Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, PhD - Dissertation Committee - Yul Everline.

8/20/2019 Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, PhD - Dissertation Committee - Yul Everline.

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A CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE STUDY EXAMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN

SECONDARY STUDENT ATTENDANCE AND ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT IN A LARGE

URBAN SCHOOL DISTRICT IN TEXAS

A Doctoral Proposal D!"s

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DOCTOR O PHILOSOPHY

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A CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE STUDY EXAMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN

SECONDARY STUDENT ATTENDANCE AND ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT IN A LARGE

URBAN SCHOOL DISTRICT IN TEXAS

A Doctoral Proposal D!"s

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3

WHITLOWE R. GREEN COLLEGE OF EDUCATION

Doctoral Proposal Defense

ABSTRACT

A Ca%sal-Co(parat&' St%)$ E:a(&"&"/ t* Rlat&o"s*&p #t+" Sco")ar$ St%)"t

Att")a"c a") Aca)(&c Ac*&'("t &" a Lar/ Ur#a" Sc*ool D&str&ct &" T:as7

;all 0120<

Y%l D&o" E'rl&"6 M7E)7 - Pra&r& V&+ A,M U"&'rs&t$=

B7S7 > Or/o" Stat U"&'rs&t$

D&ssrtat&o" C*a&r4 Patr&c&a Ho!!(a"-M&llr6 P*7D7

T*&s st%)$ &"'st&/at) t* &(pact o! att")a"c o" aca)(&c ac*&'("t &" a lar/

%r#a" sc*ool )&str&ct +*r #ot* p%#l&c a") c*artr sc*ools oprat7 St%)"t att")a"c &s a"

ss"t&al l("t o! s%ccss !or #ot* sc*ools a") sc*ool s$st(s7 T*r &s a l&(&t) a(o%"t o!

rsarc* pro#&"/ t* #*a'&ors s%rro%")&"/ lo+ st%)"t att")a"c a") aca)(&c ac*&'("t &"

sco")ar$ sc*ools7 T* p%rpos o! t*&s st%)$ +as to &"'st&/at t* &(pact o! sc*ool att")a"c

rats o" aca)(&c ac*&'("t %s&"/ t* t"t* /ra) E"/l&s* a") (at*(at&cs scors o" t*

T:as Assss("t o! 8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a(7



4

T*&s .%a"t&tat&' st%)$ o" att")a"c rats a") aca)(&c ac*&'("t :a(&") t* !ollo+&"/

.%st&o"s a") &ss%s4

27 Is t*r a pos&t&' rlat&o"s*&p #t+" sc*ools t*at *a' *&/* att")a"c rats a") *&/*

aca)(&c ac*&'("t prc"ta/s o" t* E"/l&s* a") (at*(at&cs t"t* /ra) T:as

Assss("t o! 8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a(@

07 Is t*r a pos&t&' rlat&o"s*&p #t+" sc*ools t*at *a' lo+ att")a"c rats a") lo+



7 Ar t*r )&!!r"cs &" ac*&'("t l'ls !or sc*ools &" t* top t" prc"t a") lo+st

t" prc"t o! st%)"t att")a"c o" E"/l&s* a") (at*(at&cs scors o" t* t"t* /ra)

T:as Assss("t o! 8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a(@

7 Ar t*r )&!!r"cs &" st%)"t ac*&'("t +&t*&" lar/ %r#a" sc*ool #%&l)&"/s +*"

ra"?) #$ *&/*st a") lo+st att")a"c a'ra/s &" t* t"t* /ra) T:as Assss("t o!

8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a(@

Ca%sal-co(parat&' rsarc* co(pars t+o /ro%ps &" or)r to :pla&" :&st&"/

)&!!r"cs #t+" t*( o" so( 'ar&a#l or 'ar&a#l o! &"trst ;ra"?l a") Wall"6 011<7

T* rat&o"al !or c*oos&"/ t*&s spc&!&c (t*o) &s to )tr(&" *o+ co"s&st"t sc*ool att")a"c

ca" pos&t&'l$ &(pact st%)"t aca)(&c ac*&'("t= +*ras lo+ att")a"c ca" a)'rsl$

a!!ct st%)"t ac*&'("t7 T* rsarc*r pr!or() a O"-Sa(pl T-Tst to co(par t*

(a" scor o! t* sa(pl to a ?"o+" 'al% !or t* !&rst t+o rsarc* .%st&o"s7 T* rsarc*r

pr!or() a" I")p")"t Sa(pl T-Tst t*at co(par) t* (a" scors o! t+o /ro%ps o" a

/&'" 'ar&a#l !or t* last t+o rsarc* .%st&o"s7 T* rs%lts o! t* st%)$ +r %s!%l !or

)%cat&o"al la)rs att(pt&"/ to )tr(&" &(pact o! att")a"c a") *o+ &t rlats to aca)(&c



6

DEDICATION

Dropp&"/ o%t o! *&/* sc*ool &s "o lo"/r a" opt&o"7 ItFs "ot 3%st .%&tt&"/ o" $o%rsl!= &tFs

.%&tt&"/ o" $o%r co%"tr$6 a") t*&s co%"tr$ ")s6 a") 'al%s6 t* tal"ts o! 'r$

A(r&ca"7

Prs&)"t O#a(a

001

I +o%l) l&? to ))&cat ($ rsarc* to all st%)"ts str%//l&"/ to /ra)%at !ro( *&/*

sc*ool )sp&t "co%"tr&"/ att")a"c pro#l(s &" p%rs%&t o! t*&r aca)(&c s%ccss7 Ma"$

)%cators att(pt to )&sco'r +a$s to "*a"c att")a"c rats a") o!!r altr"at&'s to *lp

st%)"ts ac*&' &" t* classroo( a") &" soc&t$7 I +a"t to "co%ra/ all st%)"ts to #co( l&!-

lo"/ lar"rs a") (a? sc*ool t* &"&t&al #%&l)&"/ #loc?s o! s%ccss7



7

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I +o%l) l&? to t*a"? Dr7 Patr&c&a Ho!!(a"-M&llr6 Co((&tt C*a&r a") ot*r co((&tt

((#rs Dr7 W&ll&a( 8r&tso"&s6 Dr7 Pa(la r(a"6 Dr7 9%)&t* Ha"s"6 a") Dr7 Solo(o" Os*o

!or t*&r co"sta"t s%pport a") pos&t&' !)#ac? t*ro%/*o%t t*&s procss7 I +o%l) l&? to t*a"?

ot*r ((#rs o! t* Pra&r& V&+ A,M U"&'rs&t$ !ac%lt$ a") sta!! alo"/ +&t* ($ co*ort !or

"co%ra/("t t*ro%/*o%t t*&s r&/oro%s procss7 A))&t&o"al t*a"?s ar )% to t* Ra/a" !a(&l$

!or all o! t* s%pport a") "co%ra/("t7

T*a"? $o% to ($ par"ts6 Carol$" a") Mar'&" E'rl&" !or &"st&ll&"/ t* 'al% o!

)%cat&o" &" (7 To ($ (ot*r6 as ($ co"sta"t s%pportr6 rspo"s&#l !or ?p&"/ (

co"t&"%all$ !oc%s) t*ro%/*o%t all ($ )%cat&o"al ")a'ors7 T*a"?s also to ($ #rot*rs a")

s&strs !or t*&r "co%ra/("t as I co"t&"%) to p%rs% ($ )%cat&o"7

I +o%l) also l&? to t*a"? ($ c*&l)r" Ya(&a D&o"" E'rl&" a") Y%l D&o" E'rl&" II

!or co"t&"%&"/ to s%pport a") /&' ( t* str"/t* to /o t*ro%/* t*&s procss ?"o+&"/ t*$ +&ll

# #ttr &" l&!7 Last #%t "ot last6 I +o%l) l&? to t*a"? ($ +&!6 Dr7 N&col Har-E'rl&"6

+*o sacr&!&c) a /rat )al o! t&( a") "r/$ ta?&"/ car o! t* !a(&l$ &" or)r !or ( to

co(plt t*&s )&ssrtat&o"7 T*a"?s !or co"t&"%&"/ to p%s* ( as t* )a$s a") "&/*ts co"t&"%) to

l"/t*"7 I lo' ac* a") 'r$ o" o! $o% !or all $o% )o7



8

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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SIGNATURE PAGE777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777&&

ABSTRACT77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777&&&

DEDICATION777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777'

AC8NOWLEDGEMENTS777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777'&

TABLE O CONTENT7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777'&&&

LIST O TABLES7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777:&&

CHAPTER I7 INTRODUCTION

I"tro)%ct&o"77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777-J

Att")a"c a") St%)"t Ac*&'("t777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777J-K

P%#l&c a") Pr&'at Sc*ool Att")a"c777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777K-

Bac?/ro%") o! t* Pro#l(7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777-

Stat("t o! t* Pro#l(77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777-21

N) !or t* St%)$ 777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777721-22

I(pro'("ts to t* St%)$ 7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777722

P%rpos o! t* St%)$ 777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777722-20

Rsarc* %st&o"s 7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777720

Rsarc* H$pot*ss777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777720-2

N%ll H$pot*ss 77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777772-2

N%ll H$pot*s&s O"777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777772

N%ll H$pot*s&s T+o777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777772

N%ll H$pot*s&s T*r7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777772

N%ll H$pot*s&s o%r77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777772



9

S&/"&!&ca"c o! t* St%)$ 777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777772

L&(&tat&o"s o! t* St%)$ 77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777772-2

Dl&(&tat&o"s o! t* St%)$ 7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777772

D!&"&t&o" o! Tr(s 777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777772-2

Or/a"&at&o" o! St%)$777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777772

CHAPTER II7 REVIEW O LITERATURE

I"tro)%ct&o" 77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777772

No C*&l) L!t B*&") a") P%#l&c H&/* Sc*ool Gra)%at&o" &" t* U"&t) Stats 77 77 772-00

T:as E)%cat&o" R!or( 777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777770-0

Sc*ool E!!cts o" St%)"t Ac*&'("t 777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777770-0

T* E!!ct o! Sc*ool E:pos%r 777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777770-1

Sc*ool Att")a"c a") St%)"t Ac*&'("t &" O*&o a") Dla+ar Sc*ools 77777777771-0

Sc*ool Att")a"c a") Atta&"("t 77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777770-

I(pro'&"/ St%)"t Att")a"c +&t* Sc*ool6 a(&l$6 a") Co((%"&t$ Part"rs*&ps 7-J

I(pact o! Sr'&c Lar"&"/ o" Att")a"c77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777J-K

T* Rlat&o"s*&p #t+" Sc*ool6 Class a") Co-C%rr&c%l%( A#s"t&s( 7777777777777777777K

Rsarc* o" I(pact a") C*all"/ o! S(allr Lar"&"/ Co((%"&t$ 77777777777777777777777-

T* Rlat&o"s*&p #t+" Par"tal I"'ol'("ts &" Ur#a" Sco")ar$ Sc*ool 77777777777777

St%)"tsF Gra)%at&o" !ro( H&/* Sc*ool a") Co(p%lsor$ Att")a"c 7777777777777777777777-

T:as H&/* Sc*ool Dropo%t Rats6 Att")a"c a") Aca)(&c Pr!or(a"c 777777777777-K

Sc*ool Co%"slor a") Dropo%t Pr'"t&o" 7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777K-1



10

CHAPTER III7 METHODOLOGY

I)"t&!&cat&o" o! Rsarc* Mt*o) 777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777772

Rsarc* Ds&/" 77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777772-0

Tar/t Pop%lat&o" 7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777770-

Sa(pl o! Part&c&pa"ts 777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777

Sa(pl&"/ Proc)%rs 777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777-

I"str%("ts 77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777

Stat&st&cal Tc*"&.%s 777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777

S%((ar$ o! Rsarc* Proc)%rs 7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777-J

CHAPTER IV7 ANALYSIS O DATA 777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777K-

&")&"/s 7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777-KK

S%((ar$77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777KK-0

CHAPTER V7 SUMMARY6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION7777777777777777777777777777777

S%((ar$77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777

D&sc%ss&o" o! Rsarc* %st&o"7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777-

S%((ar$ o! &")&"/s7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777-J

I(pl&cat&o" !ro( t* St%)$77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777K-

Rco((")at&o"77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777-1

Rco((")at&o" !or %rt*r St%)$7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777771

Co"cl%s&o"7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777771-0

REERENCES7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777-

APPENDICES77777211

App")&: A > Lttr to Sc*ool D&str&ct77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777212-21



11

App")&: B - IRB Appro'al Lttr777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777721

App")&: C - Ta#l a") &/%rs777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777721-22

App")&: D > Pro!ss&o"al V&ta7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777201

TABLES AND FIGURES



12

Pa/

Ta#l 2 011-0121 AEIS Rport o" Att")a"c Rats a") E"/l&s* Scors77777777777777777777777777777

Ta#l 0 011-0121 AEIS Rport o" Att")a"c Rats a") Mat*(at&cs Scors777777777777777777777J0

Ta#l r.%"c$ Ta#l !or Att")a"c Rats6 E"/l&s* a") Mat*(at&c Scors77777777777777777777J

Ta#l O"-Sa(pl T-Tst !or Att")a"c Rats6 E"/l&s* a") Mat*(at&c Scors777777777777 777JK

Ta#l r.%"c$ Ta#l !or Ca(p%ss Ra"?) H&/*st Att")a"c a") Ac*&'("t7777 777 77J

Ta#l J O"-Sa(pl T-Tst !or Ca(p%ss Ra"?) H&/*st Att")a"c a") Ac*&'("t777 77K1

Ta#l K r.%"c$ Ta#l !or Ca(p%ss Ra"?) Lo+st Att")a"c a") Ac*&'("t777777777 7K0

Ta#l O"-Sa(pl T-Tst !or Ca(p%ss Ra"?) Lo+st Att")a"c a") Ac*&'("t7777777K

Ta#l r.%"c$ Ta#l !or Ca(p%ss Top T" a") Lo+st T" Att")a"c a")

Ac*&'("t77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777K

Ta#l 21 I")p")"t T-Tst !or Ca(p%ss Top T" a") Lo+st T" Att")a"c a")

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Ta#l 22 r.%"c$ Ta#l !or Ca(p%ss H&/*st a") Lo+st Att")a"c A'ra/s77777777777777777K

Ta#l 20 I")p")"t T-Tst !or Ca(p%ss H&/*st a") Lo+st Att")a"c A'ra/s777777777777K



5

CHAPTER I

Introduction

E)%cat&o" to)a$ r'ol's aro%") *a'$ (p*as&s o" a st%)"tFs a#&l&t$ to pass a") atta&"

pro!&c&"c$ o" sta")ar)&) tsts7 I"cras) att"t&o" to tst-ta?&"/ co"tr&#%t&o"s &s t* !oc%s as

a rs%lt o! t* r-a%t*or&at&o" o! t* El("tar$ a") Sco")ar$ E'al%at&o" Act ;ESEA< o! 2J

co((o"l$ r!rr) to as t* No C*&l) L!t B*&") Act ;0112<7 Al:a")r a") Al:a")r ;0120<

stat t* "t&r l/&slat&o" o! No C*&l) L!t B*&") ;NCLB< ra%t*or&) a ra"/ o! !)ral

)%cat&o" !%")&"/ pro/ra(s aro%") t* c"tral t*s&s o! &"cras&"/ t* pr!or(a"c o! p%#l&c

sc*ools6 r.%&r&"/ acco%"ta#&l&t$ o! stats a") local sc*ool )&str&cts6 a") pro(ot&"/ par"tal

c*o&c7 T* No C*&l) L!t B*&") Act ;0112< *ol)s sc*ools acco%"ta#l !or *&/* l'ls o!

st%)"t att")a"c6 &" a))&t&o" to atta&"&"/ aca)(&c pro!&c&"c$ &" cor s%#3ct aras7

T* ss"c o! No C*&l) L!t B*&") ;NCLB< &s to "s%r all c*&l)r" *a' a !a&r6 .%al6

a") s&/"&!&ca"t opport%"&t$ to o#ta&" a *&/* .%al&t$ )%cat&o" a") rac*6 at a (&"&(%(6

pro!&c&"c$ o" c*all"/&"/ stat aca)(&c ac*&'("t sta")ar)s a") stat aca)(&c

assss("ts ;Al:a")r a") Al:a")r 0120<7 T* la+ calls !or t* ac*&'("t /ap to "arro+

#t+" *&/* a") lo+ pr!or(&"/ c*&l)r" a") *ol)s sc*ools acco%"ta#l !or &(pro'&"/

aca)(&c ac*&'("t7 To ac*&' t*s aca)(&c (as%rs6 sc*ool )&str&cts *a' to s*o+

A).%at Yarl$ Pro/rss ;AYP< &" part&c%lar cor s%#3cts7 La()&" ;2J< a") N&c*ols ;011<



5

!o%") t*at st%)"ts +&t* #ttr att")a"c rats t*a" t*&r class(ats :*&#&t s%pr&or

pr!or(a"c o" sta")ar)&) ac*&'("t tsts7 I" a s(&"al st%)$ co")%ct) &" 22 #$

E*r"#r/6 rsarc* )tr(&") t*at sc*ools +&t* *&/*r rats o! )a&l$ att")a"c t") to

/"rat st%)"ts +*o pr!or( #ttr o" ac*&'("t tsts t*a" )o sc*ools +&t* lo+r )a&l$

att")a"c rats7 Ro#$ :pa")) o" t*&s st%)$ &" 0116 a") )tr(&") st%)"ts +*o pr!or(

#ttr o" ac*&'("t tst *a) lo+r rats o! a#s"cs7 Da%/*rt$ ;011< rsarc* )tr(&") &!

st%)"ts +r "ot att")&"/ classs6 t*$ )&) "ot *a' t* "cssar$ &"tract&o" !or lar"&"/ a")

co"cl%)) t*at *&/*r rats o! a#s"t&s( r)%c) aca)(&c pr!or(a"c7 Par)s , U/art

;0122< stats att")a"c &s a tool to &")%c lar"&"/6 a") att")a"c *as a pos&t&' !!ct o"

lar"&"/7 Par)s , U/art ;0122< also !o%") t*at &")) att")a"c *a) s&/"&!&ca"t a")

co"o(&call$ &(porta"t !!cts o" )%cat&o"al pr!or(a"c7

St%)"t a#s"t&s( a") t* r&s? o! )ropp&"/ o%t o! sc*ool ar closl$ rlat)7 Pattr"s

o! att")a"c '" at t* l("tar$ l'l &(pact t* o%tco(s !or st%)"ts &" rlat&o" to *&/*

sc*ool )ropo%t a") /ra)%at&o"7 S?&#a6 Ra%c* a") R&ttr ;011< (p*as& t*at sc*ools s*o%l)

(a&"ta&" *&/* :pctat&o"s !or #ot* st%)"t #*a'&or a") aca)(&c ac*&'("t7 S?&#a6 Ra%c*

a") R&lltr ;011< r'al) t*at )%cators (%st "ot o'r%s r(o'al or s%sp"s&o" !or )l&".%"t

#*a'&ors= #%t6 rat*r s? to tac* st%)"ts altr"at&'s to )&sr%pt&o" a") (&s#*a'&or t*ro%/*

sc*ool p*&losop*$ a") pr'"tat&' pro/ra(s7 Accor)&"/ to S*l)o" ;011K<6 +*" st%)"ts

att") sc*ool (or o!t"6 rsarc*rs !o%") t*at t*$ ar lss l&?l$ to "/a/ &" )l&".%"t or

)str%ct&' #*a'&ors7 S*l)o" ;011K< s%//st) t*at ?p&"/ st%)"ts &" class (a$ *lp protct

t*( !ro( "/a/&"/ &" )l&".%"t #*a'&ors a") !ac&l&tat lar"&"/ t*ro%/* &"cras) :pos%r to

&"str%ct&o"7

Attendnce nd Student Ac!ie"e#ent



5

Accor)&"/ to Halpr" ;011K<6 a"c)otal '&)"c !ro( )%cators r'als t*at l'ls o!

att")a"c &s )cl&"&"/ as st%)"ts a") t*&r "'&ro"("t c*a"/s7 Halpr" ;011K< also s%//sts

t*at att")a"c *as a pos&t&' rlat&o"s*&p +&t* aca)(&c ac*&'("t +*&c* ra&ss co"cr"s

a#o%t )cl&"&"/ l'ls o! att")a"c7 T* )#at co"t&"%s r/ar)&"/ att")a"c rats a")

aca)(&c ac*&'("t6 #%t t* corrlat&o" &s o!t" assoc&at) +&t* pos&t&' rlat&o"s*&ps &"

*&/*r )%cat&o"7 T* loss o! st%)"ts &" sco")ar$ sc*ools )% to )&ssat&s!act&o" a")

s%#s.%"t )ropp&"/ o%t o! sc*ool &s alar(&"/7 T*r!or6 &t &s cr&t&cal to :a(&" t* corrlat&o"

#t+" att")a"c a") aca)(&c ac*&'("t &" sco")ar$ sc*ools7 &")&"/s &" pr'&o%s

st%)&s s%//st t*at #ttr st%)"t att")a"c la)s to #ttr aca)(&c ac*&'("t7 T*&s st%)$

:plor) st%)"t ac*&'("t #as) o" t* t"t* /ra) E"/l&s* a") (at*(at&cs TA8S tst

rs%lts co(par) to t*&r sc*ool att")a"c rats to )tr(&" &! a pos&t&' rlat&o"s*&p :&sts

#t+" st%)"t aca)(&c ac*&'("t a") sc*ool att")a"c7

Accor)&"/ to B&(rs6 Wa$6 McClart$6 a") M&ls ;0120< t* !%")a("tal stt&"/

sta")ar)s &" t* ":t /"rat&o" assss("t +&ll # '&)"c #as) sta")ar) stt&"/7 T* T:as

Assss("t o! 8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a( +&ll # rplac) &" 0120 +&t* t* Stat o!

T:as Assss("ts o! Aca)(&c Ra)&"ss ;STAAR<7 T* STAAR :a( &s )s&/" to assss t*

sa( s%#3cts a") /ra)s t*at ar c%rr"tl$ assss) o" TA8S7 At *&/* sc*ool6 *o+'r6 /ra)-

spc&!&c assss("ts +&ll # s%#st&t%t) +&t* 20 ")-o!-co%rs ;EOC< assss("ts4 Al/#ra I6

Go(tr$6 Al/#ra II6 B&olo/$6 C*(&str$6 P*$s&cs6 E"/l&s* I6 E"/l&s* II6 E"/l&s* III6 Worl)

Go/rap*$6 Worl) H&stor$6 a") U7S7 H&stor$ ;T:as E)%cat&o" A/"c$6 0121<7

Pu$%ic nd Pri"te Sc!oo% Attendnce

Accor)&"/ to t* T:as E)%cat&o" A/"c$ ;0122< att")a"c appl&s to c*artr sc*ools as

+ll as sc*ool )&str&cts &" or)r to /t class cr)&t7 St%)"t att")a"c !or at last 1 prc"t o!



5

t* )a$s a class &s o!!r) appl&s to all p%#l&c a") (a"$ pr&'at sc*ools across t* stat7 T:as

E)%cat&o" A/"c$ ;0122< stats !or at last 1 prc"t o! st%)"ts &" att")a"c6 #%t "o lss t*a"

K prc"t6 (a$ # /&'" cr)&t pro'&)) t*at t* st%)"t co(plts appro') pla" #$ t*

pr&"c&pal7 Al:a")r a") Al:a")r ;0120< r'al +*" co(p%lsor$ att")a"c la+s ar

("t&o")6 o" !a&ls to ral& t*at &t a!!cts "ot o"l$ p%#l&c sc*ools #%t altr"at&' sc*ools as

+ll7 Al:a")r a") Al:a")r ;0120< stat) a c*&l) ca" # :(pt !ro( r.%&r) att")a"c !or

rl&/&o%s6 (arr&a/6 p*$s&cal or ("tal &"capac&t$6 or )&sta"c o! tra'l7 E'" to)a$ )&!!r"t

stats *a' sta#l&s*) (a"$ prc)"ts &" tra"s&t&o"&"/ pr&'at sc*ools a") att")a"c7

Al:a")r a") Al:a")r ;0120< s%//st t*at !+ cass %s co(p%lsor$ att")a"c la+s )% to

s'ral 3%r&s)&ct&o"s +*r c*&l)r" ar "ot r.%&r) to att") &t*r p%#l&c or pr&'at sc*ools #%t

(%st o#ta&" .%&'al"t &"str%ct&o"7 T* a%t*ors co"cl%)) t*at (ost co%rts rco/"&) pr&'at

sc*ools (%st pro'&) &"str%ct&o" .%&'al"t to t* !r &"str%ct&o" !%r"&s*) &" p%#l&c sc*ools7

I" or)r to pro'&) .%&'al"t &"str%ct&o"6 &t &s "cssar$ !or t* pr&'at sc*ools to co(pl$ +&t*

t* stat%tor$ pr&o) o! att")a"c ;Al:a")r a") Al:a")r6 01206 p7 00<7

Bc&'round o( t!e Pro$%e#

Al:a")r a") Al:a")r ;0120< rports ?"o+l)/ &s t* (ost &(porta"t prr.%&s&t to

t* :rc&s o! l&#rt$ a") !r)o(7 T* stat *as t* )%t$ to )%cat all c&t&"s7 Earl$ la)rs

&" t* U"&t) Stats )'lop) s$st(s o! p%#l&c )%cat&o" a") r.%&r) sc*ool att")a"c o! all

$o%t* ;Al:a")r a") Al:a")r6 01206 p7 0<7 Al:a")r a") Al:a")r ;0120< (p*as& t*

statFs prro/at&' to )%cat all $o%t*6 pr(&s) o" t* &)a t*at all prso"s *a' a )%t$ to

)%cat ot*rs6 &! !or "o ot*r raso" t*a" to protct t*(sl's7 Stats a") "at&o"s *a' a r&/*t

to r.%&r )%cat&o"7 Popl +*o )o "ot %")rsta") t*at t*&r o+" +l!ar &s )p")"t o" t*

)%cat&o"al l'l o! t*os aro%") ca" c*all"/ t* r&/*t o! t* /o'r"("t to pro'&) %"&'rsal



5

)%cat&o" a") to r.%&r sc*ool att")a"c ;Al:a")r a") Al:a")r6 01206 p7 0-0<7 B%tts

a") Cr(&" ;2< s%//st t*at a /o'r"("t +*&c* alra)$ sta#l&s*) t* po+r to ta: !or

p%#l&c )%cat&o" crta&"l$ *a) t* r&/*t to "!orc sc*ool att")a"c7 Sc*ool att")a"c &s

3%st&!&a#l #ot* &" /o'r"("tal a") &")&'&)%al &"trst7 T* stat *as a" %")"&a#l &"trst &"

s%sta&"&"/ a" )%cat) c&t&"r$ t*at +&ll "/")r (oral&t$ a(o"/ t* popl a") +&ll !ostr

'&rt% &" /o'r"("t ;Al:a")r a") Al:a")r 01206 p7 0<7

T* U"&t) Stats Co"st&t%t&o" r.%&rs sc*ool to # pro'&)) !or all c*&l)r" #t+"

t* a/s o! a") 01 $ars o! a/7 St%)"ts ar r.%&r) to att") sc*ool !or 21 )a$s &" a sc*ool

$ar7 T* stat sta")ar) &" T:as (a")at) prc"t a""%al att")a"c a'ra/7 T*&s (a")at

+as a)opt) #$ a lar/ %r#a" sc*ool )&str&ct &" T:as as t* (&"&(%( att")a"c a'ra/ !or

ac* st%)"t &" t* sc*ool #%&l)&"/ ;T:as E)%cat&o" Co) Sct&o" 0716 011<7 I" T:as6

st%)"ts +&t* :css&' a#s"cs ar &(()&atl$ r!rr) to t* Pr&"c&pal or Att")a"c

Co((&tt o! t* sc*ool to 'al%at or :a(&" &! cr)&t ca" # a+ar))7 St%)"ts a") par"ts

(%st sta#l&s* +a$s to appal t* )"&al o! cr)&t accor)&"/ to sc*ool pol&c&s a") proc)%rs7

Accor)&"/ to t* T:as E)%cat&o" Co) Sct&o" 071 ;011<6 stat la+ pro'&)s t*at &! a

st%)"t &s a#s"t +&t*o%t par"tal co"s"t a"$ part o! t* )a$ !or t*r co"sc%t&' )a$s &" a !o%r

+? pr&o) or t" )a$s &" a s&: (o"t* pr&o)6 t* st%)"t a") par"t ca" # ta?" to co%rt a")

!&")7 Pr&"c&pals ca" :c%s a#s"cs !or l/&t&(at raso"s7 Sc*ools &" t* )&str&cts ar crat&"/

rco'r$ co((&tts &" a" !!ort to ra&s att")a"c a") s%pport t* co%rt s$st(s7

Stte#ent o( t!e Pro$%e#

T*r +as a ") to :a(&" t* &(pact o! att")a"c o" aca)(&c ac*&'("t7

St%)"t att")a"c &s a" ss"t&al l("t o! s%ccss !or #ot* sc*ools a") sc*ool )&str&cts7 T*r

&s a l&(&t) a(o%"t o! rsarc* pro#&"/ t* #*a'&ors s%rro%")&"/ lo+ st%)"t att")a"c a")



5

aca)(&c ac*&'("t &" sco")ar$ sc*ools7 Sta?*ol)rs &" a"$ aspct o! )%cat&o" s*o%l)

(a? att")a"c a pr&or&t$ &" or)r to s%pport *&/* .%al&t$ tac*&"/ a") &(pro'&"/ T:as

sco")ar$ sc*ools7 Aca)(&c ac*&'("t ca" # #ttr assss) &! st%)"t att")a"c &s at &ts

*&/*st7 T*&s st%)$ +as )&!!r"t !ro( ot*r rsarc* o" att")a"c a") st%)"t ac*&'("t &"

t*at &t c*all"/s *&/* sc*ools to &(pro' att")a"c7 As t* stat sta")ar)s-#as)

acco%"ta#&l&t$ co"t&"%s to :pa") &t &s cr&t&cal t*at all pr!or(a"c (as%rs ar ta?" &"to

co"s&)rat&o" &)all$ att")a"c7

Need (or t!e Stud)

T*r +as a ") to st%)$ +*$ sc*ools *a' *&/* a") lo+ att")a"c rats7 E)%cators

") to !&") +a$s !or a)(&"&strators a") sc*ool )&str&ct o!!&c&als to *a' s$st(s &" plac to

co%"tract &"cras) a#s"t&s( &" or)r to &"cras aca)(&c ac*&'("t7 S*l)o" ;011K<

r'al) &" *&s st%)$ *o+ )'lop&"/ sc*ool +&) pro/ra(s &(pro' att")a"c7 Rsarc*rs &"

t*&s st%)$ &" O*&o co(par) st%)"t att")a"c &" l("tar$ sc*ools t*at )'lop) sc*ool-

+&) pro/ra(s o! sc*ool6 !a(&l$ a") co((%"&t$ part"rs*&ps +&t* t* att")a"c o! st%)"ts &"

sc*ools t*at )&) "ot )'lop t*s pro/ra(s7 S*l)o"Fs ;011K<6 a"al$s&s &" t*&s st%)$ s*o+)

t*at I" sc*ools +or?&"/ to &(pl("t sc*ool6 !a(&l$6 a") co((%"&t$ part"rs*&ps6 st%)"t

att")a"c &(pro') a" a'ra/ o! 7 +*ras &" co(par&so" sc*ools6 rats o! st%)"t

att")a"c )cl&") sl&/*tl$ !ro( 2 $ar to t* ":t7 ;p7 0JK<7

A"ot*r st%)$ #$ B7 L'&" ;0121< &"cl%)) *o+ t* rs%lts ar o!t" rport) at t*

l'l o! c*a"/s &" sc*ool /ra)%at&o"6 att")a"c rats6 or ac*&'("t )ata rat*r t*a"

co(par&so"s o! &")&'&)%al st%)"ts7 B7 L'&" ;0121< s%//sts t*r o! t* !o%r /ro%ps o!

S(allr Lar"&"/ Co((%"&t&s ;SLCFs< st%)&) pro'&)) so( '&)"c o! &(pro'&"/

att")a"c rats (or t*a" co(par&so" sc*ools7



5

A /lo#al ") !or t*&s st%)$ ca" # a"al$) t*ro%/* t* att")a"c rats a") aca)(&c

ac*&'("t &" t* U"&t) 8&"/)o( +&t* +*&c* t* U"&t) Stats s*ars (a"$ s&(&lar

c*aractr&st&cs7 S*ppar)Fs ;011< st%)$ s%//st) t*at t* U"&t) 8&"/)o( ;U8< /o'r"("t

*as6 o'r t* last t" $ars6 )'lop) pol&c&s to &(pro' sc*ool att")a"c #$ (a?&"/ par"ts

ta? rspo"s&#&l&t$ !or t*&r c*&l)r"7 T*r &s &"cras) (p*as&s t*at "o"-att")a"c &"crass

t*ro%/* t* sco")ar$ sc*ool $ars ;S(&t* a") or)6 2<7 Rsarc*rs t*o%/*t t* c%rr&c%l%(

+as t* (a3or ca%s o! poor att")a"c7 E)+ar) , Malcol( ;0110<6 )&sco'r) c%rr&c%l%(

c*a"/s6 'ocat&o"al co%rss a") ot*r rso%rcs +r )'lop) to "co%ra/ )&sa!!ct)

a)olsc"ts #ac? &"to )%cat&o"7 T* rs%lts &" t*&s st%)$ !o%") t*at /oo) par"t&"/ a") par"tal

&"'ol'("t &" )%cat&o" +as ac?"o+l)/) &" t* U"&t) 8&"/)o( ;U8<7 T*$ also #l&')

t*$ ")) to crat par"t tra&"&"/ pro/ra(s t*at !oc%s) o" (a"a/&"/ c*&l) (&s#*a'&or at

*o(7 Par"ts o! poor att")s ca" # or)r) #$ t* Ma/&stratsF co%rt to att") par"t

tra&"&"/ classs ass%(&"/ t*at &(pro' par"t&"/ la)s to &(pro') sc*ool att")a"c7

I#*ro"e#ent+ to t!e Stud)

T*&s st%)$ +as pattr") a!tr Ro#$Fs 011 st%)$ &" +*&c* t* rsarc*r (as%r)

st%)"t lar"&"/ &" /ra)s 6 J6 6 a") 207 Ro#$ ;011< %s) /ra) l'ls #ca%s o! t*

(o"&tor) rport car) t*ro%/* t* Sc*ool D&str&ct a") B%&l)&"/ Local Rport Car)s /&'" to

!a(&l&s a""%all$7 T*&s st%)$ !oc%s) o" sco")ar$ sc*ools7 T* t"t* /ra) &s +*r A).%at

Yarl$ Pro/rss ;AYP< &s pro3ct) &" T:as *&/* sc*ools7 T* p%rpos o! t* AYP &s to "s%r

all sc*ools a") all st%)"ts (t t* sa( aca)(&c sta")ar)s &" ra)&"/ a") (at*(at&cs #$ t*

012-012 aca)(&c $ar7 T* AYP a""%al rport p%lls a +&) ra"/ o! &"!or(at&o" o" t*

pr!or(a"c o! st%)"ts &" ac* sc*ool a") )&str&ct &" T:as ;T:as E)%cat&o" A/"c$6 0121<7

Pur*o+e o( t!e Stud)



5

T*&s st%)$ :plor) t* &(pact o! att")a"c o" aca)(&c ac*&'("t &" lar/ %r#a"

sc*ool )&str&cts +*r #ot* p%#l&c a") c*artr sc*ools oprat7 St%)"t att")a"c &s a" ss"t&al

l("t o! s%ccss !or #ot* sc*ools a") sc*ool s$st(s7 T* p%rpos o! t*&s st%)$ +as to

&"'st&/at t* &(pact o! sc*ool att")a"c rats o" aca)(&c ac*&'("t %s&"/ t* t"t* /ra)

E"/l&s* a") (at*(at&cs scors o" t* T:as Assss("t o! 8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S<

:a(7

Re+erc! ,ue+tion+

T*&s .%a"t&tat&' st%)$ o" att")a"c rats a") aca)(&c ac*&'("t :a(&") t*

!ollo+&"/ .%st&o"s a") &ss%s4












8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a(@

Re+erc! H)*ot!e+e+



5

T* ca%sal-co(parat&' st%)$ !oc%s) o" aca)(&c ac*&'("t a") t* (a3or &(pact

t*at att")a"c rats *a' o" t* E"/l&s* a") (at*(at&cs t"t* /ra) TA8S :a( scors7 I"

t*&s cas6 t* *$pot*s&s ca" # s%((ar&) as4

H24 Sc*ools t*at *a' *&/* att")a"c rats *a' *&/* aca)(&c ac*&'("t

prc"ta/s o" E"/l&s* a") (at*(at&cs t"t* /ra) T:as Assss("t o! 8"o+l)/

a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a(7 H24 :2 :0

H04 Sc*ools t*at *a' lo+ att")a"c rats *a' lo+ aca)(&c ac*&'("t

prc"ta/s o" E"/l&s* a") (at*(at&cs t"t* /ra) T:as Assss("t o! 8"o+l)/

a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a(7 H04 :2 :0

H4 Sc*ools ac*&'("t l'ls )&!!r !or sc*ools &" t* top t" prc"t a") lo+st t"

prc"t o! st%)"t att")a"c o" E"/l&s* a") (at*(at&cs scors o" t* t"t* /ra)

T:as Assss("t o! 8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a(7 H4 :2 :0

H4 St%)"t ac*&'("t )&!!rs +&t*&" lar/ %r#a" sc*ool #%&l)&"/s +*" ra"?) #$

*&/*st a") lo+st att")a"c a'ra/s &" t* t"t* /ra) T:as Assss("t o!

8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a(7 H4 :2 :0

Nu%% H)*ot!e+e+

H124 T*r &s "o stat&st&call$ s&/"&!&ca"c )&!!r"c #t+" sc*ools t*at *a' *&/*

att")a"c rats a") aca)(&c ac*&'("t prc"ta/s o" E"/l&s* a") (at*(at&cs

t"t* /ra) T:as Assss("t o! 8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a( t*a" sc*ools t*at

ar "ot7 H124 Q2Q0

H104 T*r &s "o stat&st&call$ s&/"&!&ca"c )&!!r"c #t+" sc*ools t*at *a' lo+




5


ar "ot7 H104 Q2Q0

H14 T*r &s "o stat&st&call$ s&/"&!&ca"c )&!!r"c #t+" sc*ools ac*&'("t l'ls

!or sc*ools &" t* top t" prc"t a") lo+st t" prc"t o! st%)"t att")a"c o" E"/l&s*

a") (at*(at&cs scors o" t* t"t* /ra) T:as Assss("t o! 8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls

;TA8S< :a(7 H14 Q2Q0

H14 T*r &s "o stat&st&call$ s&/"&!&ca"c )&!!r"c &" st%)"t ac*&'("t +&t*&" lar/

%r#a" sc*ool #%&l)&"/s +*" ra"?) #$ *&/*st a") lo+st att")a"c a'ra/s &" t*

t"t* /ra) T:as Assss("t o! 8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a(7 H14 Q2Q0

Si'ni(icnce o( t!e Stud)

T* rsarc* a") a"al$s&s co(plt) !or t*&s st%)$ !oc%s) o" o" 'ar&a#l a") &ts

rlat&o"s*&p to st%)"t ac*&'("t +*&c* &s sc*ool +&) att")a"c7 Accor)&"/ to Ro#$ ;011<6

t*&s 'ar&a#l &s o!t" o'rloo?) or ta?" !or /ra"t) as a" &"trst&"/ #%t (a"&"/lss stat&st&c7

Da%/*rt$ ;011< s%//st) t*at t* lac? o! !!ort to aca)(&call$ s%pport st%)"ts t*at !all

#*&") !or t*&r l'l6 pro(ot) poor att")a"c as t* st%)"ts pass) o" to t* ":t /ra)6 )%

to t*&r loss o! *op a") lac? o! )s&r to str%//l t*ro%/*o%t t* sc*ool )a$7

Ro#$ ;011< c&t) att")a"c as s&/"&!&ca"tl$ &(porta"t !or a)apt&' !%"ct&o"&"/ &" t*

co/"&t&' a") #*a'&oral ral(s alo"/ +&t* *&/* sc*ool a") coll/ Gra) Po&"t A'ra/ ;GPA<

a") co"cl%)) st%)"t att")a"c s*o%l) # (o"&tor) +?l$6 s&"c *&/* att")a"c rats ar

&")&cat&' o! *&/* pr!or(&"/ sc*ools7 Att")a"c &ss%s &" T:as ar c"tr) o" )ropo%t

rat&"/s6 )l&".%"t #*a'&or a") poor aca)(&c pr!or(a"cs7 T*&s rsarc* (a$ la) lar/

%r#a" *&/* sc*ools %")rsta")&"/ +*r t*r att")a"c rats as a sc*ool a") a )&str&ct s*o%l)

# &" or)r to ac*&' t* aca)(&c pr!or(a"cs t*$ r.%&r o" stat acco%"ta#&l&t$ tst&"/7



5

Li#ittion+ o( t!e Stud)

T* l&(&tat&o"s o! t*&s st%)$ ar

27 T* st%)$ o" att")a"c rats ca" *a' ot*r s%pport&"/ !actors t*at co"tr&#%t to st%)"t

aca)(&c ac*&'("t7

07 Ma"$ !actors pla$ a rol )&rctl$ a") &")&rctl$ &" st%)"t ac*&'("t7 So( 'ar&a#ls

!actors !or st%)"t ac*&'("t ar par"ts6 )%cators6 tst&"/ cl&(at a") c%rr&c%l%(

+*&c* ca" # co"troll) to a crta&" )/r7

7 Ot*r !actors ca" co"tr&#%t to st%)"t a#s"t&s( ar t* +at*r6 'acat&o"s6 a") pr

/ro%p prss%rs7

7 T* st%)$ &s l&(&t) &"so!ar as &t %t&l&s o"l$ E"/l&s* a") (at* scors= *o+'r6 t*r ar

ot*r sct&o"s t*at ca" # !actor) &" o" t* TA8S :a(7

7 T* st%)$ &s l&(&t) to lar/6 %r#a" sc*ool )&str&cts &" T:as7

De%i#ittion+ o( t!e Stud)

T* )l&(&tat&o"s o! t*&s st%)$ ar

27 G")r6 a/6 rac a") soc&al co"o(&c stat%s +&ll "ot # %s) as !actors !or )tr(&"&"/

att")a"c rats7

07 T* !&")&"/s o! t*&s ca%sal-co(parat&' st%)$ ar l&(&t) to T:as7

7 St%)"t ac*&'("t o%tco(s o! t* T:as Assss("t o! 8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls

;TA8S< assss("t +r )l&(&t) to E"/l&s* a") (at*(at&cs scors !or 0121-01227


;TA8S< assss("t +r )l&(&t) to E"/l&s* a") (at*(at&cs scors !or o"l$ t"t*

/ra)7

De(inition o( Ter#+



5

T* !ollo+&"/ ?$ tr(s +&ll /%&) t* st%)$4

Aca)(&c E:cll"c I")&cator S$st( ;AEIS< - T*s a""%al rports p%ll to/t*r a +&)

ra"/ o! &"!or(at&o" o" t* pr!or(a"c o! st%)"ts &" ac* sc*ool a") )&str&ct &" T:as7 T*

rports also pro'&) :t"s&' &"!or(at&o" o" sta!!6 !&"a"cs6 pro/ra(s6 a") )(o/rap*&cs

!or ac* sc*ool a") )&str&ct ;T:as E)%cat&o" A/"c$6 0121<7

A).%at Yarl$ Pro/rss ;AYP< - T* c"tral (c*a"&s( !or &(pro'&"/ sc*ool pr!or(a"c

a") t* aca)(&c ac*&'("t o! )&!!r"t s%#/ro%ps o! st%)"ts7 T* p%rpos o! AYP &s to

"s%r t*at all sc*ools a") all st%)"ts (t t* sa( aca)(&c sta")ar)s &" ra)&"/ a")

(at*(at&cs #$ t* 012-012 aca)(&c $ar ;T:as E)%cat&o" A/"c$6 0121<7

A""%al Mas%ra#l O#3ct&'s ;AMO< - I")&cat t* (&"&(%( prc"ta/ o! st%)"ts +*o

(%st (t t* pro!&c&"c$ l'l o! pr!or(a"c o" ra)&"/ a") (at*(at&cs assss("ts6

a") )!&"s s%#/ro%ps as co"o(&call$ )&sa)'a"ta/ st%)"ts6 st%)"ts !ro( (a3or rac&al a")

t*"&c /ro%ps6 st%)"ts +&t* )&sa#&l&t&s a") st%)"ts +&t* l&(&t) E"/l&s* pro!&c&"c$ ;T:as

E)%cat&o" A/"c$6 0121<7

Att")a"c Rat- A""%al a//r/at )a$s att")) #$ st%)"ts6 )&'&)) #$ t* total

"roll("t ;T:as E)%cat&o" A/"c$6 0121<7

Ca%sal-Co(parat&' Rsarc* - Rsarc* &s &"t")) to )tr(&" t* ca%s !or or t*

co"s.%"cs o! )&!!r"cs #t+" /ro%ps o! popl= also r!rr) to as ex post facto

research ;ra"?l a") Wall"6 011<7

Co(pr*"s&' H&/* Sc*ools - ar t* (ost co((o" !or( o! p%#l&c *&/* sc*ools &" t*

U"&t) Stats a") ar (a"t to sr' t* ")s o! all st%)"ts6 as co(par) to t* co((o"

pract&c &" ot*r "at&o"s &" +*&c* :a(&"at&o"s ar %s) to sort st%)"ts &"to )&!!r"t *&/*

sc*ools !or )&!!r"t pop%lat&o"s ;T:as E)%cat&o" A/"c$6 0122<7



5

Ma/"t Sc*ools- I" )%cat&o" &" t* U"&t) Stats6 (a/"t sc*ools ar p%#l&c sc*ools +&t*

spc&al&) co%rss or c%rr&c%la7 Ma/"t sc*ools r!r to *o+ t* sc*ool ca" )ra+ st%)"ts

!ro( across t* "or(al #o%")ar&s )!&") #$ a%t*or&t&s as sc*ool o"s t*at !) &"to

crta&" sc*ool ;T:as E)%cat&o" A/"c$6 0122<7

No C*&l) L!t B*&") Act ;NCLB< > T* El("tar$ a") Sco")ar$ E)%cat&o" Act ;ESEA<

or No C*&l) L!t B*&") +*" &t +as ra%t*or&) &" 0112 a") #ca( o" o! t* (ost

s&/"&!&ca"t !)ral r!or(s s&"c t* passa/ &! ESEA ;T:as E)%cat&o" A/"c$6 0121<7

T* p%rpos o! No C*&l) L!t B*&") l/&slat&o" &s to

I"cras acco%"ta#&l&t$ !or st%)"t pr!or(a"c7

oc%s o" +*at +or?s #as) o" sc&"t&!&c rsarc*7

E(po+r par"ts a") :pa") par"tal &"'ol'("t7

I"cras local co"trol a") !l:&#&l&t$7

Soc&al Eco"o(&c Stat%s- &s co((o"l$ co"cpt%al&) as t* soc&al sta")&"/ or class o! a"

&")&'&)%al or /ro%p7 It &s o!t" (as%r) as a co(#&"at&o" o! )%cat&o"6 &"co( a")

occ%pat&o" ;A(r&ca" Ps$c*olo/&cal Assoc&at&o"6 0120<7

Stat o! T:as Assss("ts o! Aca)(&c Ra)&"ss ;STAAR< B/&""&"/ &" spr&"/ 01206 t*

Stat o! T:as Assss("ts o! Aca)(&c Ra)&"ss ;STAAR< +&ll rplac t* T:as

Assss("t o! 8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S<7 T* STAAR pro/ra( at /ra)s > +&ll

assss t* sa( s%#3cts a") /ra)s t*at ar c%rr"tl$ assss) o" TA8S7 At *&/* sc*ool6

*o+'r6 /ra)-spc&!&c assss("ts +&ll # rplac) +&t* 20 ")-o!-co%rs ;EOC<

assss("ts4 Al/#ra I6 /o(tr$6 Al/#ra II6 #&olo/$6 c*(&str$6 p*$s&cs6 E"/l&s* I6 E"/l&s*

II6 E"/l&s* III6 +orl) /o/rap*$6 +orl) *&stor$6 a") U7S7 H&stor$7 ;T:as E)%cat&o" A/"c$6

0122<7

http://www.tea.state.tx.us/student.assessment/staar/

http://www.tea.state.tx.us/student.assessment/staar/



5

T:as Assss("t o! 8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S< - A sta")ar)&) tst %s) &" T:as

pr&(ar$ a") sco")ar$ sc*ools to assss st%)"tsF atta&"("t o! ra)&"/6 +r&t&"/6 (at*6

sc&"c6 a") soc&al st%)&s s?&lls r.%&r) %")r T:as )%cat&o" sta")ar)s7 T* TA8S &s

al&/") +&t* t* stat (a")at) c%rr&c%l%(6 t* T:as Ess"t&al 8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls

;TE8S<7 T* TA8S &s %s) to (as%r *o+ +ll st%)"ts ar pro/rss&"/ ;T:as E)%cat&o"

A/"c$6 0122<7

Va"/%ar) H&/* Sc*ools- &s a" accr)&t)6 &"tr"at&o"all$ rco/"&) sc*ool o! st%)"ts +&t*

lar"&"/ )&!!r"cs7 Car"/& Va"/%ar) H&/* Sc*ool &s a GT (a/"t sc*ool &" Ho%sto"

ISD7 T* )&str&ctFs Va"/%ar) pro/ra(s ar o!!r) &" Gra)s 820 !or st%)"ts &)"t&!&) as

GT &t*r t*ro%/* (a/"t sc*ools or GT pro/ra(s at "&/*#or*oo) sc*ools ;T:as

E)%cat&o" A/"c$6 0122<7

Or'nition o( t!e Stud)

T* st%)$ co"ta&"s !&' c*aptrs7 C*aptr O" &"cl%)s t* &"tro)%ct&o"6 stat("t o! t*

pro#l(6 rsarc* .%st&o"s6 p%rpos o! st%)$6 s&/"&!&ca"c o! t* st%)$6 l&(&tat&o"s o! t* st%)$6

)l&(&tat&o" o! t* st%)$6 a") t* )!&"&t&o" o! tr(s7 C*aptr T+o co"ta&"s t* r'&+ o! t*

l&trat%r7 C*aptr T*r +&ll co"ta&" t* (t*o)olo/$7 C*aptr o%r +&ll co"ta&" t* rs%lts o!

t* st%)$7 &"all$6 C*aptr &' +&ll co"ta&" rco((")at&o"s !or !%rt*r st%)$ a") co"cl%)&"/

r(ar?s7



5

CHAPTER II

Re"ie/ o( t!e Literture

O"er"ie/

T*&s c*aptr r'&+s c%rr"t a") rl'a"t aspcts o" att")a"c rats a") t* (a""r &"

+*&c* t*$ &(pact st%)"t ac*&'("t7 Popl ar sarc*&"/ !or strat/&s a") pro'" (t*o)s

to &(pro' st%)"t att")a"c7 S&"c st%)"t att")a"c r(a&"s a" &(porta"t co(po""t &"

clos&"/ t* ac*&'("t /ap7 Att")a"c rats r(a&" t* !ocal po&"t !or sc*ools a") sc*ool

)&str&ct across T:as7

No C!i%d Le(t Be!ind nd Pu$%ic Hi'! Sc!oo% Grdution in t!e United Stte+

Sc*ools t*ro%/*o%t t* U"&t) Stats *a' /ratr acco%"ta#&l&t$ !or st%)"t pr!or(a"c

a") t*&r aca)(&c l'l *as &(pact) t*&r ac*&'("t ;Da%/*rt$6 011<7 Accor)&"/ to 8&(

a") S%")r(a" ;011< t* (ost co"s.%"t&al c*all"/ o! t*&s c"t%r$ &" A(r&ca" )%cat&o"

co"t&"%s to # t* )&spar&t&s &" ac*&'("t scors o" sta")ar)&) tsts7 W*&l t* passa/ o!

t* No C*&l) L!t B*&") Act ;NCLB< &" 01126 l&? &ts pr)cssor t* El("tar$ a")

Sco")ar$ E)%cat&o" Act ;ESEA< o! 2J6 so%/*t to a))rss a") l&(&"at t*s )&spar&t&s &"

aca)(&c pr!or(a"c o! crta&" rac&al or soc&oco"o(&c /ro%ps6 (%c* st&ll r(a&"s to # )o"7

T* No C*&l) L!t B*&") Act o! 0112 prso"&!&) t* !o%r pr&"c&pls o! Prs&)"t

Gor/ W7 B%s*Fs )%cat&o" r!or( pla" ;Da%/*rt$6 0116 p7 -<7 O"6 sc*ools "o+ *a'

/ratr acco%"ta#&l&t$ !or st%)"t pr!or(a"c !or sc*ool )&str&cts a") a)(&"&strators7 T+o6 ac*

stat :pa")) &ts co"trol o" t*&r aca)(&c sta")ar)s a") assss("ts7 T*r6 stats allo+) !or

par"ts to *a' c*o&c opport%"&t&s to slct sc*ools t*at +r "ot (t&"/ A""%al Yarl$



5

Pro/rss ;AYP< sta")ar)s7 &"all$6 tac*&"/ crt&!&cat&o"s +r a" &ss% to (p*as& a *&/*l$

.%al&!&) tac*r &" 'r$ classroo( ;Da%/*rt$6 0116 p7 <7

8&( a") S%")r(a" ;011< :pla&" t*at +&t* t* o#3ct&' o! r)%c&"/ t*s )&spar&t&s6

pro'&s&o"s o! acco%"ta#&l&t$ +r &"corporat) &" t*&s !)ral la+6 t*%s )&'&)&"/ sc*ools

t*ro%/*o%t t* 1 stats6 t* D&str&ct o! Col%(#&a a") P%rto R&co &"to T&tl I a") "o"-T&tl I

sc*ools7 %rt*r(or6 t*s s%//st) r/%lat&o"s ")a'or) to l&(&"at t* ac*&'("t /ap

#t+" *&/*-a") lo+-pr!or(&"/ c*&l)r"6 spc&all$ t* ac*&'("t /ap #t+" (&"or&t$

a") "o"-(&"or&t$ st%)"ts6 a") #t+" )&sa)'a"ta/) c*&l)r" a") t*&r (or a)'a"ta/)

prs ;NCLB6 01126 Sc7 2112 <7

Al:a")r a") Al:a")r ;0120< stat t* "t&r l/&slat&o" o! NCLB (po+rs !)ral

)%cat&o" !%")&"/ pro/ra(s to atta&" t* !ollo+&"/ o#3ct&'s4 a)'a"c t* pr!or(a"c o!

p%#l&c sc*ools6 (a")at stat a") local sc*ool )&str&ctsF acco%"ta#&l&t$6 a") s%pport par"tal

c*o&c7 Al:a")r a") Al:a")r ;0120< s%//st t* *art o! No C*&l) L!t B*&") ;NCLB<

ascr&#s a" "co(pass&"/ /oal to /%ara"t all c*&l)r" *a' a !a&r6 .%al6 a") s&/"&!&ca"t

opport%"&t$ to o#ta&" a *&/* .%al&t$ )%cat&o" a") rac*6 at a (&"&(%(6 pro!&c&"c$ o"

c*all"/&"/ stat aca)(&c ac*&'("t sta")ar)s a") stat aca)(&c assss("t7

Al:a")r a") Al:a")r ;0120< (p*as& t*at t* NCLB la+ calls !or sc*ool )&str&cts6

local )%cat&o"al a/"c&s6 a") stats to pro'&) o#3ct&'6 'r&!&a#l )ata 'al&)at&"/ sta)$

r)%ct&o" &" t* ac*&'("t /ap #t+" *&/*-a") lo+-pr!or(&"/ c*&l)r" &" t*&r

3%r&s)&ct&o"s7 Mor &(porta"tl$6 t*&s act *as pro'&s&o"s to 'al%at t* acco%"ta#&l&t$ o! all

)%cat&o"al "t&t&s +&t* t* sta#l&s*) :pctat&o" t*at all st%)"ts +&ll atta&" aca)(&c

&(pro'("t &" a sc*ool $ar7 Co"s.%"tl$6 Al:a")r a") Al:a")r ;0120< co"cl%) t*at to

ac*&' t*s #roa) (a")ats st&p%lat) &" t* No C*&l) L!t B*&") ;NCLB< la+ r.%&rs t*at



5

sc*ool )&str&cts )(o"strat t*&r st%)"ts *a' ac*&') A).%at Yarl$ Pro/rss ;AYP< &"

)s&/"at) s%#3ct (attr aras7

T* T:as E)%cat&o" A/"c$ ;0121< stat) t*at Co"/rss a") t* Prs&)"t sta#l&s*)

t* a).%at $arl$ pro/rss AYP r.%&r("ts as t* pr&(ar$ sta")ar) t*ro%/* +*&c* sc*ool

pr!or(a"c a") aca)(&c ac*&'("t o! 'ar&o%s s%#pop%lat&o"s o! st%)"ts +o%l) #

'al%at)7 I" ss"c6 t* p%rpos o! sta#l&s*&"/ AYP as t* pr!or(a"c sta")ar) &s to "s%r

t*at a %"&!or( aca)(&c sta")ar) &" (at*(at&cs a") ra)&"/ &s (t #$ t* aca)(&c $ar 012-

012 ;T:as E)%cat&o" A/"c$6 0121<7 T*ro%/* %s&"/ AYP as t* "!orc("t tool6 t*

/o'r"("t &s s?&"/ a (a"s to pro'&) all st%)"ts6 &"cl%)&"/ s%#pop%lat&o"s o! st%)"ts6

+&t* 'r&!&a#l6 aca)(&c /ro+t*7 T:as E)%cat&o" A/"c$ ;0121< co"cl%)) &! a ca(p%s6

)&str&ct6 or stat t*at rc&'s T&tl I !%")s !a&ls to (t AYP !or t+o co"sc%t&' $ars6 t*at

ca(p%s6 )&str&ct6 or stat &s s%#3ct to !%l!&ll crta&" r.%&r("ts s%c* as o!!r&"/ sc*ool o!

c*o&c6 s%ppl("tal )%cat&o" sr'&cs6 a")or ta?&"/ corrct&' act&o"s7

Accor)&"/ to Gr" a") orstr ;011<6 &" a s(&"al st%)$ st%)"ts +*o opt o%t o!

/ra)%at&"/ *&/* sc*ool or att")&"/ a !o%r-$ar coll/ ar also opt&"/ o%t o! co"o(&c6 pol&t&cal6

a")or soc&al opport%"&t&s7 Gr" a") ostrFs ;011< st%)$ &")&cats t*at st%)"ts (%st atta&"

sta#l&s*) cr&tr&a &" prparat&o" !or coll/ att")a"c s%c* as spc&!&c co%rss &" *&/* sc*ool

+*&c* coll/s r.%&r6 /ra)%at&o" !ro( *&/* sc*ool6 a") (astr$ o! #as&c l&trac$ s?&lls7 W*&l

t*&r rsarc* ;Gr" a") ostr6 011< &")&cats o"l$ K1 o! all st%)"ts &" p%#l&c *&/* sc*ools

/ra)%at6 a (r 0 o! t*os st%)"ts /ra)%at&"/ *&/* sc*ool ar aca)(&call$ .%al&!&) to

att") !o%r-$ar coll/s7

Accor)&"/ to S+a"so" ;011J<6 &" t* U"&t) Stats6 *&/* sc*ool /ra)%at&o" rats %s&"/

t* C%(%lat&' Pro(ot&o" I"): ;CPI< (as%r("t &" 0110-011 !or H&spa"&cs +r 7J



5

a") 27J !or A!r&ca" A(r&ca"s7 I" r/ar)s to t* stat /ra)%at&o" rats6 CPI rports t*at !or

'r$ 211 st%)"ts "roll) &" t* /ra) &" t* T:as p%#l&c sc*ools6 +&ll r(a&" &" t* *&/*

sc*ool p&pl&" %"t&l t*&r sop*o(or $ar7 o%r $ars latr o"l$ JK st%)"ts +&ll /ra)%at7

Nat&o"all$6 t*r ar 3%st o'r o" t*&r) ; prc"t< o! st%)"ts +*o !a&l to tra"s&t&o" !ro( t* to

21t* /ra) ;S+a"so"6 011J<7 Ho+'r6 t* rats o! t* /ra) )ropo%ts ar (%c* *&/*r &" T:as

t*a" (ost stats6 +&t* *al! o! all T:as "o"-/ra)%ats )ropp&"/ o%t )%r&"/ t*&r !rs*(a" $ar

;S+a"so"6 011J<7 A lar/ prc"ta/ o! "o"-/ra)%ats ar (&"or&t&s7

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A(r&ca" /ra)%at&o" rats !or 0110-011 +r 7K a") 7 !or H&spa"&cs ;S+a"so"6

011J<7 I" co(par&so"6 t* Dallas I")p")"t Sc*ool D&str&ct A!r&ca" A(r&ca"s /ra)%at&o"

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;S+a"so"6 011J<7

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rats +as 072 prc"ta/ po&"ts lo+r ;T:as E)%cat&o" A/"c$6 0122<7



5

Te0+ Eduction Re(or#

Accor)&"/ to t* T:as E)%cat&o" A/"c$ ;011K<6 T:as )%cat&o" r!or( &" t* 21s

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5

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appl&cat&o"s +r &"co"s&st"t across stats a") &"a).%at !or t*&r stat p%rposs ;Ba(rs t

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pr!or(a"c sta")ar)s la) to a s*&!t o! )'lop&"/ co"t"t sta")ar)s a") pr!or(a"c sta")ar)s

&" prpar&"/ st%)"ts !or coll/ a") carr7

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sc*ools )p")s *a'&l$ o" t* stat :a( pr!or(a"c a") #/&""&"/ +&t* ?&")r/art"rs &"

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5

Bas) Sta")ar) Stt&"/s s*&!ts t* )s&r) (a"&"/ o! c%t scors6 "a(l$ coll/ a") carr

ra)&"ss #$ %s&"/ a sta")ar) stt&"/ approac* t*at ca" l&"? :pl&c&tl$ l&"? c%t scors to *lp

st%)"ts trac? a") rac* t*at /oal ;Ba(rs t al76 0120 p7 2<7

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Sc!oo% E((ect+ on Student Ac!ie"e#ent

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sc*ools7 W&t* t* &"cras) !oc%s &" t* last s'ral )ca)s o" st%)"t aca)(&c pr!or(a"c6



5

%")rsta")&"/ t* &(pact o! part&c%lar sc*ool c*aractr&st&cs (a$ acco(pl&s* (%c* to+ar)

!ac&l&tat&"/ st%)"t aca)(&c pr!or(a"c ;8o"sta"topo%lo%s6 011J<7

Accor)&"/ to 8o"sta"topo%lo%s ;011J<6

Sc*ool c*aractr&st&cs s%c* as sc*ool r/&o"6 sc*ool soc&oco"o(&c stat%s6 a")

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5

rs%lts o! t*&s st%)$ ar &(porta"t !or )%cat&o"al la)rs att(pt&"/ to )tr(&" +*t*r #loc?

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stat%s a") aca)(&c ac*&'("t7 T*&s st%)$ )&sc%ss) t* lor&)a Co(pr*"s&' Ac*&'("t

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a+a$ !ro( sc*ool7

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5

%t&l&at&o" o! att")a"c r/&strs !or !!ct&' co"trol o! st%)"t !or *&/*r aca)(&c

pr!or(a"c ;O/*%'#%6 0116 p7 0<7

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t*at r'al) t* att")a"c as a ro#%st pr)&ctor o! st%)"tFs ac*&'("t7 L&? ot*r st%)&s

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#t+" att")a"c a") ac*&'("t across (%lt&pl /ra)s &" %r#a" sc*ools7

T!e E((ect+ o( Sc!oo% E0*o+ure

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5

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5

"/at&'l$ &(pact sc*ool !&scal rco%rss ;+*" !%")&"/ &s t&) to sc*ool "roll("ts< a") t*

o%tco(s assoc&at) +&t* *&/*-sta?s acco%"ta#&l&t$ s$st(s t*at ta? st%)"t att")a"c &"to

acco%"t7

Sc!oo% Attendnce nd Student Ac!ie"e#ent in O!io nd De%/re Sc!oo%+

I" t*&s s(&"al st%)$ loo?&"/ at )&str&ct +&) att")a"c a") aca)(&c ac*&'("t6

Ro#$ ;011< "ot) t*at s%c* 'ar&a#ls as tst&"/ cl&(at a") c%rr&c%l%( ca" # co"troll) to

pro)%c /ratr aca)(&c /a&"s !or st%)"ts= *o+'r6 ot*r co")&t&o"s s%c* as soc&oco"o(&c

#ac?/ro%") a)'rsl$ &"!l%"c st%)"t ac*&'("t7 W*&l t* O*&o Dpart("t o! E)%cat&o"

(a&"ta&"s a a""%al att")a"c sta")ar)6 o"l$ K o! all p%#l&c sc*ools s%ccss!%ll$ (t or

:c)) t*&s sta")ar) &" t* 2-2 sc*ool $ar ;Ro#$6 011<7 Alt*o%/* att")a"c &s t*

#"c*(ar? %s) to 'al%at t* !!&cac$ o! a"$ /&'" sc*ool )&str&ct &" O*&o6 t* s&/"&!&ca"c o!

t* att")a"c 'ar&a#l +&t* &ts &"!l%"c o" st%)"t pr!or(a"c &s !r.%"tl$ o'rloo?)7

I" a"ot*r s(&"al st%)$ t*at !ollo+) Ro#$Fs st%)$ o! O*&o Sc*ools6 Da%/*rt$ ;011< s

slct) t+o /ra)s l'ls &" o" Dla+ar sc*ool )&str&ct o'r a t*r $ar pr&o) a") rport)

t* *&/*r t* prc"ta/ a'ra/ o! a#s"t&s( t* lo+r t* st%)"t pr!or(a"c a'ra/7

Da%/*rt$ ;011< !o%") +*" st%)"ts (&ss s&:t" or (or )a$s o! sc*ool t*$ !all #lo+ t*

(at* stat pro!&c&"c$ l'l a") s'"t" or (or )a$s t*$ !all #lo+ t* ra)&"/ stat

pro!&c&"c$ l'l7 Alt*o%/* "%(ro%s !actors &"!l%"c st%)"t att")a"c &" sc*ool6 Ro#$

;011< a") Da%/*rt$ ;011< po&"t o%t t*at )s&ra#l +at*r6 )s&r&"/ 'acat&o"s6 or pr

prss%r (or !r.%"tl$ ca%s a st%)"t a#s"c t*a" a l/&t&(at :c%s s%c* as prso"al

&ll"ss or )at* &" t* !a(&l$7

D&"/ , S*r(a" ;011J< st%)&) tac*r .%al&t$ &" rlat&o"s*&p to !!ct&' st%)"t

ac*&'("t7 O" o! t*&r !&")&"/s s%//st) t*at t* a#&l&t$ o! !!ct&' tac*rs to &(pro'



5

st%)"t att")a"c *a) a s&/"&!&ca"t rlat&o"s*&p to st%)"t ac*&'("t ;D&"/ a") S*r(a"6

011J<7 Ro#$ ;011< co"cl%)) &")&cat t*at !or !o%r o! t* s&: %r#a" )&str&cts st%)&)6 a

)&!!r"c occ%rr) &" st%)"t ac*&'("t +&t*&" t* top a") #otto( t*r aca)(&c sc*ools &"

ac* )&str&ct7 Accor)&"/ to Ro#$ ;011<6 t* top pr!or(&"/ sc*ools &" ac* o! t*os )&str&cts6

ra"?) #$ pro!&c&"c$ tst scor a'ra/s also *a) *&/*r att")a"c a'ra/s a") * s%pports

t* top t*r sc*ools pro!&c&"c$ tst scors a") att")a"c a'ra/s +r s%#sta"t&all$ *&/*r

t*a" t* #otto( t*r sc*ools7

Ro#$ ;011< s%//st) a o"-prc"t )rop &" att")a"c a""%all$ acco%"ts !or 6J11 lss

total &"str%ct&o"al *o%rs7 St%)"t los lar"&"/ t&( &" all aca)(&c s%#3cts6 as att")a"c rats

)rop to+ar) 1 prc"t a") &" t* st%)$ a lar/ prc"ta/ rport) att")a"c rats #lo+ t*

prc"t sta")ar)6 &")&cat&"/ a loss o! st%)"t lar"&"/ t&( t*at :c)) 6111 &"str%ct&o"al

*o%rs7 Ro#$ ;011< co"cl%)) &" a O*&o sc*ool )&str&ct at t* !o%rt*6 s&:t*6 "&"t* a") t+l!t*

/ra) a stat&st&call$ s&/"&!&ca"t corrlat&o" #t+" st%)"t att")a"c a") st%)"t ac*&'("t7

T*r &s a (o)rat to stro"/ rlat&o"s*&p #t+" st%)"t ac*&'("t a") st%)"t att")a"c7

Da%/*rt$Fs ;011< st%)$ r'al) &! st%)"tFs a#s"t&s( &s "ot a))rss)6 sco")ar$

tst scors co%l) # a!!ct) a") st%)"ts &" ") o! ass&sta"c +&ll !all !%rt*r #*&") &" t*&r

aca)(&cs7 It &s &(porta"t !or sc*ools a") sc*ool )&str&cts to &(pl("t strat/&s to "s%r t*at

t* ")s o! all st%)"ts ar (t ac* $ar7 A))rss&"/ att")a"c a") aca)(&c ")s at a"

arl$ a/ (a$ ass&st &" r)%c&"/ t* rt"t&o" a") )rop-o%t rats !or st%)"ts &" *&/* sc*ool6 as

+ll as pro(ot a pos&t&' lar"&"/ "'&ro"("t !or st%)"t aca)(&c s%ccss ;Da%/*rt$6 0116

p7 22<7

A T:as E)%cat&o" A/"c$ ;0121< st%)$ r'al) t* (ost s&/"&!&ca"t rlat&o"s*&p

occ%rr) &" t* "&"t* /ra)7 T* sta")ar)s a") :pctat&o"s at t* "&"t*-/ra) l'l ar st *&/*7



5

Att")&"/ sc*ool o" a r/%lar #as&s &s a (a3or !actor !or &(pro'&"/ aca)(&call$ at t*&s /ra)

l'l7 T* T:as E)%cat&o" A/"c$ ;0121< s%//st) t*at sc*ool )&str&cts pro'&) &"c"t&'s to

st%)"ts to pro(ot a" &"cras &" att")a"c rats +&t* t* :pct) o%tco( #&"/ &"cras)

&"str%ct&o"al *o%rs pr sc*ool $ar7 Moro'r6 t* A/"c$ ;0121< a)'a"c) t* &)a t*at sc*ool

)&str&cts +*o +r s%ccss!%l &" (a&"ta&"&"/ *&/* st%)"t att")a"c a'ra/s # co"tact) to

&)"t&!$ +*at spc&!&c act&o"s t* )&str&ct +as %t&l&&"/ to ac*&' t*&s rs%lt #$ sc*ool )&str&cts

+*r att")a"c co"t&"%) to (or &"co"s&st"t7 T:as E)%cat&o" A/"c$ ;0121< s%//sts

a"al$&"/ t* s%ccss o! t*&s *&/* att")a"c sc*ool )&str&ct co%l) /la" 'al%a#l &"s&/*t to+ar)

rsol'&"/ t* att")a"c pro#l(7

Sc!oo% Attendnce nd Student Per(or#nce

A /lo#al ") !or t*&s st%)$ ca" # a"al$) t*ro%/* t* att")a"c rats a") aca)(&c

ac*&'("t &" t* U"&t) 8&"/)o( +&t* +*&c* t* U"&t) Stats s*ars (a"$ s&(&lar

c*aractr&st&cs7 Accor)&"/ to S*ppar) ;011<6 a!tr t* U8 /o'r"("t (a")at) att")a"c

pol&c&s t*ro%/* l/&slat&o" (a?&"/ att")a"c a par"tal rspo"s&#&l&t$6 att")a"c &(pro')7 I"

S*ppar)Fs st%)$ ;011<6 s* a"al$) t* rol o! sc*ool att")a"c #$ trac?&"/ 20 to 2 $ar-

ol) st%)"ts7 T*s st%)"ts +r a"al$) accor)&"/ to t*&r rat o! sc*ool att")a"c to

)tr(&" t* &(pact att")a"c *a) o" t*&r sc*ool&"/7 T* o%tco( o! *r a"al$s&s r'al)

t*at +*&l all st%)"ts &" t* st%)$ a'o&)) class +or? +*"'r poss&#l6 r/%lar att")s

s*o+) a *&/*r l&?l&*oo) o! co(plt&"/ t*&r *o(+or? #ca%s t*&r par"ts s*o+) (or

&"trst &" t*&r )%cat&o" ;S*ppar)6 011<7

W*ras par"tal &"'ol'("t &" t* U8 st%)$ #$ S*ppar) ;011< &(pro') st%)"t

o%tco(s6 S(&t* a") or) ;2< !o%") t*at a#s"t&s( t")) to &"cras +&t* st%)"tsF

pro/rss t*ro%/* t* sco")ar$ sc*ool $ars7 S&"c t*&s &"cras) a#s"t&s( &s so(t&(s



5

attr&#%t) to t* .%al&t$ o! c%rr&c%l%( ;E)+ar) a") Malcol(6 0110<6 t* ") to r-'al%at

c%rr&c%l%( #co(s a (a")at as a (a"s to &(pro'&"/ tr%a"c$7 E)+ar) a") Malcol( ;0110<

co"t") t*at t*ro%/* c*a"/&"/ t* c%rr&c%l%(6 o!!r&"/ 'ocat&o"al &"str%ct&o"6 a") pro'&)&"/

&"trst&"/ pac?a/s o! )%cat&o"6 sc*ools ca" rco""ct to %"(ot&'at) st%)"ts to prs%a)

t*( to sta$ "/a/) &" t*&r )%cat&o" ;E)+ar) a") Malcol(6 0110<7

T* cr&t&cal rol par"tal &"'ol'("t pla$s &" t* aca)(&c s%ccss o! st%)"ts &"

)%cat&o" *as #" +ll )oc%("t) &" t* U8 st%)$ ;S*ppar) 011<7 S* ar/%s t*at t*

par"tal rol *as c*a"/) co"s&)ra#l$ !ro( (rl$ co"troll&"/ c*&l)r"Fs (&s#*a'&ors &" t*

*o( to ass%(&"/ a" act&' &"'ol'("t &" sc*ools to "s%r c*&l)r" att") r/%larl$ a") lar"7

Bca%s (a"$ o! t*s prs&st"t a#s"ts or&/&"at !ro( soc&all$ )&s"!ra"c*&s) !a(&l&s6

t*s !a(&l&s ") spc&!&c *lp &" lar"&"/ *o+ to !ac&l&tat t*&r c*&l)r"Fs )%cat&o"

;S*ppar) 011<7

S*ppar) ;011< s%//sts t*at (or rsarc* ")s to # )o" %s&"/ co(parat&' )ata

a") co"trol /ro%ps to )'lop spc&!&c strat/&s a") tc*"&.%s t*at par"ts o! st%)"ts +&t*

poor att")a"c ca" &(pl("t to r'rs poor att")a"c a") sc*ool al&"at&o"7 %rt*r(or6

s* s%//sts t*at aca)(&c s%ccss /ra)%all$ r+r&ts t*&r aca)(&c sl!-co"cpt6 t*r#$

ca%s&"/ st%)"ts to l&(&"at co%"tr-pro)%ct&' #*a'&ors s%c* as a#s"t&s( ;S*ppar)

011<7

S*ppar) ;011< +r&ts6

I" sco")ar$ sc*ool6 &"&t&at&'s &"'ol'&"/ a" altr"at&' or part-t&( c%rr&c%l%( !or p%p&ls

+&t* sc*ool att")a"c )&!!&c%lt&s (a$ )(o"stra#l$ &(pro' t* sc*ool att")a"c

!&/%rs6 #%t o"l$ t*ro%/* !ollo+-%p st%)&s ca" &t # )tr(&") +*t*r t*&s &"cl%)s



5

(or c*&l)r" !ro( t* t$p&call$ a#s"t /ro%p ta?&"/ o" t* 'al%s o! )%cat&o" or

co"!or(&"/ to soc&al "or(s7 ;p7 221<

S*ppar) ;011< co"cl%)) !ro( t*&s st%)$ t*at c*&l)r" +*o *a' poor att")a"c +&ll

*a' /ro+" %p +&t* &"co"s&st"t par"tal att&t%)s a") poor (o)ls o! aca)(&c lar"&"/7 T*s

poor att")a"c st%)"ts +&ll !l t*at t*&r par"ts +r %"a#l to *lp t*( &" t*&r aca)(&c

lar"&"/7

I" T:as6 a" *o"or st%)"t +or?&"/ t+o 3o#s to s%pport *r s&#l&"/ +as p%t &" 3a&l !or

(&ss&"/ sc*ool )% to :*a%st&o"7 Accor)&"/ to Ra") ;0120<6 t* *o"or st%)"t +as t* sol

#ra)+&""r a") +or?) t+o 3o#s to s%pport t* !a(&l$7 T* 3%)/ or)r) t* st%)"t to pa$

211 !&" a") sp") 0 *o%rs &" 3a&l as a lsso" !or tr%a"c$7 Accor)&"/ to t* art&cl Ra") ;0120<

s%//st) t*at crta&" cass s*o%l) # trat) +&t* (or l"&"c&s7 Accor)&"/ to T:as stat

la+6 st%)"ts +*o ar a#s"t !ro( sc*ool t*r )a$s &" a !o%r +? pr&o) or (or t*a" t" )a$s

&" a s&:-(o"t* pr&o) ar s%#3ct to co%rt ;Ra")6 0120<7

I#*ro"in' Student Attendnce /it! Sc!oo%1 F#i%)1 nd Co##unit) Prtner+!i*+

S*l)o"Fs ;011K< a"al$s&s r'als t*at +*" all &"'st) sta?*ol)rs +r act&'l$

!oc%s) o" &(pro'&"/ sc*ools &" a part"rs*&p approac*6 st%)"ts &" t*os sc*ools #"!&tt) #$

a" &(pro') att")a"c o" t* a'ra/ o! 7 as co(par) to sc*ools +*r "o part"rs*&p

:&st) #t+" sc*ools6 !a(&l$6 a") co((%"&t$7 I" !act6 rats o! st%)"t att")a"c &" sc*ools

+&t*o%t sta?*ol)r part"rs*&ps :pr&"c) a sl&/*t )cl&" !ro( o" $ar to t* ":t7 S*l)o"

;011K< po&"ts o%t t*at l/&slators &" s%pport o! t* NCLB la+6 (p*as& st%)"ts atta&"&"/ a

pro!&c&"c$ scor o" stat sta")ar)&) tsts7 O! co%rs6 atta&"&"/ a pass&"/ scor o" a

sta")ar)&) tst &s +lco()6 #%t r((#rs NCLB also st&p%lats 'r$ *&/* l'ls o! st%)"t



5

att")a"c7 T*&s #"c*(ar? o! sc*ool pr!or(a"c &s o!t" o'rloo?) #$ rsarc*rs a")

)%cators ;S*l)o"6 011K<7

Crta&"l$ t* &"tr)p")"c #t+" r/%lar sc*ool att")a"c a") aca)(&c

ac*&'("t *as lo"/ #" ?"o+"7 Moro'r6 s'ral st%)&s ;La()&"6 2J= N&colas6 011=

S*l)o"6 011K< *a' all 'al&)at) t* corrlat&o" #t+" att")a"c a") s%pr&or pr!or(a"c

o" sta")ar)&) tsts7 Moro'r6 &" s&(&lar st%)&s6 E*r"#r/6 E*r"#r/6 Rs a") E*r"#r/

;22< a") Ro#$ ;011< sc*ools +&t* *&/*r rats o! )a&l$ att")a"c pro)%c) st%)"ts +&t*

s%pr&or pr!or(a"c o" ac*&'("t tsts as co(par) to sc*ools +&t* lo+r rats o! )a&l$

att")a"c7

T* rat o! a#s"t&s( &s l&"?) to a "%(#r o! %")s&ra#l o%tco(s7 &rst6 t* *&/*r

t* &"c&)"c o! a#s"t&s(6 a") t* /ratr t* l&?l&*oo) st%)"ts +&ll # at r&s? !or )ropp&"/

o%t o! sc*ool7 Not s%rpr&s&"/l$6 S*l)o" ;011K< )oc%("t) &" *r st%)$ t*at st%)"ts +*o

att") sc*ool r/%larl$ +r lss l&?l$ to part&c&pat &" )l&".%"t or )str%ct&' #*a'&ors7 H&s

st%)$ 'al&)ats t*at sc*ool tr%a"c$ &s !r.%"tl$ assoc&at) +&t* to#acco6 alco*ol a") &ll/al )r%/

%s7 T*r!or6 S*l)o" ;011K< s%//sts t*at !&")&"/ (t*o)s o! ?p&"/ st%)"ts att")&"/

sc*ool (a$ )cras &"'ol'("t +&t* t*s "/at&' #*a'&ors +*&l pro'&)&"/ aca)(&c /a&"s

t*ro%/* &"cras) )%cat&o"al &"str%ct&o"7

S&"c )ata &")&cats t*at att")a"c *as s%c* a !ar rac*&"/ !!ct o" a st%)"tFs l&!6

S*l)o" ;011K< ar/%s sc*ools (%st #%&l) part"rs*&ps #ca%s *&s +or? 'r&!&s sc*ool6 !a(&l$6

a") co((%"&t$ part"rs*&p pro/ra(s &(pro' st%)"t att")a"c7 S*l)o" ;011K< ar/%s t*at

sc*ools s*o%l) &"corporat (c*a"&s(s to )'lop stro"/ co""ct&o"s +&t* st%)"tFs *o( a")

co((%"&t$ &"to t*&r or/a"&at&o"al str%ct%r7 S*l)o" ;011K< also rco((")s sc*ools

&(pl("t t* Nat&o"al Nt+or? o! Part"rs*&p Sc*ools ;NNPS< pro/ra( +as *as #" s*o+"



5

to s&/"&!&ca"tl$ &(pro' st%)"t att")a"c o'r t&(7 A"ot*r (t*o) o! pro(ot&"/ r/%lar

att")a"c &s to c%lt&'at a #ttr sc*ool cl&(at a") &"cras !a(&l$ part&c&pat&o" &" t*

)%cat&o"al procss ;S*l)o"6 011K<7

Bla"?st&" a") No/%ra ;0121< !o%") t*at par"ts a") )%cators s*ar t* sa( /oal4

st%)"t s%ccss $t stro"/ sc*ool6 !a(&l$6 a") co((%"&t$ part"rs*&ps ar o!t" &")!&"a#l7 T*

c*all"/s "ot o"l$ )al +&t* t* par"ts #%t )%cators a") co((%"&t$ part"rs*&ps7

Accor)&"/ to Bla"?st&" a") No/%ra ;0121< t*r pr&"c&pls :&ts !or #%&l)&"/ pos&t&' sc*ool-

!a(&l$ rlat&o"s*&ps4

26 M%t%al %")rsta")&"/ #as) %po" (pat*$ a") rco/"&t&o" o! s*ar) &"trsts

07 Ma"&"/!%l &"'ol'("t o! !a(&l$ a") co((%"&t$ &" a 'ar&t$ o! sc*ool act&'&t&s

7 R/%lar o%trac* a") co((%"&cat&o" to !a(&l$ a") co((%"&t$

I#*ct o( Ser"ice Lernin' on Attendnce

Scals6 Ro*l?parta&"6 Nal6 8&ls(&r a") B"so" ;011J< rport t*at sr'&c-lar"&"/

&s (or !r.%"tl$ 3%)/) as pro)%c&"/ pos&t&' o%tco(s !or st%)"ts att")&"/ %r#a"6 *&/*-

po'rt$6 a") (a3or&t$ "o"+*&t sc*ools7 T*$ rport &" t*&r st%)$ ;Scals t al7 011J< t*at

a(o"/ t* pos&t&' o%tco(s s" #$ pr&"c&pals +r (or co"s&st"t sc*ool att")a"c6

proact&' lar"&"/6 #ttr /ra)s6 a") aca)(&c ac*&'("t7 I" a))&t&o" to t* a!or("t&o")

#"!&ts6 Scals t al76 ;011J< co"t")s lo+-SES st%)"ts &" a sr'&c lar"&"/ "'&ro"("t

scor) *&/*r o" (ost aca)(&c s%ccss 'ar&a#ls t*a" t*&r lo+-SES prs7 Scals t al76 ;011J<

proposs t*at &! pr&"c&pals o! lo+-SES sc*ools +o%l) &"corporat a sr'&c lar"&"/ "'&ro"("t

approac*6 t*$ (&/*t # (or s%ccss!%l &" r)%c&"/ t* ac*&'("t /aps #t+" *&/*r-a")

lo+r-&"co( st%)"ts7



5

T* )ata rport) #$ Scals t al76 ;011J< )os "ot rport a )&rct corrlat&o" #t+"

sr'&c lar"&"/ a") aca)(&c ac*&'("t7 Scals t al76 ;011J< s%//st pr&"c&pals o! lo+-SES

sc*ools (a$ also s t* !&rst-*a") t* co""ct&o" #t+" sr'&c a") sr'&c-lar"&"/6 a")

"/a/("t a") ac*&'("t6 '&)"t &" o%r st%)"t sl!-rports7

T!e Re%tion+!i* $et/een Sc!oo%1 C%++ nd Co-Curricu%u# A$+enteei+#

B*a'&ors t*at %s) to # :*&#&t) &" tr%a"t t"s ar "o lo"/r o! t* (&s)(a"or

'ar&t$ +*&c* pr'&o%sl$ (&/*t *a' &"cl%)) s(o?&"/ c&/artts6 !&/*t&"/6 or #*a'&"/

o#sc"l$ ;Ya*a$a6 Ra(l&6 Has*&(6 I#ra*&( a") a?ar&a6 011<7 T* (or (&"or (&s#*a'&ors

*a' #" rplac) +&t* #*a'&ors o! a /ratr (a/"&t%) s%c* as )r%/ )al&"/ a") %s6 !r s:6

prost&t%t&o"6 /a"/s6 #%r/lar$ a") sc*ool tr%a"c$7 Ya*a$a6 t al76 ;011< #l&'s t*at allo+&"/

st%)"ts to c*a"/ pr&o)s pro'&)s t*( +&t* t* opport%"&t$ to s?&p class a") #co( tr%a"t7

Ya*a$a6 t al76 ;011< s%//st t* &"t&(at rlat&o"s*&p #t+" tac*rs a") st%)"ts6 !ac&l&t&s

t*at "co%ra/ t*&r att")a"c &" sc*ool a") co"cr"s !ro( par"ts a") co((%"&t$ co%l) +ll

# t* !actors t*at (a$ sol' t* pro#l(7

Ya*a$a6 t al76 ;011< !%rt*r stats t*at a#s"t&s( *as #co( &"cras&"/l$ pop%lar &"

sc*ools7 Ya*a$a6 t al76 ;011< &" t*&r st%)$ )&'&)) a#s"t&s( &"to t*r cat/or&s4 sc*ool6

class6 a") co-c%rr&c%lar7 T* !&rst co"cl%s&o" )ra+" &" t* st%)$ +as sc*ool a#s"t&s( +as

pr&(ar&l$ t* !a%lt o! par"ts +*o !a&l) to sta#l&s* a") "!orc sta")ar)s +&t* t*&r c*&l)r"7

T* st%)$ !%rt*r s%//st) t*at (a&"ta&"&"/ (or op" co((%"&cat&o" +&t* tac*rs +o%l)

*lp &" rsol'&"/ class a#s"t&s( pro#l(s7 O" t* ot*r *a")6 Ya*a$a6 t al ;011<

(a&"ta&") t*at #ca%s sc*ools )&) "ot co"s&st"tl$ "!orc r%ls r/ar)&"/ s%sp"s&o" a")

:p%ls&o"6 t* a#s"t&s( pro#l( #co(s +ors7 &"all$6 Ya*a$a6 t al76 ;011< s%//sts6



5

+*" par"ts !a&l to s%pr'&s t*&r c*&l)r"Fs soc&al l&'s6 tr%a"c$ #co(s a pr ")ors)

#*a'&or +*&c* Ya*a$a r!rs to as co-c%rr&c%lar7

Re+erc! on I#*ct nd C!%%en'e+ o( S#%%er Lernin' Co##unitie+

T7 L'&" ;0121< :a(&") t* rol o! s(allr lar"&"/ co((%"&t&s ;SLCFs< &"

&(pro'&"/ att")a"c rats7 W*&l t* "+ tr") a(o"/ (a"$ lar/ %r#a" *&/* sc*ools &" t*

U"&t) Stats %t&l& t*s s(allr co((%"&t&s to &(pro' att")a"c rats6 &"cras aca)(&c

s%ccss6 a") to pro'&) a s%pport&' *&/* sc*ool :pr&"c7 W*&l t* co"cl%s&o"s o! T7

L'&"Fs ;0121< rsarc* )os "ot 'al&)at or r!%t t* !!ct&'"ss o! t* s(allr lar"&"/

co((%"&t&s6 t* rsarc* )os "ot t*at t* :&st"c o! SLCFs co&"c&) +&t* &(pro'("t &"

att")a"c6 /ra)%at&o" rats6 a") t* pos&t&' :pr&"c o! t* *&/* sc*ool "'&ro"("t

T7 L'&" ;0121< (p*as&s S(all Lar"&"/ Co((%"&t&s ar t* c%rr"t #st a"s+r

!or "s%r&"/ a") &(pro'&"/ (a"&"/!%l *&/* sc*ools a") s%//sts SLCFs ar crat) +*"

:&st&"/ co(pr*"s&' *&/* sc*ools )c&) to #ra? t*(sl's &"to &t*r a%to"o(o%s s(allr

*&/* sc*ools or ot*r ?&")s o! lss a%to"o(o%s %"&ts6 s%c* as *o%ss or aca)(&s7 SLCFs ar

)&st&"ct !ro( s(all sc*ools6 +*&c* :&st &" sta")-alo" #%&l)&"/ a") +*&c* ar "ot %s%all$

!or() !ro( t* :&st&"/ sta!! o! o" co(pr*"s&' *&/* sc*ool ;L'&"6 T*o(as6 01216 p7

0KJ<7

T7 L'&"Fs ;0121< st%)$ pro'&)) corro#orat&o" t*at so( '&)"c o! &(pro')

att")a"c rats occ%rr&"/ &" K o! sc*ools +&t* SLCFs as co(par) to sc*ools +*&c* )&) "ot

*a' SLC7 I" co"trast to t*&s !&")&"/6 B&ll Gats sc*ools6 !o%") "o )&!!r"c #t+"

att")a"c rats pr- a") post co"'rsat&o" or #t+" SLCs a") co(par&so" sc*ools ;S*ar t

al76 011<7 T7 L'&" ;0121< rport) at Tal"t D'lop("t ;TD< sc*ools6 a /a&" o! 7J



5

prc"ta/ po&"ts &(pro'("t &" att")a"c occ%rr) as co(par) to sc*ools a") s%//st)

t*at SLCFs (a$ crat a" &(pro'("t &" /ra)%at&o" a") )rop-o%t rats spc&all$ a(o"/

st%)"ts +*o ar soc&oco"o(&call$ )&sa)'a"ta/) alt*o%/* co"cl%s&' proo! )os "ot :&st at

t*&s t&(7

T!e Re%tion+!i* Bet/een Prent% In"o%"e#ent+ in Ur$n Secondr) Sc!oo%

I" t* 9$"s ;011< st%)$6 t* rol o! par"tal &"'ol'("t &s :a(&") +&t* t*

o#3ct&' #&"/ to %")rsta") to +*at :t"t par"tal part&c&pat&o" &" t* )%cat&o"al procsss

rs%lts &" pos&t&' o%tco( &" st%)"ts7 9$"s ;011< co"t")s t*at +*&l sc*ools a//rss&'l$

"co%ra/ par"tal part&c&pat&o"6 t*r &s "o proo! t*at par"t part&c&pat&o" tr%l$ rs%lts &"

'r&!&a#l /a&"s &" st%)"t ac*&'("t7 Ho+'r6 9$"s ;011< s%//sts par"tal &"'ol'("t

r)%cs t* ac*&'("t /ap t*at :&sts #t+" Ca%cas&a"s a") ot*r (&"or&t$ /ro%ps7

Student Grdution (ro# Hi'! Sc!oo% nd Co#*u%+or) Attendnce

Accor)&"/ to t* T:as E)%cat&o" A/"c$ ;0122< co(p%lsor$ att")a"c appl&s to

st%)"ts +*o ar at last s&: $ars ol) as o! Spt(#r 2 o! t* appl&ca#l sc*ool $ar7 T* la+

r.%&rs a st%)"t to att") p%#l&c sc*ool %"t&l t* st%)"tFs 2t* #&rt*)a$ %"lss ot*r !actors

co"tr&#%t to t* st%)"t "ot att")&"/ sc*ool7 T:as E)%cat&o" A/"c$ ;0122< r.%&rs a prso"

+*o 'ol%"tar&l$ "rolls &" or att")s sc*ool a!tr t* prso"Fs 2t* #&rt*)a$ &s r.%&r) to att")

ac* sc*ool )a$ !or t* "t&r pr&o) t* pro/ra(s o! &"str%ct&o"7 T* stat r.%&r("t &s "ot

"!orca#l= *o+'r6 &! t* prso" *as (or t*a" !&' %":c%s) a#s"cs &" a s(str6 t*

sc*ool )&str&ct (a$ r'o? t* prso"Fs "roll("t !or t* r(a&")r o! t* sc*ool $ar ;T:as

E)%cat&o" A/"c$6 0122<7 St%)"ts +*o !all %")r spc&al )%cat&o" *a' )&!!r"t a/ l&(&ts7

T*r ar t*r :(pt&o"s !or st%)"ts &" co(pl&a"c o! co(p%lsor$ att")a"c7 T*$

ar :pll) st%)"ts6 2K $ar-ol) &" GED co%rss a") :c%s) a#s"cs7 T:as E)%cat&o"



5

A/"c$ ;0122< stats a st%)"t ca" # :(pt !ro( co(p%lsor$ att")a"c +*" a st%)"t +*o

&s :pll) !ro( sc*ool a") att") a (a")ator$ 3%'"&l 3%st&c altr"at&' )%cat&o" pro/ra(

;99EAP<7 St%)"ts att")&"/ GED co%rss %")r t* co%rt or)r6 co"s&)r) *o(lss6 or t*

par"tFs )c&s&o" ar ot*r :(pt&o"s !or sc*ool co(p%lsor$ att")a"c7 T* last +a$ st%)"ts

ca" # :(pt) !ro( co(p%lsor$ att")a"c &s +&t* :c%s) a#s"cs rs%lt&"/ !ro( a"$ ca%s

accpta#l to t* tac*r6 pr&"c&pal6 or s%pr&"t")"t o! t* sc*ool &" +*&c* a prso" &s "roll)

;T:as E)%cat&o" A/"c$6 0122<7

Accor)&"/ to t* T:as E)%cat&o" A/"c$ ;0122< att")a"c appl&s to c*artr sc*ools as

+ll as sc*ool )&str&cts &" or)r to /t class cr)&t7 St%)"t att")a"c !or at last 1 prc"t o!

t* )a$s a class &s o!!r) appl&s to all p%#l&c a") (a"$ pr&'at sc*ools across t* stat7 T:as

E)%cat&o" A/"c$ ;0122< stats a st%)"t +*o &s &" att")a"c !or at last K prc"t6 #%t lss

t*a" 1 prc"t6 o! t* )a$s a class &s o!!r) (a$ # /&'" cr)&t &! t* st%)"t co(plts a pla"

appro') #$ t* pr&"c&pal t*at pro'&)s !or t* st%)"t to (t t* &"str%ct&o"al r.%&r("ts o!

t* class7

I" a s(&"al st%)$ Gol)&"Fs ;2< rsarc* st%)$ po&"ts o%t t*at !ro( t* pr&o) o! 221

t*ro%/* 21 &" t* U"&t) Stats6 sco")ar$ sc*ool "roll("t a") /ra)%at&o" rats :pr&"c)

t*&r (ost pro!o%") &"crass a") "ot) *%(a" cap&tal :pa")) *&/* sc*ool "roll("t

rs%lt&"/ &" a 207 prc"t rt%r" a(o"/ %"(arr&) !(als a") 227 prc"t rt%r" a(o"/ (als

;2- $ars ol)< rt%r"&"/ to sc*ool7 S&(&larl$6 J71 prc"t o! !(als a") 2172 prc"t o!

(als also rt%r") to st%)$ at last a $ar &" /ra((ar sc*ool a") "&t*r !(al "or (al

co"cl%) t* prc&s )!&"&t&o" o! +*" a"$ o! t*s rt%r"&"/ st%)"ts r-"roll) as to +*t*r

&t occ%rr) &" t* !all or )%r&"/ t* co%rs o! t* sc*ool $ar s&"c t* U7 S7 Dpart("t o!

Halt*6 E)%cat&o"6 a") Wl!ar &" 2J1Fs altr) all )ata to r!lct as !all "roll("ts ;Gol)&"6



5

2<7 %rt*r(or6 so( o! t* )ata o" "roll("ts +as "t&rl$ o(&tt) !or lac? o! spac

;Gol)&"6 2<7 Accor)&"/ to Gol)&" ;2<6 T* rap&) &"cras &" *&/*-sc*ool "roll("ts a")

/ra)%at&o" rats +as t* rspo"s o! a lat"t )(a") !or (or sc*ool&"/ to t* #%&l)&"/ o! p%#l&c

*&/* sc*ools6 a )cras &" tra"sport cost6 a") a c*a"/ &" t* c%rr&c%l%( ;p7 K2<7

Al:a")r a") Al:a")r ;0120< po&"ts to t* co(p%lsor$ att")a"c la+s6 !&rst "act)

#$ Massac*%stts &" 206 as $t a"ot*r !actor s&/"&!&ca"tl$ &"!l%"c&"/ A(r&ca" )%cat&o" a")

'"t%all$ A(r&ca" soc&t$7 Al:a")r a") Al:a")r ;0120< :pla&" t* la+s +r sta#l&s*)

&" all stats a") +r co(pl: &" r/ar) to spc&!&cat&o"s a") "!orc("t7 W&t* t* "act("t

o! co(p%lsor$ att")a"c la+s t* spc&!&c a/s o! att")a"c +r (a")at) #$ &")&'&)%al

stats7 %rt*r(or6 Al:a")r a") Al:a")r ;0120< :pla&"s t*s sa( co(p%lsor$

att")a"c la+s st&p%lat) p"alt&s a") proc)%rs !or "o"-co(pl&a"c as +ll as )l&"at&"/

+*at co")&t&o"s a" &")&'&)%al co%l) # :(pt) !ro( sc*ool att")a"c7

Alt*o%/* Al:a")r a") Al:a")rFs ;0120< rsarc* &)"t&!&) co((o" stat

:(pt&o"s !ro( co(p%lsor$ att")a"c la+s6 (a"$ o! t*s raso"s ar "o lo"/r r/ar)) as

#&"/ 'al&)7 Or&/&"all$6 (a"$ stats %s) accpta#l raso"s !or :(pt&o" to t* co(p%lsor$

att")a"c la+s !ro( p*$s&cal or ("tal )&sa#&l&t&s6 co(plt&o" o! (&))l sc*ool6 )&sta"c !ro(

sc*ool6 po'rt$6 or s*orta/ o! sc*ools7 O! t*s allo+a#l :(pt&o"s6 t* o" t*at *a) t*

/ratst &(pact +as allo+&"/ c*&l)r" to o#ta&" +or? pr(&ts a") la' sc*ool at a $o%"/ a/7

Accor)&"/ to Al:a")r a") Al:a")r ;0120< &"co"s&st"c&s :&st) !ro( stat to stat +&t*

so( *a'&"/ co(p%lsor$ att")a"c start&"/ at a/ t*ro%/* a/ 2J alt*o%/* allo+a"cs +r

(a) !or so( to la' sc*ool a!tr t* t* /ra) a") la'&"/ sc*ool a!tr t* /ra) occ%rr)

#ca%s 2 $ar-ol)s +&t* at last J $ars o! )%cat&o" +r /&'" +or? pr(&ts7 N+



5

l/&slat&o" ?"o+" as co"t&"%at&o" la+s so%/*t to att(pt to #r&)/ t* /ap #t+" la#or a")

att")a"c la+s +*&c* pr(&tt) c*&l)r" to +or? part-t&( ;Al:a")r a") Al:a")r6 0120<7

Al:a")r a") Al:a")rFs rsarc* ;0120< r'al) t*at as c*&l)r" att")) (or

sc*ool6 t*$ also s*o+) appro:&(atl$ &"cras &" t* $ars o! )%cat&o" co(plt)7 W*&l

co(p%lsor$ att")a"c la+s t")) to pro(ot att")a"c a(o"/ Ca%cas&a"s6 "o s%c* pos&t&'

&(pact +as s" a(o"/ t* A!r&ca" A(r&ca"s s%#/ro%p alt*o%/* sc*ool att")a"c +as #ttr

a(o"/ A!r&ca" A(r&ca"s &" t* so%t*r" a") "ort*r" stats ;Al:a")r a") Al:a")r6 0120<7

O'rall6 co(p%lsor$ att")a"c la+s l&c&t) a pos&t&' o%tco( to+ar) &"cras&"/ )%cat&o"al

atta&"("t as a +*ol a") co"cl%)) co(p%lsor$ att")a"c +as "ot a pa"aca !or )%cat&o"al

att")a"c6 crta&"l$ t*s la+s co"tr&#%t) to a r)%ct&o" o! )%cat&o"al &".%al&t$ a") )&spar&t$

;Al:a")r a") Al:a")r6 0120<7

Al:a")r a") Al:a")r ;0120< ar/%) t*at co(p%lsor$ sc*ool att")a"c &s (r&t)

#ca%s &t pro(ots #ot* /o'r"("tal a") &")&'&)%al &"trsts7 Not o"l$ )os t* stat *a' a

'st) &"trst &" a" )%cat) pop%lo%s ;Al:a")r a") Al:a")r 0120<6 #%t t* c&t&"s

t*(sl's t*ro%/* t*&r )%cat&o" )'lop /ratr (oral&t$ a") rspo"s&#&l&t$ &" t*&r approac*

to /o'r"("t7 %rt*r(or6 Al:a")r a") Al:a")r ;0120< co"t") oppos&t&o" to

co(p%lsor$ att")a"c !ac&l&tat) t* str%//l to )s/r/at so%t*r" p%#l&c sc*ools )%r&"/ t*

21Fs a") 2J1Fs7

Accor)&"/ to Al:a")r a") Al:a")r ;0120<6

T* )s/r/at&o" (o'("t #ot* pr&or to a") s%#s.%"t to Brown v. Board of

Education (ot&'at) s'ral so%t*r" stats to a#ol&s* t*&r co(p%lsor$ att")a"c la+s6

+&t* t* #l&! t*at t* +a$ to c&rc%('"t &(pl("tat&o" o! .%al protct&o" la+s +as to

l&(&"at t* ") !or A!r&ca" A(r&ca" st%)"ts p%#l&c sc*ool7 A" a))&t&o"al &"c"t&'



5

to l&(&"at&"/ co(p%lsor$ )%cat&o" co%l) *a' #" t* )l&#rat a'o&)a"c o!

)%cat&"/ A!r&ca" A(r&ca" c*&l)r" s&"c "o l/al att")a"c r.%&r("t +o%l) :&st7

;p7 0<

Hi'! Sc!oo% Dro*out Rte+1 Attendnce nd Acde#ic Per(or#nce

T* co%"tr$ +&ll pa$ o'r 011 #&ll&o" )%r&"/ a st%)"t l&!t&( &" lost ar"&"/ a") ta:

r'"% +&t* ac* $arFs class o! )ropo%ts7 Dropo%ts ar co(pr&s) o! "arl$ *al! o! t* *a)s

o! *o%s*ol)s o" +l!ar a") a" '" *&/*r prc"ta/ o! t* pr&so" pop%lat&o"= rsarc* )o"

#$ C*r&stl6 9ol&'tt6 a") Nlso" ;011K<6 'al&)at) t*at *&/* sc*ool )rop o%ts )o "ot o"l$ :*&#&t

a prso"al )&s"/a/("t !ro( sc*ool6 #%t rat*r /"rat a" a)'rs soc&oco"o(&c &(pact o"

co((%"&t&s a") t* A(r&ca" soc&t$ as +ll as !or t* &")&'&)%al st%)"ts a") t*&r !a(&l&s7

T*&r st%)$ :pla&"s prc&sl$ +*$ 'r$ c&t&" (%st # co"cr") a#o%t t*os +*o )rop o%t o!

*&/* sc*ool6 s&"c *&/* sc*ool )rop o%ts ar (%c* (or l&?l$ to co"tr&#%t lss or l&ttl

co"o(&call$ to t* soc&t$6 ") "%(ro%s "t&tl("t pro/ra(s6 a") *a' to # )ta&") &"

pr&so"s ;C*r&stl t al76 011K<7 Moro'r6 C*r&stl t al76 ;011K< po&"ts o%t t*at +*" st%)"ts

c*oos to )rop o%t o! *&/* sc*ool6 t*$ ar at t* sa( t&( c*oos&"/ to s'rl$ rstr&ct t*&r

(plo$("t opt&o"s a") c*a"cs !or %p+ar) (o#&l&t$7

Sta"ar)Fs rsarc* ;011< r'al) s&(&lar !&")&"/s to C*r&stl t al ;011K< &" a"al$&"/

)ata to )tr(&" t* &(pact o! )ropp&"/ o%t o! *&/* sc*ool %po" (plo$a#&l&t$7 T* st%)$

r'&+) )ata !ro( t* class o! 0111 to !&") t*at t*os +*o )ropp) o%t :pr&"c)

%"(plo$("t at J +*" co(par) to t* *&/* sc*ool /ra)%ats o! t*at class *a'&"/ o"l$

2J %"(plo$) ;Sta"ar) 011<7 A))&t&o"all$6 t* C"s%s B%ra% *as st&(at) t* a'ra/

&"co( o! a )ropo%t &" 0111 as #&"/ 206116 co(par) to 026111 !or a *&/* sc*ool /ra)%ats

;Ca(p#ll6 011-011<7 I! )a(a/ to t* &")&'&)%al a") soc&t$ !ro( )ropp&"/ o%t &s "ot



5

pa&"!%ll$ o#'&o%s6 T* C"tr !or D(ocrat&c Pol&c$6 I"st&t%t !or E)%cat&o"al La)rs*&p6

rport) )ropo%ts co(pr&s 0 o! +l!ar rc&p&"ts6 0 o! t* pr&so" pop%lat&o"s6 a")

o! 3%'"&l 3%st&c cass ;Sta"ar)6 011<7 C*r&stl t al76 ;011K< %ss t*&r (t*o) o! calc%lat&"/

t* co*ort /ra)%at&o" rat t*at &"'ol's co%"t&"/ *o+ (a"$ o! t*os st%)"ts +*o "tr) "&"t*

/ra) &" 2J act%all$ /ra)%at) $ars latr &" 01117 T* co*ort /ra)%at&o" rat &s (a")at)

#$ No C*&l) L!t B*&") Act ;NCLB<7

Accor)&"/ to Ha$s6 Nlso"6 Ta#&"6 Parso"6 a") Wort*$ ;0110<6

Dropp&"/ o%t o! sc*ool *as #" assoc&at) +&t* a *ost o! #roa)r "/at&' o%tco(s6

&"cl%)&"/ ;a< !or/o" "at&o"al &"co(6 ;#< !or/o" ta: r'"%s !or t* s%pport o!

/o'r"("t sr'&cs6 ;c< &"cras) )(a") !or soc&al sr'&cs6 ;)< &"cras) cr&( a")

a"t&soc&al #*a'&or6 ;< r)%c) pol&t&cal part&c&pat&o"6 ;!< r)%c) &"tr/"rat&o"

(o#&l&t$6 a") ;/< poorr l'ls o! *alt*7 ;p7 0<

A" acc%rat )tr(&"at&o" o! t* tr% )ropo%t rats across stat a") )&str&ct l&"s ar

o#sc%r) #$ t* &"co"s&st"t (t*o)s (plo$) &" t* )ata collct&o" C*r&stl t al76 ;011K<

W*&l rsarc* tar/ts t* &")&'&)%al c*aractr&st&cs o! t* )ropo%t6 rsarc* *as &/"or) !or t*

(ost part co"tr&#%t&"/ c*aractr&st&cs prs"t &" sc*ools a") co((%"&t&s ;Ca(p#ll6 011-

011<7 I" t* rsarc* C*r&stl t al7 ;011K< co")%ct)6 po'rt$ :*&#&t) t* closst corrlat&o"

to t* lo+ or *&/* pro(ot&"/ rats &" sc*ool7 Sc*ools '&"c&"/ lo+ pro(ot&"/ (as%rs also *a)

lo+r pr-p%p&l :p")&t%rs as co(par) to sc*ools +&t* *&/* pro(ot&"/ po+r (a"&!st&"/

/ratr pr-p%p&l :p")&t%rs7 C*r&st&Fs ;011K< rsarc* also r'al) a"ot*r !actor

)tr(&"&"/ +*t*r or "ot a st%)"t /ra)%ats *&/* sc*ool > t* str"/t* a") .%al&t$ o! t*

sc*ool * &s att")&"/7



5

Accor)&"/ to t* U7 S7 Dpart("t o! La#or6 B%ra% o! La#or Stat&st&cs ;0122<6 *&/*

sc*ool )ropo%ts ar #ar&"/ t* #r%"t o! t* o"/o&"/ rcss&o" (or t*a" ot*r !actors s%c* as

)cl&"&"/ co"o($ &" ot*r co%"tr$ a") %")r )%cat) pop%lat&o" o! +or?rs7 T*

%"(plo$("t rat as o! 9a"%ar$ 0120 &s 7 6 !or &")&'&)%als +&t*o%t a *&/* sc*ool )&plo(a &t

&s 272 co(par) to 7 !or *&/* sc*ool a") 70 !or coll/ /ra)%ats7 O" a /lo#al scal6

t* U7 S7 &s !all&"/ #*&") &ts co(pt&tors ra"?) &/*t* !ro( t* #otto( &" a co(par&so" o! *&/*

sc*ool /ra)%at&o" rats a(o"/ t* 1 ((#r co%"tr&s o! t* Or/a"&at&o" !or Eco"o(&c

Cooprat&o" a") D'lop("t ;OECD6 011<7

T* All&a"c !or E:cll"t E)%cat&o" ;0121< st&(at) t*at &! )ropo%ts !ro( t* Class o!

011 *a) /ra)%at)6 t* "at&o"Fs co"o($ +o%l) #"!&t !ro( "arl$ #&ll&o" &" a))&t&o"al

&"co( o'r t* co%rs o! t*&r l&!t&(s7 A /oo) )%cat&o" a") a sol&) !o%")at&o" &s t* l&!l&"

#$ +*&c* &")&'&)%als ca" propl t*(sl's o%t o! po'rt$7

Accor)&"/ to A(r&ca" Ps$c*olo/&cal Assoc&at&o" ;0122<6

T* *&/* sc*ool )ropo%t )&l((a +&ll r.%&r co((&t("t a") &"'st("t &" *&/*

.%al&t$ arl$ c*&l)*oo) )%cat&o"6 att"t&o" to soc&al a") (ot&o"al lar"&"/6 co"t&"%al

(o"&tor&"/ o! st%)"t att")a"c a") aca)(&c pro/rss6 &"t"s&' &"str%ct&o" !or t*os

!all&"/ #*&")6 %s&"/ altr"at&'s to sc*ool p%s*-o%t6 !ostr&"/ o! a pos&t&' sc*ool

cl&(at6 a") "/a/("t +&t* par"ts6 !a(&l&s6 a") co((%"&t&s7 ;p7 2<

T* U7 S7 Dpart("t o! E)%cat&o" Nat&o"al C"tr !or E)%cat&o" Stat&st&cs ;NCES< &s

t* !)ral "t&t$ +&t* t* rspo"s&#&l&t$ !or a"al$&"/ a") collct&"/ )ata rlat) to )%cat&o" &"

t* U"&t) Stats ;T:as E)%cat&o" A/"c$6 0122<7 I" 0116 t* Kt* T:as L/&slat%r pass)

l/&slat&o" r.%&r&"/ )ropo%t rats # co(p%t) accor)&"/ to t* NCES )ropo%t )!&"&t&o" ;T:as

E)%cat&o" Co) TEC 7126 011<7 Accor)&"/ to t* T:as E)%cat&o" A/"c$ ;0122<



5

)&str&cts #/a" collct&"/ )ata co"s&st"t +&t* t* NCES )!&"&t&o" &" t* 011-011J sc*ool $ar7

A )ropo%t &s co"s&)r) to # a st%)"t +*o &s "roll) &" p%#l&c sc*ool &" Gra)s K-206 a") )os

"ot rt%r" to p%#l&c sc*ool t* !ollo+&"/ !all6 &s "ot :pll)6 a") )os "ot4 /ra)%at6 rc&' a

GED6 co"t&"% sc*ool o%ts&) t* p%#l&c sc*ool s$st(6 #/&" coll/ or )& ;T:as E)%cat&o"

A/"c$6 0122<7 A )ropo%t +as or&/&"all$ )!&") &" stat% &" 2K as a st%)"t &" Gra)s K-20

+*o )&) "ot *ol) a *&/* sc*ool )&plo(a or t* .%&'al"t a") +*o +as a#s"t !ro( sc*ool !or 1

or (or co"sc%t&' )a$s +&t* "o '&)"c or #&"/ "roll) &" a"ot*r pr&'at or p%#l&c sc*ool

;TEC 227016 2<7

T* T:as E)%cat&o" A/"c$Fs ;0122< )!&"&t&o" !or a""%al )ropo%t rats ar calc%lat)

!or stat acco%"ta#&l&t$ #$ )&'&)&"/ t* "%(#r o! st%)"ts +*o )ropo%t )%r&"/ a s&"/l sc*ool

$ar #$ t* c%(%lat&' "%(#r o! st%)"ts +*o ar "roll) t* sa( $ar7 H&/* sc*ool

co(plt&o" rats !or stats acco%"ta#&l&t$ ar calc%lat) t+o )&!!r"t +a$s7 O" #$ ca(p%s a")

)&str&cts t*at ar s%#3ct to sta")ar)s acco%"ta#&l&t$ proc)%rs ar rat) o" t* prc"ta/ o!

st%)"ts +*o /ra)%at or co"t&"% *&/* sc*ool a") t* sco") #$ altr"at&' )%cat&o"

acco%"ta#&l&t$ proc)%rs +*&c* appl$ to ca(p%ss sr'&"/ at r&s? st%)"ts rat) #$ t*&r

/ra)%at&o"6 co"t&"% &" *&/* sc*ool or rc&' GED ;T:as E)%cat&o" A/"c$6 0122<7 or

!)ral acco%"ta#&l&t$6 ca(p%s a") )&str&ct /ra)%at&o" rats ar rat) o" t* prc"ta/ o!

st%)"ts +*o /ra)%at7

T* TEA ;0122< stat) t* "at&o"al )ropo%t )!&"&t&o"6 +*&c* +as a)opt) &" 011-011J

+as !%ll$ &"corporat) &" t* !o%r-$ar /ra)%at&o"6 )ropo%t a") co(plt&o" rats !or t* class o!

0117 T* TEA also calc%lats lo"/&t%)&"al /ra)%at&o"6 )ropo%t6 a") co(plt&o" rats !or

st%)"ts +*o #/a" Gra) K &" T:as p%#l&c sc*ools +*&c* #/%" !or t* !&rst t&( +&t* t* class

o! 2 ;T:as E)%cat&o" A/"c$6 0122<7



5

I" T:as6 !or t* sc*ool $ar 011-01216 t* stat+&) a""%al )ropo%t rats !or Gra)s -

206 +as 07 +*&c* )cras) #$ 17 prc"ta/ po&"ts !ro( t* pr'&o%s $ar ;T:as E)%cat&o"

A/"c$6 0122<7 Accor)&"/ to t* T:as E)%cat&o" A/"c$ ;0122< t* )ropo%t rat !or Gra)s -

20 +as *&/*r t*a" t* Gra) K- rat o! 170 a") t* Gra) K-20 rat o! 27K6 +*r t*r +r

60 total st%)"ts +*o )ropp) o%t o! Gra)s -20 &" t* 011-0121 sc*ool $ar6 +*&c* +as

270 !+r t*a" &" 011-0117 A!r&ca" A(r&ca"s st%)"tsF )ropo%t rat +as 76 H&spa"&c

)ropo%t rat +as 72 a") W*&ts )ropo%t rat +as 272 ;T:as E)%cat&o" A/"c$6 0122<7

Sc!oo% Coun+e%in' nd Dro*out Pre"ention

Accor)&"/ to W*&t a") 8ll$ ;0121< t* rol o! t* sc*ool co%"slor &s tra"s&t&o"&"/ &"to

a" a)'ocat !or st%)"ts to "co%ra/ t*&r aca)(&c pr!or(a"c a") &(pro' t*&r

acco%"ta#&l&t$7 C%rr"tl$ t*os &" co%"sl&"/ pos&t&o"s ar :pct) to &"tr'" arl$ to

)&sco%ra/ aca)(&c a") sc*ool al&"at&o" +&t* t* :pctat&o" t*at t*s (as%rs +&ll )tr

st%)"ts !ro( #co(&"/ *&/* sc*ool )ropo%ts7 T*r!or6 co%"slors ar &" a %"&.% pos&t&o" to

pro(ot sl!-co"!&)"c6 aca)(&c s%ccss6 a") sc*ool co(plt&o" ;W*&t a") 8ll$6 0121<7

Oropo%los ;011< co"t")s t*at +*" st%)"ts &"trprt *&/* sc*ool co(plt&o" as a"

&"'st("t6 t*$ :*&#&t t* t")"c$ to )la$ /rat&!&cat&o" +*&c* &"cl%)s !or/o&"/ ar"&"/s a")

")%r&"/ strss a") *ar) +or? to ac*&' t* tr% &"'st("t o! *&/* sc*ool /ra)%at&o"7 or

ot*r *&/* sc*ool st%)"ts6 t*$ prc&' o#ta&"&"/ t* *&/* sc*ool )&plo(a as a t$p o!

#ala"c&"/ act +*r#$ t*$ +&/* t* loss o! !r t&( a") ar"&"/s a/a&"st t* :pct) r+ar)s

r.%&r) to atta&" &t ;Oropo%lo%s6 011<7 I" t* a"al$s&s o! t*&s approac*6 Oropo%lo%s ;011<

:pcts t*at st%)"ts +&ll slct t* opt&o" t*at #st !&ts t*&r c&rc%(sta"cs7

W*&t a") 8ll$ ;0121< "ot t*at la+(a?rs6 s%pr&"t")"ts6 a") pr&"c&pals ar

scr%t&"&&"/ *o+ co%"slors ca" proact&'l$ &"tr'" to "s%r st%)"ts atta&" aca)(&c



5

)'lop("t a") s%ccss7 W*&t a") 8ll$ ;0121< "ot t*at t*ro%/* t*&s !!ct&' &"tr'"t&o"6

"ot o"l$ )o t* st%)"ts6 par"ts6 sc*ools6 sc*ool )&str&cts a") co((%"&t&s #"!&t #%t t*

co%"sl&"/ co((%"&t$ #"!&ts as +ll7

W*&t a") 8ll$ ;0121< '&s%al& t* sc*ool co%"slor as #&"/ %"&.%l$ pos&t&o") to

pos&t&'l$ &(pact sc*ool att")a"c6 aca)(&c pr!or(a"c6 a") /ra)%at&o" rats7 A"ot*r

pr)&ct) o%tco( !ro( co%"slors &"tr'"&"/ +&t* st%)"ts +o%l) # t* &"cras) l&?l&*oo)

t*at co%"slors +o%l) "3o$ /ratr s%pport !ro( colla/%s a") a)(&"&strators &" a))&t&o" to

ac*&'&"/ (or pos&t&' )%cat&o"al o%tco(s7

I" a s(&"al st%)$ Oropo%los ;011< o!!rs a" altr"at&' :pla"at&o" to acco%"t !or

st%)"ts la'&"/ sco")ar$ sc*ool #!or /ra)%at&o" > t* &"!l%"c o! c%lt%r a") pr prss%r7

E'" t*o%/* la'&"/ sc*ool +&t*o%t /ra)%at&o" *&")rs t* !%t%r s%ccss o! st%)"ts6

Oropo%los ;011< s%//sts &"tr'"t&o" to co%"tract c%lt%ral a") pr &"!l%"cs (%st #

%t&l&)7 T*r!or6 )%cators a") sc*ool a)(&"&strators s*o%l) "ot prs%( t*at crta&" /ro%ps

o! st%)"ts ar )st&") to )rop o%t o! *&/* sc*ool r/ar)lss o! (as%rs t*at ar %t&l&) to

)&ss%a) t*( !ro( )o&"/ so7

No/%raFs ;011< st%)$ o! 21 *&/* sc*ools !&")s t*at so( sc*ools 3%st /o t*ro%/* t*

(ot&o"s6 +*ras ot*r sc*ools l&st" to tac*rs6 par"ts6 a") st%)"ts a") (a? s%r

sta?*ol)rs %")rsta") t* p%rpos o! r!or(s7 I" )'&s&"/ strat/&s !or r!or(6 No/%raFs

;011< rsarc* r'als *&/* sc*ools s%!!r !ro( or/a"&at&o"al !la+s6 lac? o! co*r"c &"

(&ss&o"6 )&sco""ct) co%rs c%rr&c%l%(6 lac? o! &"tllct%al r&/or a") o'rcro+)) sc*ools

+*r tac*rs lct%r +&t*o%t loo?&"/ !or '&)"c o! lar"&"/ (astr$7 No/%ra ;011< %s)

t* Pat*+a$s !or St%)"t S%ccss rsarc* pro3ct to :a(&" t" sc*ools co"s&st&"/ o!

co(pr*"s&' ;p%#l&c sc*ools<6 p&lot sc*ools6 c*artr sc*ools a") (a/"t sc*ools7 No/%ra



5

;011< )&sco'r) t*at s%ccss!%l sc*ools ar st apart "ot !ro( +*at t*$ )&)6 #%t *o+ t*$ )&)

&t7

8""all$ a") Mo"ra) ;011K< r'al t*at c*&l)r" pro/rss t*ro%/* t* s&:t* a") &/*t*

/ra)s6 poor aca)(&c pr!or(a"c &" (at* a") E"/l&s*6 lo+ ra)&"/ scors6 a#s"t&s(6 a")

)&s"/a/("t !ro( sc*ool #co( 'r$ rl&a#l pr)&ctors o! +*t*r t*$ +&ll latr )rop o%t o!

*&/* sc*ool7 St+art ;011< (p*as&s (a"&"/!%l ;or pos&t&'< rlat&o"s*&ps +&t* prs t*at

pro(ot ps$c*olo/&cal a") l&! s?&lls (a$ pro(ot aca)(&c ac*&'("t a") (ot&'at&o"=

*o+'r6 "/at&' pr prss%r (&/*t la) to so( st%)"ts )ropp&"/ o%t o! sc*ool7

A))&t&o"al +or? #$ Bal!a" ;011K< stats st%)"tsF tra"s&t&o" &"to "&"t* /ra) !ro(

(&))l sc*ool ca" ca%s t*( to !l lost a") +*r aca)(&c r&/or &"crass (&/*t #

part&c%larl$ )&!!&c%lt !or (a"$ $o%t*7

Accor)&"/ to t* Nat&o"al H&/* Sc*ool C"tr ;011K<6

Ma"$ st%)"ts ar *l) #ac? &" t* "&"t* /ra) a") s%#s.%"tl$ )o "ot /t pro(ot) to

or )rop o%t &" t* t"t* /ra) crat&"/ t* "&"t*-/ra) #%l/ a") t"t*-/ra) )&p &" sc*ool

"roll("ts7 T* "&"t* /ra) attr&t&o" rat &s :acr#at) #$ po'rt$= 1 o! )ropo%ts &"

lo+ &"co( sc*ools la' a!tr "&"t* /ra) co(par) to 0K o! )ropo%ts &" (or

prospro%s sc*ool )&str&cts7 ;p7 0<

Accor)&"/ to t* All&a"c !or E)%cat&o" ;AEE< ;0122<6 a" st&(at) 27 (&ll&o"

A(r&ca" *&/* sc*ool st%)"ts )rop o%t 'r$ $ar= a )&sproport&o"at "%(#r ar $o%t* o!

color7 T* !act t*at so (a"$ st%)"ts "'r co(plt *&/* sc*ool *as a )p a") +&)-ra"/&"/

&(pact o" t* U7 SFs lo"/-tr( co"o(&c o%tloo? ;APA6 0122<7 T* U7 S7 Dpart("t o!

E)%cat&o"6 Nat&o"al C"tr !or E)%cat&o" Stat&st&cs ;NCES< ;0122< rports t*at t* ()&a"

&"co( o! prso"s a/s 2 t*ro%/* JK +*o *a) "ot co(plt) *&/* sc*ool +as ro%/*l$ 06111



5

&" 0117 At c%rr"t rats6 a s&/"&!&ca"t s/("t o! t* pop%lat&o" +&ll r(a&" "tr"c*) &"

po'rt$ +*&l o" a /lo#al scal t* co(pt&t&'"ss o! t* A(r&ca" la#or !orc +&ll co"t&"% to

la/ #*&") ;APA6 0122<7

Accor)&"/ to t* A""& E7 Cas$ o%")at&o" ;0121<6

B$ t* t*&r) /ra)6 &t &s 'r$ &(porta"t !or c*&l)r" to *a' (astr) *o+ to ra) s&"c &t

%")rp&"s !%t%r lar"&"/ &" t* %ppr l("tar$ /ra)s +*r (or co(pl: ra)&"/

s?&lls ar r.%&r)7 T*$ s*o%l) *a' tra"s&t&o") !ro( lar"&"/ to ra) to ra)&"/ to

lar"7 ;p7 0<

E)%cat&o"al acco%"ta#&l&t$ sta")ar)s &" T:as ar co"sta"tl$ c*a"/&"/ a") *&/* sc*ools

ar &(pact) s'rl$ +*" &t co(s to /ra)%at&o" rats6 )ropo%t rats6 att")a"c rats6 a")

aca)(&c pr!or(a"cs o" stat :a(s7 T*&s st%)$ s?s to pro'&) sol%t&o"s to l%/%#r&o%s

pro#l(s7 T* rsarc*r +a"ts to s &! t*r &s a rlat&o"s*&p #t+" sc*ools t*at *a' *&/*

att")a"c rats a") *&/* aca)(&c ac*&'("t prc"ta/s o" stat :a(s7 I" or)r !or lar/

%r#a" sc*ools a") sc*ools )&str&ct to rac* t* accpta#l6 rco/"&)6 or :(plar$ l'l

sta")ar)s t*r *as to # a st o! sta")ar)s as &t rlats to att")a"c rats a") t* (ssa/ *as

to &(pact all sta?*ol)rs &" t* )%cat&o"al co((%"&t$7



5

CHAPTER III

Re+erc! Met!odo%o')

Identi(iction o( Re+erc! Met!od+

T* rsarc*r pr!or() a .%a"t&tat&' st%)$ %s&"/ ca%sal-co(parat&' rsarc*

(t*o)olo/$ to &)"t&!$ t* ca%s a") !!ct rlat&o"s*&p #t+" sc*ool att")a"c rats a")

aca)(&c ac*&'("t &" *&/* sc*ools &" a lar/ %r#a" )&str&ct &" T:as7 Ca%sal-co(parat&'

rsarc* co(pars t+o /ro%ps &" or)r to :pla&" :&st&"/ )&!!r"cs #t+" t*( o" so(

'ar&a#l or 'ar&a#l o! &"trst ;ra"?l a") Wall"6 011<7 T* rat&o"al !or c*oos&"/ t*&s

spc&!&c (t*o) +as to )tr(&" *o+ co"s&st"t sc*ool att")a"c ca" pos&t&'l$ &(pact st%)"t

aca)(&c ac*&'("t= +*ras lo+ att")a"c ca" a)'rsl$ a!!ct st%)"t ac*&'("t7 T*

rs%lts o! t* st%)$ +&ll # %s!%l !or )%cat&o"al la)rs att(pt&"/ to )tr(&" t* &(pact o!

att")a"c a") *o+ &t rlats to aca)(&c ac*&'("t o" t*&r ca(p%s7 Rsarc* !o%") t*at

sc*ools +&t* *&/*r rats o! )a&l$ att")a"c t") to /"rat st%)"ts +*o pr!or( #ttr o"

ac*&'("t tsts t*a" )o sc*ools +&t* lo+r )a&l$ att")a"c rats ;E*r"#r/6 E*r"#r/6

Rs6 a") E*r"#r/6 22= Ro#$6 011<7

Re+erc! De+i'n

C*aptr t*r pro'&)) t* rsarc* )s&/" a") (t*o)olo/$7 I"cl%)) +as t* tar/t

pop%lat&o"6 sa(pl&"/ strat/$6 &"str%("t6 stat&st&cal tc*"&.%s6 a") t* c*aptr co"cl%)s +&t* a

s%((ar$7 T* st%)$ )s&/" +as .%a"t&tat&'6 ca%sal-co(parat&'7 T* rsarc* (t*o)olo/$

a") )s&/" +r appropr&at6 !or t* p%rpos o! t* st%)$ +as to tst t* *$pot*ss t*ro%/*

stat&st&cal a"al$s&s o! "%(r&c )ata &" or)r to ascrta&" +*t*r a )&!!r"c :&sts &" att")a"c

rats a") aca)(&c ac*&'("t %s&"/ t* t"t* /ra) E"/l&s* a") (at*(at&cs ;TA8S< :a(s7

T* rat&o"al !or c*oos&"/ t* ca%sal-co(parat&' (t*o) +as to )tr(&" *o+ att")a"c



5

rats pos&t&'l$ &(pact o" st%)"t aca)(&c ac*&'("t a") t* "/at&' &(pact o! lo+

att")a"c rats o" st%)"t aca)(&c ac*&'("t7 T* &")p")"t 'ar&a#l &" t*&s st%)$ +as

t* att")a"c rats !or ac* *&/* sc*ool o'r prc"t a") !+r t*a" prc"t6 +*&c*

rprs"ts t* :pr&("tal /ro%p7 T* rsarc*r ca""ot (a"&p%lat t* &")p")"t 'ar&a#l &"

a ca%sal-co(parat&' st%)$7 I" ca%sal-co(parat&' rsarc*6 t* rsarc*rs ca""ot ra")o(l$

ass&/" part&c&pa"ts to t* trat("t or co(par&so" /ro%p7 T* att")a"c rat !or ac* sc*ool

alra)$ :&sts7 T* X2 &" Gro%p o" rprs"ts o'r prc"t att")a"c rat o! t* trat("t

to +*&c* t* :pr&("tal /ro%p +as :pos) #!or t* (as%rs o" t* )p")"t 'ar&a#l

+r ta?"7 T* X0 &" Gro%p o" rprs"ts sc*ools !+r t*a" prc"t att")a"c rats o!

t* trat("t to +*&c* t* :pr&("tal /ro%p +as :pos) #!or t* (as%rs o" t*

)p")"t 'ar&a#l +r ta?"7

T* .%a"t&tat&' st%)$6 +&t* a !oc%s o" "%(r&c )ata6 &"crass t* ?"o+l)/ o! +*t*r

att")a"c rats a!!ct aca)(&c ac*&'("t7 Spc&!&c rsarc* .%st&o"s /%&)) t*

.%a"t&tat&' st%)$ a") )l&"at) a (t*o) to /at*r )ata7 %a"t&tat&' (t*o)olo/$ +as

appropr&at to :pla&" *o+ t* 'ar&a#ls o! t* pro#l( &"!l%"c) t* .%st&o"s pos)7

Tr'et Po*u%tion

T* *&/* sc*ools slct) !or t* rsarc* ar locat) +&t*&" a lar/ %r#a" )&str&ct &"

T:as7 T* *&/* sc*ools co"s&st o! Co(pr*"s&' *&/* sc*ools6 Ma/"t *&/* sc*ools6 Va"/%ar)

*&/* sc*ools6 Spc&alt$ sc*ools a") D&str&ct C*artr sc*ools +&t*&" t* )&str&ct7 T* sc*ools

sr' st%)"ts &" /ra)s -207 T* tar/t pop%lat&o" !or t*&s st%)$ +as t* t"t* /ra) tst ta?r

+*r A).%at Yarl$ Pro/rss ;AYP< &" t* )&str&ct &s (as%r)7 T* p%rpos o! AYP &s to

"s%r t*at all sc*ools a") all st%)"ts (t t* sa( aca)(&c sta")ar)s &" ra)&"/ a")



5

(at*(at&cs #$ t* 012-012 aca)(&c $ar ;No C*&l) L!t B*&")6 0112<7 All st%)"ts +r

&"cl%)) &" t* att")a"c rats a") t* aca)(&c pr!or(a"c o" t* stat :a(7

S#*%e o( Prtici*nt+

Part&c&pa"ts !or t*&s st%)$ +r K *&/* sc*ools &" a lar/ %r#a" sc*ool &" T:as7 T*r

ar 0 Co(pr*"s&' a") Ma/"t *&/* sc*ools &" t* )&str&ct7 Co(pr*"s&' *&/* sc*ools ar

t* (ost co((o" !or( o! p%#l&c *&/* sc*ools &" t* U"&t) Stats as t*$ ar )s&/") to

*ol&st&call$ sr' t* ")s o! all st%)"ts7 T* co((o" pract&c &" ot*r co%"tr&s &s to %s

:a(&"at&o"s to )&!!r"t&at st%)"ts &"to ot*r *&/* sc*ools !or spc&al&) *&/* sc*ools sr'&"/

)&'rs pop%lat&o"s7 Ma/"t sc*ools ar p%#l&c sc*ools +*&c* pro'&) st%)"ts +&t* spc&al&)

co%rss or c%rr&c%la7 Ma/"t r!rs to *o+ t* sc*ool ca" )ra+ st%)"ts !ro( t* "or(al

#o%")ar&s )!&") #$ sc*ool )&str&ct o"s7 T*r &s o" Va"/%ar) pro/ra(= t*&s pro/ra(

sr's /&!t) a") tal"t) st%)"ts7 T*r ar s'" )&str&ct c*artr *&/* sc*ools &" t* )&str&ct7

D&str&ct c*artr sc*ools ar p%#l&c c*artr sc*ools /ra"t) #$ stat to oprat %s&"/ stat !%")&"/

to o!!r &""o'at&' lar"&"/ opport%"&t&s +&t* /ratr !l:&#&l&t$ t*a" tra)&t&o"al p%#l&c sc*ools7

T* *&/* sc*ools +r ra"?) !ro( t* *&/*st prc"ta/ o! att")a"c a") t* lo+st

prc"ta/ att")a"c )%r&"/ t* 011-0121 aca)(&c sc*ool $ar7

S#*%in' Procedure

T* )ata rtr&') !ro( t* %r#a" T:as )&str&ct +&ll *lp to )tr(&" t* %")rsta")&"/

o! sc*ool att")a"c6 t* &(porta"c !or st%)"ts to att") sc*ool6 a") &! st%)"t att")a"c *a)

a s&/"&!&ca"t !!ct o" st%)"t aca)(&c ac*&'("t7 All )ata %s) !or t*&s st%)$ +as ta?"

)&rctl$ !ro( t* Aca)(&c E:cll"c I")&cator S$st( ;AEIS< rport7 T* rsarc*r %s) t*

AEIS rport !or t* 011-0121 sc*ool $ar to /at*r t* )ata !or ac* *&/* sc*ool7 T*

rsarc*r "%(#r) t* *&/* sc*ools a") rcor)) t* att")a"c rat !or t* aca)(&c $ar7



5

T* rsarc*r rcor)) t* t"t* /ra) E"/l&s* a") (at*(at&cs TA8S scors !or t* 011-

0121 sc*ool $ar7 T* rsarc*r calc%lat) t* sta")ar) (as%rs o! c"tral t")"c$ ;(a"6

()&a" a") sta")ar) )'&at&o"< !or ac* *&/* sc*ool7

In+tru#ent+

T* stat&st&cal tc*"&.%s t*at +r %s) ar a T-Tst !or &")p")"t (a"s7 T* T-Tst

!or &")p")"t (a"s &s %s) to co(par t* (a" scors o! t+o )&!!r"t6 or &")p")"t6

/ro%ps7 T* )ata to # trat) %s&"/ t* T-Tst +&ll # t* A).%at E:cll"c I")&cator S$st(

;AEIS< rport %s&"/ t* T:as Assss("t o! 8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S< )ata !or 011-0121

sc*ool $ar a") t* att")a"c rat !or t* T:as sco")ar$ sc*ools &" a lar/ %r#a" )&str&cts7

T*&s .%a"t&tat&' st%)$ o" att")a"c rats a") aca)(&c ac*&'("t :a(&") t* !ollo+&"/

.%st&o"s a") *$pot*s&s4

27 Is t*r a rlat&o"s*&p #t+" sc*ools t*at *a' *&/* att")a"c rats a") *&/* aca)(&c

ac*&'("t prc"ta/s o" t* E"/l&s* a") (at*(at&cs t"t* /ra) T:as Assss("t

o! 8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a(@

07 Is t*r a rlat&o"s*&p #t+" sc*ools t*at *a' lo+ att")a"c rats a") lo+ aca)(&c

ac*&'("t prc"ta/s o" t* E"/l&s* a") (at*(at&cs t"t* /ra) T:as Assss("t

o! 8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a(@






8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a(@



5

Stti+tic% Tec!ni2ue+

T* !&rst stp &" a"al$&"/ )ata &" a ca%sal-co(parat&' st%)$ +as to co"str%ct !r.%"c$

pol$/o"s a") t*" calc%lat t* (a" a") sta")ar) )'&at&o" o! ac* /ro%p &! t* 'ar&a#l &s

.%a"t&tat&'7 Sta")ar) (as%rs o! c"tral t")"c$ ;(a"6 ()&a"6 a") sta")ar) )'&at&o"<

+r calc%lat) to a"al$ t* 'ar&a"cs #t+" t* *&/*st prc"t a") lo+st prc"t o! t*

t"t* /ra) TA8S :a(--all tsts pass) a'ra/s a") att")a"c a'ra/ co(par&so"s7 T*

&")p")"t T- Tst +as %s) to )tr(&" &! t*r +as a stat&st&call$ s&/"&!&ca"t )&!!r"c &" t*

co(par&so"s7 T* rs%lts o! t* stat&st&cal tst +&ll )tr(&" &! t* "%ll *$pot*s&s &s r3ct) or

"ot7 T* rsarc*r %s) Stat&st&cal Pac?a/ !or t* Soc&al Sc&"cs ;SPSS< Vrs&o" 01 so!t+ar

to a"al$ t* collct) )ata o! t* st%)$7

Su##r) o( Re+erc! Procedure

T* rsarc*r pr!or() a .%a"t&tat&' st%)$ %s&"/ ca%sal-co(parat&' rsarc* to

&)"t&!$ t* ca%s a") !!ct rlat&o"s*&p #t+" sc*ools att")a"c rats a") aca)(&c

ac*&'("t &" *&/* sc*ools &" a lar/ %r#a" )&str&ct7 T* *&/* sc*ools co"s&st) o!

co(pr*"s&' *&/* sc*ools6 (a/"t *&/* sc*ools6 'a"/%ar) *&/* sc*ools6 spc&alt$ sc*ools a")

&"tr"al c*artr +&t*&" t* )&str&ct7 T* sc*ools sr') st%)"ts &" /ra)s "&" t*ro%/* t+l'7

Part&c&pa"ts !or t*&s st%)$ +r K *&/* sc*ools &" t* lar/ %r#a" )&str&ct &" T:as7 T*r ar 0

co(pr*"s&' *&/* sc*ools &" t* )&str&ct7 T*r ar s'" 'a"/%ar) a") spc&alt$ t$p *&/*

sc*ools7 T*r ar s'" )&str&ct c*artr *&/* sc*ools7 T* *&/* sc*ools +r ra"?) !ro( t*

*&/*st prc"ta/ o! att")a"c a") t* lo+st prc"ta/ att")a"c )%r&"/ t* 011-0121

aca)(&c sc*ool $ar7

T* pop%lat&o" !or t*&s st%)$ +r t* t"t* /ra) tstr #ca%s t*at +*r A).%at

Yarl$ Pro/rss a") acco%"ta#&l&t$ o! t* sc*ool a") t* )&str&ct &s (as%r)7 T* rsarc*



5

(t*o)olo/$ a") )s&/" +r appropr&at #ca%s t* p%rpos o! t* st%)$ +as to tst t*

*$pot*ss t*ro%/* stat&st&cal a"al$s&s o! "%(r&c )ata &" or)r to ascrta&" +*t*r a )&!!r"c

:&st) &" att")a"c rats a") aca)(&c ac*&'("t %s&"/ t* t"t* /ra) E"/l&s* a")

(at*(at&cs ;TA8S< :a(s7 Sta")ar) (as%rs o! c"tral t")"c$ ;(a"6 ()&a"6 a")

sta")ar) )'&at&o"< +r calc%lat) to a"al$ t* 'ar&a"cs #t+" t* *&/*st prc"t a")

lo+st prc"t o! t* t"t* /ra) TA8S :a(--all tsts pass) a'ra/s a") att")a"c a'ra/

co(par&so"s7 T* &")p")"t T- Tst +as %s) to )tr(&" &! t*r +as a stat&st&call$

s&/"&!&ca"t )&!!r"c &" t* co(par&so"s7 T* rs%lts o! t* stat&st&cal tst +&ll )tr(&" &! t*

"%ll &s r3ct) or "ot7 T* rsarc*r %s) Stat&st&cal Pac?a/ !or t* Soc&al Sc&"cs ;SPSS<

Vrs&o" 01 so!t+ar to a"al$ t* collct) )ata o! t* st%)$7 T* rsarc*r +&ll protct t*

sc*ool a") co(pl$ +&t* Pra&r& V&+ A,M U"&'rs&t$ > I"st&t%t&o"al R'&+ Boar) pol&c$ a")

proc)%rs7



5

CHARPTER FOUR

An%)+i+ o( Dt

T* p%rpos o! t*&s st%)$ +as to &"'st&/at t* &(pact o! sc*ool att")a"c rats o"

aca)(&c ac*&'("t %s&"/ t* t"t* /ra) E"/l&s* a") Mat*(at&cs scors o" t* T:as

Assss("t o! 8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a(7 T* rsarc*r pr!or() a .%a"t&tat&'

st%)$ %s&"/ ca%sal-co(parat&' rsarc* to &)"t&!$ t* ca%s a") !!ct rlat&o"s*&p #t+"

sc*ool att")a"c rats a") aca)(&c ac*&'("t &" *&/* sc*ools &" a lar/ %r#a" )&str&ct &"

T:as7 Ca%sal-co(parat&' rsarc* co(pars t+o /ro%ps &" or)r to :pla&" :&st&"/


T* rat&o"al !or c*oos&"/ t*&s spc&!&c (t*o) +as to )tr(&" *o+ co"s&st"t sc*ool

att")a"c ca" pos&t&'l$ &(pact st%)"t aca)(&c ac*&'("t= +*ras lo+ att")a"c ca"

a)'rsl$ a!!ct st%)"t ac*&'("t7 T* rs%lts o! t* st%)$ (a$ # %s!%l !or )%cat&o"al

la)rs att(pt&"/ to )tr(&" &(pact o! att")a"c a") *o+ &t rlats to aca)(&c ac*&'("t

o" t*&r ca(p%s7 Earl&r rsarc* !o%") t*at sc*ools +&t* *&/*r rats o! )a&l$ att")a"c t") to


att")a"c rats ;E*r"#r/6 E*r"#r/6 Rs6 a") E*r"#r/6 22= Ro#$6 011<7

T*&s .%a"t&tat&' st%)$ o" att")a"c rats a") aca)(&c ac*&'("t :a(&") t*

!ollo+&"/ .%st&o"s a") &ss%s4






5









8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a(@

T* part&c&pa"ts !or t*&s st%)$ +r K *&/* sc*ools &" a lar/ %r#a" sc*ool &" T:as7

T*r ar t+"t$-"&" Co(pr*"s&' a") Ma/"t *&/* sc*ools &" t* )&str&ct7 T*r &s o"

Va"/%ar) sc*ool7 T* ot*r s&: sc*ools ar I"tr"al C*artr sc*ools &" t* )&str&ct7 I" Ta#l 271

#lo+ t* sc*ools ar )ta&l) &" t* att")a"c rat6 a") t* aca)(&c ac*&'("t l'ls &"

E"/l&s* %s&"/ t* t"t* /ra) T:as Assss("t o! 8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a(7 T*r

ar t*r *&/* sc*ools t*at )&) "ot *a' )ata to rport o" att")a"c rats a") aca)(&c

ac*&'("t scors %s&"/ t* t"t* /ra) T:as Assss("t o! 8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S<

:a(7 T*os t*r sc*ools ar co"s&)r) '&rt%al sc*ools a") c*artrs sc*ools t*at st%)"ts )o

"ot att") &" tra)&t&o"al stt&"/s7 T* AEIS rport )&) "ot *a' t* att")a"c rats or t* T:as

Assss("t o! 8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a( rs%lts7



5

Findin'+

Ta#l 271

2009-2010 AEIS Report of Schools Attendance Rate for the a!puses involved in the Stud".

2009-2010 AEIS Report of the En#lish scores on the $exas Assess!ent of %nowled#e and S&ills

'$A%S( Exa!.

Ca(p%s Att")a"c E"/l&s* Scor

Ca(p%s A2 NA NA

Ca(p%s A0

Ca(p%s B 7

Ca(p%s C2 K70

Ca(p%s C0 7

Ca(p%s D2 17 K

Ca(p%s D0 7

Ca(p%s 27 1

Ca(p%s LA J7

Ca(p%s P J

Ca(p%s 92 7J K

Ca(p%s 90 7

Ca(p%s 8 0

Ca(p%s L2 7J

Ca(p%s L0 17J K

Ca(p%s M2 272 2

Ca(p%s M0 72 J

Ca(p%s N K7

Ca(p%s R 7



5

Ca(p%s S2 0 K

Ca(p%s S0 70

Ca(p%s S 17

Ca(p%s S J7

Ca(p%s S 17K 0

Ca(p%s W2 K

Ca(p%s W0 272

Ca(p%s W 27 2

Ca(p%s W 7 0

Ca(p%s W 7J KK

Ca(p%s WJ 72 K

Ca(p%s Y 17

Ca(p%s C2 C J7

Ca(p%s C0 E 7

Ca(p%s C E 72

Ca(p%s C J7J

Ca(p%s C L NA NA

Ca(p%s CJ R NA NA

555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555 Z D&str&ct Ca(p%ss &" alp*a#t&cal or)r %s&"/ t* !&rst lttr7Z Ca(p%ss +&t* C !ollo+) #$ a "%(#r &")&cats I"tr"al C*artr Sc*ools &" t* D&str&ct

I" Ta#l 071 #lo+ t* sc*ools ar )ta&l) &" t* att")a"c rat6 a") t* aca)(&c

ac*&'("t l'ls &" Mat*(at&cs %s&"/ t* t"t* /ra) T:as Assss("t o! 8"o+l)/ a")

S?&lls ;TA8S< :a(7 T*r ar t*r *&/* sc*ools t*at )&) "ot *a' )ata to rport o" att")a"c



5

rats a") aca)(&c ac*&'("t scors %s&"/ t* t"t* /ra) T:as Assss("t o! 8"o+l)/

a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a(7 T*os t*r sc*ools ar co"s&)r) '&rt%al sc*ools a") c*artrs

sc*ools t*at st%)"ts )o "ot att") &" tra)&t&o"al stt&"/s7 T* AEIS rport )&) "ot *a' t*

att")a"c rats or t* T:as Assss("t o! 8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a( rs%lts7



5

Ta#l 071

2009-2010 AEIS Report of Schools Attendance Rate for the a!puses involved in the Stud".2009-2010 AEIS Report of the )athe!atics scores on the $exas Assess!ent of %nowled#e and

S&ills '$A%S( Exa!.

Ca(p%s Att")a"c Mat* Scor

Ca(p%s A2 NA NA

Ca(p%s A0 J

Ca(p%s B 7 0

Ca(p%s C2 K70

Ca(p%s C0 7 KK

Ca(p%s D2 17

Ca(p%s D0 7

Ca(p%s 27 K

Ca(p%s LA J7 K

Ca(p%s P J 2

Ca(p%s 92 7J

Ca(p%s 90 7 J1

Ca(p%s 8 K

Ca(p%s L2 7J 0

Ca(p%s L0 17J J

Ca(p%s M2 272

Ca(p%s M0 72 J

Ca(p%s N K7

Ca(p%s R 7 J

Ca(p%s S2 0



5

Ca(p%s S0 70 K

Ca(p%s S 17 KK

Ca(p%s S J7

Ca(p%s S 17K K

Ca(p%s W2 K2

Ca(p%s W0 272 J1

Ca(p%s W 27

Ca(p%s W 7 K

Ca(p%s W 7J J2

Ca(p%s WJ 72 1

Ca(p%s Y 17

Ca(p%s C2 E J7 J

Ca(p%s C0 E 7

Ca(p%s C E 72 K

Ca(p%s C J7J J

Ca(p%s C L NA NA

Ca(p%s CJ R NA NA 555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555 Z D&str&ct Ca(p%ss &" alp*a#t&cal or)r %s&"/ t* !&rst lttr7Z Ca(p%ss +&t* C !ollo+) #$ a "%(#r &")&cats I"tr"al C*artr Sc*ools &" t* D&str&ct

T* rsarc*rFs !&rst stp &" a"al$&"/ )ata &" a ca%sal-co(parat&' st%)$ +as to

co"str%ct !r.%"c$ ta#ls a") t*" calc%lat t* (a"6 ()&a" a") sta")ar) )'&at&o" !or ac*

/ro%p o! t* .%a"t&tat&' st%)$7 I" Ta#l 71 #lo+ t* rsarc*r %s) t* SPSS 01 stat&st&cal

s$st( to calc%lat t* (a"6 ()&a" a") sta")ar) )'&at&o" !or t* att")a"c6 t* E"/l&s*

scors a") t* (at*(at&cs scors o" t* t"t* /ra) T:as Assss("t o! 8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls



5

;TA8S< :a(7 T* (a" att")a"c rat +as 7J7 T* (a" o! t* E"/l&s* scor +as 70

a") t* Mat*(at&cs scor (a" +as K717 T* ()&a" att")a"c rat +as 7J7 T* ()&a"

E"/l&s* scor +as 71 a") t* Mat*(at&cs ()&a" scor +as K717 T* sta")ar) )'&at&o"

!or t* att")a"c rat +as 7127 T* sta")ar) )'&at&o" !or t* E"/l&s* scor +as K7 a") t*

Mat*(at&cs sta")ar) )'&at&o" +as 2K7207



5

Ta#l 71

*re+uenc" $a,le and entral $endencies Indentif"in# the )ode )ean )edian and Standard eviation of the Attendance Rates En#lish Scores and )athe!atics Scores usin# the '2009-

2010( AEIS Report tenth #rade $exas Assess!ent of %nowled#e and S&ills '$A%S( Exa!.

Att")a"c E"/l&s* Scors Mat*(at&cs Scors

N Val&)

Ma" 7J2 70 K7111

St)7 Error o! Ma" 72JJK 27J 07J22

M)&a" 7J11 7111 K7111

Mo) 171a 711 711

St7 D'&at&o" 7120K1 K7222 2K7201

Ra"/ 2171 0711 711

M&"&(%( 711 K711 1711

Ma:&(%( 71 711 711

S%( 2KK7K1 1711 0711

55555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555

a7 M%lt&pl (o)s :&st7 T* s(allst 'al% &s s*o+"7

T* a""%al att")a"c rat !or t* %r#a" sc*ool )&str&ct &" T:as &s prc"t7 T*

()&a" att")a"c rat +as 7J prc"t sl&/*tl$ a l&ttl (or t*a" t* rco((")) att")a"c

rat !or t* )&str&ct7 T* pass&"/ E"/l&s* scor !or t* accpta#l rat&"/ o" t* TA8S :a( +as

o'r K1 prc"t7 I" or)r !or a ca(p%s &" t* )&str&ct to #co( rco/"&) t*$ *a) to ac*&' a

()&a" scor o! 1 prc"t &" all aras7 I" or)r !or a ca(p%s &" t* )&str&ct to #co(

:(plar$ t*$ *a) to ac*&' a ()&a" scor o'r 1 prc"t &" all aras7 T* ()&a" E"/l&s*

scor +as 70 prc"t7 T*&s &(pl&s t*at t* )&str&ct +as &" t* accpta#l rat&"/ &" E"/l&s*



5

scors a") &" so( sc*ools t*$ +r rco/"&) or :(plar$7 T* (at* ()&a" scor +as

K71 prc"t7 T*&s /a' t* )&str&ct accpta#l rat&"/s &" (a"$ o! t*&r ca(p%ss &"

(at*(at&cs a") a !+ +&t* rco/"&) rat&"/s &" t* )&str&ct7 I" or)r to clos t* ac*&'("t

/ap &" sc*ools &" t*&s %r#a" )&str&ct &" T:as6 all ca(p%ss s*o%l) # rco/"& a")or at

:(plar$ rat&"/s +*r t* ()&a" scor s*o%l) at last # 1 prc"t or (or as a )&str&ct7

I" Ta#l 71 #lo+ t* )ata collct) %s) a O"-Sa(pl T-tst7 T* rsarc*r +a"t)

to !&") o%t &! t*r &s a stat&st&cal s&/"&!&ca"c )&!!r"c +&t* att")a"c rats6 E"/l&s*6 a")

Mat*(at&c tst scors7 Stat&st&cal s&/"&!&ca"c &s )!&") as t* co"cl%s&o" t*at rs%lts ar

%"l&?l$ to *a' occ%rr) )% to sa(pl&"/ rror or c*a"c= a" o#sr') corrlat&o" or

)&!!r"c pro#a#l$ :&sts &" t* pop%lat&o" ;ra"?l a") Wall"6 011<7 At t* 7 prc"t l'l

o! s&/"&!&ca"c ;p [ 171<6 t* "%ll *$pot*s&s (a$ # r3ct) a") t* rsarc*r ca" co"cl%) &!

t*r &s a s&/"&!&ca"t )&!!r"c #t+" att")a"c rats a") aca)(&c ac*&'("t scors %s&"/

t* E"/l&s* a") Mat*(at&cs t"t* /ra) T:as Assss("t o! 8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S<

:a(7

I" Ta#l 71 #lo+ t* O" Sa(pl T-Tst t* 0-ta&l) s&/"&!&ca"c l'l +as 71117 T*r

+as a stat&st&call$ s&/"&!&ca"t )&!!r"c #as) o" t* )ata a"al$) #$ t* ca(p%ss Att")a"c

Rat a") t* E"/l&s* a") (at*(at&cs scors o" t* t"t* /ra) T:as Assss("t o! 8"o+l)/

a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a(7 T*r!or6 t* "%ll *$pot*s&s &s r3ct) a") co"cl%)s t*at t* (a"s

o! t* t+o tsts +r stat&st&call$ s&/"&!&ca"tl$ )&!!r"t7



5

Ta#l 71

/ne-Sa!ple $-$est on the Attendance rate the En#lish Scores and the )athe!atics Scores usin#

the '2009-2010( AEIS report usin# the tenth #rade $exas Assess!ent of %nowled#e and S&ills

'$A%S( Exa!.

Co"!&)"c I"tr'al o! t* D&!!r"c S&/7 Ma"

t )! ;0-ta&l)< D&!!r"c Lo+r Uppr

Att")a"c 2172 7111 7J2KJ 0721J 720

E"/l&s* JJ70K 7111 700 J7 27KK

Mat* 071 7111 K71111 JK70J K7KJ

555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555

ZZ T* l'l o! s&/"&!&ca"c p [ 171




H124 T*r &s "o stat&st&call$ s&/"&!&ca"t )&!!r"c #t+" sc*ools t*at *a' *&/*



ar "ot7 H124 Q2Q0

I" Ta#l 71 #lo+ t* )ata collct) !ro( t* att")a"c rats a") t* aca)(&c

ac*&'("t scors o" t* E"/l&s* a") Mat*(at&cs TA8S :a( +r a"al$) %s&"/

)scr&pt&' stat&st&cs7 T* rsarc*r too? t* *&/*st att")a"c rats a") t* *&/*st aca)(&c

ac*&'("t prc"ta/s a") !o%") t* (a"6 ()&a"6 a") sta")ar) )'&at&o"7 O! t* 2K sc*ools

t*at ra"?) t* *&/*st a(o"/ ot*r sc*ools &" t* )&str&ct t* (a" att")a"c rat +as J727

T* (a" E"/l&s* scor +as 7K a") t* (a" Mat*(at&cs scor +as 707 T* ()&a"



5

att")a"c rat +as J717 T* ()&a" E"/l&s* scor +as 711 a") t* ()&a" Mat*(at&c

scor +as K7117 T* sta")ar) )'&at&o" o! t* att")a"c rat +as 2707 T* sta")ar)

)'&at&o" E"/l&s* scor +as 7 a") t* Mat*(at&cs sta")ar) )'&at&o" scor +as 27K07

T* )ata r'al) t*at t*r +as a s&/"&!&ca"t )&!!r"c #t+" sc*ools t*at *a' t*

*&/*st att")a"c rats a") aca)(&c ac*&'("t prc"ta/ o" t* E"/l&s* a") (at*(at&cs

t"t* /ra) T:as Assss("t o! 8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a(7 T* att")a"c rat !or

*&/*st att")a"c rat *a) a ()&a" scor o! J71 prc"t7 T*&s &s s&/"&!&ca"tl$ *&/*r t*a" t*

sc*ool )&str&ctFs prc"t a'ra/ att")a"c7 T* E"/l&s* scors o" t*os ca(p%ss ()&a"

+r 711 prc"t7 T*s ca(p%ss6 +&t* *&/*st att")a"c rats6 +o%l) *a' rco/"&) or

:(plar$ ca(p%ss rat&"/s7 T* Mat*(at&cs scors o" t*os ca(p%ss ()&a" +r K711

prc"t7 T*s ca(p%ss +&t* *&/*st att")a"c rat&"/s +&ll *a' rco/"& or :(plar$

rat&"/s %s&"/ t* Mat*(at&cs t"t* /ra) T:as Assss("t o! 8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S<

:a(7



5

Ta#l 71

*re+uenc" $a,le for2009-2010 AEIS Report a!puses ran&ed a!on# the i#hest Attendance Rates and i#hest Acade!ic Achieve!ent scores on the $exas Assess!ent of %nowled#e and

S&ills '$A%S( Exa!.

Att")a"c E"/l&s* Scor Mat*(at&cs Scors

N Val&) 2J 2J 2J

Ma" J72 7K1 7011

M)&a" J7111 71111 K71111

Mo) J71 711 711

St)7 D'&at&o" 2700J 71J 27K00

M&"&(%( 711 711 J1711

Ma:&(%( 71 711 711

S%( 271 20J711 2J711

555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555

I" Ta#l J71 #lo+ t* O" Sa(pl T-Tst t* 0-ta&l) s&/"&!&ca"c l'l +as 71117 At t*

7 prc"t l'l o! s&/"&!&ca"c ;p [ 171<6 t* "%ll *$pot*s&s (a$ # r3ct) a") t* rsarc*r

ca" co"cl%) &! t*r &s a s&/"&!&ca"t )&!!r"c #t+" att")a"c rats a") aca)(&c

ac*&'("t scors %s&"/ t* E"/l&s* a") Mat*(at&cs t"t* /ra) T:as Assss("t o!

8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a(7 T*r +as a stat&st&call$ s&/"&!&ca"t )&!!r"c #as) o"

t* )ata a"al$) #$ t* ca(p%ss +&t* t* *&/*st att")a"c a") t* E"/l&s* a") Mat*(at&cs

scors o" t* t"t* /ra) T:as Assss("t o! 8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a(7 T*r!or6

t* "%ll *$pot*s&s &s r3ct) a") co"cl%)s t*at t* (a"s o! t* t+o tsts +r stat&st&call$

s&/"&!&ca"tl$ )&!!r"t7



5

Ta#l J71

/ne-Sa!ple $-$est for the2009-2010 AEIS Report a!puses Ran&ed a!on# the i#hest

Attendance rates and i#hest Acade!ic Achieve!ent scores on the $exas Assess!ent of

%nowled#e and S&ills '$A%S( exa!. 2009-2010( AEIS report usin# the tenth #rade $exas Assess!ent of %nowled#e and S&ills '$A%S( Exa!.



Att")a"c 027K 2 7111 72K 70 J7J

E"/l&s* K1722 2 7111 7K11 07KJK 70K

Mat* 07 2 7111 70111 KK7K 07J 555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555

ZZ T* l'l o! s&/"&!&ca"c p [ 171




H104 T*r &s "o stat&st&call$ s&/"&!&ca"t )&!!r"c #t+" sc*ools t*at *a' lo+



ar "ot7 H104 Q2Q0

T* )ata collct) !ro( t* att")a"c rats a") t* aca)(&c ac*&'("t scors o" t*

E"/l&s* a") (at*(at&cs TA8S :a( +r a"al$) %s&"/ )scr&pt&' stat&st&cs7 T* rsarc*r

too? t* lo+st att")a"c rats a") t* lo+st aca)(&c ac*&'("t prc"ta/s a") !o%") t*

(a"6 ()&a"6 a") sta")ar) )'&at&o"7 O! t* 2 sc*ools t*at ra"?) t* lo+st a(o"/ ot*r

sc*ools &" t* )&str&ct t* (a" att")a"c rat +as 271K7 T* (a" E"/l&s* scor +as 7



5

a") t* (a" Mat*(at&cs scor +as J717 T* ()&a" att")a"c rat +as 1717 T* ()&a"

E"/l&s* scor +as 711 a") t* ()&a" Mat*(at&c scor +as J1717 T* sta")ar) )'&at&o" o!

t* att")a"c rat +as 27JJ7 T* sta")ar) )'&at&o" E"/l&s* scor +as 7 a") t*

Mat*(at&cs sta")ar) )'&at&o" scor +as 2077

T* )ata r'al) t*at t*r +as a s&/"&!&ca"t )&!!r"c #t+" sc*ools t*at *a' lo+

att")a"c rats a") aca)(&c ac*&'("t prc"ta/ o" t* E"/l&s* a") (at*(at&cs t"t*

/ra) T:as Assss("t o! 8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a(7 T* att")a"c rat !or lo+st

att")a"c rat *a) a ()&a" scor o! 171 prc"t7 T*&s &s s&/"&!&ca"tl$ lo+r t*a" t* sc*ool

)&str&ct prc"t a'ra/ att")a"c7 T* E"/l&s* scors o" t*os ca(p%ss ()&a" +r

711 prc"t7 T*s ca(p%ss +&t* lo+st att")a"c rats +o%l) *a' accpta#l or

rco/"&) ca(p%ss rat&"/s7 T* Mat*(at&cs scors o" t*os ca(p%ss ()&a" +r J171

prc"t7 T*s ca(p%ss +&t* lo+st att")a"c rat&"/s +&ll *a' %"accpta#l rat&"/s %s&"/ t*

Mat*(at&cs t"t* /ra) T:as Assss("t o! 8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a(7



5

Ta#l K71

*re+uenc" $a,le for the 2009-2010 AEIS Report a!puses Ran&ed a!on# the owest Attendance rates and owest Acade!ic Achieve!ent scores on the $exas Assess!ent of

%nowled#e and S&ills '$A%S( Exa!.

Att")a"c E"/l&s* Scors Mat*(at&c Scors

N Val&) 2 2 2

Ma" 171KK 7 J71J

M)&a" 17111 71111 J17111

Mo) 171a K711a 711a

St)7 D'&at&o" 27JJJ 712 20700

M&"&(%( 711 K711 1711

Ma:&(%( 71 K711 711

S%( 2J71 22711 22711

555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555


I" Ta#l 71 #lo+ t* O" Sa(pl T-Tst t* 0-ta&l) s&/"&!&ca"c l'l +as 71117 At t*

7 prc"t l'l o! s&/"&!&ca"c ;p [ 171<6 t* "%ll *$pot*s&s (a$ # r3ct) a") t* rsarc*r

ca" co"cl%) &! t*r &s a s&/"&!&ca"t )&!!r"c #t+" att")a"c rats a") aca)(&c

ac*&'("t scors %s&"/ t* E"/l&s* a") Mat*(at&cs t"t* /ra) T:as Assss("t o!

8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a(7 T*r +as a stat&st&call$ s&/"&!&ca"t )&!!r"c #as) o"

t* )ata a"al$) #$ t* ca(p%ss +&t* t* lo+st att")a"c a") t* E"/l&s* a") Mat*(at&cs



s&/"&!&ca"tl$ )&!!r"t7



5

Ta#l 71

/ne-Sa!ple $-$est 2009-2010 AEIS Report a!puses Ran&ed a!on# the owest Attendance

rates and owest Acade!ic Achieve!ent scores on the $exas Assess!ent of %nowled#e and

S&ills '$A%S( exa!. 2009-2010( AEIS report usin# the tenth #rade $exas Assess!ent of %nowled#e and S&ills '$A%S( Exa!.



Att")a"c 0070JK 2K 7111 271KKK 1701 2712

E"/l&s* 7K1 2K 7111 7 27 K7200

Mat* 027 2K 7111 J71J J72 J7020 555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555

ZZ T* l'l o! s&/"&!&ca"c p [ 171




H14 T*r &s "o stat&st&call$ s&/"&!&ca"t )&!!r"c #t+" sc*ool ac*&'("t l'ls



;TA8S< :a(7 H14 Q2Q0

I" Ta#l 71 #lo+6 t* rsarc*r pr!or() a" I")p")"t T-Tst7 T* Ca(p%ss +r

)&'&)) %p accor)&"/ to att")a"c rats7 T* c%to!! po&"t +as prc"t +*&c* &s t* sta")ar)

att")a"c rat !or ac* ca(p%s &" t* )&str&ct7 T* top t" prc"t o! ca(p%ss t*at *a) at last

prc"t or (or o" t*&r att")a"c rat +as co(par) %s&"/ t*&r E"/l&s* a") Mat*(at&cs

t"t* /ra) T:as Assss("t 8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a( to t* ca(p%ss +&t* t*

lo+st att")a"c rat a") t*&r E"/l&s* a") Mat*(at&cs scors %s&"/ t* t"t* /ra) T:as



5

Assss("t a") 8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a(7 T* (a" !or t* top t" ca(p%ss +&t*

att")a"c &" E"/l&s* +as 711 a") &" Mat*(at&cs +r 717 T* (a" !or t* lo+st t"

prc"t att")a"c rats &" E"/l&s* 2711 a") &" Mat*(at&cs +as J7217 T* sta")ar) )'&at&o"

!or t* top t" prc"t att")a"c &" E"/l&s* 070 a") &" Mat*(at&cs +as 77 T* sta")ar)

)'&at&o" !or t* lo+st t" prc"t att")a"c rats &" E"/l&s* 7J a") &" Mat*(at&cs +as

21707

T* att")a"c rat&"/ !or t*s ca(p%ss +as t* top t" prc"t a") lo+st t" prc"t

!or t* %r#a" sc*ool )&str&ct &" T:as7 T* att")a"c rat !or ca(p%ss o'r prc"t

att")a"cs /a' t*( a" :(plar$ rat&"/ o" t* E"/l&s* :a( +&t* a (a" o! 711 prc"t o"

t* t"t* /ra) T:as Assss("t o! 8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a(7 or ca(p%ss t*at

!ll #lo+ t* prc"t att")a"c rat&"/6 (a"$ o! t* ca(p%ss o"l$ (a) t* accpta#l or

rco/"&) rat&"/ o" t* E"/l&s* t"t* /ra) T:as Assss("t o! 8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S<

:a(7 T* (a" scor !or t*os ca(p%ss +as 2711 prc"t7 T* att")a"c rat !or ca(p%ss

o'r prc"t rat&"/ &" Mat*(at&cs scor&"/ +as a (a" o! 71 prc"t7 T*&s s*o+) t*at

ca(p%ss &" t* top t" prc"t *a) a" :(plar$ rat&"/ o" t* Mat*(at&cs t"t* /ra) T:as

Assss("t o! 8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a(7 or t* ca(p%ss &" t* lo+st t" prc"t

t*at !a&l) %")r t* prc"t att")a"c *a) a (a" scor o! J721 o" t* Mat*(at&cs t"t*

/ra) T:as Assss("t o! 8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a(7 T*&s /a' t*os ca(p%ss &"

t* )&str&ct a" %"accpta#l rat&"/7



5

Ta#l 71

*re+uenc" $a,le for the 2009-2010 AEIS Report a!puses $op $en ercent and owest $en ercent of Student Attendance on En#lish and )athe!atics scores on the tenth #rade $exas

Assess!ent of %nowled#e and S&ills '$A%S( Exa!.

Att")a"c N Ma" St)7 D'&at&o" St)7 Error Ma"

E"/l&s* \ 711 21 71111 070 7

] 711 21 271111 7J10 270

Mat* \ 711 21 7111 7JJ 07JK21

] 711 21 J72111 2170J 70JKK

555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555 ZZ Gratr t*a" or .%al to prc"t att")a"c \ZZZ Lss t*a" prc"t att")a"c ] I" Ta#l 2171 #lo+ t* I")p")"t T-Tst t* 0-ta&l) s&/"&!&ca"c l'l +as 71117 At

t* 7 prc"t l'l o! s&/"&!&ca"c ;p [ 171<6 t* "%ll *$pot*s&s (a$ # r3ct) a") t*

rsarc*r ca" co"cl%) &! t*r &s a s&/"&!&ca"t )&!!r"c #t+" att")a"c rats a")

aca)(&c ac*&'("t scors %s&"/ t* E"/l&s* a") Mat*(at&cs t"t* /ra) T:as Assss("t

o! 8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a(7 T*r +as a stat&st&call$ s&/"&!&ca"t )&!!r"c #as) o"

t* )ata a"al$) #$ t* ca(p%ss +&t* t* *&/*st att")a"c a") t* E"/l&s* a") Mat*(at&cs



s&/"&!&ca"tl$ )&!!r"t7



5

Ta#l 2171

Independent $-$est usin# the 2009-2010 AEIS Report a!puses Ran&ed $op $en ercent and

owest $en ercent of Student Attendance on the tenth #rade En#lish and )athe!atics $exas


S&/7 t )! S&/7 Ma" St)7 Error

;0-Ta&l)< D&!!r"c D&!!r"c

En'%i+!

E.%al 'ar&a"csass%() 72J 71 72 2 7111 2K711111 27K01

E.%al 'ar&a"cs

Not ass%() 72 27K2 7111 2K711111 27K01

Mt!e#tic+

E.%al 'ar&a"csAss%() 722 7K 7J 2 7111 K701111 72JJ

E.%al 'ar&a"cs Not ass%() 7J 2K7K 7111 K701111 72JJ

55555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555 5

ZZ T* l'l o! s&/"&!&ca"c p [ 171



8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a(@

H14 T*r &s "o stat&st&call$ s&/"&!&ca"t )&!!r"c &" st%)"t ac*&'("t +&t*&" lar/



I" Ta#l 2271 #lo+ t* rsarc*r pr!or() a" I")p")"t T-Tst7 T* Ca(p%ss

+r )&'&)) %p #$ t* att")a"c rats7 T* c%to!! po&"t +as prc"t +*&c* &s t* sta")ar)

att")a"c rat !or ac* ca(p%s &" t* )&str&ct7 T* *&/*st prc"t o! ca(p%ss t*at *a) at last



5

prc"t or (or o" t*&r att")a"c rat +as co(par) %s&"/ t*&r E"/l&s* a") Mat*(at&cs

t"t* /ra) T:as Assss("t 8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a( to t* ca(p%ss +&t* t*

lo+st att")a"c rat a") t*&r E"/l&s* a") Mat*(at&cs scors %s&"/ t* t"t* /ra) T:as

Assss("t a") 8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a(7 T* (a" !or t* *&/*st ca(p%ss

att")a"c a'ra/s &" E"/l&s* +as 71 a") &" Mat*(at&cs +as 7217 T* (a" !or t*

lo+st ca(p%ss att")a"c a'ra/s &" E"/l&s* 07 a") &" Mat*(at&cs +as 7K7 T*

sta")ar) )'&at&o" !or t* *&/*st att")a"c a'ra/s &" E"/l&s* 7J a") &" Mat*(at&cs +as

2707 T* sta")ar) )'&at&o" !or t* lo+st att")a"c a'ra/s &" E"/l&s* 7 a") &"

Mat*(at&cs +as 2277

T* att")a"c rat !or ca(p%ss o'r prc"t att")a"cs /a' t*( a" :(plar$

rat&"/ o" t* E"/l&s* :a( +&t* a (a" o! 71 prc"t o" t* t"t* /ra) T:as Assss("t o!

8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a(7 or ca(p%ss t*at !ll #lo+ t* prc"t att")a"c

rat&"/ (a"$ o! t* ca(p%ss o"l$ (a) t* accpta#l or rco/"&) rat&"/ o" t* E"/l&s* t"t*

/ra) T:as Assss("t o! 8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a(7 T* att")a"c rat !or

ca(p%ss o'r prc"t rat&"/ &" Mat*(at&cs scor&"/ +as a (a" o! 721 prc"t7 T*&s

s*o+) t*at ca(p%ss o'r 1711 prc"t +r &" t* rco/"& rat&"/ o" t* Mat*(at&cs t"t*

/ra) T:as Assss("t o! 8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a(7 Ca(p%ss t*at !ll %")r t*

prc"t att")a"c *a) a (a" scor o! 7K o" t* Mat*(at&cs t"t* /ra) T:as

Assss("t o! 8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a(7 T*&s /a' t* )&str&ct a" %"accpta#l

rat&"/ o" so( o! t*os ca(p%ss7

^



5

Ta#l 2271

*re+uenc" $a,le for the 2009-2010 AEIS Report a!puses i#hest and owest Attendance

Avera#es on En#lish and )athe!atics scores on the tenth #rade $exas Assess!ent of %nowled#eand S&ills '$A%S( Exa!.


E"/l&s* \ 711 01 7111 7J2 270J

] 711 2 07K2 72 270

Mat* \ 711 01 72111 270 071

] 711 2 7KK 2270 72J0

ZZ Gratr t*a" or .%al to prc"t att")a"c \ZZZ Lss t*a" prc"t att")a"c ] I" Ta#l 2071 #lo+ t* I")p")"t T-Tst t* 0-ta&l) s&/"&!&ca"c l'l +as 71117 At

t* 7 prc"t l'l o! s&/"&!&ca"c ;p [ 171<6 t* "%ll *$pot*s&s (a$ # r3ct) a") t*

rsarc*r ca" co"cl%) &! t*r &s a s&/"&!&ca"t )&!!r"c #t+" att")a"c rats a")

aca)(&c ac*&'("t scors %s&"/ t* E"/l&s* a") Mat*(at&cs t"t* /ra) T:as Assss("t

o! 8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a(7 T*r +as a stat&st&call$ s&/"&!&ca"t )&!!r"c #as) o"

t* )ata a"al$) #$ t* ca(p%ss +&t* t* *&/*st att")a"c a'ra/s a") ca(p%ss +&t* t*

lo+st att")a"c a'ra/s o" t* t"t* /ra) E"/l&s* a") Mat*(at&cs scors o" t* T:as

Assss("t o! 8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a(7 T*r!or6 t* "%ll *$pot*s&s &s r3ct)

a") co"cl%)s t*at t* (a"s o! t* t+o tsts +r stat&st&call$ s&/"&!&ca"tl$ )&!!r"t7

A(o"/ t* ca(p%ss +&t* t* *&/*st a") lo+st st%)"t att")a"c a'ra/s o" t*

t"t* /ra) E"/l&s* a") (at*(at&cs T:as Assss("t o! 8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a(

t*r +as a s&/"&!&ca"t )&!!r"c &" scors !or t* E"/l&s* a") (at*(at&cs :a(s7



5

Ta#l 2071

Independent $-$est usin# the 2009-2010 AEIS Report a!puses i#hest and owest Student

Attendance Avera#es on the tenth #rade En#lish and )athe!atics $exas Assess!ent of %nowled#e and S&ills '$A%S( Exa!.


;0-Ta&l)< D&!!r"c D&!!r"c

En'%i+!

E.%al 'ar&a"csass%() 2701 700K J70 0 7111 227J0J 27J

E.%al 'ar&a"cs Not ass%() J7K0 17 7111 227J0J 271JK

Mt!e#tic+

E.%al 'ar&a"csass%() 7 70 701 0 7111 0720 71

E.%al 'ar&a"cs Not ass%() 7J 17212 7111 0720 7KJ

555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555

ZZ T* l'l o! s&/"&!&ca"c p [ 171

Su##r)








T* rat&o"al !or c*oos&"/ t*&s spc&!&c (t*o) +as to )tr(&" *o+ co"s&st"t sc*ool



5

att")a"c ca" pos&t&'l$ &(pact st%)"t aca)(&c ac*&'("t= +*ras lo+ att")a"c ca"

a)'rsl$ a!!ct st%)"t ac*&'("t7 T* rs%lts o! t* st%)$ (a$ # %s!%l !or )%cat&o"al

la)rs att(pt&"/ to )tr(&" &(pact o! att")a"c a") *o+ &t rlats to aca)(&c ac*&'("t

o" t*&r ca(p%s7 Rsarc* !o%") t*at sc*ools +&t* *&/*r rats o! )a&l$ att")a"c t") to


att")a"c rats ;E*r"#r/6 E*r"#r/6 Rs6 a") E*r"#r/6 22= Ro#$6 011<7

T* "%ll *$pot*s&s !or ac* o! t* rsarc* .%st&o"s +r r3ct) a") co"cl%)) a

stat&st&call$ s&/"&!&ca"t )&!!r"c &" sc*ools4 +&t* *&/* att")a"c rats6 +&t* lo+ att")a"c

rats6 +&t* t* top t" prc"t as co(par) to t* #otto( t" prc"t6 +&t* t* *&/*st a") lo+st

prc"ta/ o! att")a"c a'ra/s a") aca)(&c ac*&'("t prc"ta/s o" t* E"/l&s* a")

(at*(at&cs t"t* /ra) T:as Assss("t o! 8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a(7




ar "ot7




ar "ot7




;TA8S< :a(7



5



t"t* /ra) T:as Assss("t o! 8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a(7

I" co"cl%s&o"6 t*r ar "o stat&st&cal )&!!r"cs &" att")a"c a") aca)(&c ac*&'("t

%s&"/ t* E"/l&s* a") (at*(at&cs t"t* /ra) T:as Assss("t o! 8"o+l)/ a") S?&ll

;TA8S< :a(7 Ca(p%ss +&t* *&/* att")a"c rats also r!lct) &" *a'&"/ rco/"&) or

:(plar$ :a( scors o" t* E"/l&s* a") (at*(at&cs t"t* /ra) T:as Assss("t o!

8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a(7 Ca(p%ss t*at *a) lo+ att")a"c rats also r!lct) &"

*a'&"/ %"accpta#l or accpta#l :a( scors o" t* E"/l&s* a") (at*(at&cs t"t* /ra)

T:as Assss("t o! 8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a(7 T* att")a"c rats o" ca(p%ss &"

t* top t" prc"t 'rs%s t* ca(p%ss &" lo+st t" prc"t E"/l&s* a") (at*(at&cs scors

)&!!r !ro( top t" prc"t #&"/ at t* rco/"&) a") :(plar$ rat&"/s= +*ras t* lo+st t"

prc"t +r at t* %"accpta#l a") accpta#l rat&"/s o" t* E"/l&s* a") (at*(at&cs t"t*

/ra) T:as Assss("t o! 8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a(7

W*" ra"?&"/ t* ca(p%ss #$ t* *&/*st a") lo+st att")a"c a'ra/s t*r +r

stat&st&call$ s&/"&!&ca"t )&!!r"cs &" t*&r E"/l&s* a") (at*(at&c scors o" t* t"t* /ra)

T:as Assss("t o! 8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a(7 St%)"t att")a"c &s a" ss"t&al

l("t o! s%ccss !or #ot* sc*ools a") sc*ool s$st(s7

T* T:as E)%cat&o" A/"c$ ;TEA< acco%"ta#&l&t$ rat&"/s s$st( cat/or&) all p%#l&c

sc*ools6 c*artr sc*ools6 a") sc*ool )&str&cts &" t* stat o! T:as7 B$ t* $ar 0126 &" or)r to

clos t* ac*&'("t /ap %")r No C*&l) L!t B*&")6 sc*ools a") sc*ool )&str&ct s*o%l) # at

t* rco/"&) a")or t* :(plar$ rat&"/s o" all T:as Assss("t o! 8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls

;TA8S< :a(s7 T* p%rpos o! sta#l&s*&"/ A""%al Yarl$ Pro/rss ;AYP< as t* pr!or(a"c



5

sta")ar) &s to "s%r t*at a %"&!or( aca)(&c sta")ar) &" (at*(at&cs a") ra)&"/ &s (t #$ t*

aca)(&c $ar 012-012 ;T:as E)%cat&o" A/"c$6 0121<7 T*ro%/* %s&"/ A""%al Yarl$

Pro/rss ;AYP< as t* "!orc("t tool6 t* /o'r"("t &s s?&"/ a (a"s to pro'&) all

st%)"ts6 &"cl%)&"/ s%#pop%lat&o"s o! st%)"ts6 +&t* 'r&!&a#l6 aca)(&c /ro+t*7 Att")a"c

rats ca" *lp sc*ools a") sc*ool )&str&cts o#ta&" t*s rat&"/s #$ #&"/ (o"&tor) a")

co"t&"%all$ %p)at) to *lp tac*rs6 a)(&"&strators6 a") all sta?*ol)rs ac*&' t*&s aca)(&c

/ro+t*7



5

C!*ter 3

Su##r)1 Conc%u+ion1 nd Reco##endtion

Su##r)








T*&s c*aptr +&ll pro'&) a )&sc%ss&o" a") &"trprtat&o" o! t* rs%lts prs"t) &" t* pr'&o%s

c*aptr7 I" a))&t&o"6 t* l&(&tat&o"s o! t*&s &"'st&/at&o" a") /"ral&at&o" o! t* !&")&"/s ar

prs"t)7 &"all$6 aras !or !%t%r rco((")at&o"s a") rsarc* ar prs"t) to ass&st sc*ool

)&str&cts a") &")&'&)%al ca(p%ss !or poss&#l c*a"/s &" att")a"c pol&c&s a") proc)%rs as

T:as (o' &"to (or tst&"/ acco%"ta#&l&t$7

Di+cu++ion o( Re+erc! ,ue+tion+

T* rsarc* .%st&o"s t*at /%&)) t*&s st%)$ +r4






5









8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a(@

Bass o" t* rsarc* .%st&o"s6 t* !ollo+&"/ N%ll H$pot*ss +r !or()4




ar "ot7 H124 Q2Q0




ar "ot7 H104 Q2Q0




;TA8S< :a(7 H14 Q2Q0



5




Su##r) o( Findin'+

T*&s st%)$ :plor) t* &(pact o! att")a"c o" aca)(&c ac*&'("t &" lar/ %r#a"

sc*ool )&str&cts +*r #ot* p%#l&c a") c*artr sc*ools oprat7 St%)"t att")a"c &s a" ss"t&al

l("t o! s%ccss !or #ot* sc*ools a") sc*ool s$st(s7 T* p%rpos o! t*&s st%)$ +as to

&"'st&/at t* &(pact o! sc*ool att")a"c rats o" aca)(&c ac*&'("t %s&"/ t* t"t* /ra)

E"/l&s* a") (at*(at&cs scors o" t* T:as Assss("t o! 8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S<

:a(7

S&(&lar to t* st%)&s #$ Da%/*rt$ a") Ro#$ +*r t*$ !o%") t*at att")a"c *a) a

s&/"&!&ca"t rlat&o"s*&p to st%)"tFs ac*&'("t6 Da%/*rt$Fs ;011< st%)$ r'al) &! st%)"tFs

a#s"t&s( +as "ot a))rss)6 sco")ar$ tst scors co%l) # a!!ct) a") st%)"ts &" ") o!

ass&sta"c +&ll !all !%rt*r #*&") &" t*&r aca)(&cs7 Accor)&"/ to Ro#$ ;011<6 t* top

pr!or(&"/ sc*ools &" ac* o! t*os )&str&cts6 ra"?) #$ pro!&c&"c$ tst scor a'ra/s also *a)

*&/*r att")a"c a'ra/s a") * s%pports t* top t*r sc*ools pro!&c&"c$ tst scors a")

att")a"c a'ra/s +r s%#sta"t&all$ *&/*r t*a" t* #otto( t*r sc*ools7

T* )ata collct) !ro( t* Ur#a" Sc*ool D&str&ct &" T:as s*o+) a stat&st&call$

s&/"&!&ca"t )&!!r"c &" t* rlat&o"s*&p #t+" att")a"c rats a") aca)(&c ac*&'("t

%s&"/ t* t"t* /ra) E"/l&s* a") (at*(at&cs scors o" t* T:as Assss("t o! 8"o+l)/

a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a(7 T* )ata also r'al) +*" sc*ools !all #lo+ t* sta")ar)

prc"t o! $arl$ att")a"c6 t*" t* t"t* /ra) E"/l&s* a") (at*(at&cs scors +r !ar lo+r

t*a" sc*ools +*o *a) o'r t* prc"t $arl$ att")a"c rat7 T* a'ra/ E"/l&s* scor !or



5

att")a"c rats o'r prc"t att")a"c +as 71 prc"t7 T*&s /a' t* ca(p%ss +&t*

*&/* att")a"c rats rco/"& or :(plar$ rat&"/s o" t* t"t* /ra) T:as Assss("t o!

8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a(7 T* a'ra/ E"/l&s* scor !or att")a"c rats t*at +as

lss t*a" prc"t att")a"c +as 07 prc"t7 T* )ata r'al) t*at ca(p%ss +&t* lss

t*a" prc"t att")a"c *a) accpta#l or rco/"&) rat&"/s &" E"/l&s*7 T* a'ra/

Mat*(at&cs scor !or att")a"c rats o'r prc"t +as 721 prc"t7 T* )ata r'al)

t*at ca(p%ss +&t* *&/* att")a"c rats *a) accpta#l or rco/"&) (at*(at&cs scors o"

t* T:as Assss("t o! 8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a(7 T* a'ra/ Mat*(at&cs scor

!or ca(p%ss +&t* att")a"c rats lss t*a" prc"t +as 7K prc"t7 T* )ata r'al)

t*at ca(p%ss +&t* lo+ att")a"c rat&"/s *a) %"accpta#l rat&"/s a") a !+ accpta#l rat&"/s

o" t* (at*(at&cs scor&"/ o! t* t"t* /ra) T:as Assss("t o! 8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls

;TA8S< :a(7

Li#ittion+ o( t!e Stud)

T* l&(&tat&o"s o! t*&s st%)$ ar

27 T* st%)$ o" att")a"c rats *a) ot*r s%pport&"/ !actors t*at co"tr&#%t to st%)"t

aca)(&c ac*&'("t7

07 Ma"$ !actors pla$ a rol )&rctl$ a") &")&rctl$ &" st%)"t ac*&'("t7 So( 'ar&a#ls

!actors !or st%)"t ac*&'("t ar par"ts6 )%cators6 tst&"/ cl&(at a") c%rr&c%l%(

+*&c* ca" # co"troll) to a crta&" )/r7

7 Ot*r !actors t*at co"tr&#%t) to st%)"t a#s"t&s( ar t* +at*r6 'acat&o"s6 a") pr

/ro%p prss%rs7

7 T* st%)$ +as l&(&t) &"so!ar as &t %t&l&s o"l$ E"/l&s* a") (at* scors= *o+'r6 t*r

ar ot*r sct&o"s t*at ca" # !actor) &" o" t* TA8S :a(7



5

7 T* st%)$ +as l&(&t) to lar/6 %r#a" sc*ool )&str&cts &" T:as7

De%i#ittion+ o( t!e Stud)

T* )l&(&tat&o"s o! t*&s st%)$ ar

27 G")r6 a/6 rac a") soc&al co"o(&c stat%s +r "ot %s) as !actors !or )tr(&"&"/

att")a"c rats7

07 T* !&")&"/s o! t*&s ca%sal-co(parat&' st%)$ +r l&(&t) to T:as7


;TA8S< assss("t +r )l&(&t) to E"/l&s* a") (at*(at&cs scors !or 0121-01227


;TA8S< assss("t +r )l&(&t) to E"/l&s* a") (at*(at&cs scors !or o"l$ t"t*

/ra)7

I#*%iction+ (ro# t!e Stud)

T*&s rsarc* st%)$ +as co")%ct) &" o" sc*ool )&str&ct &" T:as7 T* p%rpos o! t*&s

st%)$ +as to &"'st&/at t* &(pact o! sc*ool att")a"c rats o" aca)(&c ac*&'("t %s&"/

t* t"t* /ra) E"/l&s* a") Mat*(at&cs scors o" t* T:as Assss("t o! 8"o+l)/ a")

S?&lls ;TA8S< :a(7 T* rsarc*r pr!or( a .%a"t&tat&' st%)$ %s&"/ ca%sal-co(parat&'

rsarc* to &)"t&!$ t* ca%s a") !!ct rlat&o"s*&p #t+" sc*ool att")a"c rats a")

aca)(&c ac*&'("t &" *&/* sc*ools &" a lar/ %r#a" )&str&ct &" T:as7 Ca%sal-co(parat&'

rsarc* co(pars t+o /ro%ps &" or)r to :pla&" :&st&"/ )&!!r"cs #t+" t*( o" so(

'ar&a#l or 'ar&a#l o! &"trst ;ra"?l a") Wall"6 011<7 T* rat&o"al !or c*oos&"/ t*&s

spc&!&c (t*o) +as to )tr(&" *o+ co"s&st"t sc*ool att")a"c ca" pos&t&'l$ &(pact st%)"t

aca)(&c ac*&'("t= +*ras lo+ att")a"c ca" a)'rsl$ a!!ct st%)"t ac*&'("t7



5

T* st%)$ !o%") t*at t*r +as a stat&st&call$ s&/"&!&ca"t )&!!r"c &" att")a"c rats a")

aca)(&c ac*&'("t &" E"/l&s* a") Mat*(at&cs %s&"/ t* t"t* /ra) T:as Assss("t o!

8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a(7 D% to t* !&")&"/s &" C*aptr IV6 t* rsarc*r (a) t*

!ollo+&"/ co"cl%s&o"s4

27 Ca(p%ss +&t* *&/* att")a"c rats pr!or() rco/"&) or :(plar$ rat&"/s o" t*

E"/l&s* a") (at*(at&cs scor&"/ %s&"/ t* t"t* /ra) T:as Assss("t o! 8"o+l)/

a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a(7

07 Ca(p%ss +&t* lo+ att")a"c rats pr!or() %"accpta#l or accpta#l rat&"/s o" t*

E"/l&s* a") (at*(at&cs scor&"/ %s&"/ t* t"t* /ra) T:as Assss("t o! 8"o+l)/

a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a(7

7 Ca(p%ss &" t* top t" prc"t &" att")a"c a") t* lo+st t" prc"t att")a"c

scors )&!!r !ro( rco/"&) a") :(plar$ rat&"/s &" E"/l&s* to accpta#l rat&"/s o"

t* t"t* /ra) T:as Assss("t o! 8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a(7 Ca(p%ss &"

t* top t" prc"t att")a"c scors )&!!r) !ro( t* accpta#l to t* rco/"&)

rat&"/s to t* %"accpta#l rat&"/s &" t* lo+st t" prc"t att")a"c scor&"/ o" t*


7 Ca(p%ss &" lar/ %r#a" sc*ool )&str&cts +*" ra"?) *&/*st a") lo+st att")a"c rats

s*o+) t*at ca(p%ss ra"?) *&/*st pr!or() rco/"&) or :(plar$ o" t* E"/l&s*

a") (at*(at&cs t"t* /ra) T:as Assss("t o! 8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a(=

+*ras ca(p%ss t*at +r ra"?) lo+st pr!or() %"accpta#l or accpta#l rat&"/s

o" t* E"/l&s* a") (at*(at&cs t"t* /ra) T:as Assss("t o! 8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls

;TA8S< :a(7



5

Reco##endtion

T* rsarc* /at*r) &" t*&s st%)$ &")&cat) t*at t*r +as a stat&st&call$ s&/"&!&ca"t

)&!!r"c a(o"/ ca(p%ss +&t* *&/* att")a"c rats a") t*&r aca)(&c ac*&'("t rat&"/s

a") ca(p%ss +&t* lo+ att")a"c rats a") t*&r aca)(&c ac*&'("t rat&"/s7 It &s '&)"t

t*at ca(p%ss :cl +*" att")a"c rats ar at &ts *&/*st7 St%)"t att")a"c &s a" ss"t&al

l("t o! s%ccss !or #ot* sc*ools a") sc*ool s$st(s7 T* !ollo+&"/ ar rco((")at&o"s !or

&")&'&)%als &"'ol') &" t* !&l) o! )%cat&o"6 s%c* as s%pr&"t")"ts6 sc*ool #oar) ((#rs6

l/&slators6 co((&ss&o"rs6 pr&"c&pals6 tac*rs6 a") par"ts t*at ar &"!l%"c) #$ st%)"tFs

)%cat&o"al ")s4

27 Mo"&tor st%)"t att")a"c as o!t" as poss&#l7 E"s%r t*at $o%r a)(&"&strators6

co%"slors6 tac*rs a") scrtar&s o" $o%r ca(p%s (o"&tor att")a"c )a&l$6 +?l$6

a") (o"t*l$ to spot c*c? st%)"t att")a"c7 E"s%r t*at par"ts ar co"tact)

&(()&atl$ +*" st%)"ts ar &" "o"att")a"c7

07 G&' &"c"t&'s to st%)"ts +*"'r poss&#l to *lp to (ot&'at st%)"ts to att")

sc*ool )a&l$7 Crat (o"t*l$ &"c"t&'s !or st%)"ts +*o *a' pr!ct att")a"c as

(a"s o! ?p&"/ st%)"ts o" tar/t !or o'r prc"t att")a"c !or t* $ar7

7 V&s&t sc*ools &" t* )&str&ct t*at *a' *&/* att")a"c rats a") s &! t*$ *a' !!ct&'

strat/&s !or (o"&tor&"/ att")a"c a") "s%r&"/ t*at st%)"ts ar &" sc*ool )a&l$7 Crat

pro/ra(s &" lo+ pr!or(&"/ ca(p%ss t*at (%lat att")a"c proc)%rs &" *&/*

att")a"c pr!or(&"/ ca(p%ss

7 At t* #/&""&"/ o! t* sc*ool $ar6 )&sc%ss +&t* par"ts t* &(porta"c o! *a'&"/ t*&r

c*&l) o" ca(p%s ac* )a$ )%r&"/ t* sc*ool $ar7 D&sc%ss +&t* par"ts t* (o"t*l$



5

cal")ar a") as? t*( to pla" 'acat&o"s6 )octorFs appo&"t("ts a") ot*r !a(&l$ '"ts

aro%") t* st%)"tFs t&( o!! or arl$ )&s(&ssals7

Reco##endtion+ (or Furt!er Stud)

I" accor)a"c +&t* t* rs%lts o" t* st%)$6 t* rsarc*r rco((")s t* !ollo+&"/ !or

!%rt*r st%)$4

27 A st%)$ s*o%l) # co")%ct) to &"'st&/at att")a"c rats a") aca)(&c ac*&'("t to

# co(par) #$ /")r to )tr(&" &! t*r ar a"$ stat&st&call$ s&/"&!&ca"t )&!!r"cs &"

/")r +&t* rlat&o"s*&p to att")a"c a") aca)(&c ac*&'("t7

07 A st%)$ s*o%l) # co")%ct) to &"'st&/at att")a"c rats a") aca)(&c ac*&'("t to

s &! lo+ soc&oco"o(&c stat%s a") t*"&c&t$ +o%l) s*o+ a stat&st&call$ s&/"&!&ca"t

)&!!r"c &" att")a"c a") aca)(&c ac*&'("t77 A st%)$ s*o%l) # co")%ct) to &"'st&/at a )&!!r"c a(o"/ t*"&c /ro%ps &" %r#a"

a") s%#%r#a" sc*ool )&str&cts to t*"&c /ro%ps &" r%ral sc*ool )&str&cts +*&l loo?&"/ at t*

att")a"c rat a") t* aca)(&c ac*&'("t o" t*os ca(p%ss77 A st%)$ s*o%l) # co")%ct) to &"'st&/at t* att")a"c rats a") aca)(&c

ac*&'("t o! l("tar$ a") (&))l sc*ools to s &! t*r &s a stat&st&call$ s&/"&!&ca"t

)&!!r"c &" rlat&o"s*&p to att")a"c rats a") aca)(&c ac*&'("t7

Conc%u+ion

I" co"cl%s&o"6 accor)&"/ to t* )ata6 t*r ar stat&st&call$ s&/"&!&ca"t )&!!r"cs a(o"/

ca(p%ss +&t* *&/* att")a"c rats a") *&/* aca)(&c ac*&'("t7 Ca(p%ss +&t* *&/*

att")a"c rats s*o+) rco/"&) or :(plar$ aca)(&c ac*&'("t rat&"/s o" t* E"/l&s*

t"t* /ra) T:as Assss("t o! 8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a(7 Ca(p%ss +&t* *&/*

att")a"c rats s*o+) accpta#l a") rco/"&) aca)(&c ac*&'("t rat&"/s o" t*




5

T*r ar stat&st&call$ s&/"&!&ca"t )&!!r"cs a(o"/ ca(p%ss +&t* lo+ att")a"c a")

lo+ aca)(&c ac*&'("t7 Ca(p%ss +&t* lo+ att")a"c rats s*o+) accpta#l rat&"/s o"

t* E"/l&s* t"t* /ra) T:as Assss("t o! 8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a(7 Ca(p%ss

+&t* lo+ att")a"c rats s*o+) %"accpta#l a") accpta#l rat&"/s o" t* Mat*(at&cs t"t*

/ra) T:as Assss("t o! 8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a(7 T*r &s a stat&st&call$

s&/"&!&ca"t )&!!r"c #t+" top t" prc"t o! ca(p%ss a") t* lo+st t" prc"t o!

ca(p%ss +&t* r/ar)s to aca)(&c ac*&'("t o" E"/l&s* a") (at*(at&cs t"t* /ra) T:as

Assss("t o! 8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a(7 T*r &s a stat&st&call$ s&/"&!&ca"t )&!!r"c

+&t* ca(p%ss ra"?) *&/*st a") lo+st att")a"c a'ra/s &" lar/ %r#a" #%&l)&"/s +&t*

att")a"c rats a") aca)(&c ac*&'("t %s&"/ t* E"/l&s* a") (at*(at&cs t"t* /ra) T:as

Assss("t o! 8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls ;TA8S< :a(7

T* T:as E)%cat&o" A/"c$ ;TEA< acco%"ta#&l&t$ rat&"/s s$st( cat/or&) all p%#l&c

sc*ools6 c*artr sc*ools6 a") sc*ool )&str&cts &" t* stat o! T:as7 B$ t* $ar 0126 &" or)r to

clos t* ac*&'("t /ap %")r No C*&l) L!t B*&")6 sc*ools a") sc*ool )&str&ct s*o%l) # at

t* rco/"&) a")or t* :(plar$ rat&"/s o" all T:as Assss("t o! 8"o+l)/ a") S?&lls

;TA8S< :a(s7 T* p%rpos o! sta#l&s*&"/ A""%al Yarl$ Pro/rss ;AYP< as t* pr!or(a"c

sta")ar) &s to "s%r t*at a %"&!or( aca)(&c sta")ar) &" (at*(at&cs a") ra)&"/ &s (t #$ t*

aca)(&c $ar 012-012 ;T:as E)%cat&o" A/"c$6 0121<7 T*ro%/* %s&"/ A""%al Yarl$

Pro/rss ;AYP< as t* "!orc("t tool6 t* /o'r"("t &s s?&"/ a (a"s to pro'&) all

st%)"ts6 &"cl%)&"/ s%#pop%lat&o"s o! st%)"ts6 +&t* 'r&!&a#l6 aca)(&c /ro+t*7 Att")a"c

rats ca" *lp sc*ools a") sc*ool )&str&cts o#ta&" t*s rat&"/s #$ #&"/ (o"&tor) a")

co"t&"%all$ %p)at) to *lp tac*rs6 a)(&"&strators6 a") all sta?*ol)rs ac*&' t*&s aca)(&c

/ro+t*7



5

REFERENCES



5

A)r&a"6 D7 ;011<7 Sc*ool sc*)%l&"/ (o)ls a") t* ac*&'("t o! at-r&s? st%)"ts4 A

Ca%sal-Co(parat&' St%)$7 U"&'rs&t$ o! P*o"&:7 Pro %st LLC7

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http://www.tea.state.tx.us/WorkArea/linkit.aspx?Linkidentifier=id&itemID=21474939997&libID=2147493994



http://www.tea.state.tx.us/student.assessment/hb3plan/

http://www.ritter.tea.state.tx.us/perfreport/aeis




http://www.tea.state.tx.us/student.assessment/hb3plan/




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http://www.eric.gov/PDFS/ED524955.pdf





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Ta#l 271

2009-2010 AEIS Report of Schools Attendance Rate for the a!puses involved in the Stud".2009-2010 AEIS Report of the En#lish scores on the $exas Assess!ent of %nowled#e and S&ills

'$A%S( Exa!.

Ca(p%s Att")a"c E"/l&s* Scor

Ca(p%s A2 NA NA

Ca(p%s A0

Ca(p%s B 7

Ca(p%s C2 K70

Ca(p%s C0 7

Ca(p%s D2 17 K

Ca(p%s D0 7

Ca(p%s 27 1

Ca(p%s LA J7

Ca(p%s P J

Ca(p%s 92 7J K

Ca(p%s 90 7

Ca(p%s 8 0

Ca(p%s L2 7J

Ca(p%s L0 17J K

Ca(p%s M2 272 2

Ca(p%s M0 72 J

Ca(p%s N K7

Ca(p%s R 7

Ca(p%s S2 0 K



5

Ca(p%s S0 70

Ca(p%s S 17

Ca(p%s S J7

Ca(p%s S 17K 0

Ca(p%s W2 K

Ca(p%s W0 272

Ca(p%s W 27 2

Ca(p%s W 7 0

Ca(p%s W 7J KK

Ca(p%s WJ 72 K

Ca(p%s Y 17

Ca(p%s C2 C J7

Ca(p%s C0 E 7

Ca(p%s C E 72

Ca(p%s C J7J

Ca(p%s C L NA NA

Ca(p%s CJ R NA NA


Ta#l 071



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2009-2010 AEIS Report of Schools Attendance Rate for the a!puses involved in the Stud".

2009-2010 AEIS Report of the )athe!atics scores on the $exas Assess!ent of %nowled#e and

S&ills '$A%S( Exa!.

Ca(p%s Att")a"c Mat* Scor

Ca(p%s A2 NA NA

Ca(p%s A0 J

Ca(p%s B 7 0

Ca(p%s C2 K70

Ca(p%s C0 7 KK

Ca(p%s D2 17

Ca(p%s D0 7

Ca(p%s 27 K

Ca(p%s LA J7 K

Ca(p%s P J 2

Ca(p%s 92 7J

Ca(p%s 90 7 J1

Ca(p%s 8 K

Ca(p%s L2 7J 0

Ca(p%s L0 17J J

Ca(p%s M2 272

Ca(p%s M0 72 J

Ca(p%s N K7

Ca(p%s R 7 J

Ca(p%s S2 0

Ca(p%s S0 70 K



5

Ca(p%s S 17 KK

Ca(p%s S J7

Ca(p%s S 17K K

Ca(p%s W2 K2

Ca(p%s W0 272 J1

Ca(p%s W 27

Ca(p%s W 7 K

Ca(p%s W 7J J2

Ca(p%s WJ 72 1

Ca(p%s Y 17

Ca(p%s C2 E J7 J

Ca(p%s C0 E 7

Ca(p%s C E 72 K

Ca(p%s C J7J J

Ca(p%s C L NA NA

Ca(p%s CJ R NA NA


Ta#l 71



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*re+uenc" $a,le and entral $endencies Indentif"in# the )ode )ean )edian and Standard

eviation of the Attendance Rates En#lish Scores and )athe!atics Scores usin# the '2009-

2010( AEIS Report tenth #rade $exas Assess!ent of %nowled#e and S&ills '$A%S( Exa!.

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N Val&)

Ma" 7J2 70 K7111

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St7 D'&at&o" 7120K1 K7222 2K7201

Ra"/ 2171 0711 711

M&"&(%( 711 K711 1711

Ma:&(%( 71 711 711

S%( 2KK7K1 1711 0711

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Ta#l 71



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/ne-Sa!ple $-$est on the Attendance rate the En#lish Scores and the )athe!atics Scores usin# the '2009-2010( AEIS report usin# the tenth #rade $exas Assess!ent of %nowled#e and S&ills

'$A%S( Exa!.



Att")a"c 2172 7111 7J2KJ 0721J 720

E"/l&s* JJ70K 7111 700 J7 27KK

Mat* 071 7111 K71111 JK70J K7KJ 555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555

ZZ T* l'l o! s&/"&!&ca"c p [ 171

Ta#l 71



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*re+uenc" $a,le for the2009-2010 AEIS Report a!puses Ran&ed a!on# the i#hest

Attendance Rates and i#hest Acade!ic Achieve!ent scores on the $exas Assess!ent of


Att")a"c E"/l&s* Scor Mat*(at&cs Scors

N Val&) 2J 2J 2J

Ma" J72 7K1 7011

M)&a" J7111 71111 K71111

Mo) J71 711 711

St)7 D'&at&o" 2700J 71J 27K00

M&"&(%( 711 711 J1711

Ma:&(%( 71 711 711

S%( 271 20J711 2J711

555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555

Ta#l J71



5

/ne-Sa!ple $-$est for the 2009-2010 AEIS Report a!puses Ran&ed a!on# the i#hest Attendance rates and i#hest Acade!ic Achieve!ent scores on the $exas Assess!ent of

%nowled#e and S&ills '$A%S( exa!. 2009-2010( AEIS report usin# the tenth #rade $exas




Att")a"c 027K 2 7111 72K 70 J7J

E"/l&s* K1722 2 7111 7K11 07KJK 70K

Mat* 07 2 7111 70111 KK7K 07J 555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555

ZZ T* l'l o! s&/"&!&ca"c p [ 171

Ta#l K71



5

*re+uenc" $a,le for the 2009-2010 AEIS Report a!puses Ran&ed a!on# the owest

Attendance rates and owest Acade!ic Achieve!ent scores on the $exas Assess!ent of


Att")a"c E"/l&s* Scors Mat*(at&c Scors

N Val&) 2 2 2

M&ss&"/ 1 1 1

Ma" 171KK 7 J71J

M)&a" 17111 71111 J17111

Mo) 171a K711a 711a

St)7 D'&at&o" 27JJJ 712 20700

M&"&(%( 711 K711 1711

Ma:&(%( 71 K711 711

S%( 2J71 22711 22711

555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555 a7 M%lt&pl (o)s :&st7 T* s(allst 'al% &s s*o+"7

Ta#l 71



5

/ne-Sa!ple $-$est for the 2009-2010 AEIS Report a!puses Ran&ed a!on# the owest Attendance rates and owest Acade!ic Achieve!ent scores on the $exas Assess!ent of

%nowled#e and S&ills '$A%S( exa!. 2009-2010( AEIS report usin# the tenth #rade $exas




Att")a"c 0070JK 2K 7111 271KKK 1701 2712

E"/l&s* 7K1 2K 7111 7 27 K7200

Mat* 027 2K 7111 J71J J72 J7020 555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555

ZZ T* l'l o! s&/"&!&ca"c p [ 171

Ta#l 71



5

*re+uenc" $a,le for the 2009-2010 AEIS Report a!puses $op $en ercent and owest $en

ercent of Student Attendance on En#lish and )athe!atics scores on the tenth #rade $exas



E"/l&s* \ 711 21 71111 070 7

] 711 21 271111 7J10 270

Mat* \ 711 21 7111 7JJ 07JK21

] 711 21 J72111 2170J 70JKK

555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555 ZZ Gratr t*a" or .%al to prc"t att")a"c \ZZZ Lss t*a" prc"t att")a"c ]



5

Ta#l 2171

Independent $-$est usin# the 2009-2010 AEIS Report a!puses Ran&ed $op $en ercent and owest $en ercent of Student Attendance on the tenth #rade En#lish and )athe!atics $exas



;0-Ta&l)< D&!!r"c D&!!r"c

En'%i+!

E.%al 'ar&a"csass%() 72J 71 72 2 7111 2K711111 27K01

E.%al 'ar&a"cs Not ass%() 72 27K2 7111 2K711111 27K01

Mt!e#tic+

E.%al 'ar&a"csAss%() 722 7K 7J 2 7111 K701111 72JJ

E.%al 'ar&a"cs Not ass%() 7J 2K7K 7111 K701111 72JJ

55555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555 5

ZZ T* l'l o! s&/"&!&ca"c p [ 171



5

Ta#l 2271

*re+uenc" $a,le for the 2009-2010 AEIS Report a!puses i#hest and owest Attendance Avera#es on En#lish and )athe!atics scores on the tenth #rade $exas Assess!ent of %nowled#e

and S&ills '$A%S( Exa!.


E"/l&s* \ 711 01 7111 7J2 270J

] 711 2 07K2 72 270

Mat* \ 711 01 72111 270 071

] 711 2 7KK 2270 72J0

ZZ Gratr t*a" or .%al to prc"t att")a"c \ZZZ Lss t*a" prc"t att")a"c ]



5

Ta#l 2071

Independent $-$est usin# the 2009-2010 AEIS Report a!puses i#hest and owest Student Attendance Avera#es on the tenth #rade En#lish and )athe!atics $exas Assess!ent of



;0-Ta&l)< D&!!r"c D&!!r"c

En'%i+!

E.%al 'ar&a"csass%() 2701 700K J70 0 7111 227J0J 27J

E.%al 'ar&a"cs Not ass%() J7K0 17 7111 227J0J 271JK

Mt!e#tic+

E.%al 'ar&a"csass%() 7 70 701 0 7111 0720 71

E.%al 'ar&a"cs Not ass%() 7J 17212 7111 0720 7KJ

555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555

ZZ T* l'l o! s&/"&!&ca"c p [ 171



5

App")&: D



5

4u% Dione E"er%ine1 P!.D.

56789 C+t%e Arc! Court

Kin'/ood1 Te0+ 66::;

P!one <=:5> 9;8-55?7

E#i% )e"er%in@!ou+toni+d.or'

EDUCATION

Pririe 3ie/ A M Uni"er+it) P!.D.1 Dece#$er 575

Ma3or4 E)%cat&o"al La)rs*&pD&ssrtat&o" Top&c4 A Cas%al-Co(parat&' St%)$ E:a(&"&"/ t* Rlat&o"s*&p #t+" Sco")ar$

St%)"t Att")a"c a") Aca)(&c Ac*&'("t &" a Lar/ Ur#a"Sc*ool D&str&ct &" T:as

Pririe 3ie/ AM Uni"er+it) M.Ed.1 Dece#$er1 5?

Ma3or4 E)%cat&o"al A)(&"&strat&o"

Ore'on Stte Uni"er+it) B.S.1 Mrc! 7;;=

Ma3or4 Spc* Co((%"&cat&o"

CERTIFICATION

S%pr&"t")"t Crt&!&cat&o" all 0120Pr&"c&pal EC-20 Crt&!&cat&o"E"/l&s* La"/%a/ Arts a") Ra)&"/ -20 Crt&!&cat&o"s

WORK EPERIENCE

A%/%st 011K- Prs"t 9o*" H7 Ra/a" H&/* Sc*ool6 Pr&"c&pal o! t* B%s&"ss Aca)($

A%/%st 0112-011K Sa( Ho%sto" H&/* Sc*ool6 E"/l&s* Tac*rAca)($ Coor)&"ator

#r%ar$ 0111 to 0112 Harr&s Co%"t$ Pro#at&o" Dpart("t6 Dt"t&o" O!!&cr

ACCOMPLISHMENTS

011-011J Sa( Ho%sto" H&/* Sc*ool - Tac*r o! t* Yar7

2-2 Or/o" Stat U"&'rs&t$- Aca)(&c Pla$r o! t* W?6 !all 2

AFFILIATIONS

Ho%sto" Assoc&at&o" o! Sc*ool A)(&"&strators ;HASA<Ho%sto" Assoc&at&o" o! Raltors ;HAR<Alp*a P*& Alp*a ratr"&t$

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]



5

Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, PhD - Dissertation Committee - Yul Everline.

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Transcript of Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, PhD - Dissertation Committee - Yul Everline.