Most conventional financing goes to established services in already

served areas and to conventional technological and administrative systems. This approach is not

going to fulfill the sanitation target of the MDGs and beyond. To revise the current trend of an ever-

growing sanitation backlog in poor urban areas we need not only to invest more and more wisely,

but also finance in much more creative ways.

Every proposal for a sanitation service, and its non-technical components, needs financing. The

amounts required can be estimated in the early stages of strategic planning, and should include costs

to be incurred by the municipal government and other parties. The strategy will consider both the

initial capital and recurrent financing needs. The sustainability of most sanitation systems depends on

having adequate recurrent funds for operations and maintenance. Financing is often regarded as the

defining factor in sanitation development. This is true, especially if a city relies only on the local

government budget. However, with a good citywide sanitation plan, a municipal government will plan

to access finances from other sources, such as central government, state government, the private

sector and the public.

Furthermore, since the nominal amount of municipal budget is small, sanitation budgets are

correspondingly small. The citywide sanitation strategy can propose a larger allocation from the

municipal budget and recommend optimizing use of funds from other sources. Increasing the

municipal budget allocation for sanitation requires commitment from all relevant decision makers,

both in the legislative and executive bodies. Approval from the local legislature is key, and such

support can be gained if the sanitation working group designs awareness-building activities for all

decision makers. Thus, strategies for developing funding for sanitation needs to be supported by

strategies for developing non-technical components, especially community participation, policy and

regulation, and institutions. Without the support of these components, the sanitation working group



would have difficulty in obtaining additional financing for sanitation development. These mutual

linkages will be described in the citywide sanitation plan.

Sanitation

PLAN MORADABAD

SL.NO FINANCING SOURCE APPROACH

1 13th

Finance Commission The 13th Finance Commission has funding for Urban Local Bodies. The additional

advantage to the ULB is that of 12th

Finance Commission grant utilized for Solid Waste

Management. The State Government has to guide the ULB’s to utilize the funds

appropriately and achieve the goals of sanitation in an acceptable manner. The 13th

FC

grants can be pooled to providing sanitation facilities if the State takes up the issue of

Sanitation in a mission mode. Only a mission mode approach would enable the ULB’s to

achieve open defecation free city status.

2 State Finance Commission The State Finance Commission plays a vital role in cities achieving open defecation free

status. The SFC grants help the cities to take care of the salaries of the municipal

employees apart from providing funds for the other basic services to the urban citizens

apart from urban poor.

3 Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme

for Small & Medium Towns (UIDSSMT)

Under the ministry of Urban Development, there are several components which have

funding options for sanitation. UIDSSMT has urban infrastructure and governance

component which can funds for building sewerage network & STP, water supply ,

integrated SWM etc.

4 Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty

Alleviation (MoHUPA)

Ministry of Housing and urban poverty alleviation provides large amount of finance for

the Urban Slums in India. The Ministry has several poverty alleviation programmes which

cater to the needs of housing in turn catering to the issue of sanitation by constructing

toilets in the housing structure. Large numbers of toilets have been built and good

number of dry latrines have been converted to pour flush latrines.



4a ILCS The Centrally Sponsored Scheme of Low Cost Sanitation for Liberation of Scavengers

started from 1980-81 initially through the Ministry of Home Affairs and later on through

the Ministry of Welfare. From 1989-90, it came to be operated through the Ministry of

Urban Development and later on through Ministry of Urban Employment and Poverty

Alleviation now titled Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation. The main

components are Central Subsidy of 75%, State Subsidy of 15% and beneficiary share of

10%. A detailed difference between the previous and the new scheme is given below this

table.

4b Rajiv Awas Yojana Rajiv Awas Yojana is a scheme sponsored by the ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty

Alleviation. Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY) for the slum dwellers and the urban poor envisages a

‘Slum-free India’ through encouraging States/Union Territories to tackle the problem of

slums in a definitive manner. The goals of RAY will be driven and incentivized by the

provision of central support for slum redevelopment and construction of affordable

housing conditional to a set of reforms necessary for urban development to become

inclusive. This specific programme also would enable the city to achieve complete

sanitized situation as the major problem of sanitation arises from slums and Ray would

take care of this issue.

5 ULB’s Finance The Nagar Nigam also has considerable income for creating some provision for sanitation

scheme in the city. As the state Municipalities act also specifies some of the duties to be

performed under sanitation, some amount can be exclusively earmarked in the municipal

budget to take sanitation in a mission mode till the city achieves the Open Defecation free

status.

6 Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment Ministry of Social Justice and empowerment is also funding in a significant way to take

care of the welfare of manual scavengers and their family. It is also heartening to note

that big numbers of Manual Scavengers were reported in Uttar Pradesh. Relieving these



people would not fetch the adequate results as the livelihood option would bring them

back to the same work as they occupied before. The ministry has plan for rehabilitation of

the families through several ways. Adequate amount of finance can be availed from this

ministry to eliminate manual scavenging in existing places and rehabilitation of the

families who has practiced before.

7 Sarva Shikshya Abhiyan (MoHRD) Ministry of Human Resource Development is a potential source of financing as school

sanitation is also a major component in the city sanitation plan. The SSA component has

funding for school sanitation. The Nagar Nigam with the support of the district magistrate

and education department should make efforts to pool in money for school sanitation.

8 PPP Public Private Participation is another potential area which has been explored by the

Nagar Nigam to an extent but not to the maximum. PPP has a great potential in

Moradabad as the city is a heritage centre and the population is also willing to pay for the

services. Till now few public toilets have been constructed with PPP but many more

community as well as public toilets can be built in Moradabad city. Few parks and street

lights have been constructed under PPP but more projects can be done by following some

models in south as well as north. This would relieve the city from capital investment and

reduce the burden in bringing finance. As a response to an insufficient provision of basic

urban services and a lack of access to finance and other resources by ULBs that aim to

increase access to sanitation services, a number of PPP options have emerged. These

include: service contracts; performance-based service contract; joint sector company to

implement and finance the project; a management contract for operations and

maintenance (O&M); and construction cum build-operate-transfer (BOT) contract.

Ministry has come out with a guidance note on Guidelines on India: Urban Water and

sanitation Services, sector reform and successful Public-Private Partnerships.

9 NGO NGO’s have played a significance role in transforming sanitation sector in India. Take for

example Sulabh has played a major role in easing the burden on the ULB’s. They are there



almost length and breadth of the country. Their contribution in reducing the magnitude of

Open defecation is noteworthy. The model adopted by them is also unique as they have

developed their own model against the standard world known models based on

experience. There are few more like SPARC who have made significant contribution in pay

and use system. The pay and use system in the form of monthly cards will also help

bringing down the incidences of OD as well give scope for going for individual toilets with

low cost involved in construction. There are several NGO’s which are ready to invest and

look after Operation and maintenance. There are some NGO’s which are working on

partial cost by the NGO and then partial by the beneficiary through installments and bank.

ILCS Scheme Details:

Earlier Provision Revised Provision

1. The scheme has been taken on a 'whole town basis' and the

towns having population less than 5 lacs are being covered

The earlier programme was town-wise for population upto 5 lacs as per

1981 census which need not be restricted any more as the whole

country is to be declared as scavenger free. The new guidelines will

cover all towns on "All Town" basis.

2. Pattern of Assistance: The HUDCO is providing loan and a mix of

subsidy from the Central Government in a synchronized manner

as per the following financing pattern.

Category Subsidy Loan

Beneficiary contribution

EWS 45% 50% 5%

75% subsidy for the EWS beneficiaries, 15% of State's contribution and

10% of Beneficiaries contribution.



LIG 25% 60% 15%

MIG/HIG Nil 75% 25%

3. The present unit cost for different categories of sanitary latrines

is as follows:-

5 user unit Rs4000.00, 10 user unit Rs6000.00, 15 user unit

Rs7000.00 Super structure cost not included.

Provision of subsidy including the superstructure in case of individual

toilets: An upper ceiling of Rs. 10,000/-for complete unit of pour flush

units with superstructure.

4. No provision of IEC component.

It is proposed to include the Information, Education and Communication

(IEC) component with 1% of the total central allocations under the

scheme in each of the financial year with the Ministry. In case the funds

retained are not utilised, these may be utilised in the projects.

5. No involvement/ participation of NGOs at implementation

stage.

NGOs may be involved by the State Governments in the implementation

of the scheme in various activities meant for the benefit of EWS

population under the scheme with maximum charges upto 15% over and

above the total project cost to be borne by the Centre and States in the

ratio of 5:1 at different stages of implementation.

6. Technology used for construction and conversion of toilets was

as per HUDCO's pattern/recommendation.

Options like septic tank, connecting to small bore or conventional sewer

network etc. may also be permitted under the cost ceiling. Technology

which can enable to tap local resources should be permitted to be

adopted. State implementing agencies may decide the technology best

suited for the site/ locality which may be adopted.

PLAN MORADABAD

Providers

Sanitation services

& Facilities

Users

6.3.3 COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF OPTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF MOST

APPROPRIATE OPTIONS

The surveys along with several other tools used in the methodology have significantly contributed to

this particular section. This section also reveals most appropriate options for the city in redeeming to

be highly sanitized and become livable. Instead of creating just infrastructure for no reason is of no

use and is also a burden on the Nagar Nigam. In such case a supply driven approach would be of

greater help but not a perfect solution also as sometime people will be concerned about their own

place and just surroundings but would have not understood the significance of cities sanitation

situation. In such cases the research groups along with the officials arrive at solutions which are

environmental friendly and good for the city as such.

Fig:

Supply Driven Approach for Sanitation

Capital and 'technical'

Expertise

Information on Information

needs and local on possibilities

Situation

Demand for services

Willingness to pay

Local Knowledge



Recent thinking on service provision stresses that infrastructure schemes must respond to user

demand by providing what potential users want and are willing to pay for. This ‘demand responsive’

approach has replaced the old emphasis on supplying what professionals think is good for users,

regardless of whether the users want what is supplied or are willing to pay for it. While clearly an

improvement on the old supply driven approach, the pure demand-responsive approach is also

inadequate in a number of respects.

� It is based on what intended service users know, thus limiting scope for change and

innovation.

� It ignores the fact that service users are likely to be concerned only with their immediate

surroundings, so that demand for local improvements may be at the expense of the wider

environment.

� In equating demand with willingness to pay, it perhaps overlooks the fact that the main

problem may be either that sanitation providers are unwilling to charge users for the full

cost of services, or that poor people are unable to pay for the full cost of the services.

� It fails to pay sufficient attention to the capacity of service deliverers to respond to demand.

This is a particularly important point where existing service delivery systems are weak.

The market correlation approach

The approach assumes that sanitation is a commodity that should be sold like any other commodity,

for instance a car. People should therefore be offered a range of sanitation options from which they

can choose. This approach has two basic drawbacks:

� It assumes that individual sanitation users can act independently of one another

with each achieving the optimum result for him or her. In practice, this is rarely the

case and people need to act together if the best results are to be achieved.

� It ignores the fact that different stakeholders may have different objectives. There is

a real danger that the choices of community members will relate to their immediate

needs and ignore the wider environmental implications of their sanitation choices.



The user knows best approach

This approach assumes that sanitation-related choices should be based solely on user preferences

and that the role of professionals is to facilitate those choices. It underestimates the value of

'professional' knowledge. Like the market analogy approach, it assumes that all stakeholders have

the same priorities and will act as a coherent group at the local level. These weaknesses mean that

the approach encourages local ad-hoc activity at the expense of overall planning. For example;

people request for sewerage everywhere but the professionals would know the feasibility of

proposing such an option which is of high cost.

Shared decision-making - a better approach to sanitation selection

The best choices are likely to be those that take into account the knowledge, concerns and priorities

of both professionals and users. When all factors are taken into consideration, there will generally be

a best sanitation option in any given situation. The challenge is for users and professionals work

together and pool their knowledge so as choose this best option. An illustration of the process of

shared choice is given below:

Professional with

Partial information

Community with

Partial Information

Dialogue Leading to

Preliminary Choice of

Sanitation Option

Pilot test of proposal

Fully informed choice based on

experience

Plan

PLAN MORADABAD

RECOMMENDATIONS OF MOST APPROPRIATE OPTIONS

1 Sewerage Moradabad city is already having approximately of coverage with sewer lines

but there is provision of Sewerage Treatment Plant STP. STP is highly recommended for

the safe disposal of effluent/wastewater of the city.

2 DEWATS This is the best option for number of Nallas discharging directly into the water bodies.

DEWATS has a procedure of doing a feasibility test and then come up with a plan. The

detailed write up about DEWATS has already been given in the sanitation option section.

CDD Bangalore and Vijay Vigyan Foundation, Delhi are some of the expert agencies in

constructing and operationalising DEWATS in India.

3 Community Toilet Block-The Sulabh Model Community toilets are constructed in low income residential areas and slum to cater to

the local community who would otherwise have no access to sanitation. Provided these

are managed well and maintained, this system can be effective in meeting the needs of

the local community and promoting improved public health. In Moradabad city, as on-site

sanitation option, thirty seven community toilets are existing. Community toilets not only

provide sanitation facility but at the same time have a demonstrative effect as well. The

people using these become habitual users of toilets, and in turn realize the need for

individual household toilets. Community toilets thus are the effective tools for bringing



behavioral changes amongst the public residing in the slum areas as well as in generating

a demand for the use of the individual toilets. As of now there are slum/LIG areas/villages

on the outskirts of the city without any community toilet arrangement in Moradabad. A

list of places where community toilets have to be built is given in the gaps and

requirement section of the sanitation plan.

4 Sulabh Shauchalaya Sulabh Shauchalaya is a low cost pour flush water-seal sanitary latrine. It is an improved

version of the designs already available in the country based on research conducted by

different organizations and institutions on pour flush water-seal latrines. The designers of

Sulabh Shauchalaya sought to provide an appropriate, efficient, cost effective and

affordable excreta disposal system and to free scavengers from having to collect night soil

and carry it on their heads. This has to be promoted at the individual level in Moradabad

so that the low cost attracts the customers and the option is also in comply with the

pollution control board standards. This specific option has to be communicated effectively

throughout the city so as to promote possession of individual toilets at the household

level in city as well as in slum & LIG areas.

5 Shared Latrine In areas where there is not enough space for individual household latrines particularly in

core city, the sharing of latrines between several families may provide a useful solution.

The ownership of the latrines generally belongs to one of the houses, the owner of all the

houses, or else ownership is shared between the households. Costs of pit emptying and

other repairs can be included in the rent, but this can cause problems if the owner does



not live there. Alternatively, residents can collaborate to clean the latrine and collect

money to get it emptied and cleaned when necessary. Pour Flush toilet with double leach

pit technology would enable the household to use it for long term as well as in a more

environmental friendly manner with less cost. Information on technology and its

feasibilities are given in the sanitation technology section for further reference.

6 Pour Flush toilet with double leach pit This is an appropriate technology for promoting individual toilets in the city. This

technology would enable the household to use it for long term as well as in a more

environmental friendly manner with less cost. A careful Septage management would

make this system a success. The Nagar Nigam should go with a strong IEC campaign and

make sure that people go for individual toilets. Information on technology and its


7 Septic tank with soak pits This is a wide speared option which is used in apartments or in houses with multiple

portions. It is a fact that there are several apartments which have septic tanks but not

soak pits. Septic tank without soak pits is a dangerous trend and it has to be avoided. The

construction of septic tank with soak pits can be made sure with the system of building

laws making it mandatory. Regular monitoring and evaluation with a proper Septage

management would also fetch required results. Information on technology and its




Special focus on community toilets due to space constraints and its capacity to deal with needs of the urban poor

Large and sizable investment has been made for the construction of community toilets, which have become either hazardous, unhygienic or abandoned due

to poor construction and planning, or lack of water supply or lack of proper maintenance. At the same time it must be understood that community toilets

are specifically important for slum, especially where it may not be possible to construct individual household toilets due to the non-availability of space.

The reasons for failure of community toilets

TECHNICAL ISSUES FINANCIAL ISSUES INSTITUTIONAL & BEHAVIOURAL ISSUES

Faulty construction, not conforming to norms of

availability of sustainable water supply, ventilation,

natural lighting etc.,

Insufficient funds for running the system Non-consultations with community on design and

location of Community Toilets

Lacking in special provision for children and

handicapped /disabled persons

Non-availability of funds for

augmentation, rectification and up

gradation of facilities.

Lack of motivation and non-generation of felt need

towards sanitation

Lacking in safety and security for women Lack of public health and hygiene education among

poor sections of society

Lack of operation and maintenance. Lack of sensitization on gender issue.

PLAN MORADABAD

Under these circumstances not only the construction but devising measures for strengthening

operational and maintenance aspect of the community toilets becomes all the more important. This

scenario necessitates initiatives not only in the construction but over and above in the ‘Operation &

Maintenance’ (O& M) of community toilets.

Involving user groups in maintenance is another measure tried successfully in southern part of the

country. The chances of success of these groups are more when women are actively involved. This

was learnt from the experiences of one of the Municipal Corporation Trichy in Southern part of the

India. The women of the area were involved in construction of community toilets. The women group

“SHE - Team (Sanitation and Hygiene Education - Team)” was formed to take up the maintenance

responsibility of the community toilet under pay and use system. The women group soon could able

to earn money out of the toilet maintenance and further invested the money in renovation of an

abandoned community toilets nearby which was earlier used by men. They replaced the damaged

water closets in the men’s community toilet and attended other repair and renovation works in the

toilet. The men of the area started using the renovated community toilet and avoided open

defecation in the slum. For children, the community has decided to construct a separate toilet

adjacent to the pay and use latrines meant for men and women. They could design and construct a

child friendly toilet. The child friendly toilet is being used by the girls and boys of the slum who are

below 6 years old. Therefore, community participation especially of women has great chance of

successful O &M of community toilets.

Therefore, a system based on empowerment of users, owning, operation & maintenance and

collection of service charges by user groups seems to be a sustainable solution for rehabilitation of

defunct community toilets and also for the construction of new ones.

6.3.4 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS

Institutional arrangement is one of the most crucial aspects of sanitation. It is a common factor in all

urban local bodies that infrastructure would be put in place with the support of respective state

government and national government at different levels of finance and implementation support. It is



observed and proven that, over a period of time the responsibility is taken by none and the

infrastructure remains unused or the infrastructure and its conditions deteriorate so much it

becomes a dead investment. No agency concerned in the city vicinity would be in a position would

be in a place to monitor it. This has been a crucial issue in sanitation which has hampered the growth

in terms of sanitation and also has pushed the cities to look unhygienic by redundant services.

Therefore, having a sound institutional arrangement would enable the infrastructure to be used in a

proposed manner to its fullest capacity.

Many a times the institutional arrangements cannot be confined with one agency in an urban local

body as the activities come under multiple agencies which would make it more cumbersome. This

issue of multiple agencies handling the same issues can be resolved only with a good number of

convergent meetings and responsibilities to deliver are to be guided by the state government. Each

agency handling its own thing is also important but in turn they should also have co-ordination to

make sure that the duties do not limit themselves to their circles but the duties should enable the

city to look more hygienic in terms of living conditions. For Example: Slums although directly come

under DUDA, the Nagar Nigam also has greater responsibility in making sure that the slum receives

all the urban basic services required. In this type of situation, a combined effort from DUDA and

Nagar Nigam would make better living for the slum dwellers rather each agency handling the

situation in its own way. In the same way the Nagar Nigam has the responsibility of constructing

community toilets in the slums, this can happen in the best manner only if both the agencies come

together.

PLAN MORADABAD

Stakeholders Multiple Stakeholders and

required co-ordination

Role to be performed

Civil Society Household level

CBO’s

Resident Welfare Associations

Civil society has to play a crucial role in promotion and maintenance of

sanitation situation in the city. This is a first of a kind exercise where in the

institutional arrangement civil society is added. The justified reason would be

that most of the time the responsibility of operation and maintenance of

sanitation services are left on the Nagar Nigam or any other government

agency. This attitude has to change and civil society should own the

infrastructure given by the government. The Nagar Nigam should make special

moves in this regard as to make sure that the civil society takes the

responsibility of maintaining the given infrastructure.

Apart from this, regular involvement in IEC campaign in the city and keeping

the awareness on sanitation movement in the city is of greater responsibility

of the civil society as this cannot be done by local government alone.

Educating the violators on sanitation also falls in the larger preview of the civil

society as sanitation has greater dent in behavior change.



Local NGOs Health Based NGO’s

Sanitation Based

Development Based

Education Based etc.

The local NGO’s have crucial task to perform as they would know the city

better than anybody within their own sector. NGO’s, apart from their routine

work of carrying out different projects, should get involved in other activities

by giving handholding support to the corporation in monitoring and evaluation

of sanitation activities. The NGO’s also should guide the corporation with their

rich experience in the field in right direction as to approach communities

according to the need.

The NGO’s also should get involved extensively in sanitation IEC activities as to

make the effort more fruitful and effective. Regular reporting of the situation

of different sector in the city also helps the corporation take appropriate

measures enable proper services.

Elected representatives

MP

There are greater responsibilities to performed by the elected representatives.

The elected representatives would know the problems and the scenario of

particular community better than anyone else. So it is in this regard the role of

elected representatives become crucial. They have to be proactive and

monitor the development work at regular intervals as to bring it to the notice



MLA

Corporators

Ward Members

of the commissioner or responsible authority to make sure that the works

happen in a systematic manner

The elected representatives should also get engaged in IEC activities taken up

by the concerned ULB as to bring awareness among the people to go for

better sanitation. Their appeal and presence would make larger difference

with regard to sanitation scenario.

Nagar Nigam Moradabad Jal Sansthan/Kal

DUDA

JDA

Health Department.

Education Department

Nagar Nigam Moradabad has a vital role and responsibility in sanitation apart

from the other things it handles. There is a requirement of co-ordination

between different stakeholders in the NNM. This is a herculean task.

� As the responsibility of different sectors rests with different agencies,

the nagar nigam has to regularly monitor and keep itself informed.

� Issues of amending the building bye laws and any other policy matters

Nagar Nigam has to have co-ordination with JDA as to make sure it

happens with consensus.

� Nagar Nigam & JDA has to work together to construct more public



toilets.

� Nagar Nigam and DUDA should take combined responsibility of bringing

sanitation facility to the slums. As slums form the crucial section in

sanitation, a greater co-ordination is expected.

� The Jal Sansthanl support the Nagar Nigam in planning and execution of

water supply works. So there is a requirement of larger co-ordination

between the agencies.

� A considerable amount of co-ordination is required between Nagar

Nigam and Health Department as health indicators also form a major

portion in sanitation ranking. Regular reporting of health indicators from

the health department would enable the Nagar Nigam to take

appropriate actions in this regard

� Nagar Nigam should have a better co-ordination with school education

department as school sanitation is also a priority in overall sanitation.

The co-ordination should be in assessing requirements, making demands

and getting funds from the concerned agency to make school sanitation

better in the corporation limit.



� Nagar Nigam should also take adequate interest in insisting the hospitals

to discharge the bio medical liquid waste after a primary treatment. This

can be decisive with regard to public health. The Nagar Nigam should call

for a meeting with the health department officials and pollution control

board to make sure that the hospitals adhere to BMW Rules 1998

There are some general responsibilities of the Nagar Nigam in making city a

sanitized city are as follows:

� Planning, and execution of sanitation projects on its own or through

agencies;

� Operation and maintenance of environmental sanitation services;

� Enable participatory approaches for provision and maintenance of

environmental services.

� Implementation and creating awareness for health and hygiene



State Government

Urban Development Department

Directorate of Urban Local Bodies

� Financing and implementation strategy

� Ensuring availability of land in slums and poor settlements for sanitation

� Put in place enabling laws, by-laws and Rules for environmental sanitation

� Devolving of power, authority, finance & personnel to the ULBs and

finance, ensuring accountability of para-statals to the ULBs

� Promote capacity building of ULBs through technical assistance and training

to the ULB staff

� Steering of Programme implementation

� Creating enabling policy regime for PPP and

� Monitoring of Programme implementation

Pollution Control Board Setting standards for environmental pollution

Public Health Engineering

Department

Planning and implementation of specific sanitation projects in cities and towns



Health Department Ensuring public safeguards and outcomes

Para Statals and Urban

Development Authorities

Planning, financing and implementation of environmental sanitation services

National Government Ministry of Urban Development

Ministry of Housing and Urban

Poverty Alleviation

Policy Guidelines for planning, financing and implementation

Monitoring and evaluation of implementation



Apart from these roles and responsibilities at the informal level there are certain specified responsibilities the agencies have to perform. Below list would

give clear indications on institutional arrangements:

Sector/Component Regulating Authority Present arrangement Required arrangement

Planning and

Construction

Operation and

Maintenance

Water Supply Nagar Nigam Jal Nigam Jal Kal Water supply is regulated through Nagar Nigam

recently. Prior to that the Jal Kal was called as Jal

Sansthan and it was directly under the State

Government. Now with the additional department

with Nagar Nigam, the Jal Kal should be able to

provide safe drinking water with better quality with

regular checks on the tests done on water quality. A

grievance redressal mechanism has to be put in place

for tracking water pollution and contamination apart

from public complaints on water supply. There should

also some regular check on quality of the water bodies

This can happen only with Nagar Nigam+Jal Kal+Public

coming together.



Solid Waste Management Nagar Nigam PPP/Private PPP/Private SWM regulating authority is Nagar Nigam and with the

recent PPP on SWM the construction along with

operation and maintenance has gone to the private

sector. Nagar Nigam with its officials should have a

check on the performance of the private sector as to

see that the SWM is completely take care. SWM

cannot happen overnight and it requires help from

different groups at different levels. The people have to

be educated through IEC campaigns on source

segregation and importance of SWM. NGO

participation is very much sought as they have better

communication strategy to approach. The community

should be prepared to pay for the services and this can

happen over a period of time by educating as well as

doing a pilot work and showing the performance to

bring change in the mindset of the people.

The arrangement would be:



Nagar Nigam+Private Agency +DUDA+NGO’s+Resident

Welfare Associations

Community Toilets Nagar Nigam NGO NGO Although community toilets are regulated by the

Nagar Nigam but it is the NGO’s who are really taking

care of it. As it has been recorded in the situation

analyses most of the Community Toilets are in very

bad condition leading to difficulty for the communities

to use it in the absence of individual toilets. There

should be a periodical checking of the status of

community toilets by the Nagar Nigam officials as to

make sure that the facilities are in place. This also calls

for a more robust grievance redressal mechanism.

The arrangement would be:

Nagar Nigam+NGO+DUDA+RWA

Public Toilets Nagar Nigam PPP/Private Nagar Nigam There are very few public toilets are available in

Moradabad city. Due to operation and maintenance

problem, public toilets remain unuseable most of the

time. The O&M of public toilets has to be converted



into BOT model and regular checks on the

maintenance should be done by the Nagar Nigam

officials.

Septage Management Nagar Nigam Nagar Nigam Nagar Nigam Septage management solely rests with the Nagar

Nigam. As of now cleaning of septic tanks and pits is

done by the Nagar Nigam only. The sludge is thrown

into bigger nallahs without treatment. There are many

toilets which are directly connected to drain. This has

to be monitored and Nagar Nigam should take the

help of Jal Kal to make treatment arrangement and

ensure safe disposal of Septage.

Nagar Nigam+Jal Kal

School Sanitation School Education

Department

SED SED This is one component which is of greater importance

and greater magnitude also. There is required

attention for upgrading school sanitation. The Nagar

Nigam also should take active role in school sanitation

by extending sanitation options and Septage

management support to the School Education

Department as this has direct bearing on sanitation



situation and public health in the city

SED+Nagar Nigam+Jal Kal

Bio-Medical Waste Nagar Nigam/Health

Dept.

Private Private Bio Medical waste is a prominent issue although not

projected at that level. The liquid BMW is let out to

the nallas or drains without treatment. The liquid

waste has to be treated within the hospital and then

let to the sewerage. This can happen with Nagar

Nigam taking serious note and has to co-ordinate with

the health sector to bring forth the change. The solid

BMW is collected by the private agency but often

dumped in open places in the outskirts of the city

leading to serious public health issues. The Nagar

Nigam should regularly monitor and ensure proper

treatment of BMW.

Nagar Nigam+NGO+Hospitals+Jal Kal

Industrial Waste Nagar Nigam/PCB Jal Nigam Jal Kal The pollution control board has greater role to play in

insisting on safe disposal of industrial waste.

Nagar Nigam+PCB+Industries



6.3.5 IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS

An implementation arrangement for sanitation is crucial as defining an agency to implement would be easier but to assess the situation and maintain after

completion would be a much higher task. Institutional capacity to carry forward and the required preparation before putting system into place plays the

vital role. This section has identified some crucial requirements for successful sanitation in the city. Some of the issues to be addressed before

implementing and in the process of implementing have been identified as below:

Sl.no Implementation arrangement Responsibility

1 Creating a State Level Steering Committee (SLSC) for both driving the programme and establishing a

coordination mechanism for orchestrated action of multiple actors involved in the programme. The

State level committee should also be in a position monitor and give interim report to the concerned

ministry. The steering committee should not limit itself to monitoring but also give timely support in

terms clarification and advice on sanitation issues. The committee should act a modem to put forth

the success and difficulties a ULB faces and also provide adequate support in policy issues pertaining

to sanitation

State Government

2 Creating a City Sanitation Cell comprising of Nagar Ayukt, Commissioner, Environmental Engineer,

CMO, Health Officer, Sanitary Inspectors and Sanitation Workers. The ‘Environmental Engineer’

should be made over all responsible to coordinate the sanitation activities on day to day basis and

directly report to Nagar Ayukt.

Nagar Nigam

3 The City Sanitation Task Force which already exists in city should be ask for the periodic reviewing of

progress made in achieving the sanitation mission. As it is not feasible for the CSTF to meet very



regularly but the Mayor should be updated about the progress as the political representatives are kept

informed which is very crucial for the achievement

Nagar Nigam

4 Capacity Building for the Nagar Nigam officials is a greater requirement. The municipal officials may

not be aware of the technical, financial, environmental and institutional requirements attached with

sanitation. So, before the implementation begins, the officials have to be trained at different level

from different expert institutions. The state government has to make investment on this but it would

be worthier investment as they would remain as assets in achieving the goals set for sanitation. There

are some National Resource Centres identified by the Ministry of Urban development and Ministry of

Housing and poverty Alleviation all over India and their help can be sought in capacity building. There

is a requirement for field visits for the municipal officials including the Nagar Ayukt and this would

give them hands on experience of the good practices in sanitation.

State Government and Nagar

Nigam

5 Strengthening information and performance monitoring systems State Government and Nagar

Nigam

6 Capacity building for NGO’s and CBO’s is also essential before implementing sanitation programme.

This capacity building in turn would help the ULB in operation and maintenance after the

implementation

Nagar Nigam

7 Legal Framework is very important for the sanitation mission to take place. There will be requirement

of amending the building bye laws and other municipal laws to enable the implementation process to

be successful

State Government and Nagar

Nigam

8 A fixed tenure for the officials to remain in the same Nagar Nigam is also one of the requirements of State Government



successful sanitation initiative. The officials including the Nagar Ayukt should be given enough time to

understand the Nagar Nigam and work accordingly. This would facilitate implementation and

performance of Nagar Nigam in sanitation sector in a better way.

PLAN MORADABAD

6.3.6 LINKAGE WITH STATE SANITATION STRATEGY

The State Sanitation Strategy like the National Urban Sanitation Policy envisages the vision it has laid

out at the national level of making all the cities highly sanitized and livable. Sanitation being a state

subject has to be dealt with utmost care in implementing. The piecemeal approach to sanitation has

not fetched any results so far. The state sanitation strategy envisages supporting the sanitation plans

of the cities by duly acknowledging the financial constraints a ULB goes through. The state strategy

urges the urban local bodies to make public aware of the financial constraints it goes through and

help in providing basic necessities in a appropriate way by making provision for payment of the taxes

on time. On the other hand it should encourage and facilitate the cities to take up numerous IEC

activities in the city through audio visuals and video documentaries to bring awareness among the

general public in achieving sanitized city status.

The city sanitation plan of Moradabad has brought forth all these issues meticulously with numerous

tools of methodology and suggestion in the form of IEC to be in accordance with the State Strategy.

The IEC component has emerged in every section beginning from situational analyses to the last

section of the plan that of IEC action plan with indicative budget.

Apart from these components the other processes put forth and recommended in the State

Sanitation Strategy has been followed.

Sensitization Workshop Yes All stakeholders & municipal officials from all the

department attended the workshop

Profiling of the ULB Yes A team of experts visited the city and collected the

baseline information of Moradabad city

City Sanitation Task Force Yes Constituted as per guidelines of NUSP and held the

meeting

Situational Analyses and Mapping

current status

Yes Was done extensively with a primary survey and the

results shared in a stakeholders workshop

Problem Analyses and Gaps

Identification

Yes Was done and gaps identified with suggested

solutions

Developing consolidated CSP Yes Was done and stakeholders suggestions have been

taken

Formulation of action plans and

finalization of CSP at stakeholder

workshop

Yes Would be done after the draft CSP is presented and

suggestions are incorporated



The plan also recommends the State Government and Nagar Nigam should take up sanitation in a

mission mode and achieve the required standards. Although the state strategy does not mention

about taking up sanitation drive in a mission mode, the plan suggests it to as the UP cities need

immediate attention so that the city will also take it as a priority and achieve goals one by one as to

fall in comply with the national vision of NUSP. Needless to mention, the plans attract huge money in

terms of grants and in terms of donation from international donors apart from the existing financial

structure for promoting sanitation at the ULB level.

6.3.7 IEC AND AWARENESS ACTION PLAN

In the process related parameters of city sanitation rating methodology, sanctions for deviance on

part of polluters and institutions clearly laid out and followed in practice find their place. Of the total

4 points given to this category, Moradabad has scored no point. Here is where initiating IEC and

awareness programmes can help the municipality gain some important points. A sustained

grassroots campaign couple with adequate mass media exposure is a mix that will deliver the

required results. Community participation backed by improved municipal services can help.

Neighborhood groups such as women’s self help groups and school children can be sensitized.

Having a community monitoring system has been found to be very effective in several cities.

Process Related

NO INDICATORS TOTAL

POINTS

POINTS

SECURED

G Sanctions for deviance on part of polluters and institutions is

clearly laid out and followed in practice

3 0

Water quality in water bodies is another area of focus for the Nagar Nigam as it is yet to score in this

category too. Further IEC can help in generating awareness required to bring down the level of

pollution in water bodies. The City Sanitation Ranking methodology has given weight to water

quality. The IEC campaign can take up water pollution as key theme. This would include water-borne

diseases, other communicable ailments including skin diseases to make it more comprehensive.



Outcome Related

NO INDICATORS TOTAL

POINTS

POINTS

SECURED

B Water quality in water bodies in and around city compared to baseline

7 0

In addition to the two pressing issues, an integrated communications campaign to promote

awareness and seek participation consisting of the following will comprehensively tackle the issue of

sanitation. Campaign against taking water connections directly from the raising main and other

illegal connections. Illegal connections cases losses of water and revenue to the Nagar Nigam;

Campaign for Solid Waste segregation at source; Campaign for community participation in

community toilet maintenance.

Strengthening the existing computerized public grievances redressal system at Nagar Nigam

Moradabad would served the citizen more effectively and efficiently. Citizens could use various

means to communicate their complaints such as phone, SMS, internet etc. As of now most citizens

(67%) complained directly through face to face interactions. Computerized complaint resolution

system will keep records of all complaints and can be an effective tool for the Nagar Nigam to

monitor trends in complaints to find areas of weakness.

Channels

1. Conducting circle wise meeting in the 05 sanitary circles.

2. Mass media, newspapers, FM radio, local cable TV channels .

Partners

NNM, Jal Kal, local NGOs, Gyan Jyoti Siksha Samiti, local print media agencies

Public Participation

1. Advisory Committees: These are constituted to ensure Multi-Stakeholder involvement in

sanitation projects. Members of such bodies can include prominent personalities from

academia, arts, culture, social sector, media etc, representatives of donor agencies, Mayor,

relevant heads of departments, and even leaders of sanitation workers union. City Sanitation

Task Force (CSTF) is one such body at the city level. NUSP guidelines have established the



role and responsibilities of CSTF. An innovative idea gaining traction is of Ward level

Sanitation Action Committees. For Moradabad such a body can be constituted at sanitary

zone level. It is desirable to take governance as close to people as possible. This ensures

effective public consultations and possibly community participation. A ward level body can

be headed by Corporator and comprise of ward members, Safai karamcharies,

representatives/officials from Nagar Nigam, Jal Kal, RWAs, NGOs, Self Help Groups (SHGs)

2. Public Hearings: The system of public hearings is known to be effective in monitoring project

progress, resolving citizen grievances. What we propose here is that public consultation is

essential during designing of projects. The chances of success of a project are enhanced, as

this makes sure the project is designed to benefit as many people as possible. Seeking inputs

from people will make them believe that the Nagar Nigam is seeking genuine partnership.

More importantly this will help to develop trust. Public hearing can help launch and

integrated campaign against open defecation, illegal water connection,

The timeframe of the recommended communication strategy is relevant for a period of two to three

years from the beginning of implementation. The process can evolve with the implementation to

incorporate any mid course improvements required. Once initiated, it can take up a wide range of

other issues as per the requirements of the city. There is every likelihood of such a process be

institutionalized with Public Relations officer stationed in the municipality taking the lead.

Given the growth and rapidly changing social and economic environment of the cities, it would be

imperative for Nagar Nigam to develop capacity to assess changes in the situation and adapt

strategies accordingly. Timely implementation of the recommendations made in this document will

ensure that desired results flow in a sustained manner.

PLAN MORADABAD

Phase 1 (1-12 months)

Awareness Raising Phase

Phase 2 (12-24 months)

Process Phase: Feedback

Phase 3 Compliance phase: (24-36 months)

Consolidating gains and sustaining behavior

change

Short (1 to 12 month) phase aimed at

generating high awareness and taking

steps to build trust among

stakeholders.

1. Health and Hygiene and

Government programmes and

processes-Goals of City Sanitation

Plans etc for all stake holders

2. Status of community toilets, solid

waste management, water supply

and drain cleaning. Setting out

goals and exploring all avenues of

improvement including

community participation and

consultation with officials.

3. Regular upkeep & maintenance of

water bodies

4. Industries and slaughter houses be

made aware of the compliance waste

management.

12-24 month phase to enhance trust

between stakeholders. Information and

educational approaches are employed

to stress the importance, among other

things, of properly designed community

toilets, septic tanks and periodic septic

tank inspections and desludgings every

3-5 years. Seeking feedback from the

residents on status of community

toilets their design, solid waste

management practices etc. Imposition

of user fee on commercial

establishments for improved municipal

services.

Offering awards and imposing penalties for

undesirable behaviors. This phase is a

continuing education and promotional phase.

Mobilized public opinion is important to push

for compliance. Continue promotional activities

to trigger the actual adoption of the practices

being marketed. Building sustaining process to

open channels of communication between

NNM and citizens. Compliance should be

sought from industries and slaughter houses.

Imposition of user fee on commercial

establishments for improved municipal

services.



� Organise interactive programmes,

participation of all stakeholders in

heritage walks, walks to local

monuments, Meeting/workshop with

stakeholders Shopkeepers, RWA,

NGOs etc

� Making use of the Municipal

council to further goals of city

sanitation plan, Discussion between

various departments for increased co-

ordination. Exploring institutional

arrangements for such co-ordination.

Media options:

� Local Cable TV ads (30 secs)

� Local newspaper ads

� Billboards

� Tarpaulin posters mounted on

mobile vans

� Leaflets for those attending

meetings

� News releases in print, radio

and TV

� Discussions on radio


participation of all stakeholders in

heritage walks, walks to local

monuments, Shopkeepers, RWA, NGOs,

etc to monitor the progress made

� Seeking feedback from Corporators

to help effective implementation.

Media options:

� Local newspaper ads

� House-to-house visits

� Radio/ local cable TV public affairs

show

� Short film/video showing in

theaters

� Continuing billboards,

tarpaulin posters

� Continuing news releases in

print, radio and cable TV

� Feature articles in media


participation of all stakeholders in transact

walks, Meetings with stakeholders

Shopkeepers, RWA, NGOs etc for sustaining the

progress made

�Encouraging further discussion between NNM

and elected representatives to, furthering co-

ordination between various departments for

better attainment of CSP goals.

Media options:

� Continuing radio, TV, print ads

� Continuing house to house

visits

� Continuing short film showing

in theaters

� Continuing billboards

� Continuing but less frequent

assemblies, SRF meetings

� Continuing news

releases on all platforms

� Continuing feature articles

City Sanitation Plan Moradabad


Conclusion

Keeping in view the issues and concern expressed by the citizen during the CSTF and other

stakeholders meeting and scope of city sanitation plan it is opined that less emphasized area of

communication holds a vast potential for behavioral and mindset change of people . There are three

important components to the communication strategy:

1. Inter-personal communications: Using opinion leaders

2. Engaging media and NGOs as partners in promoting sanitation consciousness

3. Adapting and developing multimedia IEC materials for sanitation campaigns

Interpersonal means are known to be very effective in behavior change communications. These are

tedious processes to carry out but offer better returns. It is important to understand the needs of

the local community and select opinion leaders who could influence the community to further

sanitation consciousness. These opinion leaders could be local NGOs, cooperators, school teachers

or any other respected elder. A newspaper ad or a public service message on TV without ground

level work through opinion leaders will fail to be sustainable in the long run.

6.3.8 MONITORING AND EVALUATION

Strategic planning should not be considered in isolation, but should rather be seen as a continuing

process. Circumstances change, outcomes do not always occur in quite the way expected and it is

therefore important that plans are adaptable. This will not be possible unless you have sound

information upon which to base decisions to amend and adapt plan components. This suggests a

need for effective monitoring and evaluation of plan components. Monitoring and evaluation of

sanitation progamme is of higher importance as Urban development Ministry, Government of India

publishes city sanitation ranking based on the cities performance. Before this happens it is the ULB’s

requirement to have a sound monitoring and evaluation tool.

Continued emphasis and allocations to sanitation from finance ministries depends on an ability to

demonstrate improved sanitation outputs and outcomes. This would only be possible if effective and

accurate monitoring systems are in place at all levels of government. Monitoring is also needed to

determine budget utilization, actual resource flows from different sources, and value for money

actually achieved. Despite its importance, while developing performance monitoring for sanitation it

is necessary to address constraints related to difficulty in measuring health and hygiene related

outcomes and their attribution to sanitation measures. Given the household and community focus in



sanitation appropriate institutional mechanisms are also needed for their participation in

performance monitoring. Emphasis on performance monitoring is also required because of limited

experience in scaling up approaches. Thus, synthesized feedback provided by a good performance

monitoring system to policy makers is essential for continuously assessing their effectiveness and

making the necessary mid-course corrections.

Monitoring is a management tool that is intended to provide managers with information about how

an initiative or process is performing. Monitoring takes place at intervals throughout the life of the

sanitation initiative or process. Examples include monitoring of the quality of materials used in the

implementation of a new sanitation initiative and monitoring of the effluent quality produced by a

treatment facility.

Evaluation takes place after the completion of an initiative or programme. It aims to answer such

questions as were the intended objectives achieved, was the expenditure as expected and did the

right people benefit as intended.

The key functions of agencies in the sanitation sector are policy formulation, regulation, investment,

operations and maintenance of sanitation facilities, and the commercial activity of supplying the

needy with desired sanitation services. Traditionally, these functions have been carried out in most

of the cities in a supply-driven way with a high degree of centralized control, little local

accountability, and little involvement of consumers. The consequence has been failure to cope with

the growing problems of urban sanitation.

Monitoring and evaluation of city sanitation plan has three purposes:

� To evaluate the effectiveness of the planning process, or assess the effectiveness of the

phases in the preparation of the city sanitation plan, including sanitation mapping, defining

the sanitation development framework, and preparation of reports. The results of the

evaluation will be used to improve the preparation of citywide sanitation plan in the next

cycle. Monitoring and evaluation is also used to assess coordination within the sanitation

working group. This type of monitoring and evaluation is generally qualitative, interactive,

and participatory.

� To evaluate the implementation of sanitation development activities, or assess the progress

and level of achievement of sanitation development activities. This monitoring and

evaluation uses indicators set at the time the sanitation activities were proposed.



Quantitative results will be used to evaluate whether goals and targets have been reached.

The results of the evaluation will be used to improve action plans for the following year.

� To evaluate the benefits of sanitation development, or assess the impact of sanitation

development programs against trends in sanitation conditions and general environmental

conditions, level of sanitation coverage, sanitation behaviour of the community, public

health conditions and environmental health risk in each section of the city. The results will

be compared with the baseline conditions of the city periodically.

In sanitation of the city the component of monitoring and evaluation plays a crucial role as it enables

the ULB to know its position from time to time against the baseline condition or prior to sanitation

initiative.

Fig:

The aim is to develop monitoring systems for simpler activities and schemes and use experience

gained with these to develop systems for more complex processes. When evaluating initiatives, one

should not forget to ask the users what they think. They are the people most intimately affected by

the success or failure of a scheme and their opinions should provide valuable information. The

evaluation also can be carried out through expert agencies as there is a tendency to feel good when

it is done by the ULB itself. Regular evaluation also gives added value to the project as to plan and

restructure if there is a requirement in the plan for further progress.

Development of

City Sanitation Plan

Implementing plan

Components

Evaluation

Monitoring

Reviewing progress of

Plan at Regular Interval



ROAD MAP

The city has the potential to generate several proposals in the form of different sanitation options.

As the city has no sewerage coverage there have to be alternative arrangements to make the city

more sanitized and achieve the required standards. This is also a primordial condition for the Nagar

Nigam to go for viable options and make the city more livable.

Sanitation programs must also use a menu of different approaches, such as financing at the

household level and a range of affordable sanitation options for potential consumers. This may

require working with a range of new partners, including public health officials, grassroots

organizations, and private sector, something that should not be seen as a deterrent.

Knowing well the resource constraints, the conventional wisdom is that a phased-development

approach is ideal. The further one goes up the “sanitation ladder”, the greater the benefits for

people and the environment. As economic growth permits, communities can then gradually improve

the quality of sanitation services with higher-cost options.



The phased development can be achieved in the form of short-term, mid-term and long-term goals.

This would also enable the Nagar Nigam to achieve some of the components of the sanitation policy

without making heavy financial investment. A list of initiatives to be taken up is given in below table.

Sl.No Timeline Initiatives

1 Short-Term Community toilets

� The Nagar Ayukt can constitute a small team headed by the Environmental

Engineer along with other officials who can make a rapid review of the

existing community toilets and their condition with pictorial evidences.

� The Nagar Ayukt based on the report can call for a meeting with the

agensies/NGO’s involved in operation and maintenance of the community

toilets in the city and give them a timeframe to put the system in place and

provide facility on regular basis.

� Minimum financial assistance to some existing infrastructure but in

requirement of a facelift can be facilitated to make them usable.

� An IEC campaign that can educate the public in usage of community toilets

in proper manner and bring awareness to use community toilets in case of

no individual toilet available at the household level instead of Open

Defecation

Public Toilets

� There are very few public toilets in Moradabad and all the toilets are not

used due to maintenance. Measures should be taken to make sure that the

toilets are opened for the public regularly and used.

Open Defecation

� An effective IEC campaign with the involvement of concerned citizens,

school children and NGO’s to eliminate open defecation by showing the

health hazards involved in OD in slums and other potential areas.

� Documentaries and audio visuals to inform people on day to day basis till

the message reach the public and there are signs of change in practice.

Waste Management

� The city faces huge problem with waste being dump in and around the city.



This problem can be solved by the administration by calling the Safai

Karmacharis involved in SWM for meeting and making them aware of the

hazards caused by open dumping of the waste. They in turn should

communicate the same in the colonies where they go for collecting SW,

street sweeping and cleaning the drains.

� Strict message should be sent across the municipal employees involved in

transportation of SW not to dump the waste in the city outskirts but only

at designated site.

� There is also a major problem of the cattle dung in the city. For this

investment for Bio-Gas can be explored under PPP model. The other option

would be asking the SWM Company to clean and use them in the

composting yard.

� An effective IEC campaign with the involvement of concerned citizens,

school children and NGO’s to adopt good practices through documentaries

can be taken up.

Environment pollution

� Most of the nallas and drains are directly discharging the wastewater into

the water bodies and thus polluting the complete environment of the city .

This can be controlled to an extent by ensuring the routine upkeep and

maintenance by the Nagar Nigam.

� The water bodies can be cleaned with the help of an IEC campaign and by

taking the help of resident welfare associations in the vicinity.

Bio Medical Waste

� There is big threat from the hospitals due to the way they handle Bio

Medical liquid waste. The hospitals are not fully aware of the BMW rules

and they have to be oriented and asked to comply with the rules and do a

primary treatment at the hospital level before leaving the liquid waste in to

the nallas or drain.

� The private agency handling BMW should be called regularly to update the

Nagar Ayukt on the situation of BMW in the city and how the collection

and conveyance is happening. Burning or throwing the BMW in the vicinity



and anywhere should be strictly punished.

Storm Water Drainage

� Institutionalize the upkeep & maintenance of nallas/drains

� Polythene bags are major cause of clogging the nallas/drains and so

use of polythene less than 20 microns as per UP Act

should be banned.

Grievance Redressal Mechanism

� Grievance redressal mechanism has to be more robust and responsive to

the public. This also would bring in good governance and effective delivery

of basic civic services.

Monitoring & Evaluation system

� The Nagar Nigam has to put in place an M&E system for tracking Open

Defecation incidences in the city and update the data available to assess

sanitation coverage and find option to move towards Open defecation Free

city.

2 Mid-Term Individual and Shared Toilets

� Construction of individual toilets must be promoted with financial

assistance from different sources. The concept of privacy and dignity has to

be made a major component of propaganda and through a constant IEC

campaign this can be achieved over a period of time.

� The option of shared toilets has to be promoted through the CBO’s in

places where less community toilets are there and there is place constraint

to construct individual toilet. This also requires extensive IEC campaign.

Community Toilets

� Space constraint would remain as one of the major problem for sanitation

at the individual level. The Nagar Nigam should identify some place in each

slum and potential places to construct community toilets. At least one slum

one community toilet should be followed and best would be providing

community toilets according the population ratio.

DEWATS



� By taking help of an expert agency feasibility study should be initiated in

the short term and then plans for constructing DEWATS should be

promoted.

� As the construction would not cost so much like a typical sewerage system

the Nagar Nigam should find finances for promoting DEWATS

� The community should be prepared to own the DEWATS system at their

community level and take minimum technical support from the Nagar

Nigam and external agency

3 Long-Term Sewerage Network & STPs

� Sewerage is kept in the long term goals for the obvious reason of high

investment which cannot be met by the Nagar Nigam and external funding

also does not come very often. Different sewerage networks and STPs can

be planned based on the geographical layout of the city.

Integrated Storm Water Drainage

� Integrated Storm Water Drainage system should be planned for the

city.

To accomplish this, local government and Nagar Nigam must change their current mindset. Many

still view that water and sanitation investments are too costly and not sustainable or replicable. It is

generally believed that some interventions are all that is possible. The Nagar Nigam does also

disregard the squatter settlements which absorb much of growing urban population. Moreover the

slum communities do not have ownership rights and are “not allowed” to invest in proper sanitary

facilities, even if they have motivation and capacity.

The first step is to provide basic sanitation or toilets facilities in slum and LIG. As mentioned earlier,

these must ensure hygienic separation of excreta from human contact, which means feces must be

confined until they are composted and safe. Regardless of the toilet technology selected, these

systems must also address sanitation all the way “from toilet to river,” meaning that pathogens and

pollutants cannot be allowed to enter nearby water sources, including aquifers. This is where

sanitation becomes particularly challenging, as affordability and environmental cleanliness are often

at odds. The simplest option; a pit latrine must be cleaned or emptied regularly, which is a difficult

prospect in crowded areas. Pour-flush latrines require that an ample water supply is readily



available, as well as properly-constructed septic tanks, drainage to carry away the wastewater, and

services for eventually dealing with the collection of sludge and transfer to a septage treatment

facility.

Innovative partnerships must be forged to stimulate investments (PPP Model)

To realize higher levels of service coverage and quality, sanitation programs must stimulate

investments from as wide a range of sources as possible, including consumers themselves and the

private sector. Successful public–private partnership (PPP) models can help overcome the limitations

of local governments, which are under tremendous pressure in view of rapid urbanization and fast

growing slum and low-income populations. In the sanitation sector, partnership arrangements

between the public and private agencies, with the involvement of community networks, such as

NGOs and CBOs, have proven to be successful. To realize the vision and plan of city sanitation the

city has to have a look on the available best models in sanitation across the country and also look for

best practices.

The best approach to maintenance is preventative maintenance, carrying out specific maintenance

tasks on a regular basis to ensure that problems are dealt well before they become serious. The

normal approach in our country is reactive maintenance or crisis maintenance, carrying out

maintenance in reaction to problems as and when they occur. The problem with this approach is

that it will generally cost more in the long-run than preventative maintenance. Poor design may

make preventative maintenance almost impossible.

Temporary improvements will not lead to lasting change and may even lead to a long-term

deterioration in conditions. For instance, a covered drain that gets clogged/blocked because of lack

of maintenance will overflow and may create a greater environmental nuisance than the open drain.

Improvements must be sustained over time if they are to have lasting benefits and this implies the

need for management arrangements for operation and maintenance that are workable and

acceptable to all the concerned groups. In this regard the plan of achieving short-term, mid-term and

long-term plan would facilitate much expected sustained development in terms of sanitation. The

Nagar Nigam have to play pivotal role in the entire programme for the simple reason that they are

legally entrusted to provide and maintain the sanitation services.



Sanitation for All and All for Sanitation



BEST PRACTICES

Case Study I-The first city in India where open defecation prevented in all slums

Tiruchirappalli City Corporation –the first city in India where open defecation prevented in all

slums.

Gramalaya’s work is focused on implementation and filling critical knowledge gaps in the sector,

up scaling community based pro poor approaches through our program and advocacy work. The

2001 census of India put urban sanitation coverage at 61 percent of the population having access

to individual or public toilets. Low coverage of urban sanitation is due to the inability of planned

urban development to provide for sanitation access to the urban poor. Gramalaya started its

urban intervention in the 186 slums of Tiruchirappalli City Corporation as the operational area

aiming at declaring open defecation free zone. The involvement of community based

organizations in the project coupled with City Corporation support in providing Integrated

Sanitatary complexes (ISPs), offering vacant sites for constructing community toilets with

WaterAid, UK funding enabled the project a successfully demonstrated model.

Gramalaya played an active role in declaring India’s first slum Kalmandhai as open defecation free

(ODF) slum in Tiruchirappalli City Corporation in theyear 2002 followed by 168 slums as ODF

announced with the support of Trichy City Corporation and donor agencies. This has resulted in

conversion of dry earth latrines into modern flush out community toilets and eradication of

manual scavenging in the city. In Tiruchirappalli city Corporation, 126 slum Communities are

maintaining sanitary complexes under pay and use system with the support city Corporation. The

Corporation handed over the toilets to women self help groups after new construction or

renovation of the toilet. The Corporation gave the permission letter to the groups for running the

community managed toilet under pay and use system. The Gramalaya experience proved that

adequate involvement of community and training in maintenance of public toilets and earning

from user charge is a revenue model for the slum communities with sustainable approach. It also

generates tremendous confidence among women to partake in slum welfare and day-to-day

decision making.

The review of Community managed toilets and bathing complexes in Tiruchirapalli, six years after

the work began, has shown that achieving clean and healthy slums does not require huge financial

investment. However, what it does require is a city authority sensitive to the problems faced by

slum communities and supportive of community action, dedication of communities and their

support NGOs. It has been proved that communities can manage their own toilet units and when

they do this, the toilet are much cleaner than when managed by municipal authorities. There have

been cases where the entire community can be declared open defecation free. Further, it has

shown that managing toilets leads to empowerment of women with many positive impacts in



terms of personal and community development. This experience shows that after reluctance,

committees do pay for using toilets and bathing and washing facilities and these services can be

provided at affordable costs, even for the poorest.

Toilets are only a part of the sanitation solution. Sewage, wastewater and solid waste management

must also be tackled by city authorities and this is the area where they must play a lead role.

Tiruchirapalli shows that community managed toilets and bathing complexes provide a model that

can work at city-level when supported by city authorities where declaration of 168 slums as open

defecation free made possible.

Case Study II - Alandur Municipality-Public-Private Community Participation In Implementation

Of Underground Sewerage System

Alandur Municipality has succeeded in providing connections to an underground sewerage system to

all its residents, including the urban poor. This was achieved through a combination of effective

leadership, political will, mobilizing people's participation, financial planning and forging the right

partnerships.

City Profile

Alandur, a selection-grade municipality, is part of Kanchipuram district of Tamil Nadu. It is adjacent

to CheNNMi, at a distance of 14 km on the southern side, and forms a part of the CheNNMi

Metropolitan Development Area (CMDA). With hardly any industrial base, the town has developed

as a residential suburb of CheNNMi. According to the 1991 Census of India, the town has a

population of 1,25,444, with 32,000 households spread over to 19.5 sq km. Approximately one-

fourth of its population lives in slums.

Context

Alandur municipality had no underground sewerage system. Households had either septic tanks or

holding tanks, and the municipality was responsible for collecting the sewage periodically in tankers

and disposing it off in low-lying areas. To address these problems, an underground sewerage system

was designed for its current population, as well as for an estimated population of 3,00,000 in 2027,

with the objectives of improving the standard of living of the residents; providing for disposal of

sewage through an exclusive drainage network; avoiding recurring expenditure on septic tank

cleaning; and preventing groundwater contamination.

Implementation

In 1997, the Government of Tamil Nadu decided to provide a sewerage system in 12 selected major

urban centers including Alandur, in the context of a World Bank Project. The Chairperson of

Municipality, Mr. R. S. Bharati, took up the task of implementing this. It was decided that Tamil Nadu

Urban Infrastructure Finance Services Ltd. (TNUIFSL), the state asset management company, be



approached to finance the sewerage scheme. Considering the lack of financial and technical

resources at the municipal level to undertake such an infrastructure project, it was decided by

TNUIFSL that the municipality would undertake the project on a BOQ (Bill of Quantities) basis. The

sewerage treatment plant (STP) would be built on a BOT (Build, Operate and Transfer) basis. The

project entailed a) construction of an underground sewerage scheme with a network of sewer

pipelines and manholes, of 120 kms (including 19 km main and 101 km branch lines); b) construction

of a pumping house and installation of pumping machinery; and c) construction of a sewage

treatment plant with a capacity of 24 MLD (2 units 12 MLD each) on BOT basis to IVRCL and VATec

for a period of 14 years.

The project work was carried out in two phases. In the first phase (the first two and a half years),

50% of the branch sewers, main sewers, pump house including installation of machinery, pumping

main and one 12 MLD capacity sewage treatment plant, were completed and commissioned. The

remaining work relating to the project was to be carried out in the next phase. The particular

challenges addressed were communication and consultations with citizens to secure their buy-in and

contribution to the sewerage scheme, technical bottlenecks such as realignments necessitated by

the construction of subways and MRTS, terrain conditions, and procedural delays in approvals. To

reduce the repayment burden on the local body, it was decided to collect deposits from at least

10,000 residents before calling for tenders; this was also to ensure effective participation of people

in the project. The names of the depositors were displayed in public places to motivate others to

pay. Officials and non-officials, especially the chairperson of Alandur municipality, organised detailed

discussions with the residents of the city and resident associations, in order to explain the project

details and benefits of the sewerage project as part of assessing the willingness to pay. Effective and

timely communication ensured participation of key stakeholders and beneficiaries in the initiative.

An election-style campaign was launched. Television and newspapers were roped in to motivate the

public. Sanitary workers also conducted a door-to-door campaign in support of the project. To

ensure the inclusion of the poor and slum residents, a provision was also made for community toilets

connected to the sewerage system.

The total project cost was estimated at Rs. 34 crores with a break-up shown in the table:

Sources of Funds (Rs. in Cr.)

SOURCE CONTRIBUTION % Of TOTAL

TNUIDCO Loan 16 47.06

Citizen's contribution 8 23.53

TNUIFSL Loan 3 11.76

TNUIFSL Grant 4 8.82

Interest on deposits 2 5.88

TNUIDCO Grant 1 2.94

Total 34 100.00



Tariff Structure HSC Tariff Domestic Category HSC Tariff Non Domestic - Commercial and Industrial

Category

Square Feet Monthly Tariff (Rs.) Square Feet Monthly Tariff (Rs.)

<500 60 <500 200

500-1500 80 500-1500 400

1500-3000 100 1500-5000 600

>3000 120 >5000 1000

To recover costs of operation, maintenance and debt servicing, the municipality decided the tariff

structure through a consultative process. The tariff included a one-time deposit and a monthly tariff.

They are given in Table 2. On demand from the citizens, the municipality has subsequently reduced

monthly charges from Rs. 150 to Rs. 110.

Impact

Of the 23,000 households who paid for the services, 8,350 households were connected in the first

phase, i.e. by 2005. Nearly 500 slum households out of 7,000 had sewerage connections, and 43% of

slum dwellers have opted for and paid for individual sewerage connections. In 2005, 14 community

toilets were constructed to serve poor clusters. By the end of March 2008, all households had

received sewerage connections.

Sustainability

The project is sustainable, as the cost towards maintaining the system is recovered from the users by

means of monthly charges. There has been a regular flow of funds and timely repayment to financial

institutions. Alandur sewerage project is an innovative initiative for sustainable delivery of urban

services in the country. Inspired by the Alandur example, many urban local bodies, including Trichy,

Tanjavur, Tirunelveli, and Ambattur, have initiated similar efforts for underground sewerage system.

The Alandur experience demonstrates that mobilising people’s participation for infrastructure

projects is possible through effective leadership, collective efforts and transparent procedures.

Political will, effective communications, transparency and partnership with community-based

organisations, are the key factors for the success of the project. Inter-departmental coordination and

active involvement of all stakeholders ensured successful completion and sustenance of the project.

http://www.waterawards.in/2008-winner-profile-am.php



Case Study III - Kalyani Municipality-Community-Led Health Initiatives with Community Led Total

Sanitation (CLTS) As The Entry Point

Kalyani Municipality’s CLTS empowers local communities with the goal of creating an open,

defecation-free environment, especially in slums, through a participatory approach of self-

mobilization and facilitation. This brings about behavioural change to ensure 100% sustained usage

of sanitary toilets, thereby making Kalyani an Open Defecation Free (ODF) area.

Context

Kalyani, located 65 km north of Kolkata in West Bengal, is one of the 39 municipalities under Kolkata

Metropolitan Area (KMA) with a population of 0.1 million, of which approximately 50% lives in 52

slums. These people have mainly migrated from neighboring Bangladesh. Over the past ten years,

more than Rs. 3 crore has been spent on different projects for constructing toilets for the urban

poor, improving the sanitation profile of Kalyani. Despite a lot of investment from different projects,

Kalyani was not open-defecation free (ODF), as this was a common practice even amongst those

given toilets free-of-cost by donor agencies. This led to a lot of health problems amongst other

citizens as well.

Initiative

Against the above background, CLTS was conceived in late 2005 under the Kolkata Urban Services for

The Poor Programme (KUSP), funded by the Department For International Development (DFID). The

chairperson of Kalyani Municipality showed political will and leadership in motivating its councilors

and making Kalyani an ODF town. The Board of Councilors (BoC) unanimously accepted the proposal

to pilot the CLTS project in Kalyani Municipal Area in January 2006. The chief health functionary of

the ULB coordinated and facilitated the implementation of the entire programme.

Initially, the pilot project was implemented in five slums only. However, inspired by the success of

the project, Kalyani decided to make all the 52 slums ODF. A team of experts, including a

Participatory Development Consultant and medical doctors, were involved in the initiative that

conducted a series of awareness-creation workshops. Regular interaction with slum dwellers,

nurturing of community leaders, and continuous monitoring by the CLTS team, made it possible to

make all the slums ODF. Strategies adopted include not providing further subsidy for toilet

construction, providing technical support to slum dwellers on low-cost sanitary toilets, increasing

awareness regarding the ill-effects of open defecation, motivating and mobilising communities

through participatory methods, using PRA tools and incentives for community leaders, and awards

for clean ward/slum/area/school/class etc.

Key Features

The CLTS programme is community-led and not dependent on external support. It results in

sustained behavior change and builds self-respect, dignity and self-confidence, especially in women.

People are encouraged to build toilets with their own resources, creating ownership and sustained



usage. Unlike free toilets, which are poorly maintained and even abandoned, people are interested

in maintaining these. Proper triggering, facilitation, interaction, motivation and incentives are

necessary initially. There is great potential for replication. Once people realize the need for a

behavioral change to maintain sanitation, and its direct bearing on health, they do it willingly. The

CLTS programme methodology makes people realize the need.

Impact

Kalyani was declared open-defecation free by the state of West Bengal on 29 Jan 2009. It got a cash

prize of Rs. 25 lakhs to expand and continue its health programme on "Correction Of Anaemia"

which is directly related to open defecation. As a first ODF town in India, Kalyani is much cleaner. Its

slums have benefited not only from sanitation, but also from other developmental works. This is

because ODF slums are given priority for all ULB development works. There is the visible impact of

the urban poor recognizing that health is linked to sanitation. Records of the health department

show a considerable decrease in gastro-intestinal disorders, and an increased number of man-days.

Demand has been generated for more pay-and-use public toilets in Kalyani.

http://www.waterawards.in/2009-winner-profile-km.php



REFERENCES

APPENDIX

Annexure 1.1 City Sanitation Ranking methodology

Annexure 1.2a. Explanation to color coding

Annexure 1.2b. Ranking of cities

Annexure 1.3 CSTF List

Annexure 2.1 List of slums in Moradabad city

Annexure 2.2 Map showing slum locations in Moradabad city

Annexure 2.3 Map showing open defecation areas in Moradabad city

Annexure 3.1 Map showing locations of community toilets in Moradabad city

Draft CSP Moradabad CSP

Documents

Transcript of Draft CSP Moradabad CSP