Dr yegane Assistant prof. of Neonatology Tabriz University ...med-esf92.zohosites.com/files/NEW in...
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NRP 2015
Dr yegane
Assistant prof. of Neonatology
Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
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`
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ANTICIPATION OF RESUSCITATION
NEED
• Readiness for neonatal resuscitation requires
assessment of perinatal risk, a system to assemble
the appropriate personnel based on that risk, and
organized method for ensuring immediate access
to supplies and equipment, and standardization of
behavioral skills that help assure effective team
work and communication.
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WHAT PERSONNEL SHOULD BE PRESENT AT
DELIVERY?
• Every birth should be attended by at least 1qualified individual, skilled in the initial steps of
newborn care and positive-pressure ventilation
(PPV), whose only responsibility is management of
the newly born baby.
• If risk factors are present at least 2 qualifiedpeople should be present solely to manage the baby.
• A qualified team with full resuscitation skills,
including endotracheal intubation, chest
compressions, emergency vascular access and
medication administration, should be identified and
immediately available for every resuscitation.
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• The neonatal resuscitation
provider and/or team is at a
major disadvantage if supplies
are missing or equipment is not
functioning.
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TPSD.S
• Temperatur : Preterm infants are especially vulnerable.Hypothermia is also associated with serious morbidities.
• The use of radiant warmers and plastic wrap with a cap hasimproved but not eliminated the risk of hypothermia in preterminfants in the delivery room. increased room temperature, thermalmattresses, and the use of warmed humidified resuscitation gasesand during transition (birth until 1 to 2 hours of life) plastic wrapsand the use of skin-to-skin contact reduce hypothermia. It isrecommended that the temperature of newly born nonasphyxiatedinfants be maintained between 36.5°C and 37.5°C after birththrough admission and stabilization. Hypothermia increased
respiratory issues, hypoglycemia, and late-onsetsepsis.
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• admission temperature should be recorded as a predictor ofoutcomes as well as a quality indicator. Various combinations ofthese strategies may be reasonable to prevent hypothermia ininfants born at less than 32 weeks of gestation
• Position airway : position the infant in a “sniffing” position to
open the airway
• Secretions : clear secretions if needed with a bulb syringe or
suction catheter. Suctioning immediately after birth, whetherwith a bulb syringe or suction catheter, may be considered only ifthe airway appears obstructed or if PPV is required.
• Dry : dry the infant (unless preterm and covered in plastic wrap)
• Stimulation
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WARMING HYPOTHERMIC NEWBORNS TO
RESTORE NORMAL TEMPERATURE
• The traditional recommendation for the method ofrewarming neonates who are unintentionally hypothermicafter resuscitation (temperature less than 36°C) has beenthat slower is preferable to faster rewarming to avoidcomplications such as apnea and arrhythmias.
• However, there is insufficient current evidence torecommend a preference for either rapid (0.5°C/h or greater)or slow rewarming (less than 0.5°C/h) of unintentionallyhypothermic newborns (temperature less than 36°C) athospital admission. Either approach to rewarming may bereasonable.
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DCC• From the evidence reviewed in the 2010 CoSTR and
subsequent review of DCC and cord milking inpreterm newborns in the 2015 International LiaisonCommittee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) systematicreview, DCC for longer than 30 seconds isreasonable for both term and preterm infants whodo not require resuscitation at birth.
• Cord milking may improve initial mean bloodpressure, hematologic indices, and reduceintracranial hemorrhage, but thus far there is noevidence for improvement in long-term outcomes
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• Approximately 60 seconds (“the Golden
Minute”) are allotted for completing the
initial steps, reevaluating, and beginning
ventilation if required.
• It is important to avoid unnecessary delay in
initiation of ventilation, because this is the
most important step for successful
resuscitation of the newly born who has not
responded to the initial steps.
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CLEARING THE AIRWAY WHEN MECONIUM
IS PRESENT• However, if the infant born through meconium-
stained amniotic fluid presents with poor muscletone and inadequate breathing efforts, the initialsteps of resuscitation should be completedunder the radiant warmer. PPV should beinitiated if the infant is not breathing or theheart rate is less than 100/min after the initialsteps are completed. Routine intubation for
tracheal suction in this setting is not suggested,
because there is insufficient evidence to continue
recommending this practice.
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ASSESSMENT OF HEART RATE
• During resuscitation of term and preterm
newborns, the use of 3-lead ECG for the
rapid and accurate measurement of the
newborn’s heart rate may be reasonable.
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POSITIVE PRESSURE VENTILATION
(PPV)• Use of respiratory mechanics monitors have been
reported to prevent excessive pressures and tidal
volumes and exhaled CO2 monitors may help
assess that actual gas exchange is occurring
during face-mask PPV attempts.
• There is insufficient data regarding short and long-
term safety and the most appropriate duration and
pressure of inflation to support routine application
of sustained inflation of greater than 5 seconds’
duration to the transitioning newborn.
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ADMINISTRATION OF OXYGEN IN
PRETERM INFANTS
• In all studies, irrespective of whether air or high
oxygen (including 100%) was used to initiate
resuscitation, most infants were in approximately
30% oxygen by the time of stabilization.
Resuscitation of preterm newborns of less than 35
weeks of gestation should be initiated with low
oxygen (21% to 30%), and the oxygen concentration
should be titrated to achieve preductal oxygen
saturation approximating the interquartile range
measured in healthy term infants after vaginal birth
at sea level.
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• Initiating resuscitation of
preterm newborns with
high oxygen (65% or greater)
is not recommended.
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CHEST COMPRESSIONS
• The Neonatal Guidelines Writing Group
endorses increasing the oxygen
concentration to 100% whenever chest
compressions are provided. The current
measure for determining successful progress in
neonatal resuscitation is to assess the heart rate
response.
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GUIDELINES FOR WITHHOLDING AND
DISCONTINUING (UPDATED FOR 2015)
• We suggest that, in infants with an Apgar score of 0 after
10 minutes of resuscitation , if the heart rate remain
undetectable, it may be reasonable to stop assisted
ventilations; however, the decision to continue or
discontinue resuscitative efforts must be individualized.
• It is also recognized that decisions about
appropriateness of resuscitation below 25 weeks of
gestation will be influenced by region-specific guidelines.